1.
Joseph P. Merlino
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Joseph P. Merlino was an American Democratic Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey Senate from 1978 to 1981. Merlino was born in 1922 in Trenton, New Jersey, the son of Pasquale and he attended Trenton High School and then served in the U. S. Army, mainly in the Mediterranean area. He received a degree from Seton Hall College in 1948. From 1956 until 1989, he was the partner in the Trenton law firm of Merlino, Rottkamp & Flacks. He served as assistant prosecutor for Mercer County for seven years, in 1967 Merlino was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly and was re-elected in 1969. He was then elected to the New Jersey Senate in 1971 and he was assistant Senate majority leader from 1974 to 1975, majority leader from 1976 to 1977, and president of the Senate from 1978 to 1981. As Majority Leader and Senate President, Merlino pushed through many legislative programs favored by Governor Brendan Byrne, among this legislation was the states graduated income tax and the Pinelands Protection Act. In 1981 Merlino ran in the Democratic primary for Governor of New Jersey, the crowded field of 13 Democratic candidates included U. S. Representative James Florio, Newark Mayor Kenneth A. Gibson, U. S, representative Robert A. Roe, Attorney General John J. Degnan, and Jersey City Mayor Thomas F. X. Smith. Merlino finished in place with 11 percent of the vote behind Florio, Roe. In 1982 Merlino ran for the House of Representatives in the newly redistricted 4th Congressional District, Merlino was expected to coast to victory over the 29-year-old freshman Republican incumbent, Chris Smith, whose 1980 win over Frank Thompson was seen as a fluke. At the end of one of their debates, Smith approached Merlino to exchange pleasantries, Merlino was quoted as saying Beat it, kid. Smith won the election with 53% of the vote, in 1998 Merlino died at the Forrestal Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Princeton at the age of 76. Joseph P. Merlino at The Political Graveyard
2.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
3.
Philadelphia crime family
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The Philadelphia family is notorious for its violence, due in particular to its succession of violent bosses and multiple mob wars. Under Angelo Brunos reign the family enjoyed an era of peace, during this time, law enforcement and the media started calling the family the Bruno crime family. Bruno became known for his cool-headed and deliberate approach to handling business disputes and preferring traditional rackets such as bookmaking, labor racketeering, a complex dispute involving disgruntled subordinates and territory claims by the Genovese crime family of New York City led to Brunos murder in 1980. Brunos death kicked off a decline in power for the crime family. Brunos death led to a war for control of the crime family. When the dust settled from Brunos death, Nicodemo Scarfo, Little Nicky, during Scarfos reign the family was known as the Scarfo crime family. Scarfos 10-year reign saw the family grow in power, but also become highly dysfunctional, unlike Bruno, Scarfo was infamous for his short temper and penchant for violence. Scarfo increasingly involved the family in narcotics trafficking and demanded that all criminals pay a tax for operating in his territory. Scarfo also did not hesitate to order people murdered over moderate disputes, the dramatic rise in violence attracted increased attention from the FBI, Pennsylvania State Police and New Jersey State Police. Increased violence and law enforcement prosecutions also convinced several mobsters to cooperate with the government in order to escape death or prison, Scarfos downfall came in 1988 when he and most of his top allies were arrested and sentenced to long prison terms. Scarfos imprisonment eventually led to another internal mob war, with the backing of the Gambino crime family in New York, John Stanfa was named boss of the Philadelphia crime family in 1991. However, a faction of young mobsters led by Joey Merlino disputed Stanfas ascension, the war ended in 1994 when Stanfa and most of his supporters were arrested by the FBI. Merlino subsequently took control of the family and has allegedly been running the family to varying degrees ever since, unlike most of his Mafia contemporaries, Merlino was extremely prolific and never camera-shy, and was frequently seen partying or participating in local charity events. Despite this, the Philadelphia family still remains one of the most active Mafia families in the country, in the early 20th century, several Italian immigrant and Italian-American South Philadelphia street gangs joined to form what would eventually become the Philadelphia crime family. Salvatore Sabella was the first leader of the group that would bear his name. After Sabellas retirement, two of his top lieutenants, John Avena and Giuseppe Dovi, began a war for control of the family. Avena was murdered by members of his own faction on August 17,1936, Dovi had good connections with the Chicago Outfit and the Five Families of New York, and expanded operations to Atlantic City, South Philadelphia, and parts of South Jersey. Narcotics, illegal gambling, loansharking, and extortion activities provided the familys income, on October 22,1946, Dovi died of natural causes at a New York City hospital, and Joseph Joe Ida was appointed by the Commission to run the Philadelphia family and its rackets
4.
Underboss
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Underboss is a position within the leadership structure of Sicilian and American Mafia crime families. The underboss is second in command to the boss, the underboss is sometimes a family member, such as a son, who will take over the family if the boss is sick, killed, or imprisoned. The power of an underboss greatly varies, some are marginal figures, traditionally they run day-to-day affairs of the family. In some crime families, the appointment is for life, if a new boss takes over a family with an existing underboss, that boss may marginalize or even murder the underboss appointed by his predecessor. On the other hand, if a boss receives a prison term, as bosses often serve large periods of time in prison, an acting boss will often become the crime familys effective boss. Even with the free, sometimes the underboss will gain enough power to become the effective head of the organization. An underboss likely has incriminating information about the boss, and so bosses often appoint people close to them to the position for protection. In most families, the underboss arbitrates many of the disputes, depending on the seriousness of the problem, he might consult with the boss. Some conflicts are immediately bucked up to the boss, in those cases, the underboss usually sits in and offers his opinion. In either event, the authority rests with the boss. This sometimes chafes the ego of an underboss and can lead to problems. An underboss receives monetary compensation in various ways, for example, he may be a partner in several rackets and thus get a cut. In addition, several capos may pass their envelopes through the underboss, however he makes his illegal earnings, it is a significant enough amount to make his position one of envy, especially when prestige and the possibility of additional advancement are weighed. Sometimes an underboss will have his own crew, just like the boss of a family, an underboss may also have a right-hand man. This right-hand man may speak in place of an underboss or carry out tasks for the underboss. Aniello Dellacroce, longtime underboss of the Gambino crime family and he served under Carlo Gambino from 1957 to 1976 and, from 1976 to 1985 under Paul Castellano. He gained enormous power and the respect of most members of the family, future Gambino boss John Gotti was closely aligned with Dellacroce. Sammy Gravano, John Gottis underboss after the murder of Frank DeCicco and he later turned informant when he learned that Gotti had insulted him behind his back and may have wanted to use him as a scapegoat
5.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
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RICO was enacted by section 901 of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, and is codified at 18 U. S. C. ch.96 as 18 U. S. C. G. Robert Blakey, an adviser to the United States Senate Government Operations Committee, drafted the law under the supervision of the committees chairman. It was enacted as Title IX of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, while its original use in the 1970s was to prosecute the Mafia as well as others who were actively engaged in organized crime, its later application has been more widespread. Beginning in 1972,33 states adopted state RICO laws to be able to prosecute similar conduct and those found guilty of racketeering can be fined up to $25,000 and sentenced to 20 years in prison per racketeering count. In addition, the racketeer must forfeit all ill-gotten gains and interest in any business gained through a pattern of racketeering activity and this provision was placed in the law because the owners of Mafia-related shell corporations often absconded with the assets. An injunction and/or performance bond ensures that there is something to seize in the event of a guilty verdict. In many cases, the threat of a RICO indictment can force defendants to plead guilty to lesser charges, despite its harsh provisions, a RICO-related charge is considered easy to prove in court, as it focuses on patterns of behavior as opposed to criminal acts. RICO also permits a private individual damaged in his business or property by a racketeer to file a civil suit, the plaintiff must prove the existence of an enterprise. The defendant are not the enterprise, in words, the defendant and the enterprise are not one. In essence, the enterprise is either the prize, instrument, victim, a civil RICO action can be filed in state or federal court. Both the criminal and civil components allow the recovery of treble damages, although its primary intent was to deal with organized crime, Blakey said that Congress never intended it to merely apply to the Mob. He once told Time, We dont want one set of rules for people whose collars are blue or whose names end in vowels, initially, prosecutors were skeptical of using RICO, mainly because it was unproven. However, during the 1980s and 1990s, federal prosecutors used the law to bring charges against several Mafia figures, the first major success was the Mafia Commission Trial, which resulted in several top leaders of New York Citys Five Families getting what amounted to life sentences. By the turn of the century, RICO cases resulted in all of the top leaders of the New York Mafia being sent to prison. Beginning in 1972,33 states, as well as Puerto Rico, under the law, the meaning of racketeering activity is set out at 18 U. S. C. The U. S. Supreme Court has instructed federal courts to follow the continuity-plus-relationship test in order to determine whether the facts of a specific case give rise to an established pattern. Continuity is both a closed and open ended concept, referring to either a period of conduct. Violations of the RICO laws can be alleged in civil lawsuit cases or for criminal charges, in these instances charges can be brought against individuals or corporations in retaliation for said individuals or corporations working with law enforcement
6.
Italian Americans
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Italian Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Italy, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, about 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004. Immigration began in earnest during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades altogether. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to America. This period of large scale immigration ended abruptly with the onset of the First World War in 1914 and, except for one year, further immigration would be greatly limited by a number of restrictive laws passed by Congress in the 1920s. Approximately 84% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy and Sicily, after unification, the Italian government initially encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in the South. After the American Civil War, which resulted in over a million killed or wounded, immigrant workers were recruited from Italy. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers in Eastern cities, mining camps, Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in the first generation to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, the Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry, third only to Brazil with 31 million, and Argentina, Italians and their descendants in America have helped to shape the country and, in turn, have adapted to it. They have gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the arts, the culinary arts. Italian navigators and explorers played a key role in the discovery, exploration, christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. Englands claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot, in 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of todays United States, and to enter New York Bay. In 1539, Marco da Nizza, explored the territory later became the states of Arizona. In the 17th century, Henri de Tonti, together with the French explorer LaSalle, De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683. With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years and his brother Alphonse de Tonty, with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native population, included among these missionaries were numerous Italians
7.
South Philadelphia
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South Philadelphia, nicknamed South Philly, is the section of Philadelphia bounded by South Street to the north, the Delaware River to the east and south, and the Schuylkill River to the west. A diverse community, South Philadelphia is known for its large Italian American population, South Philadelphia also contains large Irish American and African American populations as well. South Philadelphia began as a town of Philadelphia, with small townships such as Moyamensing. Towards the end of the Industrial Revolution, the area saw rapid growth in population, South Philadelphias urbanized border eventually expanded to reach that of Philadelphia proper, or what is today known as Center City Philadelphia. The immigrants and migrants became the basis of South Philadelphias unique, the later immigrant populations of Italians and Poles were also Catholic. Initially, these populations attended existing Catholic churches but built their own ethno-national churches when possible, a smaller but significant Greek immigrant community also flourished around this time, leading to the establishment of Greek Orthodox parishes in South Philadelphia. Despite this dramatic growth in population, the low funding of education by the city resulted in the first public high school not being formed in South Philadelphia until 1934. Attracted to the jobs, the new residents of South Philadelphia created communities that continued many of their Old World traditions. While many of the new arrivals were Catholic, neighborhood parishes reflected their ethnic, monsignor James F. Today, many of South Philadelphias communities are largely Italian American. In addition, South Philadelphia continues to be home to many ethnic Irish American communities, the neighborhood of Pennsport remains primarily a working class Irish-American neighborhood and the cultural center of Irish-American South Philadelphia. In addition, there has been an increase in recent years of immigrants from Russia, Mexico, and Central American nations such as Honduras, Guatemala, portions of South Philadelphia are within Philadelphia City Council Districts 1 and 2. As of 2014 Councilman Mark Squilla and Councilman Kenyatta Johnson represent the two districts, the Philadelphia Fire Department operates nine fire stations serving South Philadelphia. Most of South Philadelphia resides in Fire Battalion 1, headquartered at 711 South Broad Street, portions of South Philadelphia reside in Battalion 4, headquartered at North 4th Street and Arch Street, and Battalion 11, headquartered at 43rd Street and Market Street. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols three districts located within South Philadelphia, the three patrol districts serving South Philadelphia are the 1st, 3rd, and 17th districts. According to the United States Census Bureau, South Philadelphia has an area of 9.7 sq. miles, in 2010, the areas population was 168,782. In addition, the area contains smaller but historically significant Greek American, many residents have lived in the neighborhood for decades. Many family-owned businesses are found in South Philadelphia, on January 22,2010 the Associated Press said South Philadelphia has been growing more diverse for decades, but the last 20 years have seen the greatest influx of Asian and Hispanic families. David Elesh, a Temple University urban sociologist, said that of the almost 60,000 Philadelphia residents who reported being born in China, as of the 2010 Census, there are 168,782 people in 78,440 housing units
8.
Ventnor City, New Jersey
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Ventnor City is a city in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States. Ventnor City was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 17,1903, the name was chosen in January 1889. The city was incorporated by the New Jersey Legislature on March 17,1903. This act shall take effect immediately, and was approved on March 17,1903. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 3.522 square miles. The city is located on 8. 1-mile long Absecon Island, along with Atlantic City to the northeast, the climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Ventnor City has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,650 people,4,592 households, the population density was 5,457.4 per square mile. There were 7,829 housing units at a density of 4,011.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 75. 83% White,4. 25% Black or African American,0. 47% Native American,8. 68% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,8. 08% from other races, and 2. 65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 05% of the population,34. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 3.00. In the city, the population was out with 18. 5% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,22. 7% from 25 to 44,31. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45.5 years, for every 100 females there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 90.0 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $52,465 and the median family income was $66,467. Males had an income of $42,560 versus $33,693 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $34,790, about 9. 0% of families and 10. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 1% of those under age 18 and 10. 0% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 12,910 people,5,480 households, the population density was 6,023.2 people per square mile
9.
Point Breeze, Philadelphia
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Point Breeze is a multicultural neighborhood in South Philadelphia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is bounded by 25th Street to the west, Washington Avenue to the north, Broad Street to the east, southwest Center City lies to its north, and Passyunk Square lies to its east. Point Breeze is separated from Grays Ferry to the west by a CSX railway viaduct over 25th Street, according to historical maps, much of what is South Philadelphia including Point Breeze was still not yet developed and integrated into the rectilinear grid system by 1843 or later. Point Breeze was a point on the side of the Schuylkill River approximately where the Passyunk Avenue bridge is today. It and the area across from it on the side of the river were established as an area for oil refinery in the 1860s by Atlantic Petroleum Storage Company. From this point, oil that had been drilled in Western Pennsylvania could be processed and then shipped down the Schuylkill, to the Delaware, the Avenue that connected the city proper to the east side of the river at Point Breeze had existed by 1808 as Long Lane. In the mid-to-late 1800s, development of Philadelphia continued westward from the Delaware River, Long Lane also began to be known as Point Breeze Avenue by 1895 and lent its name to the neighborhood that was to spring up here. The earliest references to Point Breeze as a date to 1895. The area was first settled by working-class European Jewish immigrants followed by Italian, in 1930s the neighborhood saw an influx of African Americans some of which were involved in The Great Migration escaping Jim Crow in the South and looking for work in the urban centers of the north. At this time the African American epicenter of Philadelphia was shifting from near Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church at 6th and Lombard to west of Broad. Racial tensions, fear of riots and white flight in the 1960s and 1970s saw many businesses move away. The heroin epidemic of the 1970s and crack epidemic of the 90s, the Point Breeze Performing Arts Center opened in 1984 on Point Breeze Avenue. Point Breeze lost approximately 10% of its population from 1990 through 2000, immigrants from Southeast Asia have also moved into Point Breeze in the 90s and 2000s. For example, in the 2000 census Point Breeze contained the highest concentration of Vietnamese in the entire city, in the 2000s and beyond Point Breeze has shown further revitalization partially due to gentrification. Real estate investors like John Longacre and Ori Feibush have begun developing property in Point Breeze, especially along the Broad Street and Washington Avenue corridors. The George W. Childs School, David Landreth School, Marine Corps Supply Activity, Delaplaine McDaniel School, Jeremiah Nichols School, Walter George Smith School, drexel School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Point Breeze was originally the name given to a spot on the west side of the Schuylkill River, Point Breeze Avenue then became the road that cut southwest to provide access to the spot from what was at the time Philadelphia proper. The avenue cuts diagonally through the neighborhoods rectilinear street grid, the Point Breeze neighborhood suffered from abandonment and population decline throughout the mid 20th century
10.
Southwark, Philadelphia
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Southwark was originally the Southwark District, a colonial era municipality in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. Today, it is a neighborhood in the South Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Because of its south of the early Philadelphia, the name was adopted in allusion to the borough of Southwark in the county of London, England. Southwark is one of the oldest English settlements in the County of Philadelphia and it is actually the oldest district founded by settlers in Philadelphia, as a result of its inclusion in the former Swedish colony of New Sweden. Southwark was originally a tract of ground on the fast land of the Neck, due to the populations of the Swedish settlements of Wicaco and Moyamensing, Southwark grew earlier than other parts of the county apart from the city of Philadelphia. The General Assembly created the district of Southwark on May 14,1762, today, there are only a few traces of the name Southwark in this part of Philadelphia. In the late 1970s, this area of Philadelphia was renamed, the neighborhood of Pennsport is the primary southern half of what was Southwark. The area is a community, a multi-racial neighborhood of middle class, working class. However, recently, parts of Southwark has been noted as a poor, residents are within the School District of Philadelphia. Residents are zoned to Southwark School and South Philadelphia High School, the Vare-Washington School, which occupies the former George Washington School, is in proximity to Southwark. Persons zoned to Vare-Washington are also zoned to Furness High School, and residents of the former Abigail Vare School zone, are also zoned to Furness High School. New Sweden on the Delaware 1638-1655 ISBN 0-912608-65-X
11.
New Jersey Casino Control Commission
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The commission also issues licenses for casino key employees and hears appeals from decisions of the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement. The commission is headquartered in the Arcade Building at Tennessee Avenue, the bill would also transfer day-to-day regulatory functions from the Casino Control Commission to the Division of Gaming Enforcement. After hearings in both houses of the Legislature, the bill was approved on January 10,2011 and signed into law by Governor Chris Christie on February 1,2011. The new law eliminated the requirement for the commission to have inspectors in casinos around-the-clock, the Division of Gaming Enforcement also took over responsibility for registering casino employees and non-gaming vendors, licensing gaming vendors, and handling all patron complaints. The Casino Control Commission consists of three appointed by the Governor of New Jersey with advice and consent of the New Jersey Senate. The number of commissioners was reduced from five on January 17,2012, commissioners serve staggered, five-year terms and can only be removed for cause. By law, no more than two commissioners can be of the political party, a requirement that is intended to ensure political balance on the panel. One commissioner is appointed by the Governor to also serve as a member of the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority, in 1979, a license was denied to Bally Manufacturing board Chairman William T. O’Donnell. In 1982, a permanent license was denied to Hugh Hefner, in 1985, a license was denied to Barron Hilton and Hilton Hotels Corporation. In 1989, the casino at the Atlantis Hotel and Casino was forced to close, in 2007, the Tropicana Hotel & Casino, was denied a renewal of its license. In 2010, the CCC approved a settlement between the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement and MGM Mirage, whereby MGM relinquished its 50% ownership in the Borgata Hotel Casino. This was in connection with MGMs partnership in a Macau casino with Pansy Ho and this allows MGM to reenter the Atlantic City market
12.
John Gotti
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John Joseph Gotti Jr. was an Italian-American gangster who became boss of the Gambino crime family in New York City. Gotti and his brothers grew up in poverty and turned to a life of crime at an early age, the FBI indicted members of Gottis crew for selling narcotics, and Gotti took advantage of growing dissent over the leadership of the crime family. Gotti was one of the most powerful and dangerous crime bosses in America, during his era he became widely known for his outspoken personality and flamboyant style, which gained him favor with much of the general public. His peers avoided attracting attention, especially from the media, but Gotti became known as The Dapper Don for his expensive clothes, law enforcement authorities continued gathering evidence against Gotti that helped lead to his downfall. Gottis underboss Salvatore Sammy the Bull Gravano is credited with the FBIs success in finally convicting Gotti, in 1992, Gotti was convicted of five murders, conspiracy to commit murder, racketeering, obstruction of justice, illegal gambling, extortion, tax evasion, and loansharking. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole and was transferred to United States Penitentiary, Gotti died of throat cancer on June 10,2002, at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. According to former Lucchese crime family boss Anthony Gaspipe Casso, What John Gotti did was the beginning of the end of Cosa Nostra, John Gotti was born in the Bronx, New York on October 27,1940. While his parents were born in the US, his ancestors came from San Giuseppe Vesuviano, in the province of Naples. He was the fifth of the thirteen children of John Joseph Gotti, Sr. the fifth, Vincent, was initiated in 2002. His father worked irregularly as a day laborer and indulged in gambling, as an adult, John Gotti came to resent his father for being unable to provide for his family. In school, Gotti had a history of truancy and bullying other students, Gotti was involved in street gangs associated with New York City mafiosi from the age of 12. When he was 14, he was attempting to steal a cement mixer from a site when it fell, crushing his toes. Gotti met his future wife Victoria DiGiorgio, a Russian-Jew in 1958, the couple were married on March 6,1962. They had four children, daughter and three sons, Gotti attempted to work legitimately in 1962 as a presser in a coat factory and as an assistant truck driver. However, he could not stay crime-free and, by 1966, had been jailed twice, as early as his teens, Gotti was running errands for Cositakins Carmine Fatico, a capo in the Anastasia crime family which became the Gambino family following the murder of boss Albert Anastasia. Gotti carried out truck hijackings at Idlewild Airport together with his brother Gene, during this time, Gotti befriended fellow mob hijacker and future Bonanno family boss Joseph Massino, and he was given the nicknames Black John and Crazy Horse. It was around this time that Gotti met his mentor and Gambino underboss Aniello Neil Dellacroce, Dellacroce regaled Gotti with tales of past Mafia glories under Albert Anastasia, leading Gotti to adopt Anastasia as his role model. In February 1968, United Airlines employees identified Gotti as the man who had signed for stolen merchandise, the FBI arrested him for the United hijacking soon after
13.
Bella Vista, Philadelphia
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Bella Vista, Italian for beautiful sight, is a neighborhood in the South Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is bounded by 6th Street, 11th Street, South Street and it currently has a population of 5,898. Prior to the Act of Consolidation of 1854, Bella Vista was part of the Moyamensing Township and it was sparsely settled until the 1840s and 1850s when it became an impoverished area on the outskirts of the industrializing city. In addition to Irish immigrants, it was once home to a large portion of the citys black population. In 1852, the Institute for Colored Youth, a school for people of African descent, was established at 10th, during the late 1800s, Italian immigrants began settling the area in large numbers, which reshaped the neighborhoods character. One of the earliest immigrants, Antonio Palumbo, opened a boardinghouse on the corner of 9th, the planned construction of the South Street Expressway in the 1960s led to a drop in property values in the neighborhood. Many of the neighborhoods residents subsequently fled to the suburbs, as they did in adjacent Queen Village, developers and city planners attempted to rebrand the neighborhood and began referring to it as Bella Vista in the early 1970s. The city eventually scrapped plans for the second cross-town expressway, in the late 1970s, the neighborhood began to gentrify due to its proximity to Center City. In 1982, it was featured as a study in Michael Langs Gentrification Amid Urban Decline. During the same era, the neighborhood experienced an influx of Vietnamese and Mexican immigrants. While much of the Italian-American community has moved away, many Italian shops, the Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial, Institute for Colored Youth, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper House, and George W. Nebinger School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The neighborhood is served by the Bella Vista Neighbors Association, as the primary Registered Community Organization in Bella Vista, annual festivals in the neighborhood include the Italian Market Festival and Bella Vista Festa. Arts and cultural events in Bella Vista are centered on public outdoor concerts, coffeehouses, School District of Philadelphia operates public schools. All residents of Bella Vista are zoned to Furness High School, the Free Library of Philadelphia operates the Charles Santore Branch, serving Bella Vista. Bella Vista Neighbors Association Historic Photographs of Bella Vista, PhillyHistory. org
14.
MAC-10
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It is chambered in either.45 ACP or 9mm. A two-stage suppressor by Sionics was designed for the MAC-10, which not only abated the noise created, the M10 was built predominantly from steel stampings. A notched cocking handle protrudes from the top of the receiver, and by turning the handle 90° would lock the bolt, the M10 has a telescoping bolt, which wraps around the rear face of the barrel. This allows a compact weapon and balances the weight of the weapon over the pistol grip. The M10 fires from a bolt, and the light weight of the bolt results in a rapid rate of fire. In addition, this incorporates a built in feed ramp as part of the trigger guard. The barrel is threaded to accept a suppressor, which worked by reducing the discharges sound and this worked well with the.45 ACP versions, as most loads are subsonic already, as opposed to special, low-powered subsonic loads usually required for suppressed 9mm weapons. At the suggestion of the United States Army, the suppressor acted as a foregrip to inhibit muzzle rise when fired. Ingram added a small bracket with a small strap beneath the muzzle to aid in controlling recoil during fully automatic fire, the original rate of fire for the M10 in.45 is approximately 1090 rounds per minute. That of the 9mm M11/9 is approximately 1250 rounds per minute, noting the weapons poor accuracy, in the 1970s International Association of Police Chiefs weapons researcher David Steele described the MAC series as fit only for combat in a phone booth. The primary reason for the original M10 finding recognition was its revolutionary sound suppressor designed by Mitchell Werbell III of Sionics and this suppressor had a two-stage design, with the first stage being larger than the second. This uniquely shaped suppressor gave the MAC-10 a very distinctive look and it was also very quiet, to the point that the bolt could be heard cycling, along with the suppressed report of the weapons discharge, however, only if subsonic rounds were used. The suppressor when used with a Nomex cover created a place to hold the firearm with the secondary hand and this was one factor that led to the bankruptcy of Military Armament Corporation, another being the companys failure to recognize the private market. The original Sionics suppressor is 11.44 inches in length,2.13 inches in overall diameter, the term MAC-10 is commonly used in unofficial parlance. In the United States, machine guns are National Firearms Act items, as Military Armament Corporation was in bankruptcy large number of incomplete sheet metal frame flats were given serial numbers then bought by a new company, RPB industries. Some of the previously completed guns, were stamped on the other side RPB, there are several carbine versions of the M-11/9 and Cobray and SWD manufactured a smaller version chambered in.380 ACP as a semiautomatic pistol called the M-12. Lage Manufacturing makes a variant, called MAX uppers, the company is based in Chandler, Arizona. The MAX upper can reduce the rate of fire to about 600 RPM and 700 RPM
15.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
16.
Federal Correctional Institution, McKean
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The Federal Correctional Institution, McKean is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Pennsylvania. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, an adjacent satellite prison camp houses minimum-security male offenders. FCI McKean is located in northwest Pennsylvania between the towns of Bradford and Kane,90 miles south of Buffalo, New York, the prison camp houses minimum-security inmates in dormitory housing, has a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio and limited or no perimeter fencing. Officers from the Pennsylvania State Police and surrounding departments were alerted and participated in the search. Several hours later, an officer from the Bradford Township Police Department stopped a vehicle, Milwood pleaded guilty to escape in December 2013 and was sentenced to two additional months in prison. He is currently incarcerated at the Federal Medical Center, Lexington in Kentucky and is scheduled for release in April 2017, list of U. S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States
17.
Schuylkill Expressway
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It serves as the primary corridor into Philadelphia from points west. Maintenance and planning are administered through PennDOT District 6, the rugged terrain, limited riverfront space covered by the route and narrow spans of bridges passing over the highway have largely stymied later attempts to upgrade or widen the highway. With the road being highly over capacity, it has become notorious for its chronic congestion, in recent years, it is the busiest road in Philadelphia, as well as in the entire commonwealth of Pennsylvania. An average 163,000 vehicles use the daily in Philadelphia County. The Schuylkill Expressway begins at the Valley Forge Interchange of the Pennsylvania Turnpike in the community of King of Prussia in Upper Merion Township, the I-76 designation continues west on the Pennsylvania Turnpike from this point, while the Pennsylvania Turnpike from this point east is designated I-276. The freeway passes businesses and comes to an interchange with US202, the terminus of US422. A westbound collector/distributor road carrying two lanes provides access to the US 202/US 422/Swedesford Road and Mall Boulevard interchanges, the freeway heads east and comes to a westbound exit and entrance with Gulph Road and Henderson Road. The Schuylkill Expressway curves southeast near wooded areas of homes before coming to an interchange with PA320 in the community of Gulph Mills and this interchange has an eastbound exit and entrance and a westbound exit. Within this interchange, the passes over SEPTAs Norristown High Speed Line. Past the PA320 interchange, I-76 continues east-southeast through woodland near residential development, I-76 continues southeast through wooded areas, with the railroad tracks and the river parallel to the northeast. Farther southeast, the Schuylkill Expressway comes to a westbound exit, following this interchange, the freeway passes under the Manayunk Bridge that carries the Cynwyd Heritage Trail across the Schuylkill River. Drive, the Schuylkill River Trail, and the Schuylkill River to the east, the freeway curves to the southwest, with CSXs Trenton Subdivision heading east away from the road and CSXs Harrisburg Subdivision beginning to run parallel. I-76 comes to an interchange with Montgomery Drive that provides access to Fairmount Park. The freeway passes under CSXs Harrisburg Subdivision and comes to an interchange with US13 and US30 at Girard Avenue. The freeway turns southeast and runs between Amtraks Northeast Corridor to the southwest and the drive, trail, and river to the northeast. The Schuylkill Expressway comes to an exit and westbound entrance with Spring Garden Street. Following this, I-76 narrows to four lanes and heads south between the Amtrak yard to the west and the Schuylkill River to the east, kennedy Boulevard, Market Street, Chestnut Street, and Walnut Street. I-76 continues southwest alongside the river, with athletic fields belonging to the University of Pennsylvania to the northwest of the road, following this, the freeway passes over the Schuylkill River on the Schuylkill Expressway Bridge and heads into South Philadelphia
18.
Pagan's Motorcycle Club
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The club rapidly expanded and by 1965, the Pagans, originally clad in blue denim jackets and riding Triumphs, began to evolve along the lines of the stereotypical one percenter motorcycle club. The Pagans are categorized as a motorcycle gang by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. They are known to fight over territory with the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club and other clubs, such as Fates Assembly MC. It is active in thirteen US states, Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Michigan, Virginia, and West Virginia. The Pagans were established in Prince Georges County, Maryland by then president Lou Dobkin, in 1959, the group started out by wearing denim jackets and riding Triumph Motorcycles. Originally they were a comradeship of 13 motorcyclists, in the 1960s they adopted a formal constitution and formed a governing structure choosing a national president. They were a fairly non-violent group until 1965, when the Pagans evolved into a biker gang with ties to other organized crime groups such as the American Mafia. Under the leadership of John Satan Marron their violence grew in the early 1970s and their Mother Club is not in a fixed location but has been generally located in the North East. Pagan leaders number 13 to 18 members who are chapter presidents with the largest chapter located in Philadelphia, the Pagans have grown through merging with other smaller Outlaw Motorcycle gangs. Considered by law enforcement to be almost as complex and diversified as the Hells Angels, in the 1960s the Pagans were foot soldiers for George Lincoln Rockwells American Nazi Party. The Pagans MC patch depicts the Norse fire-giant Surtr sitting on the sun, wielding a sword, plus the word Pagans, in red, white, the image of Surtr was taken from an illustration by Jack Kirby in issue 97 of the comic book Journey into Mystery. Unlike most one percenter motorcycle clubs, the Pagans do not include on their club insignia a bottom rocker indicating the geographical chapter of the member wearing the clubs full patch. It is believed the club declines to follow this one percenter tradition because they do not want law enforcement to know what state chapters individual Pagans belong to, members wear blue denim vests called cuts or cutoffs with club patches, known as colors, on the front and back. Symbols of the Pagans also include a black number 13 on the back of their colors, the number 4, the number 5, the number 7, Nazi or White supremacist patches are also common on the front of the cuts, as are tattoos reading ARGO and NUNYA. Recently, the Pagans membership has begun to decline as their rival Hells Angels’ membership has grown, Pagans have approximately 350 to 400 members and 44 chapters and are active along the East Coast of the United States. Chapters are common in Florida, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, the Pagans have a Mother Club or ruling council which ultimately rules the gang. The Pagans headquarters is currently in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, members must be at least 21 years old and owners of Harley-Davidson motorcycles with engines 900 cc or larger. The national sergeant-at-arms responsibility is to hand-pick 13 chapter members to serve as the enforcers or regulators and this body uses violence and intimidation to prevent any and all opposition to the Mother Club
19.
Outlaw motorcycle club
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An outlaw motorcycle club is a motorcycle subculture that has its roots in the immediate post-World War II era of American society. In the United States, such clubs are considered outlaw as they are not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture, while organizations may vary, the typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, road captain, and sergeant-at-arms. Localized groups of a single, large MC are called chapters, the president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues. Larger motorcycle clubs often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or private compound, some biker clubs employ a process whereby members must pass several stages such as friend of the club, hang-around, and prospect, on their way to becoming full-patch members. The actual stages and membership process can and often vary widely from club to club. Oftentimes, an individual must pass a vote of the membership, some clubs have a unique club patch adorned with the term MC that are worn on the riders vest, known as a kutte. During this time, the prospect may wear the name on the back of their vest. To become a member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club, the final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are referred to as full patch members or patchholders. It has been said that other groups are attracted by the mystique of the outlaw image while objecting to the suggestion that they are outlaws. Outlaw clubs are often prominent at charity events, such as toy runs, charitable giving is frequently cited as evidence that these clubs do not deserve their negative media image. Outlaw clubs have been accused of using charity rides to mask their criminal nature, events such as a 2005 shootout between rival outlaw clubs in the midst of a charity toy drive in California have raised fears about the participation of outlaw biker clubs in charity events. In 2002 the Warlocks MC of Pennsylvania sued over their exclusion from a charity event, the primary visual identification of a member of an outlaw motorcycle club is the vest adorned with a large club-specific patch or patches, predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patch will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and this garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the colours or cut. Many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs such as the Harley Owners Group also wear patches on the back of their vests, the club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the clubs patches
20.
Federal Correctional Institution, Terre Haute
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The Federal Correctional Institution, Terre Haute is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Indiana. It is part of the Terre Haute Federal Correctional Complex and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp for minimum-security male offenders. FCC Terre Haute is located 2 miles south of the City of Terre Haute and 70 miles west of Indianapolis, the CMU at FCI Terre Haute is a 55-cell unit located in the former death row and was opened in December 2006. Prisoners there are open and covert audio and video surveillance. Prisoners are prohibited from touching family members during tightly controlled visits, all telephone calls and mail are monitored, and inmates are required to conduct all conversations in English unless special permission is arranged for conversations in other languages. Without such strong security, the government claims, inmates would be able to conspire with outsiders to commit terrorist or criminal acts, the Federal Bureau of Prisons created the CMU in response to criticism that it had not been adequately monitoring the communications of prisoners. When the CMU at FCI Terre Haute opened,15 of the first 17 inmates were Muslim, in August 2008,38 prisoners signed up for Ramadan observances. The disproportionate number of Muslims at the CMU led the American Civil Liberties Union to raise a concern about racial profiling, in response, according to civil rights lawyers, the Bureau of Prisons started moving in non-Muslims. The group included tax resisters, a member of the Japanese Red Army and inmates from Colombia, inmates say the guards there called them balancers. As of 2011, the Bureau of Prisons says a total of 71 men now live in the units, most of the inmates are Arab Muslims convicted of terrorism-related offenses. Also in the CMUs are men who have threatened officials from behind bars, ordered murders using contraband cellphones, the population also includes several black Muslims who have been disciplined for alleged radicalization and recruitment while incarcerated for other crimes at other facilities. The minimum-security prison camp at FCI Terre Haute was built in 1960 for the purpose of housing non-violent felons to perform farm, the camp has two, eight, and twelve-person rooms. Programs provided for inmates in this facility include GED, ESL, sports, cards, golf, and crafts are all different recreational activities in which the inmates may take part within the camp. A selected group of inmates at the camp take part in a community talk tour called, Choices, the Federal Bureau of Prisons National Bus Center is operated through this camp. American citizens who committed or attempted to commit terrorist attacks against United States citizens, foreign citizens who committed or attempted to commit terrorist attacks against United States citizens and interests. FCI Terre Haute was referenced in the film The Blues Brothers by Matt Guitar Murphy, who said that the prison served cabbage rolls for dinner. The song 1st Day Out the Feds by rapper Gucci Mane is a reference to Terre Haute Federal Correctional Institution, a spokesperson for the CIA dismissed these theories as mere internet rumors and refused to comment on them. List of U. S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States
21.
Terre Haute, Indiana
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Terre Haute is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States, near the states western border with Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,785. Located along the Wabash River, Terre Haute is the capital of the Wabash Valley. The city is home to higher education institutions, including Indiana State University, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College. Terre Haute is notable for being the home of Socialist Party of America leader and five-time presidential nominee, Debs and the Federal Correctional Complex. Terre Haute is located alongside the bank of the Wabash River in western Indiana. The city lies about 75 miles west of Indianapolis, according to the 2010 census, Terre Haute has a total area of 35.272 square miles, of which 34.54 square miles is land and 0.732 square miles is water. The Wabash River dominates the geography of the city, forming its western border. Small bluffs on the east side of city mark the edge of the flood plain. Lost Creek and Honey Creek drain the northern and southern sections of the city, in the late 19th century, several oil and mineral wells were productive in and near the center of the city. That well produced oil into the 1920s, Terre Haute is at the intersection of two major roadways, U. S.40 from California to Maryland and US41 from Copper Harbor, Michigan to Miami, Florida. Terre Haute is located 77 miles southwest of Indianapolis and within 185 miles of Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfa, Terre Hautes name was derived from the French phrase terre haute, meaning Highland. It was likely named by French explorers in the area in the early 18th century to describe the unique location above the Wabash River, at the time the area was claimed by the French and British, these highlands were considered the border between Canada and Louisiana. The construction of Fort Harrison in 1811 marked the beginning of a permanent population of European-Americans. A Wea Indian village already existed near the fort, and the orchards, the village of Terre Haute, then a part of Knox County, Indiana, was platted in 1816. Growth really began when the founders won the bid to make it the county seat when Vigo County was formed in March 1818. When the villages 1,000 residents voted to incorporate in 1832, Terre Haute became a town, early Terre Haute was a center of farming, milling and pork processing
22.
Federal Detention Center, Miami
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The Federal Detention Center, Miami is a prison operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. It is located in downtown Miami, at the corner of Northeast Fourth Street, the administrative facility employed 311 staff as of 2002 and housed 1,512 male and female inmates as of July 15,2010. Built in 1995, the center was designed for a capacity of 1,259 inmates. The facility primarily houses prisoners of the U. S. Marshals Service. Its mission is to provide a safe and humane confinement of inmates and detainees, inmates are screened by a unit team member, and assigned quarters based on personal profile and security needs. Each unit team is composed of a manager, case manager, correctional counselor, and at times. A federal register number is assigned to each inmate for identification, in June 2010, the facilitys security procedures prevented attorney Brittney Horstman from meeting a client when her underwire bra set off a metal detector. After returning from a bathroom without the item, she was turned away because of the detention centers dress code, the federal public defenders office contacted Warden Linda McGrew, who conducted an inquiry. McGrew concluded the incident was an aberration and promised it would not happen again, †Inmates in the Federal Witness Protection Program are not listed on the Bureau of Prisons website. List of U. S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States Federal Detention Center, Miami
23.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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The court is composed of 14 active judges and is based at the James A. Byrne Courthouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The court also conducts sittings in other venues, including the U. S. Virgin Islands and it is one of thirteen United States courts of appeals. Due to the appellate jurisdiction over Delaware, the court handles a significant number of influential commercial cases in the United States. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is nominated to be chief. To be chief, a judge must have been in service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, the chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position, after August 6,1959, judges could not become chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1,1982, the court has fourteen seats for active judges, numbered in the order in which they were filled. Judges who retire into senior status remain on the bench but leave their seat vacant and that seat is filled by the next circuit judge appointed by the president. Federal judicial appointment history#Third Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Recent opinions from Findlaw
24.
Miami Herald
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The Miami Herald is a daily newspaper owned by the McClatchy Company and headquartered in Doral, Florida, a city in western Miami-Dade County several miles west of Miami. Founded in 1903, it is the second largest newspaper in South Florida, serving Miami-Dade, Broward County and it also circulates throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. The newspaper employs over 800 people in Miami and across several bureaus, including Bogotá, Managua, Tallahassee, Vero Beach, Key West, the newspaper has been awarded 20 Pulitzer Prizes since beginning publication in 1903. Well-known columnists include Pulitzer-winning political commentator Leonard Pitts, Jr. Pulitzer-winning reporter Mirta Ojito, humorist Dave Barry, other columnists include Fred Grimm and longtime sportswriter Edwin Pope. Alexandra Villoch is the publisher, and Aminda Marqués Gonzalez is the executive editor, the newspaper averages 88 pages daily and 212 pages on Sundays. The Miami Heralds coverage of Latin American and Hispanic affairs is widely considered among the best of U. S. newspapers. The Miami Herald also participates in Politifact Florida, a website that focuses on the truth about Florida issues, along with the Tampa Bay Times, the Herald and the Times share resources on news stories related to Florida. The first edition was published September 15,1903, as The Miami Evening Record, after the recession of 1907, the newspaper had severe financial difficulties. Its largest creditor was Henry Flagler, through a loan from Henry Flagler, Frank B. Shutts, who was also the founder of the law firm Shutts & Bowen, acquired the paper, although it is the longest continuously published newspaper in Miami, the earliest newspaper in the region was The Tropical Sun, established in 1891. The Miami Metropolis, which later became The Miami News, was founded in 1896, and was the Heralds oldest competitor until 1988, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s, the Miami Herald was the largest newspaper in the world, as measured by lines of advertising. During The Great Depression in the 1930s, the Herald came close to receivership, on October 25,1939, John S. Knight, son of a noted Ohio newspaperman, bought the Herald from Frank B. Knight became editor and publisher, and made his brother, James L. Knight, lee Hills arrived as city editor in September 1942. He later became the Heralds publisher and eventually the chairman of Knight-Ridder Inc. a position he held until 1981, the Miami Herald International Edition, printed by partner newspapers throughout the Caribbean and Latin America, began in 1946. It was extended to Mexico in 2002, the Herald won its first Pulitzer Prize in 1950, for its reporting on Miamis organized crime. Its circulation was 176,000 daily and 204,000 on Sundays, on August 19,1960, construction began on the Herald building on Biscayne Bay. Also on that day, Alvah H. Chapman, started work as James Knights assistant, Chapman was later promoted to Knight-Ridder chairman and chief executive officer. The Herald moved into its new building at One Herald Plaza without missing an edition on March 23–24,1963, publication of a Spanish-language supplemental insert named El Herald began in 1976
25.
Boca Raton, Florida
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Boca Raton is the southernmost city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, first incorporated on August 2,1924 as Bocaratone, and then incorporated as Boca Raton in 1925. The 2015 population estimated by the U. S. Census Bureau was 93,235, however, approximately 200,000 people with a Boca Raton postal address reside outside its municipal boundaries. Such areas include newer developments like West Boca Raton, as a business center, the city also experiences significant daytime population increases. It is one of the wealthiest communities in South Florida, Boca Raton is located 43 miles north of Miami and is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. Boca Raton is home to the campus of Florida Atlantic University and the corporate headquarters of Office Depot, ADT. It is also home to the Evert Tennis Academy, owned by tennis player Chris Evert. Town Center Mall, a shopping center in West Boca Raton, is the largest indoor mall in Palm Beach County. Another major attraction to the area is Boca Ratons downtown, known as Mizner Park, still today, Boca Raton has a strict development code for the size and types of commercial buildings, building signs, and advertisements that may be erected within the city limits. No outdoor car dealerships are allowed in the municipality, additionally, no billboards are permitted, the citys only billboard was grandfathered in during annexation. The strict development code has led to major thoroughfares without large signs or advertisements in the travelers view. The original name Boca de Ratones appeared on eighteenth-century maps associated with an inlet in the Biscayne Bay area of Miami. The word ratones appears in old Spanish maritime dictionaries referring to rugged rocks or stony ground on the bottom of some ports and coastal outlets, therefore, the abridged translation defining Boca de Ratones is a shallow inlet of sharp-pointed rocks which scrape a ships cables. Residents of the city have kept the pronunciation of Boca Raton similar to its Spanish origins, in particular, the Raton in Boca Raton is pronounced as /rəˈtoʊn/ instead of /rəˈtɑːn/. The latter is a common mispronunciation by non-natives to the region, the area today known as Boca Raton was originally occupied by the Tequesta tribe, a Native American people that occupied an area along the southeastern Atlantic coast of Florida. What Spanish voyagers called Boca de Ratones was originally located to the south, by mistake since the 19th century, mapmakers moved this location to the north and began referring to the citys lake, today known as Lake Boca Raton, as Boca Ratone Sounde. The area was largely uninhabited after the Indigenous people were cleared from the area by the Spanish and he surveyed and sold land from the canal to beyond the railroad north of what is now Palmetto Park Road. Early settlement in the area increased shortly after Henry Flaglers expansion of the Florida East Coast Railway, in the citys early history during the Florida land boom of the 1920s, several investors were interested in turning Boca Raton into a resort town. Most famously, Addison Mizner had several projects for resorts and mansions in the area and he first constructed his Administrative Buildings and a small hotel to house interested investors
26.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
27.
Informant
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An informant is a person who provides privileged information about a person or organization to an agency. However, the term is used in politics, industry and academia, informants are commonly found in the world of organized crime. By its very nature, organized crime involves people who are aware of each others guilt. Quite often, someone will become an informant following their arrest, informants are also extremely common in every-day police work, including homicide and narcotics investigations. Any citizen who aids an investigation by offering information to the police is by definition an informant. Informants are often regarded as traitors by their criminal associates. Informers are therefore protected, either by being segregated while in prison or. Informants, and especially criminal informants, can be motivated by many reasons, many informants are not themselves aware of all of their reasons for providing information, but nonetheless do so. Many informants provide information while under stress, duress, emotion, law enforcement officers, prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and others should be aware of possible motivations so that they can properly approach, assess and verify informants information. Generally, informants motivations can be broken down into self-interest, self-preservation, elimination of competitors engaged in criminal activities. Diversion of suspicion from their own criminal activities, revenge Self-Preservation, Fear of harm from others. Conscience, Desire to go straight Guilty conscience Genuine desire to assist law enforcement, corporations and the detective agencies that sometimes represent them have historically hired labor spies to monitor or control labor organizations and their activities. Such individuals may be professionals or recruits from the workforce and they may be willing accomplices, or may be tricked into informing on their co-workers unionization efforts. Paid informants have often used by authorities within politically and socially oriented movements to weaken, destabilize. Informers alert authorities regarding government officials that are corrupt, officials may be taking bribes, or participants in a money loop also called a kickback. Informers in some countries receive a percentage of all recovered by their government. The equitable and vigilant magistrate conducted him out of the city under a guard, the Jew was ordered to the torture till he should speak as he had been instructed. The innocent were condemned to die, criminal informant schemes have often been used as cover for politically motivated intelligence offensives
28.
Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
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The PGCB does not oversee games of chance in the Commonwealth such as the Pennsylvania Lottery or other permitted games of chance at clubs and non-profit organizations. The board consists of seven voting members, three of which are appointed by the Governor of Pennsylvania and four of which are appointed by the leadership of the Pennsylvania General Assembly. By statute, the State Treasurer, Secretary of Revenue, jeffrey Coy Gregory Fajt Richard G. Jewell Keith R. McCall William H. Ryan, Jr. Gary Allan Sojka Among other duties, the Board operates a slot-machine testing center. Located above the Boards Harrisburg office, the center was established in September 2008, each month, Pennsylvania casinos and slot-machine operators give the Board a list of the payouts on each of their machines, how often and how much they pay per average play. Board employees at the center test various models of machine to measure their payouts. This information is not passed on to the public, the PGCB also set up an Office of Compulsive and Problem Gambling devoted to understanding and alleviating the devastating effects of pathological gambling. Under PGCB’s regulations, gambling facilities in the state must submit and have approved a plan before starting gambling operations. The PGCBs funding is from sources, none directly from taxpayers. The Gaming Act also requires a role in gaming oversight by the State Police, Department of Revenue and Attorney General, the board is authorized to issue up to 14 licenses for slot machine operations. Seven licenses may be issued to existing horse race tracks, or racinos, five licenses may be issued to stand-alone casinos, in 2017, the board will be authorized to award a third resort license. All casinos can have up to 5,000 machines, except the resort licensees, the Act also mandated that two of the five stand-alone casinos be located in Philadelphia, one in Pittsburgh, and the remaining two at-large. As of May 2010,13 of the licenses have been awarded, one license for a racino has not been awarded. In addition, casinos in Pennsylvania began operating table games in July 2010, stand-alone and racinos may have up to 250 table games, while resort casinos are limited to a maximum of 50 table games. Table games legislation increased the number of slots that resort casinos may have, on December 20,2006, the board voted to grant six permanent casino licenses for existing horse racing facilities. The board previously voted to grant these locations temporary licenses on September 27,2006, a proposed racino, Lawrence Downs, has proposed a facility in Mahoning Township, near the Ohio border. This is on the site as a previous applicant, Valley View Downs. On the same day, the board voted to grant five permanent casino licenses for stand-alone casinos. Because of the number of slot machines in Pennsylvania, the revenue per machine is much higher than it is in Nevada
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Genovese crime family
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The Genovese crime family is one of the Five Families that dominate organized crime activities in New York City as part of the Mafia. The Genovese crime family has been nicknamed the Ivy League and Rolls Royce of organized crime and they are rivaled in size only by the Gambino crime family and are unmatched in terms of power. They have generally maintained a degree of influence over many of the smaller mob families outside New York, including ties with the Philadelphia, Patriarca. The Genovese crime family is the largest of the Five Families, finding new ways to make money in the 21st century, the Genovese family took advantage of lax due diligence by banks during the housing spike with a wave of mortgage frauds. Prosecutors say loan shark victims obtained home equity loans to pay off debts to their mob bankers, the family found ways to use new technology to improve on illegal gambling, with customers placing bets through offshore sites via the Internet. It is the oldest of the Five Families, with going back to the Morello crime family. The current family was founded by Charles Lucky Luciano, and was known as the Luciano crime family from 1931 to 1957, when it was renamed after boss Vito Genovese. Although the leadership of the Genovese family seemed to have been in limbo after the death of Gigante in 2005, they appear to be the most organized family, unique in todays Mafia, the family has benefited greatly from members following the code of Omertà. While many mobsters from across the country have testified against their families since the 1980s. The Genovese crime family originated from the Morello gang of East Harlem, in 1892, Giuseppe Morello arrived in New York from the village of Corleone, Sicily. Morellos half brothers Nicholas, Vincenzo, Ciro and the rest of his family joined him in New York the following year, the Morello brothers formed the 107th Street Mob and began dominating the Italian neighborhood of East Harlem, parts of Manhattan, and the Bronx. One of Giuseppe Morellos strongest allies was Ignazio the Wolf Lupo, in 1903, Lupo married Morellos half sister, uniting both organizations. New York City Police detective Joseph Petrosino began investigating the Morello familys counterfeiting operation, the barrel murders, on November 15,1909 Giuseppe Morello, Ignazio Lupo and others were arrested on counterfeiting charges. In February 1910, Morello and Lupo were sentenced to 30 years in prison, as the Morello family increased in power and influence, bloody territorial conflicts arose with other Italian criminal gangs in New York. The Morellos had an alliance with Giosue Gallucci, a prominent East Harlem businessman, the fight over Galluccis rackets became known as the Mafia-Camorra War. After months of fighting, Camorra boss Morano offered a truce to end the fighting, a meeting was arranged at a Navy Street cafe owned by Alessandro Vollero. On September 7,1916 upon arriving, Nicholas Nick Morello and his bodyguard Charles Ubriaco were ambushed by five members of the Brooklyn Camorra group, in 1917, Morano was charged with Morellos murder after Camorrista Ralph Daniello implicated him in the murder. By 1918, law enforcement had sent many Camorra gang members to prison, decimating the Camorra in New York, many of the remaining Brooklyn Camorra gang members joined the Morello family
30.
Richard J. Sullivan
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Richard Joseph Sullivan is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Sullivan was born in Manhasset, New York and he graduated from Chaminade High School in 1982 and earned a Bachelor of Arts in Government and English at the College of William and Mary in 1986. He received his Juris Doctor from the Yale Law School in 1990, among those prosecuted in that case was Bronx defense attorney Pat Stiso, who acted as house counsel to the RICO enterprise. Madrid was eventually extradited to the United States, where he pleaded guilty to money laundering conspiracy, Sullivan was named Prosecutor of the Year by the Federal Law Enforcement Association in 1998 and was awarded the Henry L. Stimson Medal from the New York City Bar Association in 2003. In 2005, Sullivan joined Marsh Inc. a global risk and insurances firm and he was named General Counsel of Marsh Inc. in June 2006. Sullivan was confirmed by the United States Senate in a vote of 99-0 on June 28,2007 and he was among the Judges to Watch named in the September 2012 issue of The American Lawyer. In December 2012, Sullivan participated in a musical hosted by the New York American Inn of Court on the topic of civility in the legal profession. In 2015, Above the Law listed Sullivan as one of several District Court feeder judges who have sent multiple former clerks onto Supreme Court clerkships, capitol Records v. ReDigi, --- F. Supp. 2d ----,2013 WL1286134 S. E. C. v. Syron, 2d ----,2013 WL1285572 S. E. C. v. Straub, --- F. Supp. 2d 326 U. S. v. Painting known as Le Marche,2010 WL2229159 New York Civil Liberties Union v. New York City Transit Authority,675 F. Supp. 2d 411 U. S. v. DiPascali, No.09 Cr.764 Tiffany Inc. v. eBay,576 F. Supp, 2d 463 Richard J. Sullivan at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
