1.
William Gush
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William Gush was an English portrait painter born near London. The Dictionary of Victorian Painters describes Gush’s style of painting as being in the keepsake tradition, kingsmead’s A Dictionary of Artists 1760-1893 lists him as having exhibited 53 pictures at the Royal Academy,4 at the British Institution and 2 at the Suffolk Street Galleries. He has numerous pieces in the National Portrait Gallery in London, there 354 known portraits painted by him. In 1833 Gush’s first painting was accepted to be hung in the Royal Academy Exhibition staged at the National Gallery, the subject of this portrait was Sir John Harrison Yallop, late mayor of Norwich. The same year he was awarded the Gold Isis Medal by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacturing, in 1837, Gush had another portrait hung in the Royal Academy exhibition of the Duke of Beaufort, in the uniform of the Gloucester Yeomanry Cavalry. In 1853, Gush’s exhibit at the Royal Academy exhibition was a portrait entitled Mrs Mills, in 1844 and 1845 William Gush contributed all the portraits of Methodist ministers, published in the Wesleyan Methodist Magazine. By 1847 William bought a studio at the prestigious address No 17 Stratford Place and his commitments back in England still kept him very busy, the main one of these being the provision of portraits for the Wesleyan Methodist Magazine. He also painted portraits including one depicting John Curwen, a composer. Photography now superseded portrait painting as a means of illustration, though the well-to-do would still wish to have their portraits painted to adorn the walls of their grand houses and it was shortly after the end of the Crimean War that William Gush visited Nova Scotia for the first time. In 1858 Gush sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia on board the steamer Niagara and he stayed in the region for about four months. During this time he painted portraits of notable figures in the region. Gush was commissioned to paint the portrait of a key figure from the Crimean War, Lieutenant General Sir William Fenwick Williams of Kars, Bart. Williams, born in Nova Scotia at the turn of the 19th century, is remembered for his gallant defense of the town of Kars during the conflict, many honours were subsequently bestowed upon Sir William and between 1865 and 1857, he served as Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia. The portrait was painted for the Parliament House in Halifax, now called Province House, the Board of Trustees of Mount Allison University at Sackville invited Gush to paint a full size portrait of Charles Frederick Allison, the founder of the University. Whilst in Sackville, William also painted portraits of Charles Allison’s wife and daughter and Reverend Humphrey Pickard, 1st President of the University and he also did a painting of the Honourable William Botsford, a local magistrate. He returned to Liverpool on the Europa on 20 December 1858 and it is now hung in Province House. A further portrait of Reverend John Beecham, the first president of the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America was completed by Gush on his return to England, William Gush died on 28 February 1888 at Old Malden, England. His body was buried alongside that of his wife in the graveyard at St John the Baptist Church, Charles Wesley Sir John Harrison Yallop, late mayor of Norwich
2.
Congregational church
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Congregational or Congregationalist churches are Protestant churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Congregationalism is often considered to be a part of the wider Reformed tradition, ideas of nonconforming Protestants during the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England laid foundation for these churches. Congregationalists also differed with the Reformed churches using episcopalian church governance, within the United States, the model of Congregational churches was carried by migrating settlers from New England into New York, then into the Old North West, and further. With their insistence on independent local bodies, they became important in social reform movements, including abolitionism, temperance. Congregationalist tradition has a presence in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and it has been introduced either by immigrant dissenter Protestants or by missionary organization such as the London Missionary Society. Congregationalists believe their model of church governance fulfils the description of the early church, Congregationalism is more easily identified as a movement than a single denomination, given its distinguishing commitment to the complete autonomy of the local congregation. The early Congregationalists shared with Anabaptist theology the ideal of a pure church and they believed the adult conversion experience was necessary for an individual to become a full member in the church, unlike other Reformed churches. As such, the Congregationalists were an influence on the Baptists. They differed in counting the children of believers in some members of the church. On the other hand, the Baptists required each member to experience conversion, in England, the Anglican system of church government was taken over by King Henry VIII. It declared the sovereign of England to be the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England. In the reign of Elizabeth I, this title was changed to Supreme Governor of the Church of England, an act still in effect. Robert Browne, Henry Barrow, John Greenwood, John Penry, William Brewster, Thomas Jollie, the underground churches in England and exiles from Holland provided about 35 out of the 102 passengers on the Mayflower, which sailed from London in July 1620. They became known in history as the Pilgrim Fathers, the early Congregationalists sought to separate themselves from the Anglican church in every possible way and even eschewed having church buildings. They met in homes for many years, in 1639 William Wroth, then Rector of the parish church at Llanvaches in Monmouthshire, established the first Independent Church in Wales according to the New England pattern, i. e. Congregational. The Tabernacle United Reformed Church at Llanvaches survives to this day, during the English Civil War, those who supported the Parliamentary cause were invited by Parliament to discuss religious matters. This government would last until 1660 when the monarch was restored, in 1658 the Congregationalists created their own version of the Westminster Confession, called the Savoy Declaration, which remains the principal subordinate standard of Congregationalism. The work in South America began in 1921 when four Argentine churches urgently requested that denominational recognition be given to George Geier, the Illinois Conference licensed Geier, who worked among Germans from Russia who were very similar to their kin in the United States and in Canada
3.
Tonic sol-fa
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Do is chosen to be the tonic of whatever key is being used. The original solfège sequence started with Ut which later became Do, by the end of the nineteenth century, this notation was very widespread in Britain, and it became standard practice to sell sheet music with the tonic sol-fa notation included. Reverend John Curwen was instrumental in the development of tonic sol-fa in England, when John Windet printed the 1594 edition of the Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter, he added the initials of the six syllables of Guido underneath the note. Rousseau, Curwen and others would have been aware of this popular psalter, Unseld and Theodore F. Seward, with Biglow and Main publishers, imported Curwens tonic sol-fa to the United States, though the method was never widely received. Prior to this, the 9th edition of the Bay Psalm Book had appeared with the initials of four-note syllables underneath the staff and these may be considered American forerunners of Curwens system, though he may not have been aware of them. Tufts Introduction was popular, going through several editions, nevertheless, his work probably did more to pave the way for shape notes. When Unseld and Steward introduced tonic sol-fa in the late 1800s, in 1972 Roberto Goitre printed one of the most important modern versions of the method in Cantar Leggendo with the moveable Do. Solmization that represents the functions of pitches is called functional solmization, all musicians that use functional solmization use do to represent the tonic in the major mode. However, approaches to the minor mode fall into two camps, the beginning of the Conversation towards the end of the Steven Spielberg motion picture Close Encounters of the Third Kind uses both verbal and hand signals. The Teachers Manual of the Tonic Sol-fa Method, Dealing with the Art of Teaching and the Teaching of Music, by John Curwen ISBN 0-86314-118-8 The Curwen Method Professor Warren Steels web site
4.
Music education
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Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music. Music training from preschool through post-secondary education is common in most nations because involvement with music is considered a component of human culture. Music, like language, is an accomplishment that distinguishes humans as a species, during the 20th century, many distinctive approaches were developed or further refined for the teaching of music, some of which have had widespread impact. The Dalcroze method was developed in the early 20th century by Swiss musician, the Kodály Method emphasizes the benefits of physical instruction and response to music. The Orff Schulwerk approach to music education students to develop their music abilities in a way that parallels the development of western music. The Suzuki method creates the environment for learning music that a person has for learning their native language. Gordon Music Learning Theory provides the music teacher with a method for teaching musicianship through audiation, conversational Solfège immerses students in the musical literature of their own culture, in this case American. The Carabo-Cone Method involves using props, costumes, and toys for children to basic musical concepts of staff, note duration. The concrete environment of the specially planned classroom allows the child to learn the fundamentals of music by exploring through touch, popular music pedagogy is the systematic teaching and learning of rock music and other forms of popular music both inside and outside formal classroom settings. The MMCP aims to shape attitudes, helping students see music not as static content to be mastered, but as personal, current, American fiddler Mark OConnor developed a method of violin education that is designed to guide students in developing musical techniques necessary to become a proficient violinist. During its tenure, the Mumbai-based Boss School of Music developed a method of education using audio-visual technology, simplified concepts. In primary schools in European countries, children learn to play instruments such as keyboards or recorders, sing in small choirs. In countries such as India, the harmonium is used in schools, students are normally taught basics of Indian Raga music. In some secondary schools, additional classes may also be available. In junior high school or its equivalent, music continues to be a required part of the curriculum. In addition, most North American and European universities offer music ensembles - such as choir, concert band, marching band, most universities also offer degree programs in music education, certifying students as primary and secondary music educators. Advanced degrees such as the D. M. A. or the Ph. D can lead to university employment. The study of art music is increasingly common in music education outside of North America and Europe, including Asian nations such as South Korea, Japan
5.
Sarah Ann Glover
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Sarah Ann Glover was an English music educator who invented the Norwich sol-fa system. Glover was born in The Close, Norwich and her father became Curate of St Laurences Church, Norwich in 1811, and she developed her learning system to aid teachers with a cappella singing. Her instructional book Scheme for Rendering Psalmody Congregational met with great success and it was later refined and developed by John Curwen and others over the years. The concept became known in popular culture after it was featured in a song from The Sound of Music. Glover later lived in Cromer, then Reading, then Hereford and she died of a stroke in Great Malvern and was buried there. Glover biography, illustration, and monument via norwichchurches. co. uk
6.
University College London
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University College London is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is the largest postgraduate institution in the UK by enrollment and is regarded as one of the worlds leading research universities. UCL also makes the claims of being the third-oldest university in England. In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, which was granted a charter in the same year. UCL has its campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London. UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within there are over 100 departments, institutes. In 2015/16, UCL had around 38,300 students and 12,000 staff and had an income of £1.36 billion. UCL ranks highly in national and international league tables and its graduates rank among the most employable in the world, UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases, co-discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. There are at least 29 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists amongst UCLs alumni and current, UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University, as an alternative to the Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge. London Universitys first Warden was Leonard Horner, who was the first scientist to head a British university and this suggests that while his ideas may have been influential, he himself was less so. In 1827, the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, in 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a subject and the teaching of Classics and medicine began. In 1830, London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School, in 1833, the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834, University College Hospital opened as a hospital for the universitys medical school. In 1836, London University was incorporated by charter under the name University College. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded as part of University College in 1871, in 1878, the University of London gained a supplemental charter making it the first British university to be allowed to award degrees to women. The same year, UCL admitted women to the faculties of Arts and Law and of Science, although women remained barred from the faculties of Engineering and of Medicine. Armstrong College, an institution of Newcastle University, also allowed women to enter from its foundation in 1871. Women were finally admitted to medical studies during the First World War in 1917, in 1898, Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL
7.
Workington Hall
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Workington Hall, sometimes called Curwen Hall, is a ruined building on the North-East outskirts of the town of Workington in Cumbria. It is a Grade I listed building, a peel tower was built on the site in 1362. The present house dates back to around 1404 and was built as a tower house. In 1568, Mary, Queen of Scots wrote a letter from Workington Hall to Queen Elizabeth I of England, after the defeat of her forces at the Battle of Langside and disguised as an ordinary woman, Mary crossed the Solway Firth and landed at Workington. She spent her first night in England as an honoured guest at Workington Hall, on 18 May 1568, Mary was escorted to Carlisle Castle after spending a day at Cockermouth. Additions to the house were carried out by John Carr in the 1780s, in the early 19th century the lord of the manor at Workington Hall was John Christian Curwen. He was Member of Parliament for Carlisle from 1796 to 1812 and from 1816 to 1820, Workington changed radically both economically and socially, during the period when John Christian was lord of the manor. A Curwen through his mothers side. he is the man who stands out. who must rank as one of the most interesting, the hall remained the family home of the Curwen family until 1929 when it passed to the Chance family by marriage. The hall was requisitioned by the War Office at the start of World War II, the family passed the hall over to Workington Borough Council after the War so it could be used as a Town Hall but conversion to this use never happened. Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria Listed buildings in Workington
8.
Heckmondwike
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Heckmondwike is a town and electoral ward in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England,9 miles south west of Leeds. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is close to Cleckheaton and it is in the Batley and Spen parliamentary constituency, and had an estimated population of 17,066 in March 2001, reducing to 16,986 at the 2011 Census. The origins of Heckmondwike are in Old English, first recorded as Hedmundewic in the Domesday Book of 1086, Hedmundewic in 1166, and as Hecmundewik sometime in the 13th century, the name seems to be from *Hēahmundes wīc, or Heahmunds dairy-farm. During Saxon times Heckmondwike was a berewick or independent village in the manor of Gomersal, the Poll Tax of 1379 records there were seven families in Heckmondwike, about 35 people including one named Thomas of Stubly. Most lived in isolated farmsteads such as Stubley Farm, on ground overlooking the marshy Spen Valley floor. In 1684 there were around 250 people in the township, occupying 50 houses, the town became famous for manufacturing blankets and by 1811 the Blanket Hall was built for trade in the towns primary manufacture. It was replaced by a hall erected in 1839, on Blanket Hall Street in the town centre. The town ceased generating electricity in 1924, the Power Company buildings survive in part on Bath Road. The Heckmondwike footwear company, Goliath, or Co-op Boot Company, made football boots for Sir Stanley Matthews, the development is called Brunswick Place. A health centre was opened in July 2010 housing two former doctors practices, located at the edge of the Pennine hills, the land rises to the north, east and south of the town centre. The town covers an area of one mile, the town boundary is not the same as the ward boundary. Heckmondwike has an exchange, north of High Street in the Wakefield 01924 dialling area. The exchange covers Liversedge, and parts of Dewsbury Moor and Staincliffe, in 1894 Heckmondwike Urban District Council was established and was incorporated into Kirklees in the local government reorganisation of 1974. The Heckmondwike electoral ward includes Millbridge, Flush, and Norristhorpe in Liversedge south of the A62 road, Heckmondwike ward is represented on Kirklees Council by three Labour councillors. In 2003 the ward elected David Exley of the British National Party, Exley was re-elected in 2004, and in 2006 a second BNP member, Roger Roberts, was elected. Roberts had previously served as councillor for the Conservative Party, in May 2007 David Sheard, was returned. In May 2008 Exley lost his seat to Labour candidate Steve Hall, in May 2010 Roberts lost his seat to Labour candidate Viv Kendrick. Sheard was re-elected in 2011, and Hall was re-elected in 2012, the weekly newspaper was the Heckmondwike Herald until Friday 15 August 2008 after which the title was merged into the Spenborough Guardian incorporating the Heckmondwike Herald
9.
Plaistow, Newham
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Plaistow is a district in the West Ham area of the London Borough of Newham in east London, England. It forms the majority of the London E13 postcode district, Plaistow is a residential area, including several council estates. Commercial and retail premises are on the A112 at Greengate Street leading north and Prince Regent Lane south, leading 0.3 miles to Newham Sixth Form College and it contains generally smaller shops compared to Stratford or West Ham. Plaistow North and Plaistow South are two of the ten wards making up the UK parliamentary constituency of West Ham. The name Plaistow is believed to come from Sir Hugh de Plaitz who, in 1065, married Philippa de Montfitchet, of the Mountfitchet Castle family and it is she who is reputed to have named it the Manor of Plaiz. A stow was a place of assembly, but also described as a town or village, so it was the village of Plaiz, or assembly place within the Manor, in his book Whats in a Name. First published in 1977, author Cyril M. Harris states that c.1200 Plaistow was recorded as Plagestoue, derived from the Old English Pleg, meaning sports or playing and it was a place where miracle plays were performed so it was a playing place. The derivation from Pleg and Stowe appears to apply equally to all places called Plaistow, in 1353 Sir Richard de Playz gave the manor to the abbott of Stratford-Langthorne. Balaam /ˈbeɪləm/ Street is one of the oldest roads in Plaistow, the street was named for Hugh de Balun, who owned property in the area in the 12th century and belonged to the same family as Hamelin de Balun. James Kemble in his 2007 book Essex Place-Names says it was Balostret in the 1371 Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, Plaistow in Essex is reported as appearing as Playstowe in the countys Patent Rolls of 1414. This is also quoted by Kemble, another who cites the derivation from plegstow – a place for playing, following the Dissolution of the Monasteries the manor was appropriated by the Crown, and granted to Sir Roger Cholmeley in 1553. Daniel Defoes 1724 work, Tour of the Eastern Counties, mentions Plaistow as a town in which there had much new building as well as repairs to existing houses since the Revolution. Plaistow is connected with the legend of notorious highwayman Dick Turpin, several stories state that among Turpin’s first crimes was the theft of two oxen from his employer, a Mr Giles of Plaistow, in 1730. Turpin is alleged to also have run a smuggling gang which operated between Plaistow and Southend, in Aaron Hills time there Plaistow was a rural village described as a days coach journey from Westminster, despite it being a distance of only some 8 miles. In the 1870s Plaistow was described by John Marius Wilson in his Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales as a village, a chapelry, the population of the chapelry, which was constituted in 1844, was recorded as 11,214 in 1861. James Thorne, in his 1876 work Handbook to the Environs of London, mentions Plaistow, Essex, as a village, John Curwen opened the Plaistow Public School in 1844. His son, John Spencer Curwen, published a paper called “Old Plaistow” in 1891 describing houses of the area and it was not until 1905 that Plaistow was connected to the telephone network. Plaistow had its own UK Parliamentary constituency from 1918 to 1950 and it consisted of the Plaistow and Hudsons wards of the County Borough of West Ham, plus part of the Canning Town ward
Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Curwen, John". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "