1.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
2.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
3.
Tucson, Arizona
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Tucson is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, the Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area, with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor, the city is located 108 miles southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi north of the U. S. –Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 53rd largest metropolitan area in the United States, Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Midvale Park, Tanque Verde, Tortolita, towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south. The Spanish name of the city, Tucsón, is derived from the Oodham Cuk Ṣon, meaning base of the black, Tucson is sometimes referred to as The Old Pueblo. Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago, recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural Period and these people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of vessels for cooking. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery. Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, a separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now A mountain. Hugo OConor, the father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón. During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches, eventually the town came to be called Tucson and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Tucson was not included in the Mexican Cession and Cookes road through Tucson became one of the important routes into California during the California Gold Rush, Arizona, south of the Gila River, was obtained via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8,1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take control until March 1856. In 1857, Tucson became a station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however, following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations, from August 1861 to mid-1862, Tucson was the western capital of the Confederate Arizona Territory, the eastern capital being Mesilla. In 1862, the California Column drove the Confederate forces out of Arizona, Tucson and all of what is now Arizona were part of New Mexico Territory until 1863, when they became part of the new Arizona Territory
4.
Brown University
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Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation and its engineering program was established in 1847 and was the first in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U. S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding master, Browns New Curriculum is sometimes referred to in education theory as the Brown Curriculum and was adopted by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying. In 1971, Browns coordinate womens institution Pembroke College was fully merged into the university, Pembroke Campus now operates as a place for dorms and classrooms. Undergraduate admissions is very selective, with a rate of 8.3 percent for the class of 2021. The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies. The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a course that awards degrees from both institutions. Browns main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the Universitys neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth-, Browns faculty and alumni include eight Nobel Prize laureates, five National Humanities Medalists, and ten National Medal of Science laureates. Other notable alumni include eight billionaire graduates, a U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later, there is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles, should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it, I heartily wish you Success therein. Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September,1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, stiless first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3,1764, in September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, the Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations, the Charter was not the grant of King George III, as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document, the oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Browns Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership, other college charters were also liberal in that particular
5.
A.B.
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
6.
Abby Aldrich Rockefeller
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Abigail Greene Abby Aldrich Rockefeller was an American socialite and philanthropist. Through her marriage to financier and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. she was a prominent member of the Rockefeller family. Referred to as the woman in the family, she was known for being the force behind the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art, on 53rd Street in New York. Abby was born in Providence, Rhode Island to Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman Chapman and she was a sister of Congressman Richard Steere Aldrich and banker/financier Winthrop Williams Aldrich. Her early education came at the hands of Quaker governesses, in 1891, she enrolled at the Miss Abbotts School for Young Ladies in Providence, Rhode Island. While there she studied English composition and literature, French, German, art history and ancient history, gymnastics and she graduated in 1893 and made her debut in November 1893. On June 30,1894, she sailed for Liverpool, beginning a lifetime of extensive European, the aesthetic education she gained from abroad, initially fostered by her father, helped to inform her future discernment as an art collector. This initial four-month sojourn included the countries of England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and they went through a protracted engagement, during which they were invited for a trip to Cuba in 1900, on President William McKinley Jr. s yacht. They resided at Number 10 until 1938, when moved to a 40-room triplex apartment at 740 Park Avenue. She was buried in Sleepy Hollow, New York and she became a prominent patron of modern art. In 1928, she employed a designer to create a suite of art deco rooms, called the Topside Gallery, it allowed her to display and organize changing exhibitions of her growing collection, integrating modern and folk art. Visitors took the elevator directly to the 7th floor, bypassing the private domain of the rest of her family, the news of her interests and activities spread quickly from this period, and many subsequent collectors began to follow her lead. Lillie P. Bliss, Mary Quinn Sullivan, and Abby banded together to conceptualize, most notable was her avid interest in becoming the driving force in the establishment and ongoing operations of the institution on November 7,1929. Since JDR Jr. only gave Abby a relatively small allowance she could not solely rely on her husband to finance this undertaking and his financial support was especially limited due to his dislike for modern art. Financing for the museum and acquisition of paintings came from her solicitation of the public, corporations, alfred Barr, the museums first director, claimed that Abby was crucial to the institutions success. She was elected to MoMAs Board of Trustees in October 1929, other roles included terms as First Vice-President and First Vice-Chairman. Her son Nelson subsequently became its president and involved himself in its financing and her son Nelson named the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden in her honor. It was designed by architect Philip Johnson and opened in 1953, Johnson also designed The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Gallery at the Rhode Island School of Design Museum which showcases Japanese woodblock prints that she donated to the permanent collection
7.
John D. Rockefeller III
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John Davison Rockefeller III was a philanthropist and third-generation member of the prominent Rockefeller family. He was the eldest son of philanthropists John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his siblings were Abby, Nelson, Laurance, Winthrop, and David. Like his sister Abby, John III eventually settled on philanthropy as his major interest and his brothers Nelson and Winthrop devoted themselves to politics while Laurance went into conservation and David went into banking. He was a force behind the establishment of the Council on Foundations, the Foundation Center. He took a role in organizing the Commission on Foundations and Private Philanthropy. He also made the donation to support Yale Universitys Program on Non-Profit Organizations. He was also a supporter of the Population Council. John Davison Rockefeller III was born in New York on March 21,1906 to philanthropists John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and he had four younger brothers, Nelson, Winthrop, Laurance, and David, and an elder sister, Abby. Through his father, he was a grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. through his mother, he was a grandson of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman Abby Chapman. He received his education at the Browning School in New York City. Rockefellers father worked to restore the public reputation by championing industrial relations and the work of William Lyon Mackenzie King. John III would be the next Rockefeller manager for all family undertakings of social relevance, since 1929, in total he sat on twenty boards of various institutions, most of which were family-related. He also founded the Population Council in 1952, and a reconstituted Japan Society and he was on his fathers Advisory Committee in the family office, Room 5600. He was also president of the familys principal philanthropy run by family members, the principal philanthropic institution he created was the JDR III Fund in 1963, its major program being the Asian Cultural Program, created in 1967 to encourage East-West cultural exchange. Funding for its programs is derived from a combination of endowment income and contributions from individuals, foundations, in the mid 1950s, John III assumed the leadership of a committee of civic leaders who were working to create Lincoln Center. He became the key figure in the efforts and in forging a consensus among the civic leaders and others who were essential to its success. The Center itself was built over a period from 1959 to 1966 and he was its first president, commencing in 1956, and he became its chairman in 1961. He served as chairman until 1970 when he was elected honorary chairman
8.
Nelson Rockefeller
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Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller was an American businessman and politician. He served as the 41st Vice President of the United States under President Gerald Ford from 1974 to 1977 and he also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Dwight Eisenhower. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was also an art collector. Rockefeller, a Republican, was considered politically liberal and progressive. He successfully altered the political platform of the Republican Party just before the 1960 Republican Convention in what is termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue, in his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called Rockefeller Republicans. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960,1964, Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with Ford, marking his retirement from politics. Ford later selected then-Senator Bob Dole from Kansas for his new running mate but ultimately lost the election to Democrat Jimmy Carter and his running mate, Rockefeller remains, as of 2017, the last Vice President who declined to seek re-election. As a businessman he was president and later chairman of Rockefeller Center, Inc. Rockefeller assembled a significant art collection and promoted public access to the arts. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, Rockefeller was born in 1908 in Bar Harbor, Maine. He was the son of financier and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist. He had a sister, Abby, and four brothers, John III, Laurance, Winthrop and their father John Jr. was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia Cettie Spelman. Their mother Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, Rockefeller received his elementary, middle and high school education at the Lincoln School, an experimental school administered by Teachers College of Columbia University. In 1930 he graduated cum laude with an A. B. in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Casque and Gauntlet, Phi Beta Kappa, and the Zeta chapter of the Psi Upsilon. Following his graduation, he worked in a number of family-related businesses, including Chase National Bank, Rockefeller Center, Inc. From 1932 to 1979 he served as a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art, where he served as treasurer, 1935–39. He and his four brothers established the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, a philanthropy, in 1940, where he served as trustee, 1940–75 and 1977–79, Rockefeller was a patient of famous psychic Edgar Cayce. Rockefeller served as a member of the Westchester County Board of Health and his service with Creole Petroleum led to his deep, lifelong interest in Latin America. He became fluent in the Spanish language, Rockefeller was charged with overseeing a program of U. S
9.
Laurance Rockefeller
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Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was an American philanthropist, businessman, financier, and major conservationist. He was a prominent third-generation member of the Rockefeller family, being the child of John Davison Rockefeller Jr. His siblings were Abby, John III, Nelson, Winthrop, Rockefeller was born in New York City. He graduated from Princeton University and attended Harvard Law School for two years, until he decided he did not want to be a lawyer. On August 22,1934, in Woodstock, VT, Laurance married childhood friend Mary French, whose mother, when brother Nelson attended Dartmouth College, he shared a room with Marys brother. Mary was granddaughter of Frederick H. Billings, a president of Northern Pacific Railway, Laurance and Mary had three daughters and a son. They are Laura Rockefeller Chasin, Marion Rockefeller Weber, Dr. Lucy R. Waletzky and he had eight grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren. In 1937, he inherited his grandfathers seat on the New York Stock Exchange and he was also a founding trustee of the Rockefeller Family Fund from 1967 to 1977. He was a figure in the pioneering field of venture capital. Rockefellers major interest was in aviation, after the War, he became friendly with Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, Rockefeller had learned to fly, and found Rickenbackers vivid accounts of an approaching boom in commercial air travel to be persuasive. Within a decade after Rockefellers considerable investment, Eastern Airlines had become the most profitable airline to emerge after World War II and he also funded the pivotal post-WWII military contractor McDonnell Aircraft Corp. Rockefeller was a friend and associate of DeWitt Wallace, who with his wife in 1922 co-founded Readers Digest. Wallace, who was a major funder of the familys Colonial Williamsburg and he wanted to ensure that it preserved its patriotic mission of informing and educating the public, along with support for national parks, one of Rockefellers primary interests. Through his resort management company, Rockresorts, Inc, the last of these, the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, was established in 1965 on the Kohala Coast of the island of Hawaii. Its most noted general manager was Adi Kohler, who wrote the story of the construction of the famous hotel in his book Mr. Mauna Kea published by McKenna Publishing Group. While sailing past Virgin Gorda, Rockefeller spotted an idyllic half-mile crescent bay with what he dubbed wilderness beach, in 1958 planning and land acquisition began for what would become Little Dix Bay. The resort opened in 1964 and on January 18,2014 Little Dix Bay celebrated its 50th anniversary, in 1993, the resort became part of Rosewood Hotels & Resorts but remains true to Rockefellers vision of natural harmony and balance while offering an escape from the ordinary. Rockefeller funded the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center at a juncture of its early development
10.
Winthrop Rockefeller
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Winthrop Rockefeller was an American politician and philanthropist, who served as the first Republican Governor of Arkansas since Reconstruction. He was a member of the Rockefeller family. Winthrop Rockefeller was born in New York, to philanthropists John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and he had one elder sister named Abby, three elder brothers John III, Nelson, and Laurance, and a younger brother named David. Nelson served as Governor of New York and Vice President of the United States, Winthrop attended Yale University but was ejected as a result of misbehavior before earning his degree. Prior to attending Yale, he graduated from the Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, in early 1941, he enlisted in the Army. As a soldier of the 77th Infantry Division, he fought in World War II and he earned a Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Clusters and a Purple Heart for his actions aboard the troopship USS Henrico, after a kamikaze attack during the invasion of Okinawa. His image appears in the Infantry Officer Hall of Fame at Fort Benning, on February 14,1948, Winthrop married actress Jievute Bobo Paulekiute. She was previously married to Boston Brahmin socialite John Sears Jr, the wedding took place in Florida, and at the reception, a choir sang Negro spirituals. On September 17,1948, she gave birth to their son, the couple separated in 1950 and divorced in 1954. On June 11,1956, Rockefeller wed the Seattle-born socialite Jeanette Edris and she had two children, Bruce and Ann Bartley, from a previous marriage. Winthrop and Jeanette had no children together and divorced shortly after he left the governorship in 1971, as the states First Lady, Jeanette Rockefeller took a special interest in mental health issues. Rockefeller moved to central Arkansas in 1953 and established Winrock Enterprises, remmel polled 37 percent of the vote in the gubernatorial general election against Democrat Orval Eugene Faubus. It was a showing for a Republican candidate in Arkansas, compared to previous races in the 1940s. Twelve years later, Rockefeller would build upon Remmels race and win the governorship for the Republican Party, in 1955, Faubus named Rockefeller chairman of the Arkansas Industrial Development Commission. Rockefeller initiated a number of philanthropies and projects and he financed the building of a model school at Morrilton and led efforts to establish a Fine Arts Center in Little Rock. He also financed the construction of medical clinics in some of the states poorest counties and these philanthropic activities continue to this day through the Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation. In 1960, Rockefeller did not seek the governorship but instead raised funds for the Republican nominee, Henry M. Britt, a lawyer from Hot Springs. Britt lost in every county and barely polled 30 percent of the vote in his loss to Faubus
11.
David Rockefeller
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David Rockefeller was an American banker who was chairman and chief executive of Chase Manhattan Corporation. He was the oldest living member of the Rockefeller family and family patriarch from August 2004 until his death in March 2017, Rockefeller was a son of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, and a grandson of John D. Rockefeller and Laura Spelman Rockefeller. He was noted for his political connections and foreign travel. His fortune was estimated at $3.3 billion at the time of his death in 2017, Rockefeller was born in New York City, and grew up in an eight-story house at 10 West 54th Street, the tallest private residence ever built in the city. He was the youngest of six born to financier John Davison Rockefeller Jr. John Jr. was the son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman Abby Chapman, davids five elder siblings were Abby, John III, Nelson, Laurance, and Winthrop. Rockefeller attended the experimental Lincoln School at 123rd Street in Harlem, in 1936, he graduated cum laude from Harvard University. He also studied economics for a year at Harvard and then a year at the London School of Economics, at LSE he first met future President John F. Kennedy and once dated Kennedys sister Kathleen. During his time abroad, Rockefeller briefly worked in the London branch of what was to become the Chase Manhattan Bank, after returning to the U. S. to complete his graduate studies, in 1940 he received a Ph. D. from the University of Chicago. After completing his studies in Chicago, he became secretary to New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia for eighteen months in a dollar a year public service position. Although the mayor pointed out to the press that Rockefeller was only one of 60 interns in the city government, his space was, in fact. From 1941 to 1942, Rockefeller was assistant regional director of the United States Office of Defense, Health and he enlisted in the U. S. Army and entered Officer Candidate School in 1943, he was ultimately promoted to Captain in 1945. During World War II he served in North Africa and France for military intelligence setting up political, for seven months he also served as an assistant military attaché at the American Embassy in Paris. During this period, he would call on family contacts and Standard Oil executives for assistance, in 1946, Rockefeller joined the staff of the longtime family-associated Chase National Bank. The chairman at that time was Rockefellers uncle Winthrop W. Aldrich, the Chase Bank was primarily a wholesale bank, dealing with other prominent financial institutions and major corporate clients such as General Electric. Chase National subsequently became the Chase Manhattan Bank in 1955 and shifted significantly into consumer banking and it is now called JPMorgan Chase. Rockefeller started as an assistant manager in the foreign department, there he financed international trade in a number of commodities, such as coffee, sugar and metals
12.
John D. Rockefeller
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John Davison Rockefeller Sr. was an American oil industry business magnate and philanthropist. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, born into a large family in upstate New York, he was shaped by his con man father and religious mother. His family moved several times before settling in Cleveland, Ohio. Rockefeller became an assistant bookkeeper at the age of 16, and went into a partnership with Maurice B. Clark. After buying them out, he and his brother William founded Rockefeller & Andrews with Samuel Andrews, instead of drilling for oil, he concentrated on refining. In 1867, Henry Flagler entered the partnership, the Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler company grew by incorporating local refineries. As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, Rockefellers wealth soared and he became the richest person in the country, Oil was used throughout the country as a light source until the introduction of electricity and as a fuel after the invention of the automobile. Furthermore, Rockefeller gained enormous influence over the industry, which transported his oil around the country. Standard Oil was the first great business trust in the United States, Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry, and along with other key contemporary industrialists such as steel magnate Andrew Carnegie, defined the structure of modern philanthropy. His peak net worth was estimated at $336 billion in 1913, Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement at his estate in Westchester County, New York. His foundations pioneered the development of research and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm. Rockefeller was also the founder of both the University of Chicago and Rockefeller University and funded the establishment of Central Philippine University in the Philippines and he was a devout Northern Baptist, and supported many church-based institutions. Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life and he was a faithful congregant of the Erie Street Baptist Mission Church, where he taught Sunday school, and served as a trustee, clerk, and occasional janitor. Religion was a force throughout his life, and Rockefeller believed it to be the source of his success. Rockefeller was the second of six children and eldest son born in Richford, New York, to con artist William Avery Bill Rockefeller and his siblings were Lucy, William Jr. Mary, and twins Franklin and Frances. His father was of English and German descent while his mother was of Scots-Irish descent, Bill was first a lumberman and then a traveling salesman who identified himself as a botanic physician and sold elixirs. The locals referred to the mysterious but fun-loving man as Big Bill and he was a sworn foe of conventional morality who had opted for a vagabond existence and who returned to his family infrequently. Throughout his life, Bill was notorious for shady schemes, in between the births of Lucy and John, Bill and his mistress/housekeeper Nancy Brown had a daughter named Clorinda who died young
13.
Laura Spelman Rockefeller
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Laura Celestia Cettie Spelman Rockefeller was an American abolitionist, philanthropist, school teacher, and prominent member of the Rockefeller family. Her husband was Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller and she is the namesake of Spelman College, founded to educate black women in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial. Laura Celestia Spelman was born in Wadsworth, Ohio to Puritan descendant Harvey Buell Spelman and Lucy Henry, Harvey was an abolitionist who was active in the Congregationalist Church, the Underground Railroad, and in politics. The Spelmans eventually moved to Cleveland, Ohio, Spelman had an elder adopted sister, Lucy Maria Lute Spelman. In Cleveland, Lute and Spelman met John Davison Rockefeller while attending accounting classes together and he was the eldest son of con artist William Avery Bill Rockefeller and Eliza Davison. They had five children, Elizabeth, Alice, Alta, Edith and she later returned to New England to attend Oread Institute, with plans to become a schoolteacher. After returning to Ohio to teach, she married John in 1864, following her wedding, Spelman remained active in the church and with her family. Once the family business, Standard Oil, began to take off, she devoted her time to philanthropy. Throughout their lives, the Rockefeller family continued to donate ten percent of their income to charity, Spelman died on March 12,1915 at age 75 of a heart attack, at the family estate Kykuit in Pocantico Hills, New York. Titan, The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr, online review Harvey Buell Spelman Lucy Henry Stasz, Clarice. The Rockefeller Women, Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service, John D. Rockefeller, Anointed with Oil. Obituary 1 - Lucy Maria Spelman, New York Times, February 6,1920
14.
Rockefeller family
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The family is also known for its long association with and control of Chase Manhattan Bank. They are considered to be one of the most powerful families, if not the most powerful family, one of the founding members of the Rockefeller family was businessman William Rockefeller Sr. born in Granger, New York, to a Protestant family. He had six children with his first wife Eliza Davison, the most prominent of which were oil tycoons John Davison Rockefeller and William Rockefeller, Oil baron John D. Rockefeller was a devout Northern Baptist, and he supported many church-based institutions. The family was involved in numerous real estate construction projects in the U. S. during the 20th century. In Manhattan by fourteen major institutions that were based in the area, the result, in 1951, was the six-building apartment complex known as Morningside Gardens. Seniors donations led to the formation of the University of Chicago in 1889, the Central Philippine University in the Philippines and this was one instance of a long family and Rockefeller Foundation tradition of financially supporting Ivy League and other major colleges and universities over the generations—seventy-five in total. John D Jr. established International House at Berkeley, beginning with John Sr. the family has been a major force in land conservation. John Jr. and his son Laurance were particularly prominent in this area, at the event, the societys president, John Flicker, notably stated, Cumulatively, no other family in America has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller family has made. Nelson, John D. III, John D. IV, Peggy Dulany, Rockefeller Foundation, the Trilateral Commission -David, Rockefeller Brothers Fund. The Bilderberg Group - David, John D. IV, the Asia Society - John D. III, John D. IV, Charles, David. The Population Council - John D. III, the Council of the Americas - David. The Group of Thirty - The Rockefeller Foundation, the World Economic Forum - David. The Peterson Institute - David, Monica, the International Executive Service Corps - David. The Institute for Pacific Relations - Junior, the League of Nations - Junior. The United Nations - Junior, John D. III, Nelson, David, Peggy Dulany, the United Nations Association - David. These include, the Commonwealth Fund, Charles E. Culpeper Foundation, Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, in total, it holds over 70 million pages of documents and contains the collections of forty-two scientific, cultural, educational and philanthropic organizations. Only the expurgated records of deceased family members are available to scholars and researchers. He reports that it will be years before all the papers will be open to the public
15.
Standard Oil
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Standard Oil Co. Inc. was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller as a corporation in Ohio and its controversial history as one of the worlds first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly. The Standard Oil trust streamlined production and logistics, lowered costs, trust-busting critics accused Standard Oil of using aggressive pricing to destroy competitors and form a monopoly that threatened other businesses. John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and major shareholder and its successors such as ExxonMobil, BP, and Chevron are still counted among the companies with the largest income worldwide. By 1882, his top aide was John Dustin Archbold, after 1896, Rockefeller disengaged from business to concentrate on his philanthropy, leaving Archbold in control. Other notable Standard Oil principals include Henry Flagler, developer of the Florida East Coast Railway and resort cities, and Henry H. Rogers, Standard Oils name came from the companys manufacturing standards, which preceded todays ASTM standards. In 1870 Rockefeller incorporated Standard Oil in Ohio, of the initial 10,000 shares, John D. In the early years, John D. Rockefeller dominated the combine and he quickly distributed power and the tasks of policy formation to a system of committees, but always remained the largest shareholder. Authority was centralized in the main office in Cleveland. In response to state trying to limit the scale of companies, Rockefeller and his associates developed innovative ways of organizing. On January 2,1882, they combined their disparate companies, spread across dozens of states and this organization proved so successful that other giant enterprises adopted this trust form. The company grew by increasing sales and also through acquisitions, after purchasing competing firms, Rockefeller shut down those he believed to be inefficient and kept the others. Smaller companies decried such deals as unfair because they were not producing enough oil to qualify for discounts, in 1872, Rockefeller joined the South Improvement Co. which would have allowed him to receive rebates for shipping and receive drawbacks on oil his competitors shipped. But when this became known, competitors convinced the Pennsylvania Legislature to revoke South Improvements charter. No oil was shipped under this arrangement. Standards actions and secret transport deals helped its kerosene price to drop from 58 to 26 cents from 1865 to 1870, competitors disliked the companys business practices, but consumers liked the lower prices. Standard Oil, being formed well before the discovery of the Spindletop oil field, the company was perceived to own and control all aspects of the trade. In 1885, Standard Oil of Ohio moved its headquarters from Cleveland to its permanent headquarters at 26 Broadway in New York City
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Edith Rockefeller McCormick
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Edith Rockefeller McCormick was an American socialite and opera patron. She was born on August 31,1872, the daughter of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller and schoolteacher Laura Celestia Cettie Spelman. Her brother was John Davison Rockefeller Jr and her three elder sisters were Elizabeth, Alice, and Alta. Edith and her father had a stormy relationship, where her extravagance would often conflict with his frugality. She married Harold Fowler McCormick, a son of Chicagos mechanical reaper inventor Cyrus Hall McCormick and Nancy Fowler, the married couple spent their first two years living in Council Bluffs, Iowa. Her country estate, located directly on Lake Michigan in Lake Forest, Illinois, a famous story about McCormick involves an evening in 1901 during a party. News arrived that Edith and Harolds elder son, John Rockefeller McCormick, had died of scarlet fever and it was rumored that when this was whispered to her at the dinner table, she proceeded to merely nod her head and allowed the party to continue without incident. A biographer of her father, however, makes it clear that this could not have true, at the time of her sons death, Edith was with him at the family estate, Kykuit, at Pocantico Hills. In 1913 she travelled to Zurich to be treated for depression by Carl Gustav Jung, McCormick donated land she had received from her father as a wedding gift to the Forest Preserve of Cook County, to be developed as a zoological garden, later to become Chicagos Brookfield Zoo. She returned to America in 1921 after an 8 year stay, Edith and Harold were divorced in December 1921. He was given custody of their youngest daughter Mathilde so that she could marry Max Oser, Mathilde and Max were married in London in April 1923. Meanwhile, Harold married Ganna Walska, a famous Polish opera singer in August 1922, within days of Harolds remarriage, Edith announced plans to marry Edward Krenn, a 28-year-old Austrian architect. The plan fell through for undisclosed reasons in December 1922, in 1927, she was mentioned in a newspaper article about Chicagos wealthy unmarried, divorced, and widowed wealthy women. The article noted that she was glad to be rid of the gay Harold McCormick, over the next few years, Edith and Harold frequently found themselves in court in lawsuits over the divorce agreement. In February 1923 she received some press for claiming to be the reincarnation of the wife of King Tutankhamen. She was quoted as saying, I married King Tutankhamen when I was only sixteen years old, only the other day, while glancing through an illustrated paper, I saw a picture of a chair removed from the Kings chamber. Like a flash I recognized that chair, I had sat in it many times. She followed up in Time magazine by stating My interest in reincarnation is of many years standing and she was also said to be interested in astrology and to celebrate Christmas on December 15
17.
54th Street (Manhattan)
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54th Street is a two-mile-long, one-way street traveling west to east across Midtown Manhattan. The route begins at Twelfth Avenue, opposite the intersection is the New York Passenger Ship Terminal and the Hudson River. This is the only portion of 54th Street, the remainder is one-way eastbound. The west side neighborhood of Clinton derives its name from the park, fitz Gerald who lived there and popularized the phrase Big Apple. The London NYC, 54-floor 180 m /590 ft office tower that is tallest building on West 54th Ziegfeld Theatre New York Hilton Hotel, 54th Street, A New York Songline - virtual walking tour
18.
Browning School
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The Browning School is a United States college preparatory school for boys founded in 1888 by John A. Browning. It offers study from Pre-Primary level through Form VI, the Browning School is a member of the New York Interschool consortium. The Browning School was founded in 1888 by John A. Browning, arthur Jones succeeded Browning as Headmaster in 1920 and moved the school from West 55th Street to its present location on East 62nd Street. Extracurricular activities expanded in his time, Jones retired in 1948 and Lyman B. Tobin, a Browning teacher for more than 30 years, became Browning’s third Headmaster, in 1952, upon Tobin’s retirement, the school named Charles W. Cook ’38, an alumnus and teacher, as its fourth Headmaster. Under his leadership for thirty-six years, the Browning School expanded rapidly, after a lengthy fund-raising drive, the school bought the adjoining carriage house and rebuilt it. The new building opened in 1960, the school’s expansion continued in 1967, with the building of a larger gymnasium on the roof, and in the late 1970s, with the acquisition of an interest in the building next door. In 1988, Stephen M. Clement, III became Browning’s fifth Headmaster, John M. Botti is the current Head of School, having been appointed in 2016. Today, the school has over 400 students, more than double its size fifty years ago, furthermore, Browning has completed a new library, four new science laboratories, two new art studios, and additional classrooms. Additionally, Browning enjoys strong relationships with both Marymount and Hewitt, Browning has a highly selective admissions process with an acceptance rate below 10% students. Browning does not admit students for 11th and 12th grades and very rarely for 10th grade, there are approximately 25-34 boys per grade at Browning. A financial aid program ensures that the boys remain heterogeneous, as many of its peer NYC schools. The school is private, functioning under a New York City non-profit statute enacted in the 1940s, Browning has soccer and cross country in the fall, basketball and fencing in the winter and baseball, track, tennis and golf in the spring, and squash all year. The School is also a participant in the Manhattan Interschool Composite Fencing Team
19.
Brownstone
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Brownstone is a brown Triassic-Jurassic sandstone which was once a popular building material. The term is used in the United States to refer to a townhouse clad in this material. In the 19th century, Basswood Island, Wisconsin, was the site of a run by the Bass Island Brownstone Company which operated from 1868 into the 1890s. The stone comes from the Hummelstown Quarry in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, the Hummelstown Quarry is the largest provider of brownstone on the east coast. Typically the stone was transported out of Hummelstown through the Brownstone, connecticut River Brownstone, is also very popular. C. and Baltimore. Quarries from the Passaic Formation in northern New Jersey once supplied most of the used in New York City. The Manhattan neighborhood of the Upper West Side, too, retains many brownstones, Brownstones also predominate in some Hudson County neighborhoods directly across the Hudson River from Manhattan, especially in Hoboken and around Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park in Jersey City. New York City brownstones usually cost several million dollars to purchase, a typical architectural detail of brownstones in and around New York City is the stoop, a steep staircase rising from the street to the entrance on what amounts to almost the second-floor level. This design was seen as hygienic at the many were built. Lately, it has become fashionable to use the term brownstone to refer to almost any townhouse from a certain period, many townhouses in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, for example, are basically built of brick, some having concrete masonry cladding to make them resemble actual stone. The Rittenhouse Square and Fairmount, Philadelphia neighborhoods of Philadelphia also include examples of brownstone architecture, many of these homes have been converted into apartment buildings. Back Bay, Boston, is known for its Victorian brownstone homes – considered some of the examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States. Although some brownstones exist in Chicago, a similar residential form known as greystones are by far more prevalent, a greystone is a type of residential structure that utilizes Indiana limestone for its facade, regardless of its overall architectural style. As in Brooklyn, there exists a Greystone Belt in Chicago, with numbers of such structures located in the south. It is estimated that around 30,000 of Chicagos greystones built between 1890 and 1930 are still standing, Brownstone, also known as freestone due to its durability and advantages as a building material, was used by early Quakers in Pennsylvania to construct stone mills and mill houses. In central Pennsylvania, some 1700s-era structures survive, including one used as a residence. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13, cS1 maint, BOT, original-url status unknown in Wisconsin. Website devoted to the Weser brownstone quarries from Germany being imported into the US, after Fight, a Brooklyn Brownstones Costly Rescue, The New York Times Website devoted to the colonial-era Quaker Mill House in Pennsylvania
20.
William Rockefeller
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William Avery Rockefeller, Jr. was an American businessman and financier. He was a co-founder of Standard Oil along with his older brother John Davison Rockefeller and he was also a prominent member of the Rockefeller family. William Jr. was born in Richford, New York and he was the middle son of con artist William Avery Rockefeller Sr. and Eliza Davison. In addition to elder brother John, William Jr. s siblings were Lucy, Mary and he also had two elder half-sisters, Clorinda and Cornelia, through his fathers affairs with mistress and housekeeper Nancy Brown. In 1853 his family moved to Strongsville, Ohio, as a young pupil in public school, he was inspired and motivated by his teacher-mentor, Rufus Osgood Mason, whom Rockefeller later named A Rockefeller Patron. In 1865, he entered the oil business by starting a refinery in Ohio, in 1867, his older brother Johns partnership of Rockefeller & Andrews absorbed this refinery. In 1870, that company became Standard Oil, Rockefeller was very adept in business matters. He served as the companys New York representative until 1911 when Standard Oil of New Jersey was split up by the United States Supreme Court. He also had interests in mining and processing, railways, and public utilities. In the late 1890s, Rockefeller joined fellow Standard Oil principal Henry H. Rogers in forming the Amalgamated Copper Mining Company, Rockefeller, along with Henry Rogers, devised a scheme which earned them a profit of $36 million. First, they purchased Anaconda Properties from Marcus Daly for $39 million, with the understanding that the check was to be deposited in the bank and remain there for a definite time. Rogers and Rockefeller then set up an organization, known as the Amalgamated Copper Mining Company, with their own clerks as dummy directors. They had Amalgamated Copper Company buy Anaconda from them for $75 million in capital stock, then, they borrowed $39 million from the bank using Amalgamated Copper as collateral. They paid back Daly for Anaconda and sold $75 million worth of stock in Amalgamated Copper to the public and they paid back the banks $39 million and had a profit of $36 million in cash. With help from banker John Dennis Ryan, Amalgamated acquired two competitors, and soon controlled all the mines of Butte, Montana. By the late 1920s it had become Anaconda Copper Company and was the fourth-largest company in the world, Rockefeller married Almira Geraldine Goodsell on May 25,1864 in Fairfield, Connecticut. There were many connections among this and other elite families and her sister Esther Judson Goodsell was married to Oliver Burr Jennings, who became one of the original stockholders of Standard Oil. Together, William and Almira had, Lewis Edward Rockefeller Emma Rockefeller and he had caught a cold during a car trip he took with brother John and nephew John, Jr. to visit his childhood home in Richford, New York
21.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
22.
William Rainey Harper
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William Rainey Harper was an American academic leader of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Harper helped to both the University of Chicago and Bradley University and served as the first president of both institutions. Harper was born on July 24,1856, in New Concord, Ohio1, very early in his life, Harper displayed skills years ahead of other children of his age, and he was labeled a child prodigy. By the age of eight, Harper began preparing for college-level courses, at the age of ten he enrolled in Muskingum College in his native New Concord, Ohio. At the age of fourteen, he graduated from Muskingum College, in 1872, Harper enrolled in Yale University to begin his postgraduate studies, and he completed these in 1876. Harper quickly assumed a series of faculty positions, including ones at Denison University, throughout his academic life, Harper wrote numerous textbooks. A strong supporter of lifelong learning, Harper was also involved with the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York, William Rainey Harper married Ella Paul Harper in 1875. They were the parents of three sons, Samuel Northrup, Paul, and Donald, and one daughter, Davida. In 1891, John D. Rockefeller selected thirty-five-year-old Harper to assist in organizing the University of Chicago, Harper also had expert knowledge of every department of education as well as business acumen, and he was a very powerful public speaker. In hiring the faculty of the new university and selecting its students, Harper elevated the salaries of the faculty members above those of ordinary schoolteachers, and by doing so attracted the best scholars of all disciplines to the university. Harper founded the nations first departments of Egyptology and sociology at Chicago and he also instituted the nations first extension school, enabling those who worked during the day to attend classes at night and on weekends. One of Harpers ideas, that many would benefit by taking the first two years of college in their hometowns, led to the founding of American community colleges, the agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it required uncompensated additional labor from them, after Harpers death in 1906, the program was gradually discontinued, and it had passed into history by 1910. With his background as a Semiticist and Baptist clergyman, Harper believed that the Universitys programs should include religious study, accordingly, he arranged for the Baptist Theological Union Seminary to relocate from Morgan Park and become the University of Chicago Divinity School. In 1903 Harper founded the Religious Education Association, while at University of Chicago, Harper chaired a mayoral commission responsible for reorganizing Chicago Public Schools and standardizing the systems curriculum. Harper, being opposed to the employment of women as teachers, moved to block a raise for female teachers, the ensuing dispute contributed to the organizing of the Chicago Teachers Federation, the precursor to the Chicago Teachers Union. In 1896, Harper assisted Lydia Moss Bradley in founding Bradley Polytechnic Institute in Peoria, now known as Bradley University, Harper served as its first president. Harper died on January 10,1906, of cancer at age 49 and he and his wife are interred at Rockefeller Memorial Chapel on campus at the University of Chicago
23.
University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
24.
Karl Marx
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Karl Marx was a Prussian-born philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a family, he later studied political economy. His work has influenced subsequent intellectual, economic, and political history. These economic critiques were set out in works such as the three volumes, published between 1867 and 1894, that comprise Das Kapital. According to Marx, states are run in the interests of the class but are nonetheless represented as being in favor of the common interest of all. He predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, capitalism produced internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system, socialism. Marx actively fought for its implementation, arguing that the class should carry out organised revolutionary action to topple capitalism. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and his work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marxs work, Marx is typically cited as one of the principal architects of modern sociology and social science. Karl Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to Heinrich Marx and he was born at Brückengasse 664 in Trier, a town then part of the Kingdom of Prussias Province of the Lower Rhine. Marx was ancestrally Jewish, his grandfather was a Dutch rabbi, while his paternal line had supplied Triers rabbis since 1723. Marx was also a cousin once removed of German Romantic poet Heinrich Heine, also born to a German Jewish family in the Rhineland. Largely non-religious, Heinrich was a man of the Enlightenment, interested in the ideas of the philosophers Immanuel Kant, a classical liberal, he took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, then governed by an absolute monarchy. In 1815 Heinrich Marx began work as an attorney, in 1819 moving his family to a property near the Porta Nigra. Her sister Sophie Pressburg, was Marxs aunt and was married to Lion Philips Marxs uncle through this marriage, Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London. Little is known of Karl Marxs childhood, the third of nine children, he became the oldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819. Young Karl was baptised into the Lutheran Church in August 1824 along with his siblings, Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie. Young Karl was privately educated, by Heinrich Marx, until 1830, by employing many liberal humanists as teachers, Wyttenbach incurred the anger of the local conservative government
25.
Capital: Critique of Political Economy
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Capital, Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx is a foundational theoretical text in communist philosophy, economics and politics. In Capital, Critique of Political Economy, Marx proposes that the force of capitalism is in the exploitation of labour. The owner of the means of production is able to claim the right to this value because he or she is legally protected by the ruling regime. In producing capital, the workers continually reproduce the conditions by which they labour. The critique of the economy of capitalism proposes that, Wage-labour is the basic cell-form of a capitalist society. After two decades of study and preparatory work the first volume appeared in 1867, The production process of capital. These three volumes are known as Das Kapital. The first of three volumes of Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie was published on 14 September 1867, dedicated to Wilhelm Wolff, and was the sole volume published in Marx’s lifetime. Capital, Volume II, subtitled The Process of Circulation of Capital, was prepared by Friedrich Engels from notes left by Karl Marx and published in 1885. It is divided into three parts, The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits, The Turnover of Capital, in Volume II, the main ideas behind the marketplace are to be found, how value and surplus-value are realized. Its dramatis personae, not so much the worker and the industrialist, but rather the money owner, the merchant, the trader. Moreover, workers appear in Volume II, essentially as buyers of goods and, therefore. Reading Volume II is of significance to understanding the theoretical construction of Marxs whole argument. Marx himself quite precisely clarified this place, in a letter sent to Engels on 30 April 1868, In Book 1. But now we investigate the conditions under which elements are found at hand, namely the social intertwining of the different capitals, of the component parts of capital. Volume II of Capital has indeed been not only a sealed book, to a large extent, it remains so to this very day. Part 3 is the point of departure for a topic given its Marxist treatment later in detail by, among others, Rosa Luxemburg. Capital, Volume III, subtitled The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole, was prepared by Friedrich Engels from notes left by Karl Marx, transformation of Surplus-Profit into Ground Rent
26.
Alpha Delta Phi
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Alpha Delta Phi is a North American Greek-letter secret and social college fraternity. Alpha Delta Phi was founded as a society by Samuel Eells in 1832 at Hamilton College in Clinton. Its more than 50,000 alumni include former presidents and senators of the United States, in 1992, five chapters withdrew from the male-only organization to become co-educational, and formed the Alpha Delta Phi Society, a separate and independent organization. When Samuel Eells arrived on campus at Hamilton College, he found two existing literary societies, the Phoenix and the Philopeuthian, the latter of which he reluctantly joined. Eells proposed to members from both the Phoenix and the Philopeuthian and found a new society of limited membership based on the loftiest of intellectual and moral ideals. On October 29,1832, Eells gathered four other members, the other men were Lorenzo Latham, John Curtiss Underwood, Oliver Andrew Morse and Henry Lemuel Storrs. At that meeting Eells wrote the constitution and he and Latham designed the fraternitys emblem, later in the year, other members were added and the first chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi was in full operation by the beginning of 1833. Alpha Delta Phi was the first fraternity to establish a chapter west of the Appalachian Mountains when it formed a chapter at Miami University in 1835 and this chapter preceded the formation of three national fraternities at Miami University known as the Miami Triad in the years that followed. The Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity is a member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference. A Brother of Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton W. Mabie, was the first President of the NIC, the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity is today still a member of the NIC, the Alpha Delta Phi Society is not. Alpha Delta Phi is both a fraternity and a literary society. As part of this focus, the Samuel Eells Literary and Educational Foundation sponsors annual literary competitions, in August 2015, the fraternity had 33 chapters and 1 affiliate, the oldest of which is at Hamilton College. Its regional alumni organization, the Midwest Association of Alpha Delta Phi, is more than 125 years old, Alpha Delta Phi also has the third oldest continuously-operating chapter in the North American Fraternity System, which is also the second oldest Alpha chapter, placed at Hamilton College. At Yale University, it was mostly brothers of Alpha Delta Phi who were invited to join the universitys top-ranked senior society Skull, issues with the number of Alpha Delta Phis tapped for Skull and Bones also led to the creation of Yales second society, Scroll and Key. Students at Harvard formed a chapter of Alpha Delta Phi but disaffiliated to form the independent final club, in 1877, the Cornell University chapters alumni group built its first house for the undergraduates, which has been described as the first house in America built solely for fraternity use. Financed by 19th century entrepreneur Martin McVoy, the served the brothers until the turn of the century. The chapter has since moved to a different location on campus - into a house designed by John Russell Pope - but the chapter house, designed and built by William Henry Miller. The chapter is known for its Goat House, a multi-sided, windowless room designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
27.
Phi Beta Kappa Society
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society - the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States - is widely recognized and considered as the nations most prestigious honor society. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, according to Phi Beta Kappa, they have chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society. Although most students are elected their senior year, many colleges elect a limited number of extremely select students in their junior year. There is an initiation fee, which is sometimes covered by the inductees university. There had been earlier fraternal societies at the College, but these, Society, founded in 1750, were Latin-letter societies, their names were taken from initial letters of a secret Latin motto. William and Mary alumnus and third U. S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F. H. C, other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe. Jefferson noted that When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, Society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists. The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution, a second Latin-letter fraternity at William and Mary was the P. D. A. John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P. D. A, though he may instead have disdained to join it. The new society was intended to be purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to good fellowship, with friendship as its basis and benevolence. Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society, the new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times, one official historian of the society, William T. The heading on the original list of states, A List of the members. This new complex of gestures was created to allow the recognition of members in any foreign country or place. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780, a third, at Harvard College in 1781, from these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, the original chapter at William and Mary was re-established
28.
Family office
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The term family office can refer to a family controlled investment group, and also the two major terms, single family office or Multi-family office. The distinction is important since, despite the names, each provides a significantly different service. This article refers principally to single family offices, which are the predominant forms of family offices today, an SFO is a private company that manages investments and trusts for a single family. The companys financial capital is the familys own wealth, often accumulated over many family generations, traditional family offices provide personal services such as managing household staff and making travel arrangements. Other services typically handled by the family office include property management, day-to-day accounting and payroll activities. Family offices often provide family management services, which includes family governance, financial and investment education, philanthropy coordination, a family office can cost over $1 million a year to operate, so the familys net worth usually exceeds $100 million. Recently, some family offices have accepted non-family members, more recently the term family office or multi family office is used to refer primarily to financial services for relatively wealthy families. According to the New York Times the Rockefellers first pioneered family offices in the late 19th century, Family offices started gaining popularity in the 1980s, and since 2005, as the ranks of the super-rich grew to record proportions family offices swelled proportionately. A traditional single family office is a run by and for a single family. Its sole function is to centralize the management of a significant family fortune, typically, these organizations employ staff to manage investments, taxes, philanthropic activities, trusts, and legal matters. The purpose of the office is to effectively transfer established wealth across generations. The family office invests the money, manages all of the familys assets. The Family Office Council, the group for single family offices, defines a single family office as An SFO is a private organisation that manages the investments for a single wealthy family. The assets are the family’s own wealth, often accumulated over many family generations, in addition to investment management some Family Offices provide personal services such as managing household staff and making travel arrangements. Other services typically handled by the traditional Family Office include property management, day-to-day accounting and payroll activities, Family Offices often provide family management services, which includes family governance, financial and investment education, philanthropy coordination, and succession planning. The office itself either is, or operates just like, a corporation, with a president, CFO, CIO, etc. the officers are compensated per their arrangement with the family, usually with overrides based on the profits or capital gains generated by the office. Often, family offices are built around core assets that are professionally managed, as profits are created, assets are deployed into investments. Many family offices turn to hedge funds for alignment of interest based on risk, some family offices remain passive and just allocate funds to outside managers
29.
26 Broadway
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26 Broadway, also known as the Standard Oil Building, is a 31-story, 520-foot-tall landmarked office building located at Bowling Green in the Financial District of New York City. As of 2010, the structure is the 197th tallest building in New York City,26 Broadway was also the home address in the late 18th century of Alexander Hamilton, his wife Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, and their family. Standard Oils first building on the site of 26 Broadway was built in 1885 to design specifications by architect Francis H. Kimball and it was a 10-story, 86-foot-wide building that extended between Broadway and New Street in Manhattan. It was designed by Ebenezer L. Roberts, in 1895, six stories were added and a 27-foot-wide extension was made on its north side, designed by Kimball & Thompson. After World War I, Walter C, teagle decided to greatly expand the structure by buying all four neighboring buildings on the block. The building was overhauled and virtually rebuilt in 1921–28 by Thomas Hastings. Hastings, who had helped design the Cunard Building across the street at 25 Broadway, was chosen as lead architect. The building is unusual in that its lower portion follows the contour of Broadway at that point. It is one of the first buildings in Manhattan to have setbacks and is topped by a pyramid modeled on the Mausoleum of Maussollos. At the time of completion, the pyramid was the tallest tower at the tip of Manhattan and was illuminated as a beacon for ships entering the harbor. Standard Oil of New Jersey, moved to 75 Rockefeller Plaza in 1946, the Mobil division moved to 150 East 42nd Street in 1954. Standard Oil sold the building in 1956, the building was designated as a New York City landmark in 1995. Lower portions of the building have used for museums, the Museum of American Finance from 1988 to 2006. Current tenants include the JDRF & Cornell Universitys College of Architecture, Art, ISBN9780847835645 Media related to 26 Broadway at Wikimedia Commons
30.
J. P. Morgan
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John Pierpont J. P. Morgan was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States. In 1892, Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and he was instrumental in the creation of the United States Steel Corporation, International Harvester and AT&T. He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907 and he was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. Morgan has been described as America’s greatest banker, Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. His fortune was estimated at only US$80 million, prompting John D. Rockefeller to say, Morgan was born into the influential Morgan family in Hartford, Connecticut, and was raised there. He was the son of Junius Spencer Morgan and Juliet Pierpont, Pierpont, as he preferred to be known, had a varied education due in part to the plans of his father. In the fall of 1848, Pierpont transferred to the Hartford Public School and then to the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, Connecticut, boarding with the principal. In September 1851, Morgan passed the exam for The English High School of Boston. In the spring of 1852, an illness struck which was to more common as his life progressed. Rheumatic fever left him in so much pain that he could not walk and he convalesced there for almost a year, then returned to the English High School in Boston to resume his studies. After he graduated, his father sent him to Bellerive, a school near the Swiss village of Vevey and his father then sent him to the University of Göttingen in order to improve his German. He attained a level of German within six months and also a degree in art history, then traveled back to London via Wiesbaden. Morgan went into banking in 1857 at the London branch of merchant banking firm Peabody, in 1858, he moved to New York City to join the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Company, the American representatives of George Peabody and Company. Morgan had avoided serving during the war by paying a substitute $300 to take his place, from 1860 to 1864, as J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, he acted as agent in New York for his fathers firm, renamed J. S. Morgan & Co. upon Peabodys retirement in 1864, from 1864–72, he was a member of the firm of Dabney, Morgan, and Company. In 1871, he partnered with the Drexels of Philadelphia to form the New York firm of Drexel, at that time, Anthony J. Drexel became Pierponts mentor at the request of Junius Morgan. After the death of Anthony Drexel, the firm was rechristened J. P. Morgan & Company in 1895, retaining close ties with Drexel & Company of Philadelphia, Morgan, Harjes & Company of Paris, and J. S. By 1900, it was one of the most powerful banking houses of the world, Morgan had many partners over the years, such as George W. Perkins, but always remained firmly in charge
31.
U.S. Steel
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The United States Steel Corporation, more commonly known as U. S. Steel, is an American integrated steel producer with major production operations in the United States, Canada, and Central Europe. The company was the worlds 15th largest steel producer in 2014, at one time, U. S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the worlds first billion-dollar corporation, the company headquarters was established in 1901 in the Empire Building, purchased from the estate of Orlando B. Potter for $5 million. In 1907 it bought its largest competitor, the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company and this led to Tennessee Coals being replaced in the Dow Jones Industrial Average by the General Electric Company. The federal government attempted to use federal antitrust laws to break up U. S. Steel in 1911, in its first full year of operation, U. S. Steel made 67 percent of all the steel produced in the United States. One hundred years later, its shipments accounted for only about 8 percent of domestic consumption, the Corporation, as it was known on Wall Street, always distinguished itself to investors by virtue of its size, rather than for its efficiency or creativeness during its heyday. In 1901, it controlled two-thirds of steel production, because of heavy debts taken on at the companys formation — Carnegie insisted on being paid in gold bonds for his stake — and fears of antitrust litigation, U. S. Steel moved cautiously. Competitors often innovated faster, especially Bethlehem Steel, run by U. S, Steels former first president, Charles M. Schwab. Steels share of the expanding market slipped to 50 percent by 1911, james A. Farrell was named president in 1911 and served until 1932. U. S. Steel ranked 16th among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts, production peaked at more than 35 million tons in 1953. Its employment was greatest in 1943 when it had more than 340,000 employees, by 2000, however, the federal government has also intervened on other occasions to try to control U. S. Steel. President Harry S. Truman attempted to take over its steel mills in 1952 to resolve a crisis with its union, the United Steelworkers of America. The Supreme Court blocked the takeover by ruling that the president did not have the authority to seize the mills (see Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. President John F. Kennedy was more successful in 1962 when he pressured the industry into reversing price increases that Kennedy considered dangerously inflationary. In the early days of the Reagan Administration, steel firms won substantial tax breaks in order to deal with imported goods, instead of modernizing their mills, steel companies shifted capital out of steel and into more profitable areas. In March 1982, U. S. Steel took its concessions and paid $1.4 billion in cash and $4.7 billion in loans for Marathon Oil, saving approximately $500 million in taxes through the merger. The architect of tax concessions to steel firms, Senator Arlen Specter, complained that we go out on a limb in Congress, the incident is the subject of a song by folk singer Anne Feeney. U. S. Steel finally acquired National Steels assets in 2003 after National Steel went bankrupt, as part of its diversification plan U. S. Steel acquired Marathon Oil on January 7,1982, as well as Texas Oil and Gas several years later
32.
Hearst Communications
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Hearst Communications, often referred to as simply Hearst, is an American mass media and business information conglomerate. The Hearst company is based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan and it was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. Under William Randolph Hearsts will, a board of thirteen trustees administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this, Frank A. Bennack Jr. former chief executive officer and executive vice chairman of the corporation John G. Conomikes, former executive of the corporation Gilbert C. In 1880, George Hearst, mining entrepreneur, American publisher, on March 4,1887, he turned the Examiner over to his son, 23-year-old William Randolph Hearst. He pushed his staff to write exciting stories, and wrote editorials worded with force. Within a few years, the new Examiner was a success, in 1895, Hearst purchased the New York Journal, laying the foundation for one of the major newspaper dynasties in American history. He established Hearsts Chicago American in 1900, renamed the morning edition of the New York Journal as the New York American in 1901, the Los Angeles Examiner was launched in 1903 followed by the Boston American one year later. Hearst experimented with every aspect of publishing, from page layouts to editorial crusades. His newspapers introduced innovations such as presses, halftone photographs on newsprint, comic sections printed in color. Stories by Hearst correspondents from around the world were sold to newspapers, giving rise to the Hearst International News Service. In 1903, Hearst Magazines was begun with the publication of Motor magazine, within the next 10 years Hearst acquired several popular titles, starting in 1905 with Cosmopolitan and Good Housekeeping in 1911. Also in 1911, Hearst bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914, its title was shortened to Hearsts, and it was ultimately retitled Hearsts International in May 1922. In 1953 Hearst Magazines bought Sports Afield magazine which it kept until 1999 when it was sold to Robert E. Petersen, Hearst began producing film feature in the mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios, the International Film Service. Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the 1920s, distributing his films under the newly created Metro Goldwyn Mayer, in 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged Hearsts International magazine with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, Hearst died in 1951, and the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, in 1924 he also merged his Milwaukee operations with the Pfister family, owners of The Milwaukee Sentinel. Hearst owned the evening Wisconsin News while the Pfisters kept the Sentinel adding Hearsts features from the now-folded Telegram, in 1925, Hearst sold the Syracuse Telegram to the owners of the Syracuse Journal, while selling the New York Mirror in 1928
33.
John Dustin Archbold
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John Dustin Archbold was an American capitalist and one of the United States earliest oil refiners. His small oil company was out by John D Rockefellers Standard Oil Company. Archbold rose rapidly at Standard Oil, handling many of the secret negotiations over the years. By 1882 he was Rockefellers closest associate, and typically acted as the primary spokesman. Rockefeller after 1896 left business matters to Archbold while he pursued his philanthropy, inspired by Rockefellers policies, Archbolds main goals were stabilization, efficiency, and minimizing waste in refining and distributing petroleum products. The company was broken up by the Supreme Court in 1911 into three smaller operations, Archbold became president of the largest one, Standard Oil of New Jersey. Archbold was born to Methodist minister Reverend Israel Archbold and Frances Foster Dana in Leesburg, after being educated in public schools, he moved to Pennsylvania by 1864. On February 20,1870 Archbold married Annie Eliza Mills, daughter of Samuel Myers Mills of Titusville, the estate, called Cedar Cliff, was located at 279 S. Broadway just across from the Carmelite Transfiguration Church. In 1864 Archbold went to the north-west Pennsylvania oil fields and spent 11 years in the oil industry there. In 1885 after becoming skeptical of reports of oil discoveries in Oklahoma, he sold-out at a loss, saying “I’ll drink every gallon produced west of the Mississippi. ”Archbold was subsequently recruited by Rockefeller to Standard Oil, where he became a director and served as its vice-president and president until its dissolution in 1911. In 1911-1916 Archbold was president of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, in 1886 Archbold became a member of the board of trustees of Syracuse University, and was the board’s president from 1893 until his death in 1916. From 1893 to 1914, he contributed nearly $6,000,000 for eight buildings, including the full cost of Archbold Stadium, Sims Hall, Archbold Gymnasium, Archbold was involved in a scandalous affair involving monetary gifts to the Republican Party. In 1912 he was called to testify before a committee which was investigating political contributions made by the Standard Oil Company to the funds of political parties. In 1915 an attempt was made by anarchists and Industrial Workers of the World radicals to assassinate Archbold at Cedar Cliff by planting a dynamite bomb at the entrance to the estate. The bomb, which failed to go off, was discovered by Archbolds gardener, police suspected that the attempted bombing was precipitated by the execution by firing squad of Joe Hill, alias Joseph Hillstrom in Salt Lake City, Utah the day before. Joe Hill was an IWW member, songwriter and labor organizer who had convicted of murder. Archbold died of complications from appendicitis in Tarrytown, New York on December 6,1916 and he is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. In 1914, the John Dustin Archbold College of Liberal Arts at Syracuse University was renamed in his honor, the entrance to the universitys Hall of Languages remains inscribed with this name
34.
Ludlow Massacre
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About two dozen people, including miners wives and children, were killed. The chief owner of the mine, John D. Rockefeller, the deaths occurred after a daylong fight between militia and camp guards against striking workers. Ludlow was the deadliest single incident in the southern Colorado Coal Strike, the strike was organized by the United Mine Workers of America against coal mining companies in Colorado. The three largest companies involved were the Rockefeller family-owned Colorado Fuel & Iron Company, the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, the entire strike would cost between 69 and 199 lives. Thomas G. Andrews described it as the deadliest strike in the history of the United States, the Ludlow Massacre was a watershed moment in American labor relations. Historian Howard Zinn described the Ludlow Massacre as the act of perhaps the most violent struggle between corporate power and laboring men in American history. Congress responded to public outcry by directing the House Committee on Mines and its report, published in 1915, was influential in promoting child labor laws and an eight-hour work day. The Ludlow site,18 miles northwest of Trinidad, Colorado, is now a ghost town, the massacre site is owned by the UMWA, which erected a granite monument in memory of the miners and their families who died that day. The Ludlow Tent Colony Site was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 16,2009, modern archeological investigation largely supports the strikers reports of the event. Areas of the Rocky Mountains have veins of coal close to the surface of the land, providing significant, in 1867, these coal deposits caught the attention of William Jackson Palmer, then leading a survey team planning the route of the Kansas Pacific Railway. The rapid expansion of rail transport in the United States made coal a highly valued commodity, at its peak in 1910, the coal mining industry of Colorado employed 15,864 people, accounting for 10 percent of those employed in the state. Colorados coal industry was dominated by a handful of operators, Mining was dangerous and difficult work. Colliers in Colorado were at constant risk for explosion, suffocation, in 1912, the death rate in Colorados mines was 7.055 per 1,000 employees, compared to a national rate of 3.15. Miners were generally paid according to tonnage of coal produced, while so-called dead work, between 1884 and 1912, mining accidents claimed the lives of more than 1,700 Coloradans. In 1913 alone,104 men would die in Colorado’s mines, colliers had little opportunity to air their grievances. Many colliers resided in towns, in which all land, real estate, and amenities were owned by the mine operator. Welfare capitalists believed that anger and unrest among the workers could be placated by raising colliers standard of living, Company towns indeed brought tangible improvements to the lives of many colliers and their families, including larger houses, better medical care, and broader access to education. However, ownership of the towns provided companies considerable control over all aspects of workers lives, historian Philip S. Foner has described company towns as feudal domain, with the company acting as lord and master
35.
Colorado Fuel and Iron
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The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company was a large steel concentration. By 1903, it was owned and controlled by John D. Rockefeller. While it came to many plants throughout the country, its main plant was a steel mill on the south side of Pueblo. From 1901 to 1912, Colorado Fuel and Iron was one of the Dow Jones Industrials, the steel-market crash of 1982 lead to the decline of the company. After going through several bankruptcies, the company was acquired by Oregon Steel Mills in 1993, in January 2007, along with the rest of Oregon Steels holdings, was acquired by Evraz Group, a Russian steel corporation, for $2.3 billion. Through the process of integration, the company came to own more than just the main steel plant. In Redstone, Colorado, hundreds of coking ovens converted coal into coke, the Colorado Supply company store was also owned and operated by CF&I. They also came to control many furnaces throughout the country including E. G, the first, and only until World War II, integrated iron and steel mill west of St. William Abraham Bell. Its purpose in part, was to manufacture rails for the railway, manufacturing using blast furnaces and the Bessemer process began April 12,1881. Products included rails, pig iron, iron and steel bars and plates, the market for steel was slow due to intense competition from eastern mills, and the mill was often idle. The company turned to production of coke and coal opening additional mines near Trinidad and others near Canon City, Walsenburg, coke ovens were built at El Moro north of Trinidad and at Crested Butte. Other properties were acquired in Garfield, Huerfano, Las Animas, on Osgoods initiative these two companies merged in 1892 to form Colorado Fuel and Iron with members of the Iowa Group in control. Often idle during the decades of the 1880s and 1890s due to competition and the effects of the panic of 1893. Due to economic conditions it was not possible to modernize it until 1899 when substantial improvements were made, including a rolling mill, additional blast furnaces, a modern Bessemer converter, open hearth furnaces, a wire mill, and supporting facilities. The mill was renamed the Minnequa Works in 1901, Iron ore was obtained from New Mexico and Wyoming and reserves purchased in Utah. Company towns were built at isolated facilities such as Orient and Calumet, deeper ores from Calumet contained greater quantities of silicon which interfered with the iron making process. Calumet was closed in 1899 and production shifted to the Sunrise Mine near Hartville, the Colorado and Wyoming Railway Company was organized as subsidiary to transport the ore. Production, which began in 1899 at the Sunrise Mine in Wyoming was initially by open-pit mining at a cost of 15 cents a ton, by 1900 daily production was 2 thousand tons
36.
Controlling interest
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A controlling interest is an ownership interest in a corporation with enough voting stock shares to prevail in any stockholders motion. A majority of voting shares is always a controlling interest, in the United States, Delaware corporations have a 2/3 vote requirement for a motion to pass. In theory, this could mean that a controlling interest would have to be one third of the voting shares. Consolidation Minority interest Holding company Parent company Subsidiary
37.
Commission on Industrial Relations
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The Commission on Industrial Relations was a commission created by the U. S. Congress on August 23,1912 to scrutinize US labor law. The commission studied work conditions throughout the industrial United States between 1913 and 1915, in 1871, there was a failed attempt to create an Industrial Commission. In 1910 two leaders of the Structural Ironworkers Union, the McNamara Brothers dynamited the Los Angeles Times building, killing twenty people, the Commission was made up of nine commissioners, all nominated by the president and confirmed by the U. S. Senate. All but one served from beginning to end, the original nine Commissioners were, Chairman Frank P. Walsh, Kansas City, Missouri labor lawyer and activist, James O Connell, of the American Federation of Labor, Austin B. Garretson, of the Order of Railway Conductors, John Brown Lennon, shortly before the Commissions final report, Commissioner Delano resigned, and was replaced by Richard Aishton, vice-president of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Among the Commission staff were John R. Commons, a labor economist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Luke Grant, only one of Grants reports on the structural ironworkers bombing campaign was actually published by the CIR. Congress had authorized the Commission shortly before the 1912 presidential election, four Commissioners ultimately confirmed were originally named by President Taft in December 1912, one month after his defeat, Commissioners Delano, OConnell, Garretson and Lennon. Taft also nominated five other persons, but the Senate failed to confirm them, senator George Sutherland of Utah, Connecticut state legislator George B. Chandler, Charles S. Barrett, Adolph Lewisohn, and F. C, two months after entering the White House, President Wilson nominated replacements for Tafts five failed nominees. Into the growth of associations of employers and of wage earners, the commission held 154 days of hearings. Walshs leadership of the Commission attracted media attention and publicity, some of the commission findings included, The Commission found that lumber workers in the Northwest labored at their jobs for ten hours a day at only twenty cents an hour. Seasonal unemployment affected tens of thousands of people in Pacific Coast cities, only the fortunate averaged more than a meal a day. In California, migrant laborers work in fields with temperatures up to 105 degrees on farms where growers refused to supply water in the fields. One Paterson, New Jersey, silk mill fined workers fifty cents for talking, in an era of. muckraking, the raised the technique to an unprecedented height. When Walsh embarrassed President Wilson, and suggested investigating the southern states, senator Hoke Smith of Georgia attempted to cut Walshs budget 75 percent. The vote failed, and Walsh promptly sent investigators to Smiths state, making lasting, journalist Walter Lippman stated there was an atmosphere of no quarter when Walsh subpoenaed and then questioned John D. Rockefeller, Jr. about the Ludlow massacre. For three days Walsh publicly chastised Rockefeller, historian Montgomery stated that the commission found, repression by police, judicial, and military agencies, which envisaged themselves as the defenders of societys good people. And in each case but Philadelphia, where the public as a whole was irate over the conduct of the transit company
38.
Margaret Sanger
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Margaret Higgins Sanger was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States. Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking and she was prosecuted for her book Family Limitation under the Comstock Act in 1914. She was afraid of what would happen, so she fled to Britain until she knew it was safe to return to the US, Sangers efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States. Sanger, who has criticized for supporting negative eugenics, remains an admired figure in the American reproductive rights movement. Her subsequent trial and appeal generated controversy, Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children. She also wanted to prevent so-called back-alley abortions, which were common at the time because abortions were illegal in the United States and she believed that while abortion was sometimes justified it should generally be avoided, and she considered contraception the only practical way to avoid them. In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In 1929, she formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, from 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. She died in 1966, and is regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement. Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins in 1879 in Corning, New York, to Michael Hennessey Higgins, an Irish-born stonemason and free-thinker, and Anne Purcell Higgins, a Catholic Irish-American. Michael Hennessey Higgins had emigrated to the USA at age 14 and joined the U. S. Army as a drummer at age 15, after leaving the army, Michael studied medicine and phrenology, but ultimately became a stonecutter, making stone angels, saints, and tombstones. Michael H. Higgins was a Catholic who became an atheist and her parents brought the family to Canada during the Potato Famine. Anne Higgins went through 18 pregnancies in 22 years before dying at the age of 49, Sanger was the sixth of eleven surviving children, and spent much of her youth assisting with household chores and caring for her younger siblings. Supported by her two sisters, Margaret Higgins attended Claverack College and Hudson River Institute, before enrolling in 1900 at White Plains Hospital as a nurse probationer. In 1902, she married the architect William Sanger and gave up her education, though she was plagued by a recurring active tubercular condition, Margaret Sanger bore three children, and the couple settled down to a quiet life in Westchester, New York. In 1911, after a fire destroyed their home in Hastings-on-Hudson, Margaret Sanger worked as a visiting nurse in the slums of the East Side, while her husband worked as an architect and a house painter. Already imbued with her husbands leftist politics, Margaret Sanger also threw herself into the radical politics, by the standards of the day, Sangers articles were extremely frank in their discussion of sexuality, and many New York Call readers were outraged by them
39.
William Lyon Mackenzie King
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William Lyon Mackenzie King OM, CMG, PC, also commonly known as Mackenzie King, was the dominant Canadian political leader from the 1920s through the 1940s. He served as the tenth Prime Minister of Canada in 1921–1926, 1926–1930, a Liberal with 21 years and 154 days in office, he was the longest-serving prime minister in Canadian history. Trained in law and social work, he was interested in the human condition. King acceded to the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1919, taking the helm of a party bitterly torn apart during the First World War, he reconciled factions, unifying the Liberal Party and leading it to victory in the 1921 election. His party was out of office during the harshest days of the Great Depression in Canada, 1930–35 and he personally handled complex relations with the Prairie Provinces, while his top aides Ernest Lapointe and Louis St. Laurent skillfully met the demands of French Canadians. During the Second World War, he avoided the battles over conscription, patriotism. Though few major policy innovations took place during his premiership, he was able to synthesize, scholars attribute Kings long tenure as party leader to his wide range of skills that were appropriate to Canadas needs. He understood the workings of capital and labour, keenly sensitive to the nuances of public policy, he was a workaholic with a shrewd and penetrating intelligence and a profound understanding of the complexities of Canadian society. A modernizing technocrat who regarded managerial mediation as essential to an industrial society, King worked to bring compromise and harmony to many competing and feuding elements, using politics and government action as his instrument. He led his party for 29 years, and established Canadas international reputation as a middle power fully committed to world order, Kings biographers agree on the personal characteristics that made him distinctive. He lacked the charisma of such contemporaries as Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and he lacked a commanding presence or oratorical skill, his best writing was academic, and did not resonate with the electorate. Cold and tactless in human relations, he had allies but very few personal friends. He never married and lacked a hostess whose charm could substitute for his chill, a survey of scholars in 1997 by Macleans magazine ranked King first among all Canadas prime ministers, ahead of Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. As historian Jack Granatstein notes, the scholars expressed little admiration for King the man but offered unbounded admiration for his political skills, on the other hand, political scientist Ian Stewart in 2007 found that even Liberal activists have but a dim memory of him. King was born in Berlin, Ontario, to John King and his maternal grandfather was William Lyon Mackenzie, first mayor of Toronto and leader of the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837. His father was a lawyer, and later a professor at Osgoode Hall Law School and he attended Berlin Central School and Berlin High School. Tutors were hired to teach him more politics, science, math, English and his father was a lawyer with a struggling practice in a small city, and never enjoyed financial security. King became a lifelong practising Presbyterian with a dedication to applying Christian virtues to social issues in the style of the Social Gospel and he obtained three degrees from the University of Toronto, B. A.1895, LL. B
40.
Ivy Lee
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Ivy Ledbetter Lee was an American publicity expert and a founder of modern public relations. He is best known for his public work with the Rockefeller family. His first major client was the Pennsylvania Railroad, followed by major railroads such as the New York Central, the Baltimore and Ohio. He established the Association of Railroad Executives, which included providing public services to the industry. Lee advised major industrial corporations, including steel, automobile, tobacco, meatpacking, and rubber, as well as utilities, banks. Lee pioneered the use of magazines to maintain employee morale, as well as management newsletters, stockholder reports. He did a deal of pro bono work, and during World War I. Ivy Lee was born near Cedartown, Georgia, the son of a Methodist minister, James Wideman Lee and he studied at Emory College and then graduated from Princeton. He worked as a reporter and stringer. He was a journalist at the New York American, the New York Times, and he got his first job in 1903 as a publicity manager for the Citizens Union. He authored the book The Best Administration New York City Ever Had and he later took a job with the Democratic National Committee. Lee married Cornelia Bartlett Bigalow in 1901 and they had three children, Alice Lee in 1902, James Wideman Lee II in 1906, and Ivy Lee, Jr. in 1909. Together with George Parker, he established the third public relations firm, Parker and Lee. The new agency boasted of Accuracy, Authenticity, and Interest and it made this partnership after working together in the Democratic Party headquarters handling publicity for Judge Alton Parkers unsuccessful presidential race against Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. The Parker and Lee firm lasted less than four years, but the junior partner, when Lee was hired full-time by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1912, he was considered to be the first public relations person placed in an executive-level position. In fact, his archives reveal that he drafted one of the first job descriptions of a VP-level corporate public relations position, in 1919, he founded a public relations counseling office, Ivy Lee & Associates. During World War I, Lee served as a publicity director, through his sister Laura, Lee was an uncle to novelist William S. Burroughs. Ivy Lee died of a tumor at the age of 57
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Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
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Rockefeller Center
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Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 high-rise commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st Streets in New York City. Commissioned by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is famous for its annual Christmas tree lighting, Rockefeller Center was named after John D. Rockefeller, Jr. who leased the space from Columbia University in 1928 and developed it beginning in 1930. Rockefeller stated, It was clear there were only two courses open to me. One was to abandon the entire development, the other to go forward with it in the definite knowledge that I myself would have to build it and finance it alone. The initial cost of acquiring the space, razing some of the existing buildings and it was the largest private building project ever undertaken in modern times. Construction of the 14 buildings in the Art Deco style began on May 17,1930, principal builder and managing agent for the massive project was John R. Todd. The construction of the project employed over 40,000 people and it was the public relations pioneer Ivy Lee, the prominent adviser to the family, who first suggested the name Rockefeller Center for the complex, in 1931. Rockefeller, Jr. initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, what could have become a major controversy in the mid-1930s concerned the last of the four European buildings that remained unnamed. Ivy Lee and others attempts to rent the space to German commercial concerns. Rockefeller ruled this out after being advised of Hitlers Nazi march toward World War II and this subsequently became the primary location of the U. S. In 1985, Columbia University sold the land beneath Rockefeller Center to the Rockefeller Group for $400 million, in 1989, Mitsubishi Estate, a real estate company of the Mitsubishi Group, purchased the entire Rockefeller Center complex, and its owner, Rockefeller Group. In 1996, the complex was purchased by a consortium of owners that included Goldman Sachs, Gianni Agnelli, Stavros Niarchos, and David Rockefeller. Tishman Speyer, led by Jerry Speyer, a friend of David Rockefeller. The landmark buildings comprise over 8,000,000 square feet on 22 acres in Midtown, bounded by Fifth and Sixth avenues and these are co-owned by Tishman-Speyer, and open to the public. 1 Rockefeller Plaza – The original Time–Life Building, a tenant was General Dynamics. 10 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the Holland House, then the Eastern Air Lines Building, currently home of Today Show studios. 30 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the RCA Building, in 1988 it was renamed the GE Building, headquarters of NBC, the Rainbow Room restaurant is located on the 65th floor
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Midtown Manhattan
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Midtown Manhattan, or Midtown, represents the central lengthwise portion of the borough and island of Manhattan in New York City. Along Manhattans north-south long axis, Midtown Manhattan separates Lower Manhattan from Upper Manhattan, the majority of New York Citys skyscrapers, including its tallest hotels and apartment towers, lie within Midtown. Midtown spans the island of Manhattan along an east-west axis, being bounded by the East River on its east. The Encyclopedia of New York City defines Midtown as being from 34th Street to 59th Street and it is sometimes broken into Midtown East and Midtown West, or north and south as in the New York City Police Departments Midtown North and Midtown South precincts. Midtown South can refer to the part of Midtown between 23rd Street and around 42nd Street, Midtown West can refer to the area between 34th and 59th Streets, and between 5th and 12th Avenues. Midtown East can refer to the area between 42nd and 59th Streets, and between 5th Avenue and the East River, in other sources these districts are referred to as separate central business districts. Midtown Manhattan, along with Lower Manhattan, is one of the leading financial centers. Midtown Manhattan is the countrys largest central business district and it has the headquarters of major companies, including 4Kids Entertainment, Barnes & Noble, Bloomberg L. P. The New York Institute of Finance is located in Midtown Manhattan, Haier operates its United States offices in the Haier Building at 1356 Broadway, the building used to be a building of the Greenwich Savings Bank. Haier held the ceremony on March 4,2002. Sumitomo Corporation operates its New York Office, the headquarters of the corporations United States operations, el Als North American headquarters are in Midtown. The Air France USA regional headquarters are in 125 West 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan, hachette Book Group USA has its headquarters in 237 Park Avenue. In 1994 Alitalia considered moving its USA headquarters from Midtown to Lower Manhattan, global Infrastructure Partners has an office in Midtown Manhattan. Biotechnology is emerging in Midtown Manhattan, bolstered by the strength in academic scientific research and public. Aer Lingus had its United States offices in Midtown, in 1997, Aer Lingus announced that it was moving its North American headquarters to Melville, New York, in Suffolk County. New York City Department of Education public schools in Midtown Manhattan include Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School, private schools include The Beekman School, Rebecca School, and a number of private language and music centers. The La Scuola dItalia Guglielmo Marconi Italian international school will move to West Midtown in 2016, in addition to its well-known Main Branch research library—now known as the Stephen A. Pennsylvania Station and Grand Central Terminal are major railroad stations located in Midtown Manhattan, the Port Authority Bus Terminal is also in Midtown
