1.
Washington Grays Monument
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Washington Grays Monument is a bronze statue by John A. Wilson. The monument represents the Washington Grays who served in the 17th, 21st, joseph Wilson built the base of the monument which was unveiled on April 19,1872. The sculpture is positioned adjacent to the sculpture 1st Regiment Infantry National Guard of Philadelphia, on October 21,1871, a communication was received by the Trustees from Mr. Edwin N. The monument was removed from the place of its dedication to the centre of Washington Square. Wilson and had been uncovered without ceremony in the presence of the few surviving members of the old Guard at 7 oclock on the morning of Saturday, the inscription reads, J. Wilson Bureau Bros. This statue was dedicated at this site on June 14,1991 By the Union League of Philadelphia, the First Regiment Infantry of Pennsylvania & Fairmount Park Commission through the efforts of a combined committee of those organizations. The Union League of Philadelphia Robert M. Flood Jr, president Stanley W. Root Jr. Esq. Architect Raymond K. Denworth, Esquire First Regiment Infantry of Pennsylvania Colonel Jack C, major William M. Barnes, Secy Fairmount Park Commission F Eugene Dixon, Jr. Chairman signed Founders mark appears
2.
New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
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New Glasgow is a town in Pictou County, in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is situated on the banks of the East River of Pictou, which flows into Pictou Harbour, the towns population was 9,075 in the 2016 census. New Glasgow is at the centre of the fourth largest urban area. The New Glasgow census agglomeration includes the adjacent towns of Stellarton, Westville. Sir Robert Kenney founded New Glasgow, Scottish immigrants, including those on the ship Hector in 1773, settled the area of the East River of Pictou during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Deacon Thomas Fraser first settled the area at the head of navigation on the East River of Pictou in 1784, the settlement was officially named New Glasgow, after Glasgow in Scotland, in 1809, the same year its first trading post was developed. The discovery of coal deposits in the East River valley during the early 19th century saw New Glasgow, at the head of navigation, quickly develop into a manufacturing. In 1829, a tramway was built using standard gauge rails from the settlement of Albion Mines to a wharf near New Glasgow. This was the first use of standard gauge rails in what would become Canada. On September 19,1839, the Albion Railway was opened from Albion Mines to New Glasgow and this was the second steam-powered railway in what would become Canada and the first to use iron rails. The railway was extended north to a loading pier at Dunbars Point on May 14,1840. In 1840, George MacKenzie started the towns first shipbuilding company, in June 1867, the Nova Scotia Railway opened its Eastern Line from Truro through New Glasgow to its terminus at the passenger and cargo wharf in Pictou Landing. Economic development in New Glasgow was driven by the industry in neighbouring Trenton, shipbuilding and shipping in Pictou and Pictou Landing. After World War I, the famous New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind was commissioned to make the Nova Scotia Highlander soldier cenotaph, in 1946, New Glasgow was the setting for an important civil rights case when Viola Desmond challenged racial segregation of New Glasgows Roseland Theatre. New Glasgow became a centre for the county during the late 20th century as shopping centres, retail. In 2016, Moneysense ranked New Glasgow last out of 219 cities as Canadas worst place to live, talk of amalgamating the 6 municipal units in Pictou County has increased in recent years. Among the reasons for this, small towns adjacent to New Glasgow are having a hard time coping financially on their own due to the declining economy, also, Pictou County has the most politicians per capita in Canada. The two most often suggested scenarios involve amalgamating the entire county into a regional municipality, or amalgamating the upper East River towns into a single larger town
3.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
4.
Sculpture
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Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts, a wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or molded, or cast. However, most ancient sculpture was painted, and this has been lost. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, the Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith, the revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelos David. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work, many of these allow the production of several copies. The term sculpture is used mainly to describe large works. The very large or colossal statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity, another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the head, showing just that, or the bust, small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Sculpture is an important form of public art, a collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden. One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in form of association with religion. Cult images are common in cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized ancient Greek art. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of Egyptian temples, of which none have survived, were rather small. The same is true in Hinduism, where the very simple. Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the Indus Valley civilization, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines, the Mississippian culture seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the Easter Island culture, from the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the Nimrud ivories, Begram ivories and finds from the tomb of Tutankhamun
5.
Silent Sam
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Silent Sam is a statue of a Confederate soldier by John Wilson on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It is located on McCorkle Place, the upper quad. The statue was funded by the University Alumni and the United Daughters of the Confederacy and it was erected in 1913 as a memorial to the 321 alumni who lost their lives in the American Civil War and all students who joined the Confederate States Army. The University remained open through the entire war and this was due to President Swains policy of dependency on men unfit for combat. A bronze image on the front of the memorial depicts a young student dropping his books as he looks up to answer a call to duty. Under the student, a woman meant to signify North Carolina is depicted advising students to fight for an important cause even if it means leaving their studies, the statue was made to commemorate 50 years since the beginning of the war. The United Daughters of the Confederacy spent four years fundraising and hired Canadian sculptor John Wilson to create the statue, the statue cost the Daughters of the Confederacy $7,500. Like the Daniel A. Bean sculpture, Wilson used a northerner--Harold Langlois, Wilson created a series of similar statues called the Silent Sentinels. All were created in the North and then displayed in the South, like these other statues, Silent Sam is positioned to face north towards the Union, rather than towards the Confederacy. Like its neighbor, the Unsung Founders Memorial, the Silent Sam statue has frequently been a source of controversy and it is seen by some as symbol of historical remembrance, while others view it as a sign of racial oppression. The monument has been a subject of controversy and a site of protest since the 1960s, in March 1965, a discussion about the monuments meaning and history occurred in the letters to the editor of the UNC student newspaper, the Daily Tar Heel. In May 1967, poet John Beecher debated Silent Sam, reading to the statue from his book of poetry To Live, following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, the monument was vandalized. In the early 1970s, the monument was the site of demonstrations by the Black Student Movement. Students gathered by the statue to speak out after Los Angeles police officers were not guilty in the 1992 Rodney King trial. In 1997, a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day march focused on issues facing UNC housekeepers ended at the monument, in July 2015, the statue was vandalized. The statue has been the focus of protests and many have called for its removal
6.
Daniel A. Bean
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Daniel Augustine Bean was born in Brownfield, Maine on May 20,1846. He was a soldier in the American Civil War and the first to die from the community of Brownfield, Beans father was Major Sylvanus B. Bean who had already served in the Aroostook War in 1839. In October,1861, at his home in Brownfield, Sylvanus enlisted twenty-one men from that, at age 15, on November 2, his son Daniel enlisted in Company A, 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment along with his friend from Brownfield Elias P. Morton. Bean and his friend Elias P. Morton were both wounded in the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31,1862, Bean was then detailed in the quartermaster department the following month. On June 1,1864, Bean fought in Company A ten miles from Bermuda Hundred in a skirmish at the end of the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Bean was wounded in the conflict along with 13 others, one soldier died, on his way to the hospital at Fort Monroe Bean was wounded again at the back of the second reserved picket. He was taken to Fort Monroe, Virginia where he had surgery to remove a bullet, before his father Sylvanus could see Bean at the field hospital, Daniel died on June 6. Daniel was buried at Plot, D2820, Hampton National Cemetery, City of Hampton, on September 15,1890 the Grand Army of the Republic post no. 160, dept. of Maine, was named Daniel A. Bean and, as said by Sergeant Major Elias P. Morton of the Eleventh Maine, the name of one of the best and bravest soldiers who went from Brownfield. Decades later Daniels friend Elias P. Morton of Augusta and the Town of Brownfield paid for a monument to be made to Bean, in 1911, John A. Wilson created a statue of Private Daniel A. Bean of Brownfield, Maine, 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The statue of Daniel Bean stands in Brownfield, Maine, where the roads to Hiram, of all the Civil War memorials erected by Maine towns, this remarkable monument was the only one cast in the image of a real person. The absence of weapons distinguishes it even further, the boy stands as he would have on his last day at home, giving his oath of induction. The monument was unveiled by Beans two sisters, while the band played The Star-Spangled Banner, Maine Civil War Monuments - Daniel A. Bean Sylvanus Bangs Bean Silent witness to war by William Marvel Concord Montitor December 172006
7.
American Renaissance
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The American preoccupation with national identity in this period was expressed by modernism and technology as well as academic classicism. It expressed its self-confidence in new technologies, such as the cables of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. It found its cultural outlets in both Prairie School houses and in Beaux-Arts architecture and sculpture, in the City Beautiful movement, americans felt that their civilization was uniquely the modern heir, and that it had come of age. Politically and economically, this era coincides with the Gilded Age, in the dome of the reading room at the new Library of Congress, Edwin Blashfields murals were on the given theme, The Progress of Civilization. The exhibition American Renaissance, 1876–1917 at the Brooklyn Museum,1979, the dates chosen for this era coincide with the Centennial Exposition, the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the United States entry into World War I. A stained glass window was designed and executed by Frederick Wilson, howard Mumford Jones, The Renaissance and American origins, Ideas in America 1945. Richard Guy Wilson, The great civilization, forward essay to The American Renaissance 1876–1917, exhibition catalogue, The Brooklyn Museum, 1979–1980. Henry Hope Reed, The Golden City,1971, Ch.3, beneath the American Renaissance, The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville. New York, Oxford University Press,2011
8.
Moses Kimball
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Moses Kimball was a US politician and showman. Kimball was an associate of P. T. Barnum. Kimball was descended from Richard and Ursula Kimball, who came from England to Massachusetts in 1634 and were among the founders of the town of Ipswich, Massachusetts. Kimball was born in Ipswich to David and Nancy Kimball, and raised in Rockport, Massachusetts, Kimball married Frances L. A. Hathaway on June 25,1834, and in 1836 started the New England Printing Company but it collapsed in 1837. In 1838 Kimball purchased most of the New England Museum, added to it, made arrangements for a lease of the building on Tremont, in 1840, Kimball travelled just twenty miles northwest to the new mill city, Lowell, MA and founded the Lowell Museum. Then in 1841, Moses opened the Boston Museum, the museum, rebuilt in 1846 and 1880, displayed a large number of stuffed birds and animals, several remains of Greek sculpture, and several historical portraits by John Singleton Copley. In the late spring of 1842, Kimball traveled to New York City to meet his rival, P. T. Barnum, in person. He brought with him a large box containing a most unusual curiosity. If it wasnt a real mermaid, it was a fraud, the head of a baboon. On June 18, Barnum and Kimball entered into an agreement to exploit this curiosity supposed to be a mermaid. Kimball would remain the sole owner and Barnum would lease it for $12.50 a week. Barnum christened his artifact The Fejee Mermaid and began to puff her to the skies, by 1843, Kimball and P. T. Barnum were on the best of terms, and trading objects from their collections frequently. D--n the luck -- I have puffed he high and dry -- got a large transparency and that same year, Kimball added a theater to his museum, although he called it a lecture-room in deference to the Puritan feeling in Boston. There he staged his own adaptations of Uncle Toms Cabin among other productions, as Kimballs fortune grew, he became an active public citizen. His first appearance in life was in 1844, as a consequence of a speech by Daniel Webster. As early as 1850, he offered a prize for the best essay on the treatment, in 1849 and 1850 Kimball was elected as a member of the Common Council for Ward 10, he served as a city counciler in 1850 and 1851. In 1851 he was elected to the City Board of Aldermen serving as a member of the Board of Aldermen in 1852, while never elected to the office, Kimball ran three times for Mayor of the City of Boston. In 1858 he garnered 4,449 votes while losing to Frederic W. Lincoln, in 1860 Kimball ran as the Republican Party candidate, for Mayor of the city of Boston losing to Joseph Wightman
9.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians
10.
Harvard Graduate School of Design
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The Harvard Graduate School of Design is a professional graduate school at Harvard University, located at Gund Hall, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The GSD offers masters and doctoral programs in architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, urban design, real estate, design engineering, the GSD has over 13,000 alumni and has graduated many famous architects, urban planners, and landscape architects. The school is considered an academic leader in the design fields. The GSD has the worlds oldest landscape architecture program, and North Americas oldest urban planning program, Architecture courses were first taught at Harvard University in 1874. The Graduate School of Design was officially established in 1936, combining the three fields of architecture, urban planning, and landscape architecture under one graduate school, the market value of the schools endowment for the fiscal year 2013 was approximately $396 million. Charles Eliot Norton brought the first architecture classes to Harvard University in 1874, in 1900, the first urban planning courses were taught at Harvard University, and by 1909, urban planning was added into Harvards design curriculum. In 1923, North Americas first urban planning degree was established at Harvard, in 1980, the program was temporarily moved to the Harvard Kennedy School of Government until it returned to the GSD in 1984. In 1893, the nations first professional course in architecture was offered at Harvard University. In 1900, the worlds first landscape architecture program was established by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. the School of Landscape Architecture was established in 1913. The three major design professions were officially united in 1936 to form the Harvard Graduate School of Design, in 1937, Walter Gropius joined the GSD faculty as chair of the Department of Architecture and brought modern designers, including Marcel Breuer to help revamp the curriculum. In 1960, Josep Lluís Sert established the nations first Urban Design program, george Gund Hall, which is the present iconic home GSD, opened in 1972 and was designed by Australian architect and GSD graduate John Andrews. More recent research include the Design Robotics Group, a unit that investigates new material systems and fabrication technologies in the context of architectural design. Executive Education operates within GSD providing continuing education classes, they are located at 7 Sumner Rd, advanced Management Development Program in Real Estate is a six-week executive development course. The program is open to established professionals with 15+ years of experience in real estate, upon graduating from AMDP, participants are full-fledged Harvard University Alumni. As of 2013, AMDP is in its 13th year, the other large program organized by Executive Education is summer Open Enrollment. In 2013, Executive Education held 18 classes throughout the month of July, Open Enrollment classes are open to everyone, though basic knowledge of the subject is recommended. As of 2012-2013, there were 878 students enrolled, approximately, 65% of students were Americans. The average student is 27 years old, in addition to its degree programs, the GSD administers the Loeb Fellowship, and numerous research initiatives such as the Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure
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Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
12.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
13.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
14.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
15.
Lorado Taft
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Lorado Zadoc Taft was an American sculptor, writer and educator. Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois, in 1860 and died in his studio in Chicago in 1936. Taft was the father of US Representative Emily Taft Douglas, father-in-law to her husband, US Senator Paul Douglas, Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois. His father was a professor of geology at the Illinois Industrial University, after being homeschooled by his parents, Taft earned his bachelors degree and masters degree at Illinois Industrial University. His record there was outstanding, he was cited as top man in his studio, upon returning to the United States in 1886, Taft settled in Chicago. He taught at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago until 1929, in addition to work in clay and plaster, Taft taught his students marble carving, and had them work on group projects. He also lectured at the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois, Taft asked if he could employ some of his female students as assistants for the Horticultural Building. Burnham responded, Hire anyone, even white rabbits if theyll do the work, from that arose a group of talented women sculptors known as the White Rabbits, Enid Yandell, Carol Brooks MacNeil, Bessie Potter Vonnoh, Janet Scudder, Julia Bracken and Ellen Rankin Copp. Later, another student, Frances Loring, noted that Taft used his students talents to further his own career. In general, history has given Taft credit for helping to advance the status of women as sculptors, Tafts frequent lecture tours for the Chautauqua gave him a broad, popular celebrity status. In some settings, Taft is better known for his writings than for his sculpture, in 1903, Taft published The History of American Sculpture, the first survey of the subject. The revised 1925 version was to remain the reference on the subject until Wayne Craven published Sculpture in America in 1968. In 1921, Taft published Modern Tendencies in Sculpture, a compilation of his lectures given at the Art Institute of Chicago, in 1898, Taft was a founding member of the Eagles Nest Art Colony in the small town of Oregon, Illinois. Taft designed the Columbus Fountain at Union Station in Washington, D. C. in collaboration with Daniel Burnham, commission of Fine Arts from 1925 to 1929, and was an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects. His papers reside in collections at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art, the University of Illinois, and he maintained his connections with his alma mater throughout his life. In 1929, he dedicated his sculpture Alma Mater on the University of Illinois campus, two figures behind her on either side represent the university’s motto, Learning and Labor. Taft was active until the end of his life, the week before he died, he attended the Quincy, Illinois, dedication ceremonies for his sculpture celebrating the Lincoln-Douglas debates. He received numerous awards, prizes, and honorary degrees, in 1965, his Chicago workplace at 6016 Ingleside Avenue was designated a National Historic Landmark as Lorado Taft Midway Studios
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Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
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Chestnut Hill is an affluent New England village located six miles west of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Like all Massachusetts villages, Chestnut Hill is not a municipal entity. Chestnut Hills borders are defined by the 02467 ZIP Code. Chestnut Hill is not a designation, the name refers to several small hills that overlook the 135-acre Chestnut Hill Reservoir rather than one particular hill. Chestnut Hill is best known as the home of Boston College, part of the Boston Marathon route, because of the significance of its landscape and architecture, the National Register of Historic Places, in 1986, designated parts of Chestnut Hill as historic districts. Examples of Colonial, Italianate, Shingle, Tudor Revival, and Victorian architectural styles are evident in the country estates. The Boston College campus is itself an example of Collegiate Gothic architecture. Hammond Pond Reservation, an extensive forest preserve and protected wetlands, goes through Chestnut Hill, kennard Park and Conservation Area This is a post-agricultural forest grown up on 19th century farmland. The mixed and conifer woodlands reveal colonial stone walls, a red maple swamp with century-old trees, and a sensitive fern marsh. )The Mall at Chestnut Hill The Street at Chestnut Hill Chestnut Hill Square The Shops At Putterham Chestnut Hill is served by three branches of the Green Line of the MBTA, Bostons light rail system. Stations include, B Line, Chestnut Hill Avenue, South Street, Boston College C Line, Cleveland Circle D Line, Reservoir, Boston College Main Campus Historic District—140 Commonwealth Ave. Chestnut Hill Historic District—roughly bounded by Middlesex Rd. Reservoir Ln, there are also a number of private schools including Mount Alvernia Academy, Brimmer and May School and The Chestnut Hill School. Children may opt to attend school in neighboring villages or in Boston, Chestnut Hill is home to Boston College and Pine Manor College. Fessenden House in Chestnut Hill is a US National Landmark as well as a US Historic Place
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Walter Gropius
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Born in Berlin, Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber. In 1915 Gropius married Alma Mahler, widow of Gustav Mahler, Walter and Almas daughter, named Manon after Walters mother, was born in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age 18, in 1935, Gropius and Alma divorced in 1920. On 16 October 1923, Gropius married Ilse Frank, and they remained together until his death in 1969 and they adopted a daughter together, Beate Gropius, known as Ati. Ise Gropius died on 9 June 1983 in Lexington, Massachusetts, Walter Gropius was drafted August 1914 and served as a sergeant and then as a lieutenant in the signal corps in the First World War. He survived being buried under rubble and dead bodies, and shot out of the sky with a dead pilot. He was awarded the Iron Cross twice, Gropius then, like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect. Gropius could not draw, and was dependent on collaborators and partner-interpreters throughout his career, in school he hired an assistant to complete his homework for him. His fellow employees at this time included Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, in 1910 Gropius left the firm of Behrens and together with fellow employee Adolf Meyer established a practice in Berlin. Together they share credit for one of the seminal modernist buildings created during this period, the Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, the factory is now regarded as one of the crucial founding monuments of European modernism. Gropius was commissioned in 1913 to design a car for the Prussian Railroad Locomotive Works in Königsberg and this locomotive was unique and the first of its kind in Germany and perhaps in Europe. Other works of early period include the office and factory building for the Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne. In 1913, Gropius published an article about The Development of Industrial Buildings, Gropiuss career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Called up immediately as a reservist, Gropius served as a sergeant major at the Western front during the war years and was wounded, Gropius was awarded an Iron Cross while fighting for four years for Germany on the Western Front. Gropiuss career advanced in the postwar period, henry van de Velde, the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him led eventually to Gropiuss appointment as master of the school in 1919, in principle, the Bauhaus represented an opportunity to extend beauty and quality to every home through well designed industrially produced objects. The Bauhaus program was experimental and the emphasis, was theoretical, one example product of the Bauhaus was the armchair F51, designed for the Bauhauss directors room in 1920 – nowadays a re-edition in the market, manufactured by the German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde. In 1919, Gropius was involved in the Glass Chain utopian expressionist correspondence under the pseudonym Mass
18.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
19.
Beauly
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Beauly is a town in the Kilmorack Parish of the Scottish County of Inverness, on the River Beauly,10 miles west of Inverness by the Far North railway line. The town is now within the Highland council area, the land around Beauly is fertile - historically corn was grown extensively and more recently fruit has successfully been farmed. The town historically traded in coal, timber, lime, grain, Beauly is the site of the Beauly Priory, or the Priory Church of the Blessed Virgin and John the Baptist, founded in 1230 by John Byset of the Aird, for Valliscaulian monks. Following the Reformation, the buildings passed into the possession of Lord Lovat, Beauly is also the site of Lovat Castle, which once belonged to the Bissets, but was presented by James VI, to Hugh Fraser, 5th Lord Lovat and later demolished. The population of Beauly was 855 in 1901, in 1994 Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat sold Beaufort castle to Ann Gloag to pay off debts. In 2002, the Beauly railway station, built in 1862, in January 2010, the Scottish government approved controversial plans for a power line upgrade that will begin in Beauly and end in Denny, Falkirk. The new power line, part of a plan to carry electricity generated by wind farms on the Western Isles, was called the most significant grid infrastructure project in a generation by Jim Mather MSP. The 220-kilometre line will consist of a network of 600 pylons, the first part of the transmission circuit was switched on in July 2013. The extensive ruins of the church of Beauly Priory with funerary monuments are managed by Historic Scotland. The town is known for the Beauly Shinty Club, its shinty team, to the south-east of Beauly is the church of Kirkhill, Highland containing the vault of the Lovats as well as a number of septs of the Mackenzies, including Seaforth and Mackenzies of Gairloch. 3 miles south of Beauly is Beaufort Castle, the seat of the Lovats. It occupies the site of an erected in the time of Alexander II. This was replaced by several castles in succession, Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat witnessed this latter conflagration of his castle from a neighbouring hill. Major Patrick Hunter Gordon FRSE CBE MC DL lived in Ballindoun House near Beauly, Beauly Firth Visit Beauly from the Beauly Marketing Group
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Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
21.
Cowles Art School
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Cowles Art School was a studio building on 148 Dartmouth Street, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, that was established in 1883 and continued operation until 1900. It was one of the largest art schools in the city, by the end of the 19th century, Boston had become an important art center. A number of respected artists were teaching in city. The rich environment for art had been promoted at least in part by the Massachusetts Drawing Act of 1870, the act mandated drawing lessons in public schools. To fill the need for art teachers, Massachusetts Normal Art was established in 1873, two blocks behind the Museum of Fine Arts, in the New Studio Building near the Back Bay Station, was the Cowles Art School
22.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, is the fourth largest museum in the United States. It contains more than 450,000 works of art, making it one of the most comprehensive collections in the Americas, with more than one million visitors a year, it is the 55th most-visited art museum in the world as of 2014. Founded in 1870, the moved to its current location in 1909. The museum is affiliated with the Tufts School of the Museum of Fine Arts, the Museum of Fine Arts was founded in 1870 and opened in 1876, with most of its initial collection taken from the Boston Athenæum Art Gallery. Francis Davis Millet, a local artist, was instrumental in starting the Art School affiliated with the museum and it was built almost entirely of red brick and terracotta with a small amount of stone in its base. The brick was produced by the Peerless Brick Company of Philadelphia, in 1907, plans were laid to build a new home for the museum on Huntington Avenue in Bostons Fenway-Kenmore neighborhood near the renowned Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. Museum trustees decided to hire architect Guy Lowell to create a design for a museum so that could be built in stages as funding was obtained for each phase, two years later, the first section of Lowell’s neoclassical design was completed. It featured a 500-foot façade of granite and a grand rotunda, the museum moved to its new location later that year, the Copley Square Hotel eventually would replace the old building. The second phase of construction built a wing along the The Fens to house paintings galleries and it was funded entirely by Maria Antoinette Evans Hunt, the wife of wealthy business magnate Robert Dawson Evans, and opened in 1915. From 1916 through 1925, the noted artist John Singer Sargent painted the frescoes that adorn the rotunda, numerous additions enlarged the building throughout the years, including the Decorative Arts wing in 1928 and the Norma Jean Calderwood Garden Court and Terrace in 1997. The West Wing, designed by I. M. Pei, opened in 1981 and this wing now houses the museums cafe, restaurant, and gift shop as well as a special exhibition space. In the mid-2000s, the museum launched an effort to renovate. In 2011, Moodys Investors Service calculated that the museum had over $180 million in outstanding debt, however, the agency cited growing attendance, a large endowment, and positive cash flow as reasons to believe that the museums finances would become stable in the near future. The renovation included a new Art of the Americas Wing to feature artwork from North, South, in 2006, the groundbreaking ceremonies took place. The landscape architecture firm Gustafson Guthrie Nichol redesigned the Huntington Avenue and Fenway entrances, gardens, access roads, the wing opened on November 20,2010 with free admission to the public. Mayor Thomas Menino declared it Museum of Fine Arts Day, the 12, 000-square-foot glass-enclosed courtyard features a 42. 5-foot high glass sculpture, titled the Lime Green Icicle Tower, by Dale Chihuly. In 2014, the Art of the Americas Wing was recognized for its architectural achievement by being awarded the Harleston Parker Medal. In 2015, the museum renovated its Japanese garden, Tenshin-en, the garden, which originally opened in 1988, was designed by Japanese professor Kinsaku Nakane
23.
Bela Pratt
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Bela Lyon Pratt was an American sculptor. Pratt was born in Norwich, Connecticut to Sarah and George Pratt and his maternal grandfather, Oramel Whittlesey, was a pianoforte maker and founder in 1835 of the first music school in the country authorized to confer degrees to teach music, Music Vale Seminary. At 16, Pratt began studying at the Yale University School of Fine Arts, after a short stint in Saint-Gaudens private studio, Pratt traveled to Paris, where he trained with sculptors Henri-Michel-Antoine Chapu and Alexandre Falguière at the École des Beaux-Arts. In 1892, he returned to the United States to create two large sculptural groups representing The Genius of Navigation for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago and he also produced sculptures for the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901. In 1893, he began a 25-year career as a teacher of modeling in the School of the Museum of Fine Arts. One of Pratts most famous students at the School was John A. Wilson and he became an associate of the National Academy in 1900. When Saint-Gaudens uncompleted group for the entrance to the Boston Public Library was rejected, Pratt was awarded a commission for personifications of Art, Pratt continued Saint-Gaudens influence in coin design after 1907. His gold Indian Head half and quarter eagle gold U. S. coins are known as the Pratt coins and feature an unusual intaglio Indian head, a retrospective exhibition of 125 of his sculptures was held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in the spring of 1918. Henry Augustus Coit - St. Pauls School, Concord, New Hampshire 1906 Young Soldier - St. belalyonpratt. com A comprehensive website of all of Bela Lyon Pratts works Downes, the Work of Bela L. Pratt, Sculptor. Coburn, Frederick W. Americanism in Sculpture, as Represented in the Works of Bela Lyon Pratt. Palette and Bench 2, nos.5 and 6, 95-97, Bela L. Pratt, An Eminent New England Sculptor. The History of American Sculpture, New York,1924, 491-496
24.
Boston Athletic Association
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The Boston Athletic Association is a non-profit, running focused, organized sports association for the Greater Boston area. Hosts such events as the world-renowned Boston Marathon, the B. A. A, according to Article II of its 1890 Yearbook Constitution, their objective was to encourage all manly sports and promote physical culture. Clubhouse on the corner of Exeter and Boylston Streets in Bostons Back Bay was completed in 1888, in addition to such facilities as a gymnasium, bowling alley, billiard hall, Turkish baths and tennis courts, the Association also owned a shooting range and a country club. Among the active sports of the day were boxing, fencing, water polo, the club held its first organized track and field competition in 1890 and in 1897 the first famed Boston Marathon took place. A unicorn was chosen as the Associations symbol and appears on the Boston Marathon medals to this day, in 1936, the original clubhouse was closed due to financial hardship. The B. A. A. is now headquartered at 40 Trinity Place, in 1986, John Hancock Financial Services, Inc. assumed major sponsorship of the Boston Marathon. The B. A. A continues to rely on the support of John Hancock and other sponsors and contributors not only with its signature event, the Boston Marathon, walter A. Brown was the President of the Boston Athletic Association from 1941 to 1964. In 1951 during the height of the Korean War, Brown denied Koreans entry into the Boston Marathon and he stated, While American soldiers are fighting and dying in Korea, every Korean should be fighting to protect his country instead of training for marathons. As long as the war there, we positively will not accept Korean entries for our race on April 19. Maintains an active running club, and in addition to the marathon, organizes an annual marathon in October. Successfully bid to host the 2008 U. S. Olympic Trials Womens Marathon, in January 2016, the B. A. A. purchased an office building just yards from the starting line of the Boston Marathon in Hopkinton, Massachusetts. The office building will be used by the association for the registration of runners, the B. A. A. also organizes an annual relay race for Boston-area middle school and high-school-aged runners that takes place on Clarendon Street in Boston
25.
Boston Art Club
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The Boston Art Club, Boston, Massachusetts, serves as a nexus for Members and non Members to access the world of Fine Art. Currently more than 250 members maintain an environment for the support. Their desire was to form an organization where the European tradition of independent, master-artists would be replaced with cooperation in the promotion, sale. They held their first official meeting on New Years Day,1855 and they elected three presidents, Joseph Alexander Ames, Walter Brackett, and Benjamin Champney. It is not known why they chose three Presidents that first year, the only other two officers elected were a Treasurer and a Recording Secretary. It is said there were twenty founding Members that also included Francis Seth Frost, Samuel W. Griggs, Edward Pressey, Frederick Dickinson Williams. The Boston Art Club founding Members painted in the local New England area, one of the first orders of business for the newly formed Club was to mount an exhibition. Alfred Ordway, a Club founder, had a relationship with the Boston Athenaeum, one of the oldest libraries in America, Ordway became the director of paintings at the Boston Athenaeum from 1856-1863. The first Boston Art Club exhibition was in combination with several New York colleagues, including Frederic Church, Asher Durand, the first exhibition was a success. The Club moved to a building on Bedford Street and they held their second exhibition in 1856 which was marred with a burglary of several paintings from the show. This almost ended the existence of the Club, but for the help of a local thespian who put on William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, the Club continued at this Bedford Street location until the outbreak of the American Civil War, when the Club suspended all activities. After the War, and until 1871, there was no fixed location of the Club, Exhibitions began again in the studios of the various Artist Members. They gained sufficient support from these exhibitions to be incorporated by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on March 3,1871. The purpose of the incorporation was, For the purpose of advancing the arts by the establishment of a Gallery and Library. During the period, from 1871-1882, until a permanent building was established. The success of the Boston Art Club during this period was due to Charles Callahan Perkins, according to Art Historian Nancy Jarzombek, Charles Callahan Perkins met with an old friend, amateur painter and music publisher George D. Russell, to discuss reviving the Boston Art Club. With Perkins at the helm they called a meeting. The Club engaged a bow-front brick townhouse on Boylston Street for its quarters, in 1871, Perkins, Russell and Horace H. Moses, none of them professional artists, signed the petition to incorporate the Art Club and Perkins was elected President
26.
The Boston Globe
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The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was held until 1973. The company was acquired in 1993 by The New York Times Company, in 2011, a BostonGlobe. com subscription site was launched. In 2013, the newspaper and websites were purchased by John W. Henry, the Boston Globe has been awarded 26 Pulitzer Prizes since 1966, and its chief print rival is the Boston Herald. The Boston Globe was founded in 1872 by six Boston businessmen, including Charles H. Taylor and Eben Jordan, the first issue was published on March 4,1872, and cost four cents. Originally a morning daily, it began a Sunday edition in 1877, in 1878, The Boston Globe started an afternoon edition called The Boston Evening Globe, which ceased publication in 1979. By the 1890s, The Boston Globe had become a stronghold, in 1964, Tom Winship succeeded his father, Larry Winship, as editor. The younger Winship transformed The Globe from a local paper into a regional paper of national distinction. He served as editor until 1984, during which time the paper won a dozen Pulitzer Prizes, the Boston Globe was a private company until 1973 when it went public under the name Affiliated Publications. It continued to be managed by the descendants of Charles H. Taylor, in 1993, The New York Times Company purchased Affiliated Publications for US$1.1 billion, making The Boston Globe a wholly owned subsidiary of The New York Times parent. The Jordan and Taylor families received substantial New York Times Company stock, Boston. com, the online edition of The Boston Globe, was launched on the World Wide Web in 1995. Consistently ranked among the top ten websites in America, it has won numerous national awards. Under the helm of editor Martin Baron and then Brian McGrory, the Boston Globe is credited with allowing Peter Gammons to start his Notes section on baseball, which has become a mainstay in all major newspapers nationwide. In 2004, Gammons was selected as the 56th recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award for outstanding baseball writing, given by the BBWAA, and was honored at the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 31,2005. In 2007, Charlie Savage, whose reports on President Bushs use of signing statements made national news, the Boston Globe has consistently been ranked in the forefront of American journalism. The Boston Globe hosts 28 blogs covering a variety of topics including Boston sports, local politics, on April 2,2009, The New York Times Company threatened to close the paper if its unions did not agree to $20,000,000 of cost savings. Some of the cost savings include reducing union employees pay by 5%, ending pension contributions, the Boston Globe eliminated the equivalent of fifty full-time jobs, among buy-outs and layoffs, it swept out most of the part-time employees in the editorial sections. The papers other three major unions had agreed to concessions on May 3,2009, after The New York Times Company threatened to give the government 60-days notice that it intended to close the paper
27.
Boston Herald
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The Boston Herald is an American daily newspaper whose primary market is Boston, Massachusetts and its surrounding area. It was founded in 1846 and is one of the oldest daily newspapers in the United States and it has been awarded eight Pulitzer Prizes in its history, including four for editorial writing and three for photography before it was converted to tabloid format in 1981. The Herald was named one of the 10 Newspapers That Do It Right in 2012 by Editor & Publisher, the Heralds history can be traced back through two lineages, the Daily Advertiser and the old Boston Herald, and two media moguls, William Randolph Hearst and Rupert Murdoch. The original Boston Herald was founded in 1846 by a group of Boston printers jointly under the name of John A. French & Company, the paper was published as a single two-sided sheet, selling for one cent. In 1847, the Boston Herald absorbed the Boston American Eagle, the Boston Evening Traveler was founded in 1845. The Boston Evening Traveler was the successor to the weekly American Traveler, in 1912, the Herald acquired the Traveler, continuing to publish both under their own names. For many years, the newspaper was controlled by many of the investors in United Shoe Machinery Co, after a newspaper strike in 1967, Herald-Traveler Corp. suspended the afternoon Traveler and absorbed the evening edition into the Herald to create the Boston Herald Traveler. The Boston Daily Advertiser was established in 1813 in Boston by Nathan Hale, the paper grew to prominence throughout the 19th century, taking over other Boston area papers. In 1832 The Advertiser took over control of The Boston Patriot, the paper was purchased by William Randolph Hearst in 1917. Hearst Corp. continued using the name Advertiser for its Sunday paper until the early 1970s, on September 3,1884, The Boston Evening Record was started by the Boston Advertiser as a campaign newspaper. The Record was so popular that it was made a permanent publication, in 1904, William Randolph Hearst began publishing his own newspaper in Boston called The American. Hearst ultimately ended up purchasing the Daily Advertiser in 1917, by 1938, the Daily Advertiser had changed to the Daily Record, and The American had become the Sunday Advertiser. A third paper owned by Hearst, called the Afternoon Record, the Sunday Advertiser and Record American would ultimately be merged in 1972 into The Boston Herald Traveler a line of newspapers that stretched back to the old Boston Herald. In 1946, Herald-Traveler Corporation acquired Boston radio station WHDH, two years later, WHDH-FM was licensed, and on November 26,1957, WHDH-TV made its début as an ABC affiliate on channel 5. In 1961, WHDH-TVs affiliation switched to CBS, Herald-Traveler Corp. was granted a construction permit to replace WHDH-TV on channel 5. The two papers were merged to become a paper called the Boston Herald Traveler and Record American in the morning and Record-American. The first editions published under the new combined name were those of June 19,1972, the afternoon edition was soon dropped and the unwieldy name shortened to Boston Herald American, with the Sunday edition called the Sunday Herald Advertiser. The Herald American converted to tabloid format in September 1981, but Hearst faced steep declines in circulation, the company announced it would close the Herald American—making Boston a one-newspaper town—on December 3,1982
28.
School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts
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The School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts is one of the schools that comprise Tufts University, located in Boston, Massachusetts. The school offers undergraduate and graduate degrees dedicated to the visual arts and it is affiliated with the Museum of Fine Arts. SMFA is also a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design, the school does not have a foundations program, but it does require all new students to take a freshman seminar. One of the attributes of SMFA is that students are required to participate in a Review Board which is a review of all of the art work that a student has done during the semester. Review Boards are led by two faculty members, one of whom is the choice, and two fellow students. There are many opportunities for students to exhibit their artwork at both the building and the Mission Hill building. Opportunities to exhibit works include the annual Museum School Art Sale, the Schools main campus is adjacent to and just to the west of the Museum of Fine Arts. Most classroom space is located there, as well as the Cafe des Arts, the library, the Schools store, from 1876 to 1909, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, was housed in the basement of the original Museum building in Copley Square. When the Museum moved to Huntington Avenue in 1909, the School moved into a separate, the permanent building, designed by Guy Lowell, was completed in 1927. The 45, 000-square-foot red brick building provided improved classroom, studio, in 1945 the Museum School and Tufts College collaborated to develop their first joint degree teacher training granting program. The creation of additional programs between the two institutions followed soon after, gunds expansion included the central atrium, known as the Katherine Lane Weems Atrium, that connects the two buildings. In December 2015 it was announced that the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston would become a part of Tufts University, Boston Expressionism Boston School School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Tufts University Northeastern University
29.
Henry Hudson Kitson
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Sir Henry Hudson Kitson was an English born American sculptor who sculpted many representations of American military heroes. Often known as H. H. Kitson he was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England and died at Tyringham and his knighthood was bestowed upon him by Romanias Queen Elisabeth after he sculpted a marble bust of her in the early 1900s. Harry, as he was known by his numererous brothers and sisters, William Kitson was in business with another Englishman Robert Ellin, their firm, Ellin & Kitson, were identified as architectural sculptors. They specialized in carving and wood work in commercial structures and churches. Some buildings they worked on were the Equitable Building, the Tilden Mansion, the Astor Memorial Redos, Harry and Samuel James Kitson the next oldest brother were both associated with Ellin & Kitson doing sculptural work. Kitson also was enrolled in the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs studying under Millet and he returned first in 1884/5 to NYC to his eldest brother Williams business but in 1886 removed to Boston where his sculptor brother Sam had established a studio. Once there Kitson received numerous commissions and began teaching, John William Kitson died in 1888 and Samuel James had returned to Boston after a stay in Washington DC. The youngest brother Robert Lewellen Kitson a water-colorist joined his brothers in Boston about 1902. In 1893, Henry married Theo Alice Ruggles, a student of his. Theo and Harry had three children, Theo, John, who became an engineer, and Dorothy. None of the children had issue, the noted sculptor Gaston Lachaise worked in his atelier. Many of Henry Hudson Kitson papers are in the Archives of American Art in Washington, Kitson only carried a British passport. He was the author of public monuments, and left behind his home, Santarella. The home, which Kitson modified extensively, was recently restored, vicksburg National Military Park has the following works by Kitson. Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr.1913 Confederate Maj. Gen. Martin L. Smith 1911 Boston area Nathaniel P
30.
Copley Society of Art
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The Copley Society of art is Americas oldest non-profit art association. It was founded in 1879 by the first graduating class of the School of the Museum of Fine Arts and continues to play an important role in promoting its member artists, the Society is named after the renowned John Singleton Copley. The gallery hosts between 15 and 20 exhibitions each year, including exhibitions, thematic group shows, juried competitions. The most well known of events is the annual Fresh Paint auction. Several artist members are chosen by the gallery to one day together painting outside in the city. The paintings are back to the gallery wet, placed directly into frames. The final night of the event, A few selected pieces are included in a live auction. The Copley Society has helped establish the careers of many of Bostons prominent full-time professional fine artists
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Abbott Lawrence Lowell
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Abbott Lawrence Lowell was a U. S. educator and legal scholar. He served as President of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933, with an aristocratic sense of mission and self-certainty, Lowell cut a large figure in American education and to some extent in public life as well. At Harvard University his years as president saw an expansion of the university in terms of the size of its physical infrastructure, its student body. His reform of education established the system of majoring in a particular discipline that became the standard in American education. He took the side on certain public issues as well. In one instance, he tried to limit Jewish enrollment to 15% of the student body, in the other, he tried to ban African-American students from living in the Freshman Halls when all Harvards new students were required to room there. In both cases the Harvard Board of Overseers insisted on the consistent application of principles and overruled him. The interplay of democratic and patrician instincts, and especially his insistence on defending his positions when others found then indefensible, as one historian posed the question, How could a consensus form around one who exasperated his friends as often as he confounded his enemies. Lowell was born on December 13,1856 in Boston, Massachusetts and his siblings included the poet Amy Lowell, the astronomer Percival Lowell, and Elizabeth Lowell Putnam, an early activist for prenatal care. They were the great-grandchildren of John Lowell and, on their mothers side, while at Harvard, he was a member of the Hasty Pudding and was later made an honorary member of the Phoenix S. K. Club. On June 19,1879, while a law student, he married a distant cousin, Anna Parker Lowell in Kings Chapel in Boston and his first scholarly publications appeared before he undertook an academic career. Essays on Government appeared in 1889, designed to counter the arguments Woodrow Wilson made in his Congressional Government, the two volumes of Governments and Parties in Continental Europe followed in 1896. Lowell was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, joining his father and brother and he became a trustee of MIT in 1897. In 1897, Lowell became lecturer, and in 1898, professor of government at Harvard and his publishing career continued with the appearance of Colonial Civil Service in 1900, and The Government of England in two volumes in 1908. In December 1901, Lowell and his wife donated funds anonymously to erect a building housing a lecture hall. It became the New Lecture Hall, at the corner of Oxford and Kneeland Streets, from relatively early in his professional career, Lowell worried about the role of racial and ethnic minorities in American society. As early as 1887, he wrote of the Irish, What we need is not to dominate the Irish and we want them to become rich, and send their sons to our colleges, to share our prosperity and our sentiments. We do not want to feel that they are among us and he believed that only a homogeneous society could safeguard the achievements of American democracy
32.
Worcester Art Museum
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The Worcester Art Museum, also known by its acronym WAM, houses over 35,000 works of art dating from antiquity to the present day, representing cultures from all over the world. The WAM opened in 1898 in Worcester, Massachusetts, and is the second largest art museum in New England, the WAM also has a café, museum shop, library, and a year-round roster of classes for children and adults. In September 1896, Stephen Salisbury III and a group of his friends gathered together to create the Art Museum Corporation, Salisbury then gave a tract of land, on what was once the Salisbury farm, as well as $100,000 USD to build an art museum. The museum was designed by Stephen C, Earle, a Worcester architect, and formally opened in 1898 with the Rev. Daniel Merriman as its first president. In 1905, Stephen Salisbury died and left the bulk of his five million-dollar estate to the museum, the WAM became the first museum in the United States to purchase works by Claude Monet as well as Paul Gauguin. The museum was also the first institution to transport a medieval building, between 1932 and 1939, the Worcester Art Museum joined a consortium of museums and institutions to sponsor expeditions to the archaeological sites where the city of Antioch once stood. The Antioch mosaics, as they are now known, were split up among the institutions The WAM received many mosaics including the Worcester Hunt, on May 17,1972, the museum suffered a major theft of artwork. Two men wearing masks entered the museum just before closing and shot a guard in the side. The two men stole The Brooding Woman and Head of a Woman by Paul Gauguin, Mother and Child by Pablo Picasso, and St. Bartholomew by Rembrandt, a collection of works worth over one million dollars. Four individuals were charged with the theft as well as the theft of seven artworks stolen from the Boyden Library at Deerfield Academy, beginning in the 1990s, the WAM began renovating all of its galleries. The renovation began with the European galleries and then the Chinese Decorative Arts Gallery, followed by the Early American Galleries, the Art Since the Mid-20th Century galleries had been closed for about a decade before they were reopened as part of this program. The renovation of two galleries cost $85,000 USD and included new flooring, lighting, wall refinishing. The Worcester Art Museum started as a small building, designed by Stephen Earle. Very little of the exterior of this building can be viewed due to the multiple expansions the museum has undertaken. In 1927, the purchased a 12th-century French chapter house that was originally part of the Benedictine Priory of St. John at Le Bas-Nueil near Poitiers. Installed in 1932, and linked to the museum in 1933 via the grand Renaissance Court, in 1933 alone, the Museum attracted 200,000 visitors. The Worcester Art Museum supported the excavation between 1932 and 1939 in partnership with universities and other museums, the museum building has expanded several times, in 1940,1970, and 1983. The Frances L. Hiatt Wing is designed for exhibitions, study and storage area for prints, drawings, and photographs
33.
Walker School
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The Walker School is a historic elementary school building on Berkley Street in Taunton, Massachusetts. It is a two-story brick Georgian Revival building, with a hip roof and its main facade is 11 bays wide, organized in a 4-3-4 pattern. The main entrance is in the bay, set in a round-arch opening, with the flanking bays having small oval windows. The school was designed by E. A. Crane, an architect, and was built in 1895 in land donated by William Ellery Walker. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, a plan to demolish the school was circulated in 2005, but the plan was postponed for approval. Walker School was closed by the city in June 2010, at the time, it held classes for grades K through 4. National Register of Historic Places listings in Taunton, Massachusetts
34.
Bradford College (United States)
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Bradford College operated in the part of Haverhill, Massachusetts that was once the town of Bradford. Founded in 1803, Bradford College began as Bradford Academy, one of New Englands earliest coeducational institutions, in 1836 Bradford chose to devote itself exclusively to the education of women. By 1932, the school had grown from a secondary school, in 1971 Bradford was authorized to grant bachelors degrees. The new Bradford College began admitting men again that same year, Bradford College focused on the creative arts and social sciences with one of the oldest alumni associations in the country. On November 19,1999 its Board of Trustees announced that the 197-year-old liberal arts institution would close in May 2000, Bradford College traced its origins to Bradford Academy, which was founded in 1803, and used that date in its collegiate logo. Many of Bradfords early graduates became Christian missionaries, the first president of Bradford was Dr. Katharine Denworth, a graduate of Swarthmore with a doctorate from Columbia. Her tenure from 1927 to 1939 oversaw the transformation of Bradford in 1932 to a liberal arts college for women leading to a bachelors degree. With degrees in classics from Oberlin and Smith, scholar Dorothy M. Bell became president in 1940. Over the ensuing 27 years Ms. Bell led Bradford Junior College through World War II and to national and international prestige as a liberal arts private womens college. The college became coeducational and the changed to Bradford College in 1971. In 1997, the school incurred a $18 million debt when it refinanced old debt, after 197 years, Bradford College was closed in 2000, leaving substantial debt. In late 2007, the endowment of $3.6 million was awarded to Hampshire College. With the closing,33 full-time professors and 133 employees were left without jobs, according to the Assemblies of God denomination, an affiliate of Hobby Lobby stores purchased the former Bradford College campus in 2007. Renovation needed to be prior to a new schools opening on the campus. An estimated $5 million worth of repairs and upgrades were needed before the campus reopened for the fall semester of 2008. The cost of repairs was covered by Green and his affiliates, george Warren Wood, 19th century Christian missionary to Turkey and corresponding secretary of the ABCFM from 1852 to 1871. Nayef Samhat, President of Wofford College Douglas Huebler, artist Andre Dubus, writer Bradford College Alumni Association
35.
Aberdeen Regional Hospital
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The Aberdeen Hospital is a 24-hour emergency, inpatient, outpatient, and community-based services hospital in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. The hospital has been in existence since 1895 and it serves approximately 48,000 people in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. It located at 835 East River Road, New Glasgow and it is operated by Pictou County Health Authority. The hospital currently has 104 beds, internationally renowned sculptor John Wilson donated to the hospital the land on which the Glen Haven Manor was built
36.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
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Dudley, Massachusetts
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Dudley is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 11,390 at the 2010 census, Dudley was first settled in 1714 and was officially incorporated in 1732. The town was named for landholders Paul and William Dudley, during the trip, it is rumored that a large cache of captured and recovered British weaponry and supplies was ordered concealed in the grounds in the rural area along the route. The cache, hidden to resupply reinforcements from Massachusetts or to cover a retreat from the south, were never used or recorded as having been recovered. Union soldiers from Dudley, the 15th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Dudley was the primary manufacturer of Brogan boots worn by the Union Army and produced the majority of the standard issue Union uniforms worn during the Civil War. A proposal to create an Muslim cemetery by the Islamic Society of Greater Worcester on 55 acres of farmland elicited intense community opposition when discussed at a hearing in February 2016. The Islamic Society sought to establish a burial place than Enfield. After a complicated process, with back and forth between the Islamic Society and town officials, the necessary permit was issued over a year later. At the initial hearings, some made it clear that they did not want this cemetery in their town with concerns that included noise, traffic. The comments of some of the towns residents raised concerns of religious bigotry. The public hearing of the Zoning Board of Appeals reviewed the status of the land as an agricultural protected parcel protected under MGL Chapter 61A. The Islamic Society of Worcester stated there was no revised plan and they expected the Zoning Board of Appeals to vote on their proposal for 12. Both sides came to an agreement in December 2016 with the board granting the permit for the cemetery on March 3,2017. Burials will be restricted to 6 acres for the first 10-years, the permit requires a buffer zones of vegetation between the burials and the neighboring property in accordance with the agreement. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 22.1 square miles, of which 21.0 square miles is land and 1.0 square mile. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,036 people,3,737 households, the population density was 476.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,910 housing units at a density of 185.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 83% White,0. 23%African American,0. 23% Native American,0. 74% Asian,0. 75% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 01% of the population
38.
American Revolution
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The British responded by imposing punitive laws on Massachusetts in 1774 known as the Coercive Acts, following which Patriots in the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts. Tensions escalated to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress determined King George IIIs rule to be tyrannical and infringing the rights as Englishmen. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, Congress rejected British proposals requiring allegiance to the monarchy and abandonment of independence. The British were forced out of Boston in 1776, but then captured and they blockaded the ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but failed to defeat Washingtons forces. After a failed Patriot invasion of Canada, a British army was captured at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777, a combined American–French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the war in the United States. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict, confirming the new nations complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada. Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States. Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British victory in the French and Indian War in 1763, the lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement. For the prior history, see Thirteen Colonies, in 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money which British merchants saw as a means to evade debt payments. Parliament also passed the Sugar Act, imposing customs duties on a number of articles, none did and Parliament passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time. All official documents, newspapers, almanacs, and pamphlets—even decks of playing cards—were required to have the stamps, the colonists did not object that the taxes were high, but because they had no representation in the Parliament. Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire, stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable. London had to deal with 1,500 politically well-connected British officers who became redundant, in 1765, the Sons of Liberty formed. They used public demonstrations, boycott, violence, and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable, in Boston, the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson. Several legislatures called for united action, and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765, moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a Declaration of Rights and Grievances stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen. Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise, the Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval
39.
Baton Rouge National Cemetery
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Baton Rouge National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in East Baton Rouge Parish, in the city of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It encompasses 7.7 acres, and as of the end of 2005, had 5,459 interments. It became an official National Cemetery in 1867, and rewards were given to anyone who reported the grave of a Union soldier, so that his remains could be reinterred in the cemetery. In 1878 two men, Michael and Bernard Jodd, were hired to build a wall around the cemetery. They were interred in the cemetery and the wall was completed by local laborers and his remains were reinterred in the national cemetery in 1886. He was a veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, and he commanded the forces that captured the fort of Baton Rouge in 1810 and he also served as a Congressional Representative from the state of Louisiana in the 22nd and 23rd United States Congresses. Lieutenant General Troy Houston Middleton, World War II veteran and president of Louisiana State University, lA-5, Baton Rouge National Cemetery,220 North 19th Street, Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge Parish, LA,35 photos,4 photo caption pages HALS No. LA-5-A, Baton Rouge National Cemetery, Lodge,6 data pages HALS No, lA-5-B, Baton Rouge National Cemetery, Rostrum,4 data pages
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Eben Sumner Draper
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Eben Sumner Draper was an American businessman and politician from Massachusetts. He served as the 44th Governor of Massachusetts between 1909 and 1911, Eben Sumner Draper was born in Hopedale, Massachusetts on June 17,1858, the third and youngest son of George and Hannah B. His brothers were William F. Draper, who would become a general and a U. S. representative and he was educated in the public schools of Hopedale, in Allens School at West Newton, and in the class of 1880 of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Drapers were one of the families of Hopedale, a community that had been established as an experiment in Christian communal living. At the center of the community were a collection of factories engaged in the production of textile manufacturing equipment. All three of his sons were eventually drafted into the business, by the time Eben Draper graduated, his father controlled the largest plant for manufacturing cotton machinery in the world. Draper spent three years in apprenticeship in various cotton mills learning all he could about cotton manufacturing before being made a partner in his fathers firm, when the Hopedale companies organized into one, Draper was given charge of the selling department. Following the elder Drapers death in 1887 control of the passed to William. He incorporated the Draper Company, which introduced the innovative Northrop Loom to great success, the Draper Company eventually became one of the largest Department of Defense contractors during times of war. William Draper, however, was an absentee owner, serving first in the United States Congress. The family business was reorganized in the 1890s, at which time Eben Draper became its president, Hopedale as at the time seen as a model company town. The Drapers owned most of the housing in the town, but did not charge excessive rents to the factory workers, Draper served as a private in the Massachusetts First Corps of Cadets before and during the 1898 Spanish–American War, serving as president of the Massachusetts Volunteer Association. Draper was a figure the Young Republican Club, whose members dominated the state Republican Party establishment in the early 20th century. Like his father and brothers, he was also a supporter of protectionist tariffs. He assisted his father in founding the Home Market Club of Boston and he served as chairman of the Congressional campaign committee which waged a successful campaign to send his brother William as a protectionist to the US House of Representatives. He was then elected as chairman of the Republican State Committee, in 1896 he was elected chairman of the Massachusetts Republican delegation to the St. Louis Convention, which nominated William McKinley for president. During the convention, he was instrumental in assisting Henry Cabot Lodge to secure a plank in the party platform favoring the gold standard and he also served in the presidential election of 1900 as a Presidential elector, again supporting McKinley. In 1905, Draper was nominated and elected as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, Draper served for three terms under Governor Curtis Guild, Jr. acting as governor for a significant part of 1908, when Guild was ill with pneumonia and appendicitis
41.
Brownfield, Maine
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Brownfield is a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,597 at the 2010 census, Brownfield is home to the Stone Mountain Arts Center. The area was territory of the Pequawket Abenaki Indians, whose main village was located at what is today Fryeburg. It was granted on January 23,1764 by the Massachusetts General Court to Captain Henry Young Brown for his services in the French, Brown was required to settle 38 families by June 10,1770, with a minister recruited by 3 years after that. Unfortunately, a portion of the grant was found to lie in New Hampshire. Replacement land in Maine was granted to Brown on June 25,1766 and it was called Brownfield Addition, one part of which now lies within Hiram and Denmark. The township was first organized as Brownfield Plantation, named in honor of its principal proprietor, on February 20,1802, it was incorporated as Brownfield. By the War of 1812, it had nearly 900 residents, farming was the chief occupation, with the Saco River providing water power for industry. Products of the mills included flour, long lumber, barrel staves, rocking chairs, clothing, carriages, sleighs, after the Civil War, the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad passed through the town, following the general course of the river. But the Great Fires of 1947 would destroy 85% of Brownfield, in an effort to replace lost commerce, a ski resort was proposed for Burnt Meadow Mountain. It opened in 1971 with a 3, 400-foot T-bar lift, today, the T-bars are still hanging in place. Situated beside the New Hampshire border, Brownfield is drained by the Saco River, as of the census of 2010, there were 1,597 people,662 households, and 453 families residing in the town. The population density was 35.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 973 housing units at an average density of 21.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 7% White,0. 3% African American,0. 4% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 3% of the population. 24. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age in the town was 44.8 years. 20. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 23% were from 25 to 44,35. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50. 3% male and 49. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,251 people,512 households, and 352 families residing in the town
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11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment
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The 11th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 11th Maine Infantry was organized in Augusta, Maine, and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on November 12,1861, the regiment was attached to Davis Provisional Brigade, Army of the Potomac, to January 1862. 1st Brigade, Caseys Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862, 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to December 1862, naglees Brigade, Department of North Carolina, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, to February 1863, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Port Royal, South Carolina, Department of the South, to April 1863. District of Beaufort, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, fernandina, Florida, Department of the South, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, Morris Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, to December 1864, 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIV Corps, to July 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIV Corps, to August 1865, Department of Virginia, to February 1866. The 11th Maine Infantry mustered out of service at City Point, Virginia, duty in the defenses of Washington, D. C. until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va. March 10–15, moved to Newport News March 28. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4, operations about Bottoms Bridge May 20–23. Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, May 31-June 1, Seven days before Richmond June 25-July 1. Destruction of railroad bridge over Chickahominy June 27, at Harrisons Landing until August 15. Moved to Yorktown August 16–22, and duty there until December 26, expedition to Matthews County December 11–15. December 26-January 1,1863, then to Port Royal, S. C, to St. Helena Island February 10, and duty there until April 4. June 4–6, and duty there until October 6, occupation of City Point and Bermuda Hundred May 5. Swift Creek or Arrowfield Church May 9–10, operations against Fort Darling May 12–16
43.
Hampton, Virginia
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Hampton is an independent city in Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 137,436, as one of the seven major cities that compose the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, it is on the southeastern end of the Virginia Peninsula. Since consolidation in 1952, Hampton has included the former Elizabeth City County, in the 20th century, the area became the location of Langley Air Force Base, NASA Langley Research Center, and the Virginia Air and Space Center. Hampton features many miles of waterfront and beaches, for residents and visitors alike, the city features a wide array of business and industrial enterprises, retail and residential areas, and historical sites. Most recently, the new Peninsula Town Center development opened in May 2010 on the site of the former Coliseum Mall. Located in the adjacent to the Hampton Coliseum and the Convention Center. Development of new development and additional public facilities are underway at Buckroe Beach. Located on the Hampton Roads Beltway, it hosts the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel on Interstate 64, expanded in the 1970s, the HRBT remains Virginias busiest and deepest such facility. In December 1606, three ships carrying men and boys left England on a mission sponsored by a proprietary company, headed by Captain Christopher Newport, they sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to North America. After a long voyage, they first landed at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay on the shore at a place they named Cape Henry. During the first few days of exploration, they identified the site of Old Point Comfort as a defensive location at the entrance to the body of water that became known as Hampton Roads. This is formed by the confluence of the Elizabeth, Nansemond, the latter is the longest river in Virginia. Slightly south, near the entrance to Hampton River, the colonists seized the Native American community of Kecoughtan under Virginias Governor, the colonists established their own small town, with a small Anglican church, on July 9,1610. This came to be known as part of Hampton, the area became part of Elizabeth Cittie in 1619, Elizabeth River Shire in 1634, and was included in Elizabeth City County when it was formed in 1643. By 1680, the settlement was known as Hampton, and it was incorporated as a town in 1705, in the latter part of August 1619, an English ship flying a Dutch flag, the White Lion, appeared off shore from Point Comfort. Its cargo included 20 plus Africans captured from the slave ship Sao Joao Bautista and these were the first Africans to come ashore on English-occupied land in what would become the United States. John Rolfe, the widower of Pocahontas, wrote in a letter that he was at Point Comfort, although these first Bantu men from Angola were considered indentured servants, their arrival marked the beginning of slavery in North America. Two of the first Africans to arrive at Old Point Comfort in 1619 were Antoney and their child, the first of African descent born in North America, was born baptized January 1624
44.
Hampton National Cemetery
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Hampton National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in the city of Hampton, Virginia. It encompasses 27.1 acres, and as of 2014, had over 30,000 interments, there are two separate parts to this facility. The original cemetery is called the “Hampton Section” and is located on Cemetery Road in Hampton and it is on the western side of I-64. The new section which is called the “Phoebus Addition” or the “Phoebus Section” West County Street in Hampton and it is less than a mile from the original cemetery. Both sections of the Hampton National Cemetery are closed to new interments, the first burials took place in the cemetery in 1862, and were primarily Union soldiers who died in service or at the hospital at Fort Monroe. It became a National Cemetery in 1866, while primarily for Union soldiers, it also has the interments of 272 Confederate soldiers in their own section. Hampton National Cemetery has the remains of World War II prisoners of war,55 German and 5 Italian. It also has the remains of 28 sailors from the German submarine U-85, a British sailor from the same war is buried here. Hampton National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 26,1996, the Union Soldiers Monument, a 65 tall granite obelisk. Medal of Honor recipients Landsman Michael Cassidy, for action at the Battle of Mobile Bay, ordinary Seaman John Davis, for peacetime service aboard USS Trenton in 1881. Coal Heaver James R. Garrison, for action at the Battle of Mobile Bay, hilton, for action at the Battle of Chaffins Farm, during the Civil War. Ordinary Seaman Edward Maddin, for peacetime gallantry aboard the USS Franklin First Sergeant Harry J. Mandy, for action at Front Royal, First Lieutenant Ruppert L. Sargent, for action during the Vietnam War. Private Charles Veale, for action at the Battle of Chaffins Farm, coxswain David Warren, for action during the Civil War aboard USS Monticello. Other notable interments Private Daniel A. Bean, first Union soldier from Brownfield, vA-6-A, Hampton National Cemetery, Main Tract, Cemetery Road at Marshall Avenue, Hampton, Hampton, VA HALS No
45.
United Daughters of the Confederacy
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The name United Daughters of the Confederacy is a registered trademark, registered with the U. S. The organization was incorporated on July 18,1919, the trustees of the corporation are the President-General, Recording Secretary-General, and Treasurer-General. The UDC is an organization and it meets the requirements of the United States Internal Revenue Service Code 501 as a tax-exempt organization. The headquarters is located in the Memorial Building to the Women of the Confederacy,328 North Boulevard, Richmond and it was designed by Theus Bros. of Savannah. They were strikingly successful at raising money to build monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead and they also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. Most of these memorial associations gradually merged into the United Daughters of the Confederacy, Memory and memorials became the central focus of the organization. The number of clubs devoted to filiopietism and history was staggering. Brundage notes that after womens suffrage came in 1920, the role of the womens organizations eroded. After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization coordinating local memorial groups, the UDC women specialized in sponsoring local memorials. After 1945, they were active in placing historical markers along Southern highways, the UDC has also been active in national causes during wartime. According to the organization, during World War I, it funded 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital on the Western front and contributed over US$82,000 for French, the homefront campaign raised $24 million for war bonds and savings stamps. Members also donated $800,000 to the Red Cross, during World War II, they gave financial aid to student nurses. The UDC donated $50,000 for the construction of a Confederate memorial hall on the campus of Vanderbilt University in 1935. By August 2016, the university returned $1.2 million to the UDC after the board of trust, backed by anonymous donors and they also recommended structures for the memoirs. By the turn of the century, a dozen memoirs by southern women were published. They constituted part of the public memory about the antebellum years. The Children of the Confederacy, also known as the CofC, is an organization to the UDC. The official name is Children of the Confederacy of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and it comprises children from birth through the time of the Children of the Confederacy Annual General Convention following their 18th birthday
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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, also known as UNC, or simply Carolina, is a public research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. It is one of the 17 campuses of the University of North Carolina system, the first public institution of higher education in North Carolina, the school opened its doors to students on February 12,1795. The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study through fourteen colleges, in 1952, North Carolina opened its own hospital, UNC Health Care, for research and treatment, and has since specialized in cancer care. The schools students, alumni, and sports teams are known as Tar Heels, the campus covers 729 acres of Chapel Hills downtown area, encompassing the Morehead Planetarium and the many stores and shops located on Franklin Street. Students can participate in over 550 officially recognized student organizations, the student-run newspaper The Daily Tar Heel has won national awards for collegiate media, while the student radio station WXYC provided the worlds first internet radio broadcast. North Carolina is one of the members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Competing athletically as the Tar Heels, North Carolina has achieved success in sports, most notably in mens basketball, womens soccer. As a result, Womans College was renamed the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, in 1955, UNC Chapel Hill officially desegregated its undergraduate divisions. During World War II, UNC Chapel Hill was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission, during the 1960s, the campus was the location of significant political protest. Prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, protests about local racial segregation which began quietly in Franklin Street restaurants led to mass demonstrations, the climate of civil unrest prompted the 1963 Speaker Ban Law prohibiting speeches by communists on state campuses in North Carolina. The law was criticized by university Chancellor William Brantley Aycock and university President William Friday. A group of UNC Chapel Hill students, led by Student Body President Paul Dickson, filed a lawsuit in U. S. federal court, and on February 20,1968, the Speaker Ban Law was struck down. From the late 1990s and onward, UNC Chapel Hill expanded rapidly with a 15% increase in student population to more than 28,000 by 2007. Professor Oliver Smithies was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2007 for his work in genetics, additionally, Aziz Sancar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015 for his work in understanding the molecular repair mechanisms of DNA. The current chancellor is Carol Folt, the first woman to hold the post, UNC Chapel Hills 729-acre campus is dominated by two central quads, Polk Place and McCorkle Place. Adjacent to Polk Place is a sunken brick courtyard known as the Pit where students will gather, the Morehead–Patterson Bell Tower, located in the heart of campus, tolls the quarter-hour. In 1999, UNC Chapel Hill was one of sixteen recipients of the American Society of Landscape Architects Medallion Awards and was identified as one of 50 college or university works of art by T. A, gaines in his book The Campus as a Work of Art. The universitys campus is divided into three regions, usually referred to as north campus, middle campus, and south campus
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Firemen's Memorial (Boston)
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Firemen’s Memorial is a statue located in Forest Hills Cemetery, Jamaica Plain, Boston. The monument was created by John A. Wilson in 1909, on a lofty granite base a larger-than-life fireman in bronze, attired for service but in a moment of contemplation. On each side of the pedestal were set bronze plaques,3 ft. by 4 ft. depicting the spirit of Louis Maurers famous series of prints entitled The Life of a Firemen, shown in vivid bas-relief were horse-powered equipment and men en route to their duty. The plaque on the rear of the pictures a nineteenth-century pumper as it would have looked between fires in the firehouse with no horses, men, or background. The memorial was dedicated in grand style on June 14,1909, currier and Ives Prints - The Life of a Firemen
