1.
Order of Leopold (Belgium)
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The Order of Leopold is one of the three current Belgian national honorary orders of knighthood. It is the highest order of Belgium and is named in honour of King Leopold I and it consists of a military, a maritime and a civilian division. The maritime division is awarded to personnel of the merchant navy. The decoration was established on 11 July 1832 and is awarded for bravery in combat or for meritorious service of immense benefit to the Belgian nation. The Order of Leopold is awarded by royal decree, when Belgium became independent of the Netherlands, there was a urgent need to create a national honour system that could serve as a diplomatic gift. The first King of the Belgians, Leopold I of Belgium, two years after the independence, the young King officially founded the dynastic Order of Leopold. The king approved the colour and grades both civil and military, and the official motto L’Union fait la Force/Eendracht maakt Macht, in the early 19th century, the court sent the Grand Cordon as a diplomatic gift. The founder gave his French family grand Cordons as wedding gifts, people who fought in the Belgian revolution became members in great numbers. In 1838 the King lost his right to create members, this was then on the responsibility of the foreign office. At the end of his reign the major political elite were members of the order, King Leopold II gifted major Belgian artists, generals and clergy into the order. At the end of World War I, the Order became internationally recognised for its famous members, the order was bestowed as a personal marriage gift by the King Leopold II to Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern and Ernst Gunther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. In 1878 the King named several diplomatic dignitaries Grand cordon in honour of his wedding celebration. In 1919 King Albert granted all Lieutenant-Generals of the Belgian Army the Grand Cordon in Brussels, one of the rare Ladies in the order was Countess Renée de Merode. The Order can be bestowed post-mortem, for example, Emile Verhaeren received the Grand Cordon after his death, people can lose the order, for example what happened during World War I with Alfred Wotquenne. After the Second World War, the Order of Leopold was bestowed on the officers of foreign militaries who had helped to liberate Belgium from the occupation of German forces. Most illustrious was the grand Cordons with Palms given by the King to Sir Winston Churchill, the medal was also granted to Karel Bossart in 1962, and Josip Broz Tito in 1970. Annually, there are two days when the King normally grants membership, on April 8 and on November 15. During state visits, the Order of Leopold is the most important diplomatic gift of the state, in 2015 some protest was noted when King Philippe offered the Grand Cordon to President Erdogan of Turkey during his state visit in Belgium
2.
Ogden, Utah
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Ogden /ˈɒɡdɛn/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County, Utah, United States, approximately 10 miles east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles north of Salt Lake City. The population was 84,316 in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, the city served as a major railway hub through much of its history, and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce. Ogden is also known for its historic buildings, proximity to the Wasatch Mountains. Ogden is a city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Weber, Morgan, Davis. The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159, in 2010, Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family. Ogden has had a Sister City relationship to Hof since 1954, originally named Fort Buenaventura, the city of Ogden was the first permanent settlement by people of European descent in the region that is now Utah. It was established by the trapper Miles Goodyear in 1846 about a mile west of where downtown Ogden is currently located, in November 1847, Fort Buenaventura was purchased by the Mormon settlers for $1,950. There is some confusion in which Ogden was the first to set foot in the Utah city, peters older brother Samuel Ogden traveled though the western United States on an exploration trip in 1818. The site of the original Fort Buenaventura is now a Weber County park, Ogden is the closest sizable city to the Golden Spike location at Promontory Summit, Utah, where the First Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. Railroad passengers traveling west to San Francisco from the eastern United States typically passed through Ogden, in 1972, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints completed construction of and dedicated the Ogden Utah Temple in Ogden. The temple was built to serve the large LDS population in the area, in 2010, the LDS Church announced a major renovation of the Ogden Temple and the adjacent Tabernacle. The Temple was rededicated in 2014, because Ogden has historically been the second largest city in Utah, it is home to a large number of historic buildings. However, by the 1980s, several Salt Lake City suburbs, the Defense Depot Ogden Utah operated in Ogden from 1941 to 1997. Some of its 1,128 acres has since converted into a commercial and industrial park called the Business Depot Ogden. Ogden is located at 41°13′11″N 111°58′16″W, at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.6 square miles, all land. Elevations in the city range from about 4,300 to 5,200 feet above sea level, the Ogden and Weber Rivers, which originate in the mountains to the east, flow through the city and meet at a confluence just west of the city limits. Pineview Dam is located in the Ogden River Canyon 7 miles east of Ogden, the reservoir behind the dam provides over 110,000 acre feet of water storage and water recreation for the area. Prominent mountain peaks near Ogden include Mount Ogden to the east, Ogden experiences a dry summer continental climate
3.
Utah Territory
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The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. S. The Mormon settlers had drafted a constitution in 1849 and Deseret had become the de facto government in the Great Basin by the time of the creation of the Utah Territory. Following the organization of the territory, Young was inaugurated as its first governor on February 3,1851, in the first session of the territorial legislature in September, the legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret. In 1861, partly as a result of this, the Nevada Territory was created out of the part of the territory. Non-Mormons also entered the easternmost part of the territory during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, in 1861 a large portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory. Territories that encompassed land that would become part of the Territory of Utah, Mexican Cession,1848 State of Deseret
4.
Browning Arms Company
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Browning Arms Company is an American maker of firearms and fishing gear. Founded in Morgan, Utah, the company offers a variety of firearms including shotguns, rifles. Other manufactured sporting goods include sport bows, knives, fishing rods, the company was founded to market the sporting designs of John Browning, one of the worlds most prolific firearms inventors. Nearly all of John Brownings innovative designs have been manufactured under license by companies, including Winchester, Colt, Remington, Fabrique Nationale dHerstal of Belgium. Browning is currently a fully owned subsidiary of FN Herstal, Browning Arms Company is best known for the Browning BPS shotgun, the A-Bolt rifle, X-Bolt rifle, the Auto-5 semi-automatic shotgun, the BAR semi-automatic rifle, and the Hi-Power 9mm pistol. Browning also manufactures a set of trap shotguns in the Cynergy series, Browning sells a variety of non-firearms outdoors products, such as gun safes, knives, shooting accessories and clothing. 22LR.22 WMR and. In that year, a agreement was reached with Connecticut-based H. H. Brown Shoe Company. The product line included the John M. Browning collection, Field and Game series, the line has grown to include Kangaroo leather boots, Rubber boots and waders, and upland game boots. In 1968, Browning introduced a line of cutlery in the form of 3 fixed-blade hunting knives, in 2004 Browning partnered with several custom knifemakers to produce a series of Living History Knives honoring famous American Generals and battles. Browning has recently partnered with Big-game hunter, Russ Kommer as their knife designer, the actual line from the play is slightly different, Wenn ich Kultur höre. entsichere ich meinen Browning. Browning is the sponsor of hunting show Goin Country hosted by Kristy Lee Cook which used to air on the Versus channel before it became the NBC Sports Network, the relationship between Cook and Browning started after she was shown on American Idol wearing a Browning hat. FN Model 1910 M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle Official website
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Val A. Browning
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Val Allen Browning was an American industrialist, philanthropist and third-generation gunmaker. His grandfather, Jonathan Browning, opened a gun shop in Ogden, Utah in 1852 and his father, born in Ogden, Utah Territory, Browning graduated from Ogden High School in 1913 and later studied law and engineering at Cornell University. As a young man he worked in the shop his grandfather had opened, in 1918, Browning was commissioned as a second lieutenant with the United States Army, and served with the 79th Infantry Division at Verdun during World War I. In 1920, he became the manager of the manufacturing of John Browning guns in Liege, Belgium, in 1924, Browning married Ann Chaffin of Farmington, Utah and they had four children. They lived in Belgium until 1935 when Browning returned to Utah as President of Browning Arms Company, Browning received 48 gun patents during his career, compared to his father John Brownings 128 American gun patents. Browning spent his career representing business interests in the United States, in addition to chairing Browning Arms, he served as director of the First Security Corporation, Utah International, Amalgamated Sugar Company, and the Mountain Fuel Supply Company. Through the 1940s purchase of some of the shares of W. L. Wattis of his shares in Utah Construction Company. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Browning Superposed, John M. Brownings Last Legacy. ISBN 0-87341-350-4 Val A. Browning Center Utah Museum of Fine Arts Obituary of son, John Val Browning - Deseret News
6.
The Franklin Institute Awards
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The Franklin Institute Awards is a science and engineering award presented since 1824 by the Franklin Institute, of Philadelphia, PA, USA. The first Benjamin Franklin Medals were presented in 1998, medalists are selected by Committee on Science and the Arts after thorough investigation. The Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science and the Bower Award for Business Leadership are the newest awards,1998 - Emmanuel Desurvire 1998 - Robert B. Laughlin 1998 - David N. Payne 1998 - Stanley B. Prusiner 1998 - Horst L. Stormer 1998 - Daniel C, tsui 1998 - Ahmed H. Zewail 1999 - Noam Chomsky 1999 - Douglas C. Engelbart 1999 - Walter Kaminsky 1999 - Barry J. Marshall 1999 - John C. Leopold 2006 - Donald Norman 2006 - Fernando Nottebohm 2006 - Giacinto Scoles 2006 - J. Peter Toennies 2006 - M. Gordon Wolman 2007 - Klaus Biemann 2007 - Robert H. Dennard 2007 - Merton C. Nowell 2010 - Gerhard M. Sessler 2010 - D. Brian Spalding 2010 - JoAnne Stubbe 2010 - James E
7.
Firearm
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A firearm is a portable gun - a barreled weapon that launches one or more projectiles, often driven by the action of an explosive force. The first primitive firearms originated in 13th-century China when the fire lance was combined with projectiles. The technology gradually spread through the rest of East Asia, South Asia, older firearms typically used black powder as a propellant, but modern firearms use smokeless powder or other propellants. Most modern firearms have rifled barrels to impart spin to the projectile for improved flight stability, modern firearms can be described by their caliber or in the case of shotguns their gauge, by the type of action employed together with the usual means of deportment. The word firearms usually is used in a sense restricted to small arms, shooters aim firearms at their targets with hand-eye co-ordination, using either iron sights or optical sights. The accurate range of pistols generally does not exceed 100 yards, while most rifles are accurate to 550 yards using iron sights, some purpose-built sniper rifles are accurate to ranges of more than 2,200 yards. The smallest of all firearms is the handgun, there are three common types of handguns, single-shot pistols, revolvers, and semi-automatic pistols. Revolvers have a number of firing chambers or charge holes in a revolving cylinder, semi-automatic pistols have a single fixed firing chamber machined into the rear of the barrel, and a magazine so they can be used to fire more than one round. Each press of the fires a cartridge, using the energy of the cartridge to activate the mechanism so that the next cartridge may be fired immediately. This is opposed to double-action revolvers which accomplish the end using a mechanical action linked to the trigger pull. Prior to the 19th century, virtually all handguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, with the invention of the revolver in 1818, handguns capable of holding multiple rounds became popular. Certain designs of auto-loading pistol appeared beginning in the 1870s and had largely supplanted revolvers in military applications by the end of World War I. By the end of the 20th century, most handguns carried regularly by military, police and civilians were semi-automatic, both designs are common among civilian gun owners, depending on the owners intention. A long gun is any firearm that is larger than a handgun and is designed to be held. Early long arms, from the Renaissance up to the century, were generally smoothbore firearms that fired one or more ball shot. Most modern long guns are either rifles or shotguns, both are the successors of the musket, diverging from their parent weapon in distinct ways. A rifle is so named for the spiral fluting machined into the surface of its barrel. Shotguns are predominantly smoothbore firearms designed to fire a number of shot, shotguns are also capable of firing single slugs, or specialty rounds such as bean bags, tear gas or breaching rounds
8.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
9.
Automatic firearm
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An automatic firearm continuously fires rounds as long as the trigger is pressed or held and there is ammunition in the magazine/chamber. In contrast, a semi-automatic firearm fires one round with each individual trigger-pull, use of this convention can avoid confusion. Firearms are further defined by the type of action used. Self-loading firearms are designed with varying rates of fire due to having different purposes, the speed with which a self-loading firearm can cycle through the functions of, Fire Eject Load Cock is called the cyclic rate. In fully automatic firearms the cyclic rate is tailored to the purpose that the gun is made to serve, anti-aircraft machine guns often have extremely high rates of fire to maximize the probably of a hit. In infantry support weapons these rates of fire are often much lower, the MG34 is a WWII era machinegun which today would be referred to as a General Purpose Machinegun. It came in variations with a cyclic rate as high as 1200 rounds per minute. Firing any firearm generates a high temperature in the firearms barrel. If fired too fast, the components of the firearm will suffer a structural failure and this means that all firearms, regardless of whether they are semi-automatic, fully automatic, or burst mode in their firing methods, will overheat and fail if fired too often. This is especially a problem with fully automatic fire, in actual use, a gun might be able to fire at 1200 rounds per minute, but in one minute it may also overheat and fail. So guns used in a firing mode must not be fired too often. The MG34 is fired manually in bursts of 5 to 7 rounds and it can fire at an effective rate of 150 rounds per minute. Semi-automatic firearms will also overheat if not allowed to cool, a semi-automatic rifle typically has an effective firing rate of 40 rounds per minute. A large part of the reason that this is so low, is that the recoil of firing a round pushes the guns aim off target, the time it takes to reacquire the target slows the effective firing rate. The Army Study Guide lists the rate of fire for an M4 Assault Rifle at 12 to 15 rounds per minute. Automatic firearms can be divided into six categories, Assault rifle The standard type of service rifles in most modern armies. Battle rifle A heavier-caliber type of rifle that some classify as an assault rifle while others see them as a class of their own. Automatic shotgun A type of combat shotgun that is capable of firing shotgun shells automatically, usually also semi-automatically, machine gun A large group of heavier firearms used for automatic fire of rifle ammunition, usually attached to a mount or supported by a bipod
10.
Semi-automatic firearm
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A semi-automatic, or self-loading firearm, is one that performs all steps necessary to prepare it to discharge again after firing—assuming cartridges remain in the firearms feed device. Typically, this includes extracting and ejecting the spent cartridge case from the chamber, re-cocking the firing mechanism. For the other forms, the mechanism would require cycling manually prior to firing the next round. An automatic or a selective-fire firearm set to fire automatically would be able to discharge continuously as long as the trigger is held until the magazine or feed device runs out of ammunition. Obviously, this additional feature complicates the design of the sear and disconnector, the first successful design for a semi-automatic rifle is attributed to German-born gunsmith Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher, who unveiled the design in 1885. The Model 85 was followed by the equally innovative Mannlicher Models 91,93 and 95 semi-automatic rifles.5 mm ammunition that were fed into the M1894 by a stripper clip. The Auto-5 relied on long recoil operation, this remained the dominant form in semi-automatic shotguns for approximately 50 years. Production of the Auto-5 was ended in 1999, in 1903 and 1905, the Winchester Repeating Arms Company introduced the first semi-automatic rimfire and centerfire rifles designed especially for the civilian market. The Winchester Model 1903 and Winchester Model 1905 operated on the principle of blowback in order to function semi-automatically, johnson, the Model 1903 achieved commercial success and continued to be manufactured until 1932 when the Winchester Model 63 replaced it. Winchester introduced a medium caliber semi-automatic sporting rifle, the Model 1907 as an upgrade to the Model 1905, utilizing a system of operation. Both the Models of 1905 and 1907 saw limited military and police use, in 1906, Remington Arms introduced the Remington Auto-loading Repeating Rifle. Remington advertised this rifle, renamed the Model 8 in 1911 and this is a locked-breech, long recoil action designed by John Browning. The Model 81 superseded the Model 8 in 1936 and was offered in.300 Savage as well as the original Remington calibers, the first semi-automatic rifle adopted and widely issued by a major military power was the Fusil Automatique Modele 1917. This is a breech, gas-operated action which is very similar in its mechanical principles to the future M1 Garand in the United States. The M1917 was fielded during the stages of WWI but it did not receive a favorable reception. However its shortened and improved version, the Model 1918, gave complete satisfaction during the Moroccan Rif War from 1920 to 1926, the Lebel bolt-action rifle remained the standard French infantry rifle until replaced in 1936 by the MAS-36 despite the various semi-automatic rifles designed between 1918 and 1935. In 1937, the American M1 Garand was the first semi-automatic rifle to replace its nations bolt-action rifle as the infantry weapon. The gas-operated M1 Garand was developed by Canadian-born John Garand for the U. S. government at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, after years of research and testing, the first production model of the M1 Garand was unveiled in 1937
11.
Patent
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A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property, the procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right and these claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, the word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means to lay open. More directly, it is a version of the term letters patent. Similar grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the granted to anyone who invents any new, useful. The additional qualification utility patent is used to distinguish the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents, the period of protection was 10 years. These were mostly in the field of glass making, as Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries, by the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually abuse the granting of letters patent for monopolies. After public outcry, King James I of England was forced to revoke all existing monopolies, the Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere. Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the granting of patents began to be viewed as a form of property right. The English legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a common law heritage, including the United States, New Zealand, in the Thirteen Colonies, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colonys legislature
12.
Lever action
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Lever action is a type of firearm action which uses a lever located around the trigger guard area to load fresh cartridges into the chamber of the barrel when the lever is worked. This contrasts to bolt-action, semi-automatic, or selective-fire weapons, most lever-action firearms are rifles, but some lever-action shotguns and a few pistols have also been made. One of the most famous lever-action firearms is the Winchester Model 1873 rifle, even Colts Mfg. Co. produced 1883 until 18856403 lever-action Colt-Burgess rifles. Mossberg produces the 464 in centerfire. 30-30 and rimfire.22, probably the first lever-action rifles on the market were Colts 1st and 2nd Model Ring Lever rifles, both Cap and ball rifles, produced by the Patent Arms Mfg. Co. Paterson, N. J. -Colts Patent between 1837 and 1841, the ring-lever was located in front of the trigger. This loading-lever, when pulled, would index the cylinder to the next position, the first significant lever-action design was the Spencer repeating rifle, a magazine-fed lever-operated breech-loading rifle designed by Christopher Spencer in 1860. It was fed from a removable seven-round tube magazine, enabling the rounds to be fired one after another, and which, the Henry also placed the magazine under the barrel, rather than in the butt-stock, a trend followed by most tubular magazines since. The Martini–Henry rifle was the rifle of British and Empire forces from the early 1870s to the turn of the 20th century. It was used in areas, either by civilians or by the local military. Variants copying the Martini–Henry mechanism but using more modern cartridges were also produced, john Marlin, founder of Marlin Firearms Company, New Haven, Connecticut, introduced Marlins first lever-action repeating rifle as the Model 1881. This was chambered in rounds such as the 45/70 and 38/55 and its successor was the 1895 solid top design, which we know as the model 336 today. It also gave rise to the Marlin Model 1894, which is still in production today, by the 1890s, lever-actions had evolved into a form that would last for over a century. Both Marlin and Winchester released new model lever-action rifles in 1894, the Marlin rifle is still in production, whereas production of the Winchester 94 ceased in 2006. While externally similar, the Marlin and Winchester rifles are quite different internally, the fledgling Savage Arms Company became well known after the development of its popular hammerless Models 1895 and 1899 lever-action sporting rifles. Unlike most Winchester and the Marlin lever-action rifles, which used a tubular magazine requiring round-nose or flat-nose bullets and this allowed the 99 to use cartridges with spitzer pointed bullets for increased ballistic performance. The 99 was produced in different cartridges and several different model variations. The final models eliminated the very expensive-to-produce rotary magazine, using a box magazine instead. But the 99 was still expensive to produce when compared to the other lever-action rifles
13.
Pump action
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A pump-action or slide-action firearm is one in which a forend can be moved forward and backward in order to eject a spent round of ammunition and to chamber a fresh one. It is much faster than a bolt-action and somewhat faster than a lever-action, once fired, the forend is slid rearward by hand and the expended cartridge ejected. It is then reloaded by manually moving the forend to the front, the first slide action patent was issued to Alexander Bain of Britain in 1854. This technique is called a slamfire, and was used in conjunction with the M1897 in the First World Wars trench warfare. Semi-automatic shotguns must use some of the energy of each round fired to cycle their actions, in addition, like all manual action guns, pump-action guns are inherently more reliable than semi-automatic guns under adverse conditions, such as exposure to dirt, sand, or climatic extremes. Thus, until recently, military combat shotguns were almost exclusively pump-action designs, the cycling time of a pump-action is quite short. The manual operation gives a pump-action the ability to cycle rounds of varying power that a gas or recoil operated firearm would fail to cycle. The simplicity of the relative to a semi-automatic design also leads to improved durability. It has also noticed that the time taken to work the action allows the operator to identify and aim on a new target. However, most are not truly ambidextrous, as the spent casing is ejected out the side in most designs, like most lever-action rifles, most pump-action shotguns and rifles do not use a detachable magazine. This makes for slow reloading, as the cartridges have to be inserted individually into the firearm, however, some pump action shotguns and rifles, such as the Russian Zlatoust RB-12, Italian Valtro PM5 and the American Remington 7600 series use detachable box magazines. A pump-action firearm is fed from a tubular magazine underneath the barrel. The rounds are fed in one by one through a port in the receiver, a latch at the rear of the magazine holds the rounds in place in the magazine until they are needed. If it is desired to load the gun fully, a round may be loaded through the port directly into the chamber, or cycled from the magazine. Pump shotguns with box magazines or even drums exist. Nearly all pump-actions use a motion of the forend to cycle the action. The forend is connected to the bolt by one or two bars, two bars are considered reliable because it provides symmetric forces on the bolt and pump. The motion of the back and forth in a tubular magazine model will also operate the elevator
14.
Telescoping bolt
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A weapon with a telescoping bolt is one with a bolt which telescopes over, that is, wraps around and past, the breech end of the barrel. While it would be simpler and easier to shorten the bolt to fit completely behind the breech, the telescoping bolt moves some of that mass forward of the bolt face, resulting in a bolt which is longer overall, but is shorter behind the bolt face. Though technically a different, distinct concept, nearly all telescoping bolt submachine guns do use a magazine located in the pistol grip which is used to hold the weapon. The telescoping bolt concept first appeared on semi-automatic handguns designed by John Browning and these pistols feature a slide, which acts as both a barrel shroud and the bolt. This allowed Browning to design compact pistols for high-powered cartridges, the first production model submachine gun using the telescoping bolt concept was the Czechoslovakian Cz 23 aka Sa.23 or vz. 48b series, first produced in 1948. These submachine guns use a telescoping bolt with centered barrel. While widely exported in the world, the Cz 23 series was not well known in the west. The first popularly well-known example was the Uzi submachine gun, designed in Israel by Uziel Gal and it uses a rectangular bolt, with a barrel which is offset toward the bottom of the bolt. This configuration places the axis of recoil lower, increasing the controllability of the weapon in full-automatic fire, the Uzi was designed in 1948 after the first models of the Cz 23 were seen, and entered service in 1954. The telescoping bolt has subsequently used in a wide variety of submachine gun designs. As the image diagrams demonstrate, the concept of a telescoping bolt with the magazine well in the handgrip produces significantly more compact weapons.5 kilograms. Utilizing nothing more than a change, and the same materials and fabrication technologies. Cz 23 series Uzi SM-9 MGP-15 MAC-10 Alpha GPI Patria submachine gun Steyr MPi 69 and MPi 81
15.
Barrel shroud
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A barrel shroud is a covering attached to the barrel of a firearm, that partially or completely encircles the barrel which prevents operators from injuring themselves on a hot barrel. Slides, extensions of the stock that do not fully encircle the barrel, barrel shrouds are commonly featured on air-cooled machine guns, where sustained rapid or automatic fire leave the barrel extremely hot and dangerous to the operator. However, shrouds can also be utilized on firearms, as even a small number of shots can heat up a barrel enough to injure an operator in certain circumstances. Barrel shrouds are used on pump-action shotguns. The military trench shotgun features a ventilated metal handguard with a bayonet attachment lug, ventilated handguards or heat shields are also used on police riot shotguns and shotguns marketed for civilian self-defense. The heat shield also serves as an attachment base for such as sights or sling swivels. The barrel shroud has been the target of legislative restrictions in the United States, proposals to restore the assault weapons ban, including this provision, have been made but have been unsuccessful. In the context of law, the National Rifle Association deemed barrel shrouds a cosmetic feature
16.
Semi-automatic pistol
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One cartridge is fired each time the trigger of a semi-automatic pistol is pulled, the pistols disconnector ensures this behavior. Additional terms sometimes used as synonyms for a semi-automatic pistol are automatic pistol, self-loading pistol, autopistol, a semi-automatic pistol harnesses the energy of one shot to reload the chamber for the next. After a round is fired, the spent casing is ejected, most pistols use recoil operation to do this, but some pistols use blowback or gas operation. Most types of semi-automatic pistols rely on a magazine to store ammunition before it is fired. Typically, the first round is loaded into the chamber by pulling back. This is called racking the slide or racking the gun, after the trigger is pulled and the round is fired, the recoil operation of the handgun automatically extracts and ejects the shell casing and reloads the chamber. This mode of operation allows for faster reloading and storing a larger number of cartridges than a revolver. Each pull of the trigger on a DAO semi-automatic pistol requires the amount of pressure. The Kel-Tec P-32 is an example of a DAO action, DAO semi-automatic pistols are most generally recommended only in the smaller, self-defense, concealable pistols, rather than in target or hunting pistols. A notable exception is Glock-brand pistols which optimize preset triggers, and this allows for significantly shorter trigger pulls than DAO. The trigger spring can be replaced with a one and paired with a low-strength sear connector resulting in lightened trigger pulls to improve a shooters accuracy. Standard modern semi-automatic pistols are double action, also sometimes known as double-action/single-action. In this design, the hammer or striker may be either thumb-cocked or activated by pulling the trigger when firing the first shot, the hammer or striker is recocked automatically during each firing cycle. In double-action pistols, the first pull of the trigger requires roughly twice as much pressure as subsequent firings, the Beretta 92F/FS, a full-sized, service, semi-automatic pistol is an example of this style of action. A common mode of carry for DA semi-automatic pistols is with the full, a round chambered. In contrast, a single-action semi-automatic pistol must be cocked by first operating the slide or bolt, or, if a round is already chambered, the famed Colt M1911 is an example of this style of action. All SA semi-automatic pistols exhibit this feature, and automatically cock the hammer when the slide is first racked to chamber a round, a round can also be manually inserted in the chamber with the slide locked back. Then the safety can be applied, the normal mode of carrying an SA semi-automatic pistol is condition 1, popularly known as cocked and locked
17.
Gas-operated reloading
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Gas-operation is a system of operation used to provide energy to operate autoloading firearms. In gas operation, a portion of high-pressure gas from the cartridge being fired is used to power a mechanism to extract the spent case, energy from the gas is harnessed through either a port in the barrel or a trap at the muzzle. Most current gas systems employ some type of piston, the face of the piston is acted upon by combustion gas from a port in the barrel or a trap at the muzzle. Early guns such as Brownings flapper prototype, the Bang rifle and this, combined with more massive operating parts, reduced the strain on the mechanism. To simplify and lighten the firearm, gas from nearer the chamber needed to be used and this high pressure and has sufficient force to destroy a firearm unless it is regulated somehow. Most gas-operated firearms rely on tuning the gas port size, mass of operating parts, several other methods are employed to regulate the energy. The M1 carbine incorporates a short piston, or tappet. This movement is restricted by a shoulder recess. Excess gas is then vented back into the bore, the M14 rifle and M60 GPMG use the White expansion and cutoff system to stop gas from entering the cylinder once the piston has traveled a short distance. Most systems, however, vent excess gas into the atmosphere through slots, holes, a gas trap system involves trapping combustion gas as it leaves the muzzle. This gas impinges on a surface that converts the energy to motion that, hiram Maxim patented a muzzle-cup system in 1884 described in U. S. Patent 319,596 though it is if this firearm was ever prototyped. John Browning used gas trapped at the muzzle to operate a flapper in the earliest prototype gas-operated firearm described in U. S, the Danish Bang rifle used a muzzle cup blown forward by muzzle gas to operate the action through transfer bars and leverage. Other gas-trap rifles were early production US gas-trap M1 Garands, German Gewehr 41 and these systems are longer, heavier, dirtier and more complex than later gas-operated firearms. Despite these disadvantages, they used relatively low gas and did not require a hole in the barrel. The American and German governments both had requirements that their guns operated without a hole being drilled in the barrel, both governments would first adopt weapons and later abandon the concept. All US M1 Garand rifles were retrofitted with long-stroke gas pistons, with a long-stroke system, the piston is mechanically fixed to the bolt group and moves through the entire operating cycle. This system is used in such as the Bren light machine gun, AK-47, Tavor, FN Minimi, M249 Squad Automatic Weapon, FN MAG, FN FNC
18.
Machine gun
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A machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm designed to fire bullets in quick succession from an ammunition belt or magazine, typically at a rate of 300 to 1800 rounds per minute. Note that not all fully automatic firearms are machine guns, submachine guns, rifles, assault rifles, shotguns, pistols or cannons may be capable of fully automatic fire, but are not designed for sustained fire. Many machine guns also use belt feeding and open bolt operation, unlike semi-automatic firearms, which require one trigger pull per round fired, a machine gun is designed to fire for as long as the trigger is held down. Nowadays the term is restricted to heavy weapons, able to provide continuous or frequent bursts of automatic fire for as long as ammunition lasts. Machine guns are used against personnel, aircraft and light vehicles, or to provide suppressive fire. Some machine guns have in practice sustained fire almost continuously for hours, because they become very hot, practically all machine guns fire from an open bolt, to permit air cooling from the breech between bursts. They also usually have either a barrel cooling system, slow-heating heavyweight barrel, although subdivided into light, medium, heavy or general-purpose, even the lightest machine guns tend to be substantially larger and heavier than standard infantry arms. Medium and heavy guns are either mounted on a tripod or on a vehicle, when carried on foot. Medium machine guns use full-sized rifle rounds and are designed to be used from fixed positions mounted on a tripod. 50in, the M249 automatic rifle is operated by an automatic rifleman, but its ammunition may be carried by other Soldiers within the squad or unit. The M249 machine gun is a crew-served weapon, Machine guns usually have simple iron sights, though the use of optics is becoming more common. Many heavy machine guns, such as the Browning M2.50 caliber machine gun, are enough to engage targets at great distances. During the Vietnam War, Carlos Hathcock set the record for a shot at 7382 ft with a.50 caliber heavy machine gun he had equipped with a telescopic sight. This led to the introduction of.50 caliber anti-materiel sniper rifles, selective fire rifles firing a full-power rifle cartridge from a closed bolt are called automatic rifles or battle rifles, while rifles that fire an intermediate cartridge are called assault rifles. Unlocking and removing the spent case from the chamber and ejecting it out of the weapon as bolt is moving rearward Loading the next round into the firing chamber. Usually the recoil spring tension pushes bolt back into battery and a cam strips the new round from a feeding device, cycle is repeated as long as the trigger is activated by operator. Releasing the trigger resets the trigger mechanism by engaging a sear so the weapon stops firing with bolt carrier fully at the rear, the operation is basically the same for all autoloading firearms, regardless of the means of activating these mechanisms. Most modern machine guns use gas-operated reloading, a recoil actuated machine gun uses the recoil to first unlock and then operate the action. Machine guns such as the M2 Browning and MG42, are of this type, a cam, lever or actuator demultiplicates the energy of the recoil to operate the bolt
19.
Recoil operation
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Recoil operation is an operating mechanism used to implement locked-breech, autoloading firearms. Recoil operated firearms use the energy of recoil to cycle the action, the same forces that cause the ejecta of a firearm to move down the barrel also cause all or a portion of the firearm to move in the opposite direction. The moving and the masses are coupled by a spring that absorbs the recoil energy as it is compressed by the movement. Since there is a minimum required to operate a recoil-operated firearms action. Therefore, recoil-operated firearms work best with a cartridge that yields an approximately equal to that for which the mechanism was optimized. For example, the M1911 design with factory springs is optimized for a 230-grain bullet at factory velocity, changes in caliber or drastic changes in bullet weight and/or velocity require modifications to spring weight or slide mass to compensate. Recoil-operated designs are categorized by how the parts move under recoil. Long recoil operation is primarily in shotguns, particularly ones based on John Brownings Auto-5 action. In a long recoil action the barrel and bolt remain locked together during recoil, following this rearward movement, the bolt locks to the rear and the barrel is forced forward by its spring. The bolt is held in position until the barrel returns completely forward during which time the spent cartridge has been extracted and ejected, the bolt is released and forced closed by its recoil spring, chambering a fresh round. The long recoil system was invented in the late 19th century, bolt is locked to barrel, both are fully forward. Recoil of firing forces bolt and barrel fully to the rear, bolt is held to rear, while barrel unlocks and returns to battery under spring force. Bolt returns under spring force, loads new round, barrel locks in place as it returns to battery. The short recoil action dominates the world of centerfire semi-automatic pistols, short recoil operation differs from long recoil operation in that the barrel and bolt recoil together only a short distance before they unlock and separate. The barrel stops quickly, and the bolt continues rearward, compressing the spring and performing the automated extraction. During the last portion of its travel, the bolt locks into the barrel. The method of locking and unlocking the barrel differentiates the wide array of short recoil designs. Most common are the John Browning tilting barrel designs based on either the swinging link and locking lugs as used in the M1911 pistol or the linkless cam design used in the Hi Power and CZ75
20.
M1911 pistol
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The M1911 is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the.45 ACP cartridge. It served as the sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was first used in stages of the Philippine–American War, and was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War. The pistols formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911 for the model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1. The designation changed to Pistol, Caliber.45, Automatic, the U. S. procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the standard U. S. sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modernized derivative variants of the M1911 are still in use by units of the U. S. Army Special Forces. Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design, the pistol was widely copied, and this operating system rose to become the preeminent type of the 20th century and of nearly all modern centerfire pistols. It is popular with civilian shooters in competitive events such as USPSA, IDPA, International Practical Shooting Confederation, compact variants are popular civilian concealed carry weapons in the U. S. because of the designs relatively slim width and stopping power of the.45 ACP cartridge. The M1911 pistol originated in the late 1890s as the result of a search for a suitable self-loading pistol to replace the variety of then in service. Maxim had designed a self-loading rifle in the 1880s, but was preoccupied with machine guns, nevertheless, the application of his principle of using cartridge energy to reload led to several self-loading pistols in 1896. The designs caught the attention of various militaries, each of which programs to find a suitable one for their forces. In the U. S. such a program would lead to a formal test at the turn of the 20th century, during the end of 1899 and start of 1900, a test of self-loading pistols was conducted, which included entries from Mauser, Mannlicher, and Colt. This led to a purchase of 1,000 DWM Luger pistols, chambered in 7. 65mm Luger, during field trials these ran into some problems, especially with stopping power. Other governments had made similar complaints, consequently, DWM produced an enlarged version of the round, the 9×19mm Parabellum, a necked-up version of the 7.65 mm round. Fifty of these were tested as well by the U. S. Army in 1903, American units fighting Moro guerrillas during the Philippine–American War using the then-standard Colt M1892 revolver. The problems prompted the then–Chief of Ordnance, General William Crozier and this led to the 1906 trials of pistols from six firearms manufacturing companies. Of the six designs submitted, three were eliminated early on, leaving only the Savage, Colt, and DWM designs chambered in the new.45 ACP cartridge and these three still had issues that needed correction, but only Colt and Savage resubmitted their designs
21.
Browning Hi-Power
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The Browning Hi Power is a single-action, semi-automatic handgun available in 9mm and.40 S&W calibers. It is based on a design by American firearms inventor John Browning, Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized. The Hi-Power is one of the most widely used military pistols in history, the Hi Power name alludes to the 13-round magazine capacity, almost twice that of contemporary designs such as the Luger or Colt M1911. The pistol is often referred to as an HP or as a GP, the terms P-35 and HP-35 are also used, based on the introduction of the pistol in 1935. It is most often called the Hi Power, even in Belgium, other names include BAP, particularly in Irish Army service, or BHP. The Browning Hi-Power was designed in response to a French military requirement for a new service pistol and it was to accomplish all of this at a weight not exceeding 1 kg. FN commissioned John Browning to design a new military sidearm conforming to this specification, Browning built two different prototypes for the project in Utah and filed the patent for this pistol in the United States on June 28,1923, granted on February 22,1927. One was a blowback design, while the other was operated with a locked-breech recoil system. Both prototypes utilized the new staggered magazine design to increase capacity without increasing the pistols grip size or magazine length. The locked breech design was selected for development and testing. This model was striker-fired, and featured a magazine that held 16 rounds. The design was refined through several trials held by the Versailles Trial Commission and this version featured the removable barrel bushing and take down sequence of the Colt 1911. By 1931, the Browning Hi-Power design incorporated a shortened 13-round magazine, a curved rear grip strap, by 1934, the Hi-Power design was complete and ready to be produced. It was first adopted by Belgium for military service in 1935 as the Browning P-35, ultimately, France decided not to adopt the pistol, instead selecting the conceptually similar but lower-capacity Modèle 1935 pistol. The HP35 originally had a rounded, serrated hammer with a hole through it and this lighter hammer was harder to cock and had difficulty firing the harder Berdan-primed centerfire cartridges commonly used in Europe, often requiring a tightening of the hammer spring. This was replaced in 1972 by a hammer on both civilian and military models. However, the Browning Challenger and special variants of the Browning pistol still use the classic ring hammer, the Browning Hi-Power has undergone continuous refinement by FN since its introduction. The adjustable sights are available on commercial versions of the Hi-Power
22.
M1917 Browning machine gun
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It was a crew served, belt-fed, water-cooled machine gun that served alongside the much lighter air-cooled Browning M1919. It was used at the level, and often mounted on vehicles. There were two iterations of it, the M1917, which was used in World War I, and the M1917A1. The M1917, which was used on aircraft as well as in a ground role, had a cyclic rate of 450 rounds per minute. In 1900, John Moses Browning filed a patent for an automatic gun. Browning did not work on the gun again until 1910, when he built a prototype of the 1900 design. Although the gun worked well, Browning improved the design slightly, Browning replaced side ejection with bottom ejection, added a buffer for smoother operation, replaced the hammer with a two piece firing pin, and some other minor improvements. The basic design of the gun was still the 1900 design, the Browning is a water-cooled heavy machine gun, though some experimental versions were made that did not use a water jacket, the air-cooled M1919 was later developed as a medium machine gun. Unlike many other machine guns, the M1917 had nothing to do with Maxims toggle lock design. At 47 pounds, it was lighter than contemporary Maxim type guns such as the first 137-pound German Maschinengewehr 08. The only similarities with the Maxim or Vickers are the principle of operation, T-slot breechblock, pull-out belt feed, water cooling. Its sliding-block locking mechanism saved weight and complexity, and was used in many previous Browning designs, the belt fed left-to-right, and the cartridges were stacked closer together than Maxim/Vickers. The Army Ordnance Department showed little interest in machine guns until war was declared in April 1917, at that time, the U. S. arsenal included only 1,100 machine guns, and most of those were outmoded. The government asked several designers to submit weapons, Browning arranged a test at the Springfield Armory in May 1917. In the first test, the weapon fired 20,000 rounds without incident, the reliability was exceptional, so Browning fired another 20,000 rounds through the weapon without any parts failing. The Ordnance Board was impressed, but was unconvinced that the level of performance could be achieved in a production model. Consequently, Browning used a gun that not only duplicated the original trial. The Army adopted the weapon as its heavy machine gun, utilizing the M1906. 30-06 cartridge with a 150-grain
23.
M1919 Browning machine gun
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The M1919 Browning is a.30 caliber medium machine gun that was widely used during the 20th century, especially during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The M1919 saw service as an infantry, coaxial, mounted, aircraft. Many M1919s were rechambered for the new 7. 62×51mm NATO round, the M1919 was an air-cooled development of the standard US machine gun of World War I, the John M. Browning-designed water-cooled M1917. The emergence of machine guns in the 1950s pushed the M1919 into secondary roles in many cases. The United States Navy also converted many to 7. 62mm NATO, many NATO countries also converted their examples to 7.62, and these remained in service well into the 1990s, as well as up to the present day in some countries. A similar conversion of the M1917 also produced the larger M2 Machine Gun, using the basic operating principles and layout. The M1919 is distinguished by its size and the use of a pierced cheese-grater-like guard around the barrel used on most versions. The M1919 originally fired the.30 cal M1906 ball cartridge, a metal M1 link was later adopted, forming a disintegrating belt. The cocking handle was pulled back with the palm of the hand facing up. This advanced the first round of the belt in front of the bolt for the extractor/ejector on the bolt to grab the first cartridge, the cocking handle was pulled and released a second time. This removed the first cartridge from the belt, advanced the next round into position to be grabbed and moved the first round down into the chamber of the ready for firing. As the bolt went into battery, the extractor grabbed the next round on the belt that was advanced and was resting in the feedway waiting to be loaded. If the trigger was held down, the gun would continue to fire in full automatic, the guns original design was as a water-cooled machine gun. When it was decided to try to lighten the gun and make it air-cooled, gunners were trained to manage the barrel heat by firing in controlled bursts of three to five rounds, with a delay between bursts to delay its heating. When the gun was ready to fire, a round would be in the chamber and the bolt and barrel group would be locked together, with the locking block at the rear of the bolt. As the assembly of bolt, barrel and barrel extension recoiled to the rear of the gun upon firing, the recoiling barrel extension struck the accelerator assembly, a half-moon shaped spring-loaded piece of metal pivoting from the receiver below the bolt and behind the barrel extension. The tips of the accelerators two curving fingers engaged the bottom of the bolt and caused it to move rapidly to the rear. The extractor-ejector was a mechanism that pivoted over the front of the bolt, the rearward movement of the bolt caused the rear end of the feed lever to pull to the right, causing the feeding pawl at the other end to move left over the belt
24.
M2 Browning
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The M2 Machine Gun or Browning.50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun designed toward the end of World War I by John Browning. Its design is similar to Brownings earlier M1919 Browning machine gun, the M2 uses the much larger and much more powerful.50 BMG cartridge, which was developed alongside and takes its name from the gun itself. It has been referred to as Ma Deuce, in reference to its M2 nomenclature, the design has had many specific designations, the official designation for the current infantry type is Browning Machine Gun, Cal.50, M2, HB, Flexible. It is effective against infantry, unarmored or lightly armored vehicles and boats, light fortifications, the M2 has been produced longer than any other machine gun. The Browning.50 caliber machine gun has been used extensively as a vehicle weapon and it was heavily used during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan in the 2000s and 2010s. It is the heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries as well. The M2 has been in use longer than any firearm in U. S. inventory except the.45 ACP M1911 pistol. The current M2HB is manufactured in the U. S. by General Dynamics, Ordnance for use by the U. S. government, and for allies via Foreign Military Sales, as well as foreign manufacturers such as FN Herstal. Machine guns were used in World War I, and weapons of larger than rifle caliber were appearing. Both the British and French had large caliber machine guns, the larger rounds were needed to defeat the armor that was being introduced to the battlefield. Armor was also appearing in the skies, during World War I, the Germans introduced a heavily armored airplane, the Junkers J. I. The armor made aircraft machine guns using conventional rifle ammunition ineffective, consequently, the American Expeditionary Forces commander General John J. Pershing asked for a larger caliber machine gun. Pershing asked the Army Ordnance Department to develop a gun with a caliber of at least 0.50 inches. U. S. Col. John Henry Parker, commanding a machine gun school in France, the Army Ordnance Department ordered eight experimental Colt machine guns rechambered for the French 11 mm cartridge. The French had developed a machine gun for an even larger caliber. The French 11 mm round was found to be unsuitable because its velocity was too low, Pershing wanted a bullet of at least 670 gr and a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s. Development with the French round was dropped, around July 1917, John M. Browning started redesigning his.30 caliber machine gun for a larger caliber. Winchester worked on the cartridge, which was a version of the. 30-06
25.
M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle
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The Browning Automatic Rifle is a family of United States automatic rifles and light machine guns used by the United States and numerous other countries during the 20th century. The BAR was designed to be carried by infantrymen during an assault or advance while supported by the sling over the shoulder or fired from the hip and this is a concept called walking fire — thought to be necessary for the individual soldier during trench warfare. The BAR never entirely lived up to the hopes of the War Department. The US Army, in practice, used the BAR as a machine gun. Although the weapon did see action in World War I, the BAR did not become standard issue in the U. S. Army until 1938. The BAR saw extensive service in both World War II and the Korean War and saw limited service in the Vietnam War. After much debate, it was agreed that a rapid rearmament with domestic weapons would be required. In 1917, prior to Americas entry to the war, John Browning personally brought to Washington, Browning had arranged for a public demonstration of both weapons at a location in southern Washington, D. C. known as Congress Heights. Additional tests were conducted for U. S. Army Ordnance officials at Springfield Armory in May 1917 and both weapons were unanimously recommended for immediate adoption. In order to avoid confusion with the belt-fed M1917 machine gun, on 16 July 1917,12,000 BARs were ordered from Colts Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company who had secured an exclusive concession to manufacture the BAR under Brownings patents. However Colt was already producing at peak capacity and requested a delay in production while they expanded their output with a new facility in Meriden. Due to the urgent need for the weapon, the request was denied, Winchester gave valuable assistance in refining the BARs final design, correcting the drawings in preparation for mass production. Among the changes made, the pattern was modified. The initial contract with Winchester called for 25,000 BARs and they were in full production by June 1918, delivering 4,000 guns—and starting in July—were turning out 9,000 units per month. Colt and Marlin-Rockwell Corp. also began shortly after Winchester got into full production. Marlin-Rockwell, burdened by a contract to make rifles for the Belgian government, acquired the Mayo Radiator Co. s factory, the first unit from this source was delivered on 11 June 1918 and the companys peak output reached 200 automatic rifles per day. Colt had produced only 9,000 BARs by the time of the due to the heavy demands of previous orders. These three companies produced a daily output of 706 rifles and a total of approximately 52,000 BARs were delivered by all sources by the end of the war
26.
Browning Auto-5
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The Browning Automatic 5, most often Auto-5 or simply A-5, is a recoil-operated semi-automatic shotgun designed by John Browning. It was the first successful semi-automatic shotgun design, and remained in production until 1998, the name of the shotgun designates that it is an autoloader with a capacity of five rounds, four in the magazine and one in the chamber. Remington Arms sold a variant called the Remington Model 11, the Browning Auto-5 was the first mass-produced semi-automatic shotgun. Designed by John Browning in 1898 and patented in 1900, it was produced continually for almost 100 years by several makers with production ending in 1998 and it features a distinctive high rear end, earning it the nickname Humpback. The top of the action goes straight back on a level with the barrel before cutting down sharply towards the buttstock and this distinctive feature makes it easy to identify A-5s from a distance. A-5s were produced in a variety of gauges, with 12 and 20 predominating,16 gauge models were also available, the gun saw military service worldwide between World War I and the Vietnam War. A Remington Model 11 was used in the suicide of Kurt Cobain, John Browning presented his design to Winchester, where he had sold most of his previous designs. When Winchester refused his terms, Browning went to Remington, tragically, the president of Remington died of a heart attack as Browning waited to offer them the gun. This forced Browning to look overseas to produce the shotgun and it was manufactured by FN starting in 1902. Browning would later license the design to Remington, who produced it as their Model 11, the Remington Model 11 was the first auto-loading shotgun made in the USA. Savage Arms also licensed the design from Browning and produced it as their model 720 from 1930 to 1949, brownings long-recoil design itself served as the operating system for subsequent Remington, Savage and Franchi models. Production of the Auto-5 in Belgium continued until the start of World War II, the Auto-5 was produced by Remington alongside the Model 11 until FN could resume making the gun after the war. Unlike the Remington Model 11, the Remington-produced Browning shotguns had magazine cutoffs, some 850,000 Remington Model 11 shotguns were produced before production ended in 1947. In 1952, production of Browning models returned to FN, where it continued until the end, however, the majority of production moved to the Japanese company Miroku in 1975. Finally, in 1998, manufacture of A-5s ceased except for a few commemorative models created at FN in 1999, as of 1983 it was well established as the second-best-selling auto-loading shotgun in U. S. history, after the Remington 1100. In 2014 Browning released the A5, a shotgun with external resemblance to the Auto 5. The Browning Auto-5 is a long-recoil operated semi-automatic shotgun, shells are stored in a tubular magazine under the barrel. When a chambered shell is fired, the barrel and bolt recoil together, as the barrel returns forward to its initial position the bolt remains behind and thus the spent shell is ejected through a port on the top of the receiver
27.
Semi-automatic shotgun
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An automatic shotgun is an automatic firearm that fires shotgun shells and uses some of the energy of each shot to automatically cycle the action and load a new round. It will fire repeatedly until the trigger is released or ammunition runs out, automatic shotguns have a very limited range, but provide tremendous firepower at close range. Automatic shotguns generally employ mechanisms very similar to kinds of automatic weapons. Recoil operation uses the force applied by the projectile to retract the bolt assembly. Blowback operation uses the force to retract the entire barrel and bolt assembly. Each of these methods use springs to return the retracted parts to their forward positions, many automatic shotguns are capable of selective fire, meaning they can fire in multiple modes. They generally store ammunition in detachable box or drum magazines in order to decrease reloading time, whereas most pump-action, shotguns are able to handle a wide variety of ammunition, however automatics are slightly limited because the shot must provide sufficient force to reliably cycle the action. This means that they are not compatible with low powered rounds, the most common ammunition used in combat shotguns is 00 buckshot, which fires about 9 metal balls and is very effective against unarmored targets. A standard shotgun shot fires multiple projectiles at once, increasing the chances of hitting the target. Shotguns have an effective range of about 50–70 metres. Automatic fire enhances these effects, due to the increase in the rate of fire, automatics typically have much shorter barrels than pump-action shotguns. Barrel length contributes to tighter shot spread, so automatics have relatively wide spread, short-barreled automatic shotguns have a very high chance of hitting close range targets, and can even hit multiple targets in one area, which is ideal for combat situations. Long-barreled pump action shotguns are accurate and have increased range. Automatic shotguns are generally viewed as less reliable than manual operation shotguns, because there are more moving parts, if any one piece fails, it will most likely halt the operation and cause damage to the weapon and/or user. Automatic weapons are more susceptible to jamming and negative effects from dirtiness. Automatic shotguns are intended for use as military combat shotguns and they typically have a high rate of fire and relatively low recoil, making them ideal for engaging multiple targets in a fast paced combat situation. They are able to fulfill several different combat roles, due to the variety of shotgun ammunition available. A single gun can be used to breach a door, clear a room, provide support with special grenade rounds, automatic shotguns have not seen much use in the United States, but have been slightly more popular in some other countries
28.
Mormons
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After Smiths death in 1844, the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory. Today, most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have connections across generations and with extended family. Mormons also have a law of chastity, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage. Mormons self-identify as Christian, although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian, Mormons believe in the Bible, as well as other books of scripture, such as the Book of Mormon. They have a view of cosmology, and believe that all people are spirit-children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ and they believe that Christs church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles. Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children, due to their high birth and conversion rates, the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades rising from around three million in 1970 to over 15 million in 2015. The term Mormons has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism, most notably Mormon fundamentalists, while other Latter Day Saint denominations, both LDS Church members and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word Mormon in reference to themselves. The LDS Church, however, disagrees with this self-characterization, Church leaders also encourage members to use the churchs full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ. Today, polygamy is practiced within Mormonism only by people that have broken with the LDS Church, the history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality. From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call Zion, in the first period, Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion, in which converts could gather. During the pioneer era, Zion became a landscape of villages in Utah, in modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location. Mormons trace their origins to the visions that Joseph Smith reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York, in 1823, Smith said an angel directed him to a buried book written on golden plates containing the religious history of an ancient people. Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon, named after Mormon, on April 6,1830, Smith founded the Church of Christ. The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to proselytize, in 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County, where local residents were more welcoming
29.
Settler
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A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers are generally from a culture, as opposed to nomads who share. Settlements are often built on land already claimed or owned by another group, many times settlers are backed by governments or large countries. One can witness how settlers very often occupied land previously home to long-established peoples, the word settler was not originally usually used in relation to free labour immigrants, such as slaves, indentured labourers, or convicts. In United States history it refers to people who helped to settle new lands. In this usage, pioneers are usually among the first to an area, whereas settlers can arrive after first settlement and this correlates with the work of military pioneers who were tasked with construction of camps before the main body of troops would arrive at the designated campsite. In Imperial Russia, the government invited Russians or foreign nationals to settle in sparsely populated lands, see, e. g. articles Slavo-Serbia, Volga German, Volhynia, Russians in Kazakhstan. In the Middle East, there are a number of references to various squatter, among those, Iraq – the Arabization program of the Baath Party in the late 1970s in North Iraq, which aimed at settling Arab populations instead of Kurds following the Second Iraqi-Kurdish War. Israel – Israelis who moved to areas captured during the Six-Day War in 1967 are termed Israeli settlers, in recent Israeli settlers have been settling in Palestinian territory such as the Gaza Strip and West Bank. However, this has caused political unrest and many settlers are forcibly removed from their settlements by the Israeli government, Syria – In recent times, Arab settlers have also moved in large numbers to ethnic minority areas, such as northeast Syria. Women and children experience violence in these highly dangerous ares because of the conflict, many natives face displacement when new settlements are established. During 1948 Palestine war, in which Israel was created, over 750,000 Palestinians were displaced from their homes, oftentimes fences or walls are built preventing the natives from traveling back onto the land. Settlements make it difficult for native people to continue their work. For example, if the settlers take part of the land which the trees grow on then the natives no longer have access to those olive trees. Many are met with violence when they try to get the things they need from the land, settlers in hypothetical societies, such as on other planets, often feature in science fiction or fantasy fiction and/or video games. Mascot for Texas Womans University, more specifically called the Pioneer. The colony concerned is sometimes controlled by the government of a home country
30.
Nauvoo, Illinois
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Nauvoo is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census, the city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District. The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema, named in honor of the Native American chief who headed a Sauk, by 1827, white settlers had built cabins in the area. By 1829 this area of Hancock County had grown sufficiently so that a post office was needed and in 1832 the town, however, the honor was awarded to a nearby city, Carthage. In 1834 the name Venus was changed to Commerce because the settlers felt that the new name better suited their plans, the name Nauvoo is derived from the traditional Hebrew language with an anglicized spelling. The word comes from Isaiah 52,7, “How beautiful upon the mountains. ”It is notable that “by 1844 Nauvoos population had swollen to 12,000, after Joseph Smiths death in 1844, continuing violence from surrounding non-Mormons forced most Latter-Day Saints to leave Nauvoo. Most of these refugees, led by Brigham Young, eventually emigrated to the Great Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Icarians moved to the Nauvoo area to implement a utopian socialist commune based on the ideals of French philosopher Étienne Cabet. At its peak the colony numbered over 500 members, but Cabets death in 1856 caused some members to leave this parent colony, in the early and mid 20th century Nauvoo was primarily a Roman Catholic town, and the majority of the population today is Catholic. Guided tours are available at the churchs Joseph Smith Historic Site, located at the end of the town. The LDS Church owns most of the historic sites in Nauvoo, including the homes of Brigham Young. Kimball, and other members of the church, as well as other significant buildings. Most of these sites are open to the public, with demonstrations and displays and these tours are free, as are the stage and riverside theatrical productions. There is a visitors center complete with two theaters and a relief map of 1846 Nauvoo. The creation of Nauvoo as a tourism destination was largely a result of the work of J. LeRoy Kimball. Kimball was a descendent of early Mormon leader Heber C, Kimball, and bought his ancestors home in 1954 with the intention of restoring it. He was the president of Nauvoo Restoration, Inc. from 1962 to 1986, an LDS congregation was established in Nauvoo in 1956, from its inception consisting largely of elderly LDS couples serving as missionaries and historical guides. The City of Joseph Pageant, a musical produced by the LDS Church. An LDS stake was organized with headquarters at Nauvoo in 1979, in addition to the many homes that had been restored, the Relief Society Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1978, featuring statues designed by Dennis Smith and Florence Hansen
31.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
32.
Gunsmith
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A gunsmith is a person who repairs, modifies, designs, or builds guns. This occupation differs from an armorer, a gunsmith does factory level repairs, renovation, and makes modifications and alterations for special uses. Gunsmiths may also apply carvings, engravings and other features to an otherwise finished gun. Due to the breadth of subject matter to be mastered. Alternatively, some gunsmiths learn many of the skills of the trade, the primary technical responsibility of gunsmiths is to ensure that the guns work and function safely. They accomplish this firstly by always properly observing gun safety handling procedures and they accomplish this secondly by inspecting guns to ensure safe mechanical operation. Some of those around them are, Improper Assembly Missing Parts Cracks, all cracked parts are cause for concern, bore Obstructions, being either dented or bent barrels, or foreign material in barrels. Improper Headspace, dimensions concerning the locations of the chamber. Safety-Mechanism Malfunctions, potentially allowing a gun with the safety mechanism supposedly engaged to unexpectedly fire, worn Sear Edges, potentially allowing a firearm to unexpectedly fire when the safety mechanism is disengaged. Firing-Pin Tips Deformed, leading to the possibility of primer-rupture, many failure modes are dependent on the particular model of firearm. Disassemble, clean, inspect, lubricate & reassemble, Repair burred or damaged parts with files & stones. Replace defective parts with factory-made replacements, hand-fitting as necessary, add after-market customizations, sling-swivels recoil-pads iron-sights scopes grip caps butt plates Repair and re-finish wooden stock parts. Deepen or clean up worn or damaged engravings & markings, re-crown damaged muzzles on a lathe. Install or repair rib on shotgun barrels, or repair double-barrel assemblies, troubleshoot and repair feeding, ejecting & firing problems. Test-fire guns with conventional loads to ensure proper operation, fabricate wooden stocks to customer specifications and body dimensions. Fit same to existing receiver and barrel, glass-bed actions to stocks to improve accuracy. Remove existing metal finish, and re-blue metal parts, fabricate replacement parts from metal stock. Modify trigger-pull weight through careful stoning of trigger mechanism parts, fire proof-loads through weapons to ensure sufficient strength of parts under over-load conditions
33.
Polygamy
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Polygamy involves marriage with more than one spouse. When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called a group marriage, in contrast, monogamy is marriage consisting of only two parties. Like monogamy, the term polygamy is often used in a de facto sense, in sociobiology and zoology, researchers use polygamy in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. Polygamy is widely accepted among different societies worldwide, according to the Ethnographic Atlas, of 1,231 societies noted,588 had frequent polygyny,453 had occasional polygyny,186 were monogamous and 4 had polyandry. Polygamy is also common among animals, such as the common fruit-fly. Polygyny is the practice wherein a man has more than one wife at the same time, the vast majority of polygamous marriages are polygynous. Polygyny is legally accepted in many Muslim majority countries and some countries with a sizeable Muslim minority, in some of the sparsely populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, women do much of the work. This favours polygamous marriages in which men sought to monopolize the production of women who are valued both as workers and as child bearers, goody however, observes that the correlation is imperfect and varied. Senior wives can benefit as well when their work load is lightened by the addition of junior wives to the family. Wives, especially wives, status in the community can be increased by the addition of other wives. For such reasons, senior wives sometimes work hard or contribute from their own resources to enable their husbands to accumulate the bride price for a second wife, Polygyny may also result from the practice of levirate marriage. In such cases, the deceased mans heir may inherit his assets and wife, or, more usually and this provides support for the widow and her children and maintains the tie between the husband and wives kin groups. The sororate is like the levirate, in that a widower must marry the sister of his dead wife, the wifes family, in other words, must provide a replacement for her thus maintaining the ties between them. Both levirate and sororate may result in a man having multiple wives and this is a form of de facto polygyny that is referred to as concubinage. In many polygynous marriages the husbands wives may live in separate households often at a great distance and they can thus be described as a series of linked nuclear families with a father in common. Polyandry is the practice wherein a woman has more than one husband at the same time, polyandry is much less popular than polygyny and is illegal in virtually every state in the world. It occurs only in remote communities, polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources, as it is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival
34.
Single-shot
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Single-shot firearms are firearms that hold only a single round of ammunition, and must be reloaded after each shot. The history of firearms began with designs, and many centuries passed before multi-shot designs became commonplace. The vast majority of firearms before the introduction of metallic cartridges in the 1860s were single-shot, however, multi-barrel, breech loading, revolving, and other multi-shot firearms had been experimented with for centuries. Notable pre-cartridge era single-shot firearms included matchlock, wheellocks, snaplock, doglock, miquelet locks, flintlock, muzzle loaders included Brown Bess muskets, Charleville muskets, Kentucky Rifles, dueling pistols, M1841 Mississippi Rifle, Springfield Model 1861 and many others. There were also breech loading pre-cartridge era single shots such as Hall rifles, Fergussion rifles, Sharps rifles, almost all of the early cartridge-fed rifles were single-shot designs, taking advantage of the strength and simplicity of single-shot actions. A good example is the trapdoor or Allin action used in early cartridge conversions of 1863 Springfield muzzleloading rifles. The conversion consisted of filing out the rear of the barrel, and attaching a folding bolt, the trapdoor, once loaded, the bolt was closed and latched in place, holding the round securely in place. The bolt contained a pin that used the existing percussion hammer. After firing, the act of opening the bolt would extract the fired case from the chamber. In 1866, the United States standardized on the. 50-70 cartridge, the trapdoor mechanism continued with the adoption of the Springfield 1873 rifle, chambered in the new. 45-70 cartridge. The Springfield stayed in service until 1893, when it was replaced by the Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifle, another muzzleloader conversion similar in concept to the Allin action was the British Snider–Enfield, also introduced in 1866, which hinged to the side rather than forward. Unlike the US Army, which kept its trapdoors for decades, martini–Henrys were the standard British rifles of the late Victorian era, and Martini–Enfield conversions continued in second-line service until the Second World War. Single-shot rifles were the tools of big-game hunters in the later 19th century. The single-shot big-game rifle would only be displaced by bolt action repeaters firing high-velocity smokeless-powder cartridges in the early 20th century. From about 1872 until the U. S. entry into World War I, during that golden age of match shooting, the most popular target rifles were made by Bullard, Stevens, Remington, Maynard, Ballard, Farrow, and Winchester. Calibers used by some of these rifles during matches ranged from the. 25/20. 32/40.33.35. 35-55. 38-55. 40-50. 40/70, but two calibers maintained consistency throughout their tenure during the single-shot era, the. 32-40 and the. 38-55 calibers. The minimum standard in the beginning of the sport had been 200 yard firing from the standing position. No rifle scopes, no rests, no prone positions
35.
Falling-block action
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A falling-block action is a single-shot firearm action in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically in grooves cut into the breech of the weapon and is actuated by a lever. When the breechblock is in the position, it seals the chamber from the high pressures created when the cartridge fires and safely transfers the recoil to the action. When the breechblock is in the position, the rear end of the chamber is exposed to allow ejection or extraction of the fired case. It is a strong action, when the breech is closed. This type of action is used in artillery as well as small arms. Falling-block action military rifles were common in the 19th century and they were replaced for military use by the faster bolt action rifles, which typically reloaded from a magazine holding several cartridges. As well as being used for artillery, falling-block action rifles are manufactured and used for hunting and target shooting. The falling-block action is closely related to the Martini–Henry rifle, the Peabody action, the Ballard action, and the Krag–Petersson, bolt action Lever-action Pump-action Break-action Rolling block Semi-automatic rifle The Falling Block Action Yost Single Shot Schuetzen Action
36.
Mission (LDS Church)
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A mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a geographical administrative area to which church missionaries are assigned. Almost all areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, as of July 2015, there are 418 missions of the LDS Church. Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country, and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located. New missionaries receive a formal mission call, assigning them to a mission for the duration of their two years or eighteen months of service. Each mission has, on average, about 150 missionaries serving there, see main article, Mission president All missionaries serve in a mission under the direction of a mission president, who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the LDS Church president. The mission president must be a high priest in the Melchizedek Priesthood. In 2013 the mission presidents wife was given leadership roles in the mission. Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usually have the means to devote themselves full-time to the responsibility for three consecutive years. The church provides mission presidents with a living allowance but it normally requires them to supplement it with their own funds. Often, the president must learn the local language spoken in the mission. The mission president has at least two counselors, who are Latter-day Saints usually from the area who keep their regular employment. The role of the counselors varies by mission, but they serve as liaisons between the mission and the local membership of the church. In some areas where the church is newer senior men who are serving full-time missions along with their wives may be called as counselors in the mission presidency, like other units of the church, a leadership council is used to assist in governance of the mission. Prior to April 2013, this was called a zone leader council, consisting of the mission president, assistants to the mission president. Missions are organized in two parallel structures, the first is the organization of the missionaries. There are two or more missionaries who serve as assistants to the president, the missionaries are divided into zones, each led by one or more missionaries assigned as zone leaders. The zones may be large or small depending on the mission. The number of missionaries in a zone also varies widely, the zones are divided into districts, each being led by a missionary assigned as a district leader
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Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
38.
Winchester Model 1885
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The Winchester Model 1885 is a single-shot rifle with a falling-block action. It was principally designed by John Browning, two models were produced, the Low Wall and the High Wall. In 1878, the 23-year-old Browning designed a falling-block single-shot rifle, Browning and his brother commenced making the rifles by hand in their second-floor workshop in Ogden, Utah, with limited success. It was produced principally to satisfy the demands of the sport of long-range Match Shooting. Winchester produced nearly 140,000 Single Shot rifles from 1885 to 1920, the falling block action was so strong that the Winchester Company used it to test fire newly created rifle cartridges. To satisfy the needs of the shooting and hunting public, the Model 1885 Single Shot was eventually produced in more calibers than any other Winchester rifle. Winchester also produced a number of Single Shots in.22 caliber for the US Army as a marksmanship training rifle. In 2005, Winchester reintroduced their famed 1885 Single Shots, labeled the Limited Series, however, four of those Limited Series Model 1885 SSs were subtitled Traditional Hunters. Their rifling, in the case of the. 38-55, are the one complete turn within eighteen inches with rifle grooves at.376. The. 45-70 is by far the most readily available of these four vintage cartridges, the overall length of a Model 1885 with a 28-inch barrel is the same basic length as a Winchester bolt-action Model 70 with a 24-inch barrel. With a longer barrel more powder is burned, resulting in bullet velocities that are increased over bolt-action rifles that have the same overall length. Falling-block List of Winchester models Single-shot Winchester Repeating Arms Company Winchester Rifle McLerran, Browning Model 1885 Black Powder Cartridge Rifle - 3rd Edition, A Reference Manual for the Shooter, Collector & Gunsmith. Kelver, Gerald O. Major Ned H. Roberts and the Schuetzen Rifle, pioneer Press Winchester Repeating Arms Recently Historic Rifles Winchester Repeating Arms Currently Produced Rifles Modern cartridges, hunting experiences and bullet velocities in the Model 1885
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Winchester Repeating Arms Company
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The Winchester Repeating Arms Company was a prominent American maker of repeating firearms, located in New Haven, Connecticut. The ancestor of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company was the Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson partnership of Norwich, Jennings rifle was a commercial failure, and Robbins & Lawrence ceased production in 1852. Smith designed a much-improved rifle based on Jennings, and the partners also hired away Robbins & Lawrence shop foreman Benjamin Tyler Henry. In 1855 the Smith & Wesson partnership, in order to manufacture what they called the Volcanic lever-action rifle and pistol, sought investors and its largest stockholder was clothing manufacturer Oliver Winchester. The Volcanic rifle had only limited success, the company moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester and his partner John M. Davies purchased the firms assets from the remaining stockholders. After Smiths departure Benjamin Henry continued to work with a Smith development project, the self-contained metallic rimfire cartridge, Henry also supervised a new rifle design based loosely on the Volcanic to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, the Henry rifle ensured New Haven Arms success, and together with the Spencer rifle established the lever-action repeater in the firearms market. In 1866 Benjamin Henry, angered over what he believed was inadequate compensation, Oliver Winchester, hastening back from Europe, forestalled the move and reorganized New Haven Arms yet again as the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Another extremely popular model was rolled out in 1873, the Model 1873 introduced the first Winchester center fire cartridge, the. 44-40 WCF. These rifle families are known as the Gun That Won the West. The Model 1873 was followed by the Model 1876, a version of the 73. It was chambered for longer, more powerful cartridges such as. 45-60 WCF. 45-75 WCF, Oliver Winchester died in December 1880, his son and successor, William Wirt Winchester, died of tuberculosis four months later. William Wirt Winchesters widow, Sarah Winchester, used her inheritance, several of these are still in production today through companies such as Browning, Rossi, Navy Arms and others which have revived several of the discontinued models or produced reproductions. The early years of the century found the Winchester Repeating Arms Company competing with new John Browning designs. The race to produce the first commercial self-loading rifle brought forth the.22 rimfire Winchester Model 1903 and later centerfire Model 1905, Model 1907, and Model 1910 rifles. Winchester engineers, after ten years of work, designed the Model 1911 to circumvent Brownings self-loading shotgun patents, one of Winchesters premier engineers, T. C. Johnson, was instrumental in the development of these self-loading firearms and went on to superintend the designs of Winchesters classic Model 1912, Model 52 and Model 54
40.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
41.
Winchester Model 1887/1901
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The Model 1887 was one of the first successful repeating shotguns. Its lever-action design was chosen at the behest of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, Browning responded by designing a breech-loading, rolling block lever-action. To Winchesters credit, however, they introduced a Browning designed pump-action shotgun known as the Model 1893. Shotgun shells at the time used black powder as a propellant, both 10 and 12-gauge models were offered in the Model 1887, 12-gauge variants used a 2 5/8 shell, 10-gauge variants fired a 2 7/8 shell. The standard barrel length was 30 with 32 available as a special order, in 1888 a 20 barrelled version could be ordered and Winchester offered the shotguns with Damascus barrels. A 12-gauge chambering was not offered, as Winchester did not want the Model 1901 to compete with their successful 12-gauge Model 1897 pump-action shotgun, other distinguishing characteristics of the Model 1901 are, The shotgun was offered with only a 32 barrel. A two piece finger lever with a block to prevent accidental discharge. The Winchester trademark stamp was moved to the tang, behind the hammer. The choke type was stamped on the side of the barrel near the receiver. Model 1887 production totaled 64,855 units between 1887 and 1901, between 1901 and 1920, an additional 13,500 Model 1901 shotguns were manufactured before the Model 1887/1901 product line was discontinued. ADI Limited of Australia, produced a trial run of modern Model 1887/1901 shotguns. The Australian National Firearms Agreement regulates lever action shotguns as Category A guns, commercial production on this firearm by ADI was anticipated for 2007, following several years of delays due to distribution issues, but this has not yet happened. As the only legal repeating shotgun for non-Primary Producer firearms owners in Australia, it has very popular with hunters. In recent years, this particular firearm has become popular with regular American and Canadian firearm owners, the Italian firm Chiappa Firearms manufactures modern reproductions of the Winchester Model 1887 series shotguns. The shotguns appeared on the Australian and the European firearms markets in late 2008, chiappa’s replicas are offered with barrels ranging from 28 to 18.5 inches. They also offer a model with a barrel and two models with pistol grips. The Model 1887 was prominently used by the character in the film Terminator 2, Judgment Day. One of the used in the film was modified with a pistol grip
42.
Winchester Model 1897
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The Winchester Model 1897, also known as the Model 97, M97, or Trench Gun, was a pump-action shotgun with an external hammer and tube magazine manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The Model 1897 was an evolution of the Winchester Model 1893 designed by John Browning, from 1897 until 1957, over one million of these shotguns were produced. The Model 1897 was offered in numerous barrel lengths and grades, chambered in 12 and 16 gauge, the 16-gauge guns had a standard barrel length of 28 inches, while 12-gauge guns were furnished with 30-inch length barrels. Special length barrels could be ordered in lengths as short as 20 inches, since the time the Model 1897 was first manufactured it has been used by American soldiers, police departments, and hunters. The Winchester Model 1897 was designed by American firearms inventor John Moses Browning, the Model 1897 was first listed for sale in the November 1897 Winchester catalog as a 12 gauge solid frame. However, the 12 gauge takedown was added in October 1898, the 1897 introduced a take down design, where the barrel could be taken off, a standard in pump shotguns made today, like the Remington 870 and Mossberg 500 series. The Winchester Model 1897 was in production from 1897 until 1957 and it was in this time frame that the modern hammerless designs became common, like the Winchester Model 1912 and the Remington 870 and the Model 1897 was superseded by the Winchester Model 1912. However, the gun can still be today in regular use. While designing the new Model 1897, many of the present in the earlier Model 1893 were taken into account. These improvements included, The frame was strengthened and made longer to handle a 12 gauge 2¾-inch shell, the top of the frame was covered so that the ejection of the fired shell was entirely from the side. This added a great amount of strength to the frame of the gun, the action could not be opened until a slight forward movement of the slide handle released the action slide lock. In firing, the recoil of the gave a slight forward motion to the slide handle. In the absence of any recoil, the handle had to be pushed forward manually in order to release the action slide lock. A movable cartridge guide was placed on the side of the carrier block to prevent the escape of the shell when the shotgun was turned sideways in the act of loading. The stock was made longer and with less drop, of these improvements, the slide lock is the one that made the Model 1897 into a safe firearm. This improved slide lock kept the shotgun locked until actual firing occurred which prevented it from jamming in the case of a misfire, the Model 1897 is an external hammer shotgun lacking a trigger disconnector. This means that the user can hold the trigger down while cycling the shotgun, the firearm itself is classified as a slide action pump shotgun. It was the first truly successful pump-action shotgun produced, throughout the time period the Model 1897 was in production, over a million of the type were produced in various grades and barrel lengths
43.
Winchester Model 1886
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The Winchester Model 1886 was a lever-action repeating rifle designed by John Browning to handle some of the more powerful cartridges of the period. Originally chambered in. 45-70. 45-90 WCF and. 40-82 WCF, it was offered in a half dozen other large cartridges. The Model 1886 continued the trend towards chambering heavier rounds, and had an all-new and it was designed by John Moses Browning, who had a long and profitable relationship with Winchester from the 1880s to the early 1900s. William Mason also contributed, making improvements to Brownings original design. In 1935 Winchester introduced a slightly modified M1886 as the Model 71, Winchester Repeating Arms Company Winchester Rifle
44.
Winchester Model 1892
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When asked by Winchester to design an improved lever action to compete with a recent Marlin offering, John Browning said he would have the prototype completed in under a month or it would be free. Within 2 weeks, Browning had a prototype of the 92. Calibers for the rifle vary and some are custom-chambered, the original rounds were the. 32-20. 38-40, and. 44-40 Winchester centerfire rounds, followed in 1895 by the new. 25-20. A few Model 92s chambered for.218 Bee were produced in 1936-38, rifles in. 44-40 proved to be most popular, far outstripping sales of the other chamberings. The Winchester Models 53 and 65 were relabeled Model 1892s, admiral Robert E. Peary carried an 1892 on his trips to the North Pole. and Secretary of War Patrick Hurley was presented with the one millionth rifle on December 13,1932. Famous Amazon explorer Percy Fawcett carried a Winchester 92 on his expeditions,1,007,608 Model 1892 rifles were made by the original Winchester company. The Depression greatly effected sales of the Winchester 92, and at the start of World War Two Winchester dropped production when it retooled for the war effort, production was not resumed after the war. Model 92 manufacture was resumed in the 1970s by Amadeo Rossi in Brazil, more recently by Chiappa Firearms, an Italian factory, by Browning in Japan, and by Winchester in Japan. In its modern form, using updated materials and production techniques, the Model 1892s action is strong enough to chamber high pressure handgun rounds, such as.357 Magnum.44 Magnum, and.454 Casull. Despite being designed for cartridges, the 1892s dual forward locking-block action is actually stronger than Brownings rear-locked Model 1894. John Wayne famously carried Model 92s in dozens of films and owned several personally, other notable screen 92s were those of Chuck Connors in The Rifleman TV series, and Steve McQueens Mares Leg in Wanted, Dead or Alive. This latter practice mirrored the real cowboys, who found it convenient to carry a rifle and a revolver chambered with the same ammunition. Garate, Anitua y Cia of Eibar, Spain copied the Model 1892 as El Tigre in.44 Largo with a 22-inch barrel,12 shot magazine, military sights, many were made with sling swivels. Production between 1915-1937 totalled 1,034,687 rifles, from 1923 on they were issued to various Spanish services including the Guardia Civil. El Tigre carbines were exported in large numbers to South American countries, Winchester ended production of the Model 1892 in 1941, however, arms manufacturers such as Browning, Chiappa and Rossi have continued to produce copies. Versions of the Model 1892 have continued to be produced almost continuously since Winchester ended its production run and they range in quality and price from midrange firearms to highly decorated presentation pieces. Winchester produced limited numbers of the Model 1892 in 1997, in November,2006, Winchester announced the Model 1892 John Wayne 100th Anniversary Rifle, chambered in Win 44-40. Since then, Winchester has offered several versions of the Model 1892, in early 2012, Winchester produced a limited number of Large Loop Carbines in 4 calibers.44 Magnum.357 Magnum. 44-40 and.45 Colt
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Winchester Model 1894
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The Winchester Model 1894 rifle is a lever-action repeating rifle that became one of the most famous and popular hunting rifles. It was designed by John Browning in 1894 and originally chambered to fire two metallic black powder cartridges, the. 32-40 Winchester and. 38-55 Winchester and it was the first rifle to chamber the smokeless powder round, the.30 WCF. The 1894 was produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company through 1980, Repeating Arms under the Winchester brand until they ceased manufacturing rifles in 2006. Reproductions are being made by the Miroku company of Japan and imported into the United States by the Browning Arms company of Morgan, the Model 1894 has been referred to as the ultimate lever-action design by firearms historians such as R. L. Wilson and Hal Herring. The Model 1894 is the credited with the name Winchester being used to refer to all rifles of this type and was the first commercial sporting rifle to sell over 7,000,000 units. The Winchester Model 1894 was the first commercial American repeating rifle built to be used with smokeless powder, the 1894 was originally chambered to fire 2 metallic black powder cartridges, the. 32-40 Winchester and. 38-55 Winchester. In 1895 Winchester went to a different steel composition for rifle manufacturing that could handle higher pressure rounds and offered the rifle in. 25-35 Winchester, the. 30-30 Winchester, or. 30WCF, is the cartridge that has become synonymous with the Model 1894. Starting in 1899, the Model 1894 was also chambered in.32 Winchester Special, as a result, it was the first sporting rifle to sell over 7,000,000 units. The United States government purchased 1,800 commercial Model 1894s with 50,000. 30-30 cartridges during World War I and these rifles in the 835800 to 852500 serial number range were marked atop the receiver ring with a flaming bomb and U. S. The rifles were intended for United States Army Signal Corps personnel stationed in the Pacific Northwest to prevent interruption of spruce timber harvesting for aircraft production, the rifles were sold as military surplus after the war. To release Lee–Enfield rifles for use, the Royal Navy purchased approximately 5,000. 30-30 caliber Model 94 rifles in 1914 for shipboard guard duty. France purchased 15,100 Model 1894 carbines equipped with sling swivels on the side of the buttstock and barrel band. These French carbines were issued to motorcycle couriers, artillery troops, trench railway personnel, some of these rifles acquired Belgian proofmarks when sold as surplus through Belgium. In mid-1964, the manufacturing of the 94 was changed in order to make the firearm less expensive to produce, generally referred to as pre-64 models, the earlier versions command a premium price over post-change rifles. The limited number of production models produced prior to the changeover are considered quite desirable. The Winchester 1894s design allowed the cycling of cartridges than the Winchester 1892 carbines could permit. When the lever is pulled down, it brings the bottom of the receiver with it, opening up more space, the mechanism is complex but very reliable. Complete stripping of the action is a task that must be accomplished in precise sequence
