1.
Boston, Massachusetts
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston, Massachusetts
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston, Massachusetts
–
State Street, 1801
Boston, Massachusetts
–
View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston, Massachusetts
–
Scollay Square in the 1880s
2.
Suffolk County, Massachusetts
–
Suffolk County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of 2016, the population was 784,230 making it the fourth-most populous county in Massachusetts, the county seat is Boston, the state capital and largest city. Suffolk County is included in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county was created by the Massachusetts General Court on May 10,1643, when it was ordered that the whole plantation within this jurisdiction be divided into four shires. Suffolk initially contained Boston, Roxbury, Dorchester, Dedham, Braintree, Weymouth, the county was named after Suffolk, England, which means southern folk. In 1731, the western portions of Suffolk County, which included Uxbridge, were split off to become part of Worcester County. In 1793, most of the original Suffolk County except for Boston, Chelsea, Hingham, Hingham and Hull would leave Suffolk County and join Plymouth County in 1803. Revere was set off from Chelsea and incorporated in 1846 and Winthrop was set off from Revere, like an increasing number of Massachusetts counties, Suffolk County exists today only as a historical geographic region, and has no county government. All former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1999, however, communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services. Politically speaking, Suffolk County supports the Democratic Party overwhelmingly, no Republican presidential candidate has won there since 1924. In 2012 Barack Obama received 77. 4% of the vote, in the 2014 gubernatorial election Martha Coakley carried the county by a 32. 4% margin, while losing the election statewide by 48.4 to 46. 5%. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 120 square miles. It is the second-smallest county in Massachusetts by land area and smallest by total area, essex County Norfolk County Middlesex County Suffolk County has no land border with Plymouth County to its southeast, but the two counties share a water boundary in the middle of Massachusetts Bay. The population density was 12,415.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 315,522 housing units at an average density of 5,425.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 56. 0% white,21. 6% black or African American,8. 2% Asian,0. 4% American Indian,9. 7% from other races, and 3. 9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 19. 9% of the population, in terms of ancestry,16. 4% were Irish,10. 4% were Italian,5. 2% were English, and 2. 0% were American. The average household size was 2.30 and the family size was 3.11. The median age was 31.5 years, the median income for a household in the county was $50,597 and the median income for a family was $58,127. Males had an income of $48,887 versus $43,658 for females
Suffolk County, Massachusetts
–
Suffolk County Courthouse
3.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
Massachusetts
–
A portion of the north-central
Pioneer Valley in
Sunderland
Massachusetts
–
Flag
Massachusetts
–
Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the
piping plover
Massachusetts
–
The
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by
William Halsall (1882). The
Pilgrims were a group of
Puritans who founded
Plymouth in 1620.
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
John F. Kennedy
–
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
–
The Kennedy family at
Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.
John F. Kennedy
–
Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy (standing at right) with his PT-109 crew, 1943.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the
PT-109, 1943.
6.
I. M. Pei
–
Ieoh Ming Pei, FAIA, RIBA, commonly known as I. M. Pei, is a Chinese-American architect. In 1948, Pei was recruited by New York City real estate magnate William Zeckendorf, Pei retired from full-time practice in 1990. Since then, he has taken on work as an architectural consultant primarily from his sons architectural firm Pei Partnership Architects and he went on to design Dallas City Hall and the East Building of the National Gallery of Art. He returned to China for the first time in 1975 to design a hotel at Fragrant Hills, and designed Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, a skyscraper in Hong Kong for the Bank of China fifteen years later. In the early 1980s, Pei was the focus of controversy when he designed a glass-and-steel pyramid for the Musée du Louvre in Paris. He later returned to the world of the arts by designing the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center in Dallas, the Miho Museum in Japan, the Suzhou Museum in Suzhou, in 1983, he won the Pritzker Prize, sometimes called the Nobel Prize of architecture. Peis ancestry traces back to the Ming Dynasty, when his family moved from Anhui province to Suzhou, finding wealth in the sale of medicinal herbs, the family stressed the importance of helping the less fortunate. Ieoh Ming Pei was born on April 26,1917 to Tsuyee Pei and Lien Kwun, the family eventually included five children. As a boy, Pei was very close to his mother and she invited him, his brothers, and his sisters to join her on meditation retreats. His relationship with his father was less intimate and their interactions were respectful but distant. Peis ancestors success meant that the family lived in the echelons of society. The younger Pei, drawn more to music and other forms than to his fathers domain of banking. I have cultivated myself, he said later, at the age of ten, Pei moved with his family to Shanghai after his father was promoted. Pei attended Saint Johns Middle School, run by Protestant missionaries, academic discipline was rigorous, students were allowed only one half-day each month for leisure. Pei enjoyed playing billiards and watching Hollywood movies, especially those of Buster Keaton and he also learned rudimentary English skills by reading the Bible and novels by Charles Dickens. Shanghais many international elements gave it the name Paris of the East, the citys global architectural flavors had a profound influence on Pei, from the Bund waterfront area to the Park Hotel, built in 1934. He was also impressed by the gardens of Suzhou, where he spent the summers with extended family and regularly visited a nearby ancestral shrine. The Shizilin Garden, built in the 14th century by a Buddhist monk, was especially influential and its unusual rock formations, stone bridges, and waterfalls remained etched in Peis memory for decades
I. M. Pei
–
in Luxembourg, 2006
I. M. Pei
–
As a child, Pei found the
Shizilin Garden in
Suzhou to be "an ideal playground".
I. M. Pei
–
Pei describes the architecture of Shanghai's
Bund waterfront area (seen here in a 2006 photo) as "very much a colonial past".
I. M. Pei
–
Pei said that "
Bing Crosby 's films in particular had a tremendous influence on my choosing the United States instead of England to pursue my education."
7.
National Archives and Records Administration
–
The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress. The chief administrator of NARA is the Archivist of the United States, the Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U. S, Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment. The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations and it also administers the Electoral College. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants, the Office of Government Information Services is a Freedom of Information Act resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies, NARAs mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters. Originally, each branch and agency of the U. S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949, in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA, connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration. The Archivist served as an official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives. An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information, the program was originally scheduled to end in 2007. In 2011, a retired employee pleaded guilty to stealing original sound recordings from the archives, Archival Recovery Teams investigate the theft of records. NARAs holdings are classed into record groups reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated, Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media. Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the government in the custody of NARA are stored in the National Archives Catalog. The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, as of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARAs records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials, most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements and its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U. S. governments security classification system. Many of NARAs most requested records are used for genealogy research
National Archives and Records Administration
–
Rotunda of the National Archives Building
National Archives and Records Administration
–
Seal
National Archives and Records Administration
–
The
National Archives Building from
Constitution Avenue
National Archives and Records Administration
–
NARA facility near the
University of Maryland, College Park
8.
Presidential library
–
These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every President of the United States since Herbert Hoover. In addition to the services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed. Although recognized as having historical significance, before the middle 20th century, presidential papers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president, proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park estate. Since then a series of laws have established the library system. While not officially sanctioned and maintained by the NARA, libraries have been organized for several presidents who preceded the start of the Presidential Library Office. Each library also provides a series of public programs. The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, official fundraising for the Barack Obama Presidential Library and Museum began in January 2014, the 14th facility in the presidential library system is then expected to be open around 2020. The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated by the NARA, for example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois. The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the library system. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, on July 11,2007, the Nixon Foundation deeded the Library and Birthplace to the government of the United States. On the same day, the newly renamed federal Richard Nixon Presidential Library, historian John Simon edited Grants letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources, dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online, historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed, lucretia Rudolph Garfield, the wife of James A. Garfield added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor, Ohio, four years after his assassination. The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service, in 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. Roosevelts decision stemmed from his belief that Presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and he asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library. In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his Presidential papers, in 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries
Presidential library
–
2 and 6
Presidential library
–
Official seal of the presidential libraries
Presidential library
Presidential library
9.
Museum
–
Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
Museum
–
The
Louvre Museum in
Paris (
France), one of the largest and most famous museums in the world.
Museum
–
The
Uffizi Gallery, the most visited museum in
Italy and an important museum in the world. View toward the
Palazzo Vecchio, in
Florence.
Museum
–
The
Museum Island in
Berlin.
Museum
–
The
British Museum in
London.
10.
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is elected to a four-year term by the people through an Electoral College. Since the office was established in 1789,44 people have served as president, the first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two terms in office, and is counted as the nations 22nd and 24th president. Thus the incumbent, Donald Trump, is the nations 45th president, there are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a president was on December 26,2006 with the death of Gerald Ford. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, dying 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes, four were assassinated, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tylers precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office, later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, a vacancy was left unfilled. Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties, the Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and he was, and remains, the only U. S. president never to be affiliated with a political party. Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a party at the time they assumed office. Four presidents held other high U. S. federal offices after leaving the presidency, several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U. S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency. Additionally, one president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The
White House in
Washington, D.C. is the president's official residence, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.
List of Presidents of the United States
List of Presidents of the United States
–
1
List of Presidents of the United States
–
2
11.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
–
Presidential Seal
President of the United States
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
12.
Columbia Point, Boston
–
Columbia Point, in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts sits on a peninsula jutting out from the mainland of eastern Dorchester into the bay. Old Harbor Park is on the side, adjacent to Old Harbor. The Boston Harborwalk follows the entire coastline, in Dorchester, Columbia Point was the landing place for Puritan settlers in the early 1600s. The Native Americans called it Mattaponnock, the community was, in the 17th and 18th centuries, and through to the mid-19th century, a calf pasture, a place where nearby Dorchester residents took their calves for grazing. It was largely an uninhabited marshland on the Dorchester peninsula and its size was originally 14 acres. Many landfills, subsequent to that time, have enlarged the size to 350 acres in the 20th century. In 1845, the Old Colony Railroad ran through the area and connected Boston and Plymouth, the station was originally called Crescent Avenue or Crescent Avenue Depot as an Old Colony Railroad station, then called Columbia until December 1,1982, and then again changed to JFK/UMass. It is an MBTA rail line station for both the subway and commuter rail line, in the 1880s, the calf pasture was used as a Boston sewer line and pumping station, known as the Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex. This large pumping station still stands and in its time was a model for treating sewage and it pumped waste to a remote treatment facility on Moon Island in Boston Harbor, and served as a model for other systems worldwide. This system remained in use and was the Boston Sewer systems headworks, handling all of the citys sewage. The pumping station is architecturally significant as a Richardsonian Romanesque designed by the then Boston city architect. It is also the only remaining 19th century building on Columbia Point and is in the National Register of Historic Places, land-filling had caused the creation of Columbus Park on the peninsula and what was then called “Day Boulevard”, now Morrissey Boulevard, by 1934. There was a trash dump on the peninsula which turned into more landfill for other use. During World War II, small barracks were built on this landfill for some prisoners of war, after the war, these were re-used for the Columbia Point Veterans Village. Also, in 1950, Boston College High School relocated from the South End of Boston to its present home on Morrissey Boulevard, the area was now known as Columbia Point. The Columbia Point Development was completed in 1954 and had 1,500 apartments, other infrastructure was added, including public schools. The MBTA rapid transit stop was called Columbia, and is known as the JFK/UMass stop on the Red Line. In the 1960s, there was a movement of community residents from the Columbia Point housing projects to get the city dump and they were able to get attorney F. Lee Bailey interested and to represent them
Columbia Point, Boston
–
1888 German map of Boston Harbor showing Dorchester in the lower left hand corner.
Columbia Point, Boston
–
Landsat image of Boston showing Columbia Point peninsula.
Columbia Point, Boston
–
Map showing all ground in Boston occupied by buildings in 1880. Columbia Point is in the center near bottom with two roads going out to the pumping station and calf pasture. From
U.S. Census Bureau.
Columbia Point, Boston
–
Columbia Point housing from Carson Beach. The photo depicts a 1977 racial conflict between residents of Columbia Point and
South Boston for the use of Carson Beach and the L Street bath house.
13.
Dorchester, Boston
–
Dorchester is a historic neighborhood comprising over 6 square miles in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Originally, Dorchester was a town, founded by Puritans who emigrated in 1630 from Dorchester, Dorset. Founded in 1630, just a few months before the founding of the city of Boston and it was still a primarily rural town and had a population of 12,000 when it was annexed to Boston in 1870. Railroad and streetcar lines brought rapid growth, increasing the population to 150,000 by 1920, in the 2010 United States Census, the population was 92,115. Dorchester as a municipality would rank among the top five Massachusetts cities. Most of the people over the age of 25 have completed high school or obtained a GED, nearly 60% of the population earns less than $40,000 per year and a majority of them live in rental units. Currently, there is a crisis occurring and, as a result. The original settlement founded in 1630 was at what is now the intersection of Columbia Road and Massachusetts Avenue. Most of the early Dorchester settlers came from the West Country of England, and some from Dorchester, Dorset, on October 8,1633, the first Town Meeting in America was held in Dorchester. Today, each October 8 is celebrated as Town Meeting Day in Massachusetts, Dorchester is the birthplace of the first public elementary school in America, the Mather School, established in 1639. The school still stands as the oldest elementary school in America, the Blake House was constructed in 1661, as was confirmed by dendrochronology in 2007. In 1695, a party was dispatched to found the town of Dorchester, South Carolina and they soon after opened Americas first chocolate mill and factory in the Lower Mills section of Dorchester. The Walter Baker Chocolate Factory, part of Walter Baker & Company, before the American Revolution, The Sons of Liberty met in August 1769 at the Lemuel Robinson Tavern, which stood on the east side of the upper road near the present Fuller Street. Lemuel Robinson was a representative of the town during the Revolution and was appointed a colonel in the Revolutionary army, Dorchester was also the site of the Battle of Dorchester Heights in 1776, which eventually resulted in the British evacuating Boston. In Victorian times, Dorchester became a country retreat for Boston elite. The mother and grandparents of John F. Kennedy lived in the Ashmont Hill neighborhood while John F, honey Fitz Fitzgerald was mayor of Boston. In 1845, the Old Colony Railroad ran through the area and connected Boston and Plymouth, the station was originally called Crescent Avenue or Crescent Avenue Depot as an Old Colony Railroad station, then called Columbia until December 1,1982, and then again changed to JFK/UMASS. It is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority rail line station for both the Red subway and the Plymouth/Kingston, Middleborough/Lakeville and Greenbush commuter rail lines
Dorchester, Boston
–
Neponset River at Lower Mills (2009). Dorchester on the left, Milton on the right (south) side of the river.
Dorchester, Boston
–
Seal
Dorchester, Boston
–
Old Blake House in c. 1905
Dorchester, Boston
–
Baker's Cocoa Advertisement in Overland Monthly, January 1919. The manufacture of chocolate had been introduced in the United States in 1765 by John Hannon and Dr. James Baker in Dorchester.
Walter Baker & Company was located in Dorchester.
14.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
–
State Street, 1801
Boston
–
View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
–
Scollay Square in the 1880s
15.
University of Massachusetts Boston
–
The University of Massachusetts Boston, also known as UMass Boston, is an urban public research university and the third-largest campus in the five-campus University of Massachusetts system. The university is on 177 acres on the Columbia Point peninsula in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, UMass Boston is the only public university in Boston. Students are primarily from Massachusetts but some are from other parts of the U. S. or different countries, the University of Massachusetts Boston was established by vote of the state legislature in 1964. Freshman classes started for 1,227 undergraduate students in September 1965 at a building in the Park Square area of downtown Boston. The Founding Day Convocation was held December 10,1966, at the Prudential Center in Boston, John W. Ryan was installed as the universitys first chancellor. UMass Boston is part of the Greater Boston Urban Education Collaborative, in 1974, it opened its new campus at the Columbia Point peninsula on Dorchester Bay. The university originally occupied five buildings, McCormack Hall, Wheatley Hall, the Science Center, Healey Library, and the Quinn Administration Building. The original Harbor Campus buildings were said to have had sparse and unattractive interiors, with odd mazes of hallways and they were rumored to have been designed by architects who were primarily familiar with prisons, although the library was designed by the Chicago modernist architect Harry Mohr Weese. At one point in his career, Weese designed the Metropolitan Correction Center in Chicago, a special legislative committee was formed to investigative the contract. A scandal erupted after it was learned MBM paid State Senators Joseph DiCarlo, DiCarlo and MacKenzie were convicted of extortion. The Clark Athletic Center, including an ice arena, swimming pool. It also hosted the first presidential debate between then Texas Governor George W. Bush and Vice President Al Gore in 2000. The cancellation of two days of classes to create security for the debate resulted in a protest by UMass Boston students, faculty, the original buildings fell into disrepair, and there are plans for replacement. Allegations of shoddy construction surfaced again in 2006 when the parking garage was closed because it had become structurally unsound. All parking is now outdoors, except for the Campus Center garage, in 2004, a new Campus Center was opened, designed by the Boston-based architectural firm of Kallmann McKinnell & Wood and built by Suffolk Construction at a cost of $80 million. It houses offices, restaurants in a court, event space, student clubs. It also serves as the new entrance for the campus and was the first major building since the original Harbor Campus was built in the 1970s. In January 2015, the university opened its first new building since the original campus was built
University of Massachusetts Boston
–
The
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is located on
Columbia Point next to UMass Boston.
University of Massachusetts Boston
–
University of Massachusetts Boston
University of Massachusetts Boston
–
The UMass Boston campus
16.
Massachusetts Archives
–
The Massachusetts Archives is the state archive of Massachusetts. It serves the Commonwealth and its citizens by preserving and making accessible the records documenting government action, the archives occupies quarters on the Columbia Point peninsula in Bostons Dorchester neighborhood on the University of Massachusetts Boston campus. For fiscal year 2010 the state budgeted $389,815 to the archives, the Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth bears responsibility for its administration. 1629 charter, and Revolutionary and Civil War records and it also has numerous documents signed by the likes of George Washington, John Adams, and John Hancock, as well as treaties made with Native American tribes, and slave and witchcraft records. There are also many artifacts, including Paul Revere’s engraving plate of the Boston Massacre, the Archives operates the Commonwealth Museum to educate and display some of its collections of important documents about state and national history. The sub-theme, “Tracing our Roots, ” tells the story of four representative Massachusetts families of Native American, English, African-American, the museum also features changing exhibits of state history from its collections. The proposal for the arrangement of these papers into volumes was laid before the Massachusetts Historical Society, at their meeting. On a motion made by Lemuel Shattuck, Esq, in pursuance of this Act of the Legislature, the Rev. Joseph B. Felt, a gentleman possessing eminent qualifications for the service, was employed for the execution of the labor, in 1836 Felt was commissioned, by Governor Everett, to arrange the State Archives of Massachusetts. The amount of work required was truly fearful, there was extreme difficulty in deciphering many of them, and but few had distinctive or intelligible endorsements. With a brief interruption, it constituted the regular occupation of about ten years of his laborious life, in 1846, the work was accomplished. The shelves of the State Department, present the grand result, justin Winsor complained in the 1880s, In our State House. Are tier upon tier of volumes, labelled Massachusetts Archives, so arranged, indeed, in an attempted classification and they are rich, however, to the patient inquirer in the evidences of Bostons power and significance in our colonial history. Some of the materials were transcribed in the 1850s. The records of the government from its first institution in England down to the overthrow of the charter are almost a history in themselves. The student is no longer required to decipher the ancient writing, the Massachusetts Archives used to be located at the State House. The new building opened in 1985, was designed to resemble the early forts on the surrounding shoreline. The state appropriated $390,000 for the archives, a 29 percent reduction from the year before, John Warner, the head archivist, makes $66,634 a year
Massachusetts Archives
–
The Massachusetts Archives building
Massachusetts Archives
–
Treasures in the Commonwealth Museum
Massachusetts Archives
–
Paul Revere's bill for riding, 1775
17.
Ernest Hemingway
–
Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
Ernest Hemingway
–
Ernest Hemingway working at his book For Whom the Bell Tolls at Sun Valley, Idaho in December 1939
Ernest Hemingway
–
Hemingway was the second child and first son born to Clarence and Grace Hemingway.
Ernest Hemingway
–
Hemingway in uniform in Milan, 1918. He drove ambulances for two months until he was wounded.
Ernest Hemingway
–
Hemingway's 1923 passport photo. At this time, he lived in Paris with his wife
Hadley, and worked as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly.
18.
Jimmy Carter
–
James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland
Jimmy Carter
–
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter
–
Carter and President
Gerald Ford debating at the
Walnut Street Theatre in
Philadelphia
Jimmy Carter
–
Robert Templeton's portrait of President Carter, displayed in the National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC
Jimmy Carter
–
Jimmy Carter and
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in formal dinner in the
Niavaran Palace in
Tehran,
Iran. December 31, 1978.
19.
Kennedy family
–
The Kennedy family is an American family that has been prominent in American politics, public service, and business during the 20th century. Three of the four sons of Joseph, Sr. and Rose Kennedy served as senator, the first Kennedys to reside in the United States were Patrick Kennedy and Bridget Murphy, who sailed from Ireland to East Boston in 1849. Their son Patrick Joseph went into Massachusetts politics and business, P. J. s brother-in-law, Charles M. Hickey, served as mayor of Brockton, Massachusetts in 1913. Under President Franklin D. Josephs wife was Rose Fitzgerald, whose father, John F. Fitzgerald, served as a senator, member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Joseph and Rose had nine children, Joseph Jr. John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, John served as the President of the United States, while Robert and Ted both became prominent senators. Every Kennedy to hold elective office has served as a Democrat while other members of the family have worked for the Democratic Party or held Cabinet posts under Democratic administrations. Many have attended Harvard University, and the family has contributed greatly to that universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government, Joseph originally hoped for his eldest son, Joseph Jr. to become a politician and ultimately to be elected President. After Joseph Jr. was killed in World War II, Joseph Sr. s hopes transferred to his second son, during his presidency, John appointed Robert as Attorney General. Meanwhile, Ted was elected to the Senate in 1962, the family received intense publicity during Johns term as President, often emphasizing their relative youth, allure, education, and future in politics. The family suffered many tragedies, which contributed to the idea of the Kennedy curse, Kathleen, and John Jr. all died in airplane crashes. Italics denote members who married into the family, only members who held political office are shown below. P. J. Kennedy, Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1884–89, member of the Massachusetts Senate, John F. Caroline Kennedy, United States Ambassador to Japan, 2013–17. Bobby Shriver, Member of the Santa Monica, California City Council, 2004–12, maria Shriver, First Lady of California, 2003–11, married Arnold Schwarzenegger, Chairman of the Presidents Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition, 1990–93, and governor of California, 2003–11. Mark Shriver, Member of the Maryland House of Delegates, 1995–2003, Robert F. Kennedy, United States Attorney General 1961–64, United States senator from New York, 1965–68. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Lieutenant governor of Maryland, 1995–2003, Joseph P. Kennedy II, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, 1987–99. Joseph P. Kennedy III, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, Jean Kennedy Smith, United States Ambassador to Ireland, 1993–98. Ted Kennedy, United States senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009, edward M. Kennedy Jr. Member of the Connecticut Senate, 2015–present. Patrick J. Kennedy, Member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, 1989–93, member of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island, the Kennedys, A Family Tree, St
Kennedy family
–
Members of the Kennedy family at the birthday of
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. in September 1963.
Kennedy family
–
Kennedy
Kennedy family
–
Life
Kennedy family
–
Electoral
history
20.
Interstate 93
–
Interstate 93 is an Interstate Highway in the New England region of the United States. It begins in Canton, Massachusetts, in the Boston metropolitan area, at I-95 and it is one of three mainline Interstate highways located entirely in New England, the other two being I-89 and I-91. The largest cities along its route are Manchester, New Hampshire and Boston and it also passes through the New Hampshire state capital of Concord. For most of its length, I-93 indirectly parallels U. S. Route 3, particularly in New Hampshire, the two highways have several interchanges with each other, as well as a concurrency through Franconia Notch State Park. I-93 follows the Southeast Expressway south of downtown Boston and the Northern Expressway from Boston to the New Hampshire state line, Interstate 93s southern terminus is at exit 12 of I-95 in Canton, co-signed with U. S. Route 1 North. At this junction, I-95 North heads to the northwest, to serve as the beltway around Boston, the southernmost 3 miles of I-93 run east through Bostons southern suburbs, passing through Canton and Randolph. In Randolph, I-93 meets the end of Route 24 at Exit 4. I-93 continues east into Braintree, interchanging with Route 3, the freeway linking Boston to Cape Cod. Route 3 North joins I-93 and US-1, and the highway north toward Boston. Upon turning northward, the highway is known as the Southeast Expressway passing through Quincy, after the Massachusetts Avenue connector exit, the highway officially becomes the John F. Fitzgerald Expressway, which is also known as the Central Artery, and passes beneath downtown Boston. A major intersection with the Massachusetts Turnpike/Interstate 90 takes place just south of downtown Boston, after the massive interchange, motorists use the Thomas P. ONeill Jr. Tunnel to travel underneath the city and then use Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge to cross the Charles River. Two exits are located in the tunnel, where the limit is 45 miles an hour. Route 3 leaves the Artery just before the Zakim bridge via Exit 26, from Boston through the rest of Massachusetts, Concord, NH appears as the control city on northbound overhead signs. The Artery ends as I-93 continues north out of the city, I-93 continues through the northern suburbs of Boston, coming in Woburn to a second intersection with Interstate 95 and Route 128, which run in a concurrency. Travelers going north can either change over to I-95 north to eventually reach Maine, farther north, in Andover, I-93 meets I-495, providing access to Worcester to the southwest and New Hampshires seacoast region to the northeast. Just south of the line, I-93 crosses the Merrimack River into Methuen. Prior to August 2016, the Route 110 and 113 junction beneath I-93 was a rotary, work began in July 2014 on the project, and with the rotary now closed, demolition of the rotary will be underway in late 2016. The full project is scheduled for completion in June 2018, I-93 then interchanges with the western end of Route 213, a connector between I-93 and I-495
Interstate 93
–
Signs in the
Financial District of Boston point toward
Downtown Crossing,
Chinatown, Interstate 93, and
Interstate 90.
Interstate 93
–
Interstate 93
Interstate 93
–
Northbound lane of Interstate 93/US Route 3 in Franconia Notch
Interstate 93
–
Southbound I-93 at Hudson Road,
St. Johnsbury, VT
21.
Public transport
–
Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
Public transport
–
New York City Subway, the world's largest
rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of
stations
Public transport
–
The
Moscow Metro is one of the
busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.
Public transport
–
A hybrid-engine fully accessible
Toronto Transit Commission transit bus in Toronto
Public transport
–
Early trolley car in
Newton, Massachusetts
22.
JFK/UMass (MBTA station)
–
JFK/UMass is a commuter rail and rapid transit station located at the intersection of Columbia Road and Morrissey Boulevard in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Originally a commuter station, it was rebuilt as a rapid transit station in 1927 for the Ashmont Branch. The Braintree Branch began stopping in 1988, and commuter service began stopping in 2001. The two Red Line island platforms at JFK/UMass have an unusual configuration, the commuter rail stations at Back Bay and Canton Junction have separate platforms for different lines that diverge near those stations. The unusual configuration is part of a track network connecting various segments of the Red Line. North of JFK/UMass station, the tracks coming south from Andrew surface between the tracks leading to Cabot Yard. The yard lead tracks connect to the tracks on the outside of a flying junction which separates the Ashmont. South of the station, the Braintree Branch crosses over the rail tracks via a lengthy flyover. There is a plaque, dated 1995, in the station dedicating this DeVaughn Flyover to Milton DeVaughn, DeVaughn, an MBTA track worker, died in December 1993 when he fell under the wheels of an MBTA work train. In January 2012, the states Central Transportation Planning staff released a plan for widening the Southeast Expressway which would also involve completely rearranging JFK/UMass station. The four Red Line tracks would be consolidated to two tracks sharing a platform, similar to the arrangements at Andrew station. The flying junction between the Ashmont and Braintree branches would be streamlined and moved to just south of the station. This would allow for a commuter rail track through the station, allowing more commuter trains to stop there and eliminating a major bottleneck for the Old Colony Lines. In 1845, the Old Colony Railroad opened between Boston and Plymouth, Massachusetts, a station was located at Crescent Avenue. Newer depot buildings were built in 1869 and 1883, in 1926, the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, which had succeeded the Old Colony, closed its Shawmut Branch and sold it to the Boston Elevated Railway. The BERy built its Dorchester Extension of the Cambridge-Dorchester Line subway along the railroad branch. The mainline stations at Crescent Avenue and Savin Hill were converted to rapid transit-only stations so that trains to the South Shore. On November 5,1927, Columbia station opened along with stations at Savin Hill
JFK/UMass (MBTA station)
–
A northbound train on the Ashmont Branch platform
JFK/UMass (MBTA station)
–
Illuminated arrow at the mezzanine level indicates which platform will be served by the next inbound train
JFK/UMass (MBTA station)
–
JFK/UMass station from the east-side busway in 2015
JFK/UMass (MBTA station)
–
Most station signs are subtitled "Columbia", the name of the station from 1927 to 1982
23.
Red Line (MBTA)
–
The Red Line is a rapid transit line operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. South of JFK/UMass in Dorchester, it splits into two branches terminating at Braintree and Ashmont stations, transfers to rail are again possible at JFK/UMass, Quincy Center. From Ashmont, passengers may continue to Mattapan via the Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line, all Red Line stations are handicapped accessible except Wollaston on the Braintree branch, and Valley Road on the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line. As of 2015, MBTA is designing renovations to make Wollaston fully accessible, the Red Line was the last of the four original Boston subway lines to come into being. Construction of the Cambridge Tunnel, connecting Harvard Square to Boston, was delayed by a dispute over the number of stations to be built along the new line. The contending groups finally compromised on two stations, at Central and Kendall Squares, allowing construction to start in 1909. The section from Harvard to Park Street was opened by the Boston Elevated Railway on March 23,1912, at Harvard, a prepayment station provided easy transfer to streetcars routed through what is now the Harvard Bus Tunnel. From Harvard, the Cambridge Tunnel traveled beneath Massachusetts Avenue to Central Square station, ave until Main Street, which it followed to reach Kendall station. The underground line then rose onto the Longfellow Bridge, using a central right-of-way which had been reserved during the bridges 1900–1906 construction, further extensions opened to Broadway on December 15,1917 and Andrew on June 29,1918, both prepayment stations for streetcar transfer. The Broadway station included a level with its own tunnel for streetcars. The upper level at Broadway was later incorporated into the mezzanine, next came the Dorchester Extension, following a rail right-of-way created in 1870 by the Shawmut Branch Railroad. Columbia and Savin Hill stations were built on the surface at the sites of former Old Colony stations, following the completion of the Dorchester Extension, the line became known as the Cambridge-Dorchester Tunnel. It was marked on maps as Route 1, after taking over operations in August 1964, the MBTA began rebranding many elements of Bostons public transportation network. On August 26,1965, the four transit lines were assigned colored names related to their history. On August 26,1965, the four transit lines received color designations as part of a systemwide rebranding by the newly formed MBTA. The Cambridge-Dorchester Tunnel became the Red Line because crimson is the color of Harvard University. In 1968, letters were assigned to the branches, A for Quincy. B was probably reserved for a branch from Braintree to Brockton
Red Line (MBTA)
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MBTA Red Line train (Type 3 cars) leaving
Charles/MGH station outbound, going over the
Longfellow Bridge (view towards
Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Red Line (MBTA)
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The new Cambridge (now
Longfellow) Bridge pre-1912, from the Boston end, with an unfinished rail right-of-way down its center.
Red Line (MBTA)
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Subway exit hatches at the northern end of the line, where a future extension to
Lexington may someday be added
Red Line (MBTA)
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Old and new construction at
Central Square station
24.
John Carl Warnecke
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John Carl Warnecke was an architect based in San Francisco, California, who designed numerous notable monuments and structures in the Modernist, Bauhaus, and other similar styles. He was a proponent of contextual architecture. Warnecke was born on February 24,1919, in Oakland, Warnecke, was a prominent architect in Oakland and San Francisco. His mother, Margaret Esterling Warnecke, was a descendant of Dutch settlers who came to Sonoma County, California and he received his bachelors degree from Stanford University in 1941. He played football at Stanford, and was a member of the undefeated 1940 Stanford Indians football team won the 1941 Rose Bowl. A shoulder injury incurred while playing football prevented him from being drafted or serving in the U. S. military during World War II, while studying at Stanford, Warnecke made the acquaintance of John F. Kennedy, who was auditing courses at the university. Warnecke received his masters degree in architecture from Harvard University in 1942, while attending Harvard, he studied with the highly influential architect, Walter Gropius. Warnecke married the former Grace Cushing in 1945, with whom he had a three sons and a daughter and this first marriage ended in divorce in 1961, and Warnecke married the former Grace Kennan in 1969. This second marriage ended in divorce. After graduating from Harvard University, Warnecke worked as an inspector for the public housing authority in Richmond. In 1943, he work as a draftsman for his fathers architectural firm. He was influenced by the work of architects Bernard Maybeck and William Wurster, leading proponents and he established a solo practice in 1950, and incorporated as a firm in 1956. At first, he set a goal of applying Modernist architectural principles to major types of building, Warnecke won national recognition in 1951 for the Mira Vista Elementary School in East Richmond Heights, California. Other schools in the San Francisco Bay are followed, earning him much praise, Warnecke became an internationally recognized architect after submitting a design for a new U. S. embassy in Thailand in 1956. He reorganized his firm in 1958 under the name John Carl Warnecke & Associates and he was named an Associate of the National Academy of Design the same year. He won additional notice for buildings at Stanford University and the University of California, the controversy over Lafayette Square can be traced back to 1900, when the United States Congress passed a resolution establishing the U. S. Senate Park Commission. Little action was taken on these proposals over the five decades. However, plans were made in the late 1950s to raze all the buildings on the east side of Lafayette Square, opposition to the demolition of the Cutts-Madison House and other buildings on Lafayette Square began forming shortly after the decision to raze the structures was announced
John Carl Warnecke
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John Carl Warnecke and First Lady
Jacqueline Kennedy discuss plans for
Lafayette Square in September 1962.
John Carl Warnecke
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Northeast corner of Lafayette Square. The Howard T. Markey National Courts Building (in red) stands behind the historic
Cutts-Madison House (yellow) and former Cosmos Club (tan).
John Carl Warnecke
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Aerial view of the President
John F. Kennedy grave site and Eternal Flame at
Arlington National Cemetery in
Arlington, Virginia, in November 2005.
John Carl Warnecke
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Slate headstone and
Eternal Flame marking the grave of John F. Kennedy.
25.
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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The John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame is a presidential memorial at the gravesite of U. S. President John F. Kennedy, in Arlington National Cemetery. The permanent site replaced a temporary grave and eternal flame used during President Kennedys funeral on November 25,1963, the site was designed by architect John Carl Warnecke, a long-time friend of President Kennedys. The permanent John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame grave site was consecrated and opened to the public on March 15,1967, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Friday, November 22,1963. Initial press reports indicated that President Kennedy would be buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts, but the site for the Presidents grave was quickly changed to the hillside just below Arlington House. The site was chosen because the President and his friend, architect John Carl Warnecke, happened to visit the site in March 1963, the initial suggestion to bury President Kennedy at Arlington appears to have been made by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy agreed to the change, on Sunday, November 24,1963, Jacqueline Kennedy requested an eternal flame for her husbands grave. According to several published accounts, she drew inspiration from a number of sources, one was the eternal flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, which she and her husband had seen during a visit to France in 1961. She also took inspiration from the novel The Candle in the Wind and her brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, counseled against an eternal flame, worried that it might appear ostentatious or that it would compete with other such memorials at Arlington National Cemetery. The Presidents funeral was set for Monday, November 25 and this left very little time to manufacture and install an eternal flame. The Corps also installed a gas line to a propane tank 200 yards away to feed the torch, a mound of evergreens was placed around the base of the flame to cover the tubing and torch mechanism, and the head of the grave dug in front of the flame. The grave was set in a plot of grass roughly 5 yards on each side, the site was about halfway up the hill on which Arlington House stands. The grave was placed so that it had a view of the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument, Jacqueline Kennedy lit a taper from a candle held by a nearby soldier, and then brought the eternal flame to life at the end of the burial service. The presidents brothers, Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy, on the evening of November 26, the site was surrounded by a white picket fence. The fencing covered an expanded area 30 feet long by 20 feet wide, the enlarged site was due to the wish of Mrs. Kennedy to inter her two deceased children next to their father. She had read that President Abraham Lincoln had been buried next to his son, Willie Lincoln. The two caskets were flown to Washington, D. C. accompanied by Mrs. Auchincloss, a small white cross was placed at the head of the daughters grave, and a small white headstone placed at the head of Patrick Kennedys grave. During the funeral, flowers were laid on the hillside above the grave, after the erection of the fence, flowers were placed inside the enclosure, leaning against the uphill side of the fence. A canvas-covered circular wooden walkway was built from Sheridan Drive to the site to give members of the public access to the grave
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame at Arlington National Cemetery after its 2013 renovation
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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Mrs. Kennedy and AG Robert F. Kennedy walk away from President Kennedy's casket after lighting the Eternal Flame. The evergreen boughs which cover the base of the temporary Eternal Flame can be seen behind them. The Presidential Honor Guard is in front of and to the left of Mrs. Kennedy. Note the presence of the Green Beret.
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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View across the
Arlington Memorial Bridge to the
Lincoln Memorial and
Washington Monument.
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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Grave site under construction in October 1965. The temporary grave is just beyond the picket fence, where the crowd has gathered.
26.
Harvard
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
Harvard
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Engraving of
Harvard College by
Paul Revere, 1767
Harvard
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Harvard University
Harvard
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John Harvard statue,
Harvard Yard
Harvard
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Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast.
27.
Presidential Library
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These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every President of the United States since Herbert Hoover. In addition to the services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed. Although recognized as having historical significance, before the middle 20th century, presidential papers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president, proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park estate. Since then a series of laws have established the library system. While not officially sanctioned and maintained by the NARA, libraries have been organized for several presidents who preceded the start of the Presidential Library Office. Each library also provides a series of public programs. The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, official fundraising for the Barack Obama Presidential Library and Museum began in January 2014, the 14th facility in the presidential library system is then expected to be open around 2020. The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated by the NARA, for example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois. The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the library system. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, on July 11,2007, the Nixon Foundation deeded the Library and Birthplace to the government of the United States. On the same day, the newly renamed federal Richard Nixon Presidential Library, historian John Simon edited Grants letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources, dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online, historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed, lucretia Rudolph Garfield, the wife of James A. Garfield added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor, Ohio, four years after his assassination. The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service, in 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. Roosevelts decision stemmed from his belief that Presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and he asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library. In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his Presidential papers, in 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries
Presidential Library
–
2 and 6
Presidential Library
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Official seal of the presidential libraries
Presidential Library
Presidential Library
28.
Hoover Presidential Library
–
The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. One of their ideas was to build a museum. The architectural firm of Eggers and Higgins of New York drew the plans for the original building, while the museum at West Branch was still under construction, Hoover decided to expand it and to make it his Presidential Library. The Library-Museum was officially dedicated and opened to the public on August 10,1962, the original Library-Museum building was expanded several times, with major additions being completed in 1964,1971,1974 and 1992. The architects for the 1964,1971, and 1974 expansion projects were Wetherell, the architects for the 1992 expansion were HNTB Corp. The building now totals 47,169 square feet, Former President Hoover and Former President Harry S. Truman were present at the dedication. Hoover began his speech by saying, When the members of the Congress created these presidential libraries they did a public service. They made available for research the records of vital periods in American history -, already the three libraries of President Roosevelt, President Truman, and President Eisenhower, by their unique documentation, serve this purpose, and today we dedicate a fourth - my own. Within them are thrilling records of action by the American people, their devotion. Santayana rightly said, Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it and these institutions are the repositories of such experience - hot off the griddle. In these records there are, no doubt, unfavorable remarks made by our political opponents and we may hope that future students will rely upon our friends. In any event, when they become sleepy they may be awakened by the flashes of American political humor. On August 8,1992, former President Ronald Reagan rededicated the Library-Museum
Hoover Presidential Library
–
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library
Hoover Presidential Library
–
Presidents
Harry Truman and
Herbert Hoover at the dedication of the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum on August 10, 1962
29.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
–
The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum holds the records of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States. Located on the grounds of Springwood, the Roosevelt family estate in Hyde Park, New York, the library was built under the Presidents personal direction in 1939-1940, and dedicated on June 30,1941. It is the first presidential library in the United States and one of the fourteen presidential libraries under the auspices of the National Archives, built by Philadelphia contractor John McShain, it was constructed on 16 acres of land donated by the President and his mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt. Margaret Suckley, who acted as Roosevelts personal archivist during his life, was involved in the establishment of the library, prior to Roosevelts Presidency, the final disposition of Presidential papers was left to chance. Although a valued part of the heritage, the papers of chief executives were private property which they took with them upon leaving office. Some were sold or destroyed and thus either scattered or lost to the nation forever, others remained with families, but inaccessible to scholars for long periods of time. The fortunate collections found their way into the Library of Congress, Roosevelt was the first to make his papers available to the public by donating them to the government. In erecting his library, Roosevelt created an institution to preserve intact all his papers. S, navy and Dutchess County, New York. The Library was overcrowded when finished, because Roosevelt did not expect to serve as president for more than two terms. A1950 estimate stated that the library contained 50 million items, including 16,000 books,15,000 photographs,275,000 feet of movie film, and 300 sound recordings. The building is built of Hudson Valley fieldstone in the style reminiscent of the local Dutch colonial architecture which he favored. He built it with privately donated funds, at a cost of $376,000 and then turned it over to the federal government on July 4,1940 to be operated by the National Archives. By his actions, Roosevelt ensured that his papers would become the property of the nation, robert D. W. Connor, the first Archivist of the United States, said of the President, Franklin D. Roosevelt is the nations answer to the historians prayer. In July 2015, Archivist of the United States David Ferriero appointed Paul M. Sparrow to be the new director of the FDR Library, in early planning for the library the President expressed the hope that Eleanor Roosevelts papers would eventually find a place here. In 1942 President Roosevelt made a sketch for wings to be added on to the north and south sides of the building should additional space be needed for her papers. At the time of her death in 1962 Mrs. Roosevelts papers totaled three million pages, during her tenure at the library, Elizabeth B. Drewry raised funds for the wings to house Eleanor Roosevelts papers, the library contains the donated papers of others associated with Roosevelt, such as Henry Morgenthau, Jr. s diary of 840 volumes. Roosevelts actions served as a precedent, Roosevelt hoped the library would become an important research center and attract visitors to the museum
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
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Entrance To Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
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Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
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FDR's study in the museum
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library
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Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt at the Library and Museum cornerstone ceremony in 1939
30.
Truman Library
–
Here, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare Act on July 30,1965. The lead architect of the project was Edward F. Neild of Shreveport, Neild was among the architects of the Truman White House reconstruction. Neild died July 6,1955, at the Kansas City Club while working on the design, the work was completed by Alonzo H. Gentry of Gentry and Voskamp, the firm that designed Kansas Citys Municipal Auditorium. Truman had initially wanted the building to resemble his grandfather Solomon Youngs house in Grandview, architects Gould Evans designed a $23 million renovation of the entire facility unveiled in 2001. The changes included the use of glass in the relatively windowless structure. Truman actively participated in the operation of the Library, personally training museum docents. He frequently arrived before the staff and would answer the phone to give directions and answer questions. His visitors included incumbent Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, former President Hoover, Jack Benny, Ginger Rogers, Robert F. Kennedy, Thomas Hart Benton, and Dean Acheson. When Truman left the White House in 1953, he established an office in Room 1107 of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City at 925 Grand Avenue. When the library opened in 1957, he transferred his office to the facility and often worked there five or six days a week. )In the office, he wrote articles, letters, and his book Mr. Citizen. In 2007, the Truman Library Institute announced a $1.6 million preservation and restoration of his office to preserve the artifacts it contains. The three-stage project completed in 2009 and features an enclosed limestone pavilion for better access and viewing, the office appears today just as it did when Harry Truman died on December 26,1972. Long a favorite of visitors, the office was viewed through a window from the librarys courtyard. The pavilion will also allow for an exhibit describing the office. Funeral services for Truman were held in the Library auditorium and burial was in the courtyard and his wife, Bess Truman, was buried at his side in 1982. Their daughter, Margaret Truman Daniel, was a member of the Truman Library Institutes board of directors. After her death in January 2008, Margarets cremated remains and those of her late husband, the presidents grandson, Clifton Truman Daniel, is currently honorary co-chair of the Institutes board of directors. Two floors of exhibits show his life and presidency through photographs, documents, artifacts, memorabilia, film clips and a film about Trumans life
Truman Library
Truman Library
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Harry S. Truman Library and Museum
Truman Library
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Funeral services in 1972 for
Harry Truman —president of the United States 1945—1953. His wife opted for a private service rather than a larger,
state funeral in Washington.
Truman Library
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Truman's office on the premises
