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John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

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John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Official logo of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.svg
JFK library Stitch Crop.jpg
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is located in Massachusetts
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Location Boston, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States
Coordinates 42°18′57.21″N 71°2′2.71″W / 42.3158917°N 71.0340861°W / 42.3158917; -71.0340861 (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library (Suffolk County, Massachusetts))Coordinates: 42°18′57.21″N 71°2′2.71″W / 42.3158917°N 71.0340861°W / 42.3158917; -71.0340861 (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library (Suffolk County, Massachusetts))
Construction start August 1977
Groundbreaking: June 12, 1977
Dedicated October 20, 1979
Rededicated October 23, 1993[1]
Named for John Fitzgerald Kennedy, (1917-1963)
Architect I. M. Pei
Size 10 acres (40,000 m2)
Cost $20.8 million[2]
Management National Archives and Records Administration
Website jfklibrary.org

The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and museum of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, (1917-1963), the 35th President of the United States (1961–1963). It is located on Columbia Point in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, next to the University of Massachusetts at Boston, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, and the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum. Designed by the architect I. M. Pei, the building is the official repository for original papers and correspondence of the Kennedy Administration, as well as special bodies of published and unpublished materials, such as books and papers by and about Ernest Hemingway.

The library and museum is part of the Presidential Library System, which is administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries, a part of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).[3]

The library and Museum were dedicated in 1979 by 39th President Jimmy Carter and members of the Kennedy family. It can be reached from nearby Interstate 93 or via shuttle bus or walk from the JFK/UMass stop on the Boston Subway's Red Line.

Location, design and dedication[edit]

Original site and name[edit]

During a weekend visit to Boston on October 19, 1963, President Kennedy, along with John Carl Warnecke — the architect who would design the President's tomb in Arlington[4][5] — viewed several locations offered by Harvard as a site for the library and museum. At the time there were only four other Presidential Libraries: the Hoover Presidential Library, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, the Truman Library, and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. They were all scattered around the country in small towns from New York to Iowa. Kennedy had not decided on any design concept yet, but he felt that the existing presidential libraries were placed too "far away from scholarly resources."[4]

Kennedy chose a plot of land next to the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.[4] The building would face the Charles River which was a few feet away, and on the other side of which, the dormitories that included Winthrop House where Kennedy spent his upperclassman days.[4]

Since Kennedy encouraged his administration to save effects of both personal and official nature, the complex would not just be a collection of the President's papers, but "a complete record of a Presidential era." Therefore, the building would have the word "museum" appended to its name: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.[4]

Initial progress[edit]

After President Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, his family and friends discussed how to construct a library that would serve as a fitting memorial. A committee was formed to advise Kennedy's widow Jacqueline, who would make the final decision. The group deliberated for months, and visited with architects from around the world including Pietro Belluschi and others from the United States, Brazil's Lucio Costa, and Italy's Franco Albini. Mrs. Kennedy and others met with the candidates together at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis, Massachusetts, and visited several in their offices. The committee also conducted a secretive process whereby the architects voted anonymously for the most capable of their colleagues.[6]

Progress on the building began shortly after his death. On January 13, 1964, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy announced that a taped oral-history project was to be undertaken for inclusion in the library. The project would feature administration staff, friends, family, and politicians from home and abroad. The Attorney General also announced that Eugene R. Black, Sr. agreed to serve as chairman of the board of trustees and that $1 million of Black's $10 million goal had been given to the trust by the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation.[7]

The death of the President was still fresh in the hearts and minds of the American public and by March of that year $4.3 million had been pledged, including 18,727 unsolicited donations from the public.[8] Large donations came from the Hispanic world with Venezuela pledging $100,000 and Governor of Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Marín offering the same. The oral-history project also began recording, starting with Jacqueline Kennedy and Robert Kennedy. Originally projected to consist of interviews with 150 people, 178 had agreed to participate and the total number of expected participants doubled to 300, with just one person (a Secret Service agent) declining to take part.[8]

Also by this time fourteen architects were named to serve on a design advisory committee:[8]

Americans Base
Pietro Belluschi Dean of the MIT School of Architecture
Louis Kahn University of Pennsylvania Architecture School
I. M. Pei New York City
Mies van der Rohe Chicago
Hugh Stubbins Cambridge
Paul Thiry Seattle
Benjamin C. Thompson Cambridge
John C. Warnecke Washington
Overseas Base
Alvar Aalto Finland
Franco Albini Italy
Lucio Costa Brazil
Sven Markelius Sweden
Sir Basil Spence England
Kenzo Tange Japan

Over the following months pledges continued to funnel in for the building still being conceptualized by the various architects. Some notable donations include $900,000 handed over to Postmaster General John A. Gronouski on July 9, 1964. It was the sum of a campaign encompassing 102 Federal agencies. Gronouski said many of the Federal employee contributions were in the form of a $5 withholding each payday for a period of three years.[9] The next day the Indian ambassador to the United States, Braj Kumar Nehru. presented Black with a check for $100,000 during a ceremony at the River Club. Nehru said that the Indian people were hit by a "sad blow" when the President died, and that they held him "in the highest regard, esteem and affection." He desired for Indian students abroad in the United States to use the library, then still planned for construction at Harvard along the banks of the Charles River.[10]

Pei selected as architect[edit]

The JFK Presidential Library and Museum as seen from the Boston Harborwalk on the Columbia Point segment

On December 13, 1964, the Kennedy family announced that I. M. Pei was unanimously chosen by a subcommittee as the architect of the library.[11] Even though Pei was relatively unknown amongst the list of candidates, Mrs. Kennedy, who viewed him as filled with promise and imagination and after spending several months inspecting the many architects' offices and creations, selected him to create the vision she held for the project.[12] Pei did not have a design yet, but the idea as described by Robert Kennedy was to "stimulate interest in politics." Meanwhile, the suggestion that Harvard may not be a suitable site for the library had begun cropping up. When asked if Pei may have had to start from scratch, he said this was the case. With an "encouraging grin" Robert Kennedy simply wished Mr. Pei "Good luck."[11]

Mrs. Kennedy chose Pei to design the library, based on two considerations. First, she appreciated the variety of ideas he had used for earlier projects. "He didn't seem to have just one way to solve a problem," she said. "He seemed to approach each commission thinking only of it and then develop a way to make something beautiful."[13] Ultimately, however, Kennedy made her choice based on her personal connection with Pei. Calling it "really an emotional decision", she explained: "He was so full of promise, like Jack; they were born in the same year. I decided it would be fun to take a great leap with him."[14]

Not long before Pei was selected, the $10 million goal set by Black had been reached.[11] By 1965, fundraising was suspended when the contributions reached $20 million.[15]

Years of setbacks[edit]

In January 1966, when Massachusetts Governor John A. Volpe signed a bill allowing the state to purchase the land for the site — an old train yard belonging to the Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) — it was expected that the project would be complete by 1970.[16] The original design was a large complex comprising the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum, the John F. Kennedy School of Government, and an Institute of Politics.[2] However the project faced many delays. The MBTA would not agree to remove the heavy machinery from the land until 1970. By that time construction costs had risen to over $20 million.[17] Only now could Pei prepare a six-month study of the site's soil, and he said the "money we had six years ago, today will barely pay for 60 percent of the original plans."[17]

Robert Kennedy, by then a senator from New York, had been serving as president of the John F. Kennedy Library Corporation until he was assassinated in 1968. Weeks before, William Manchester and Harper & Row donated $750,000 to the library.[18] The first in a series of installments expected to total $5 million, came from the profits of the book The Death of a President which caused a bitter feud between the Kennedys and Manchester. Mrs. Kennedy remarked "I think it is so beautiful what Mr. Manchester did. I am glad that Senator Kennedy knew about it before he died."[18] The youngest of the Kennedy brothers, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, would step down as vice president of the corporation to fill the newly vacant position.

By 1971, construction had still not begun; researchers and scholars were forced to work out of the Federal Records Center which was temporarily housing some of the 15 million documents and manuscripts. Pei said there was finally "a clear way ahead"; however, he was asked to save on construction expenses by using inexpensive materials.[15] This would translate into Pei working with concrete instead of his preferred stone.[19]

On May 22, 1971, President Lyndon B. Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy as president, saw the dedication of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum in Austin, Texas. On the campus of the University of Texas at Austin, and next to the LBJ School of Public Affairs, he would beat the Kennedy team to building the first Presidential Library that also served as a place of scholarly research. He would not live to see work begin on his predecessor's.

Meanwhile, the Cambridge community was in fierce opposition to having the library being built in Cambridge at all. Although originally welcomed in 1965, the library was now seen as a great attractor of over a million annual tourists who would change the neighborhood with "hordes of tourists, automobiles, fast-food franchises and souvenir shops,"[20][21] as well as cause a negative environmental impact.[22] One neighborhood group filed a lawsuit in federal court demanding that the General Services Administration study, which found that the great number of visitors would have "no adverse effect on the area," be reexamined.[22]

Stephen E. Smith, a Kennedy in-law who heads the John F. Kennedy Library Corporation decided that "we want the Kennedy Library to be a happy place. It would not be in keeping with the nature of this memorial for it to open in an atmosphere of discord and controversy."[22] And in February 1975 the plans for having the library where President Kennedy would have wanted it, were dropped.[21][22]

New location, new plan[edit]

From the pavilion (pictured), designer I. M. Pei says there is a restricted access area that offers the best view in the complex.[19]

The new location of the site was Columbia Point in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, near the University of Massachusetts Boston, described as a group of "massive, blocky structures...in sharp contrast to the mellow and urbane atmosphere of the library's original site near Harvard Square."[23] The site was originally a garbage dump, Pei recalls finding old refrigerators and appliances under the soil. In all seriousness, he asserted that one could toss a lit match on the earth and watch the ground ignite as the soil emitted methane gas.[19] One thing the site did have going for it was that the community was not opposed to the area being landscaped to house the library.

June 12, 1977 marked the official groundbreaking for the library with construction following in August. Although the site was a landfill it did overlook Boston, Dorchester Bay and the ocean. The area was covered in 15 feet (4.6 m) of earth and topsoil.[12] Pei was particularly proud of the landscaping results.[19]

The design would be a simple geometric structure with a large glass pavilion. The concrete tower stands 125 feet (38 m) tall and houses offices and archives. A circular section contains two theaters and is connected to the tower by the 115 foot (35 m) grey-glass pavilion. The concrete finish of the building directly reflects the budget.[2] With more money Pei would have made the building with stone which he believes offers a nicer finish with more detail.[19] The materials chosen kept the costs within budget, in total costing $20.8 million.[2]

Over 30 million people contributed to the cost of construction,[24] which more than 225 construction workers labored to complete before the end of 1979.[12]

Dedication[edit]

The official dedication was held on October 20, 1979. Outside the building on the green, on a blue-carpeted stage with a bank of yellow chrysanthemums sat the Kennedy family and those close to them. Among many others, President Jimmy Carter was in their company. The ceremony began with President Kennedy's daughter, Caroline Kennedy, introducing her brother, John F. Kennedy, Jr., who read from the Stephen Spender poem, I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great.

President Carter said of John F. Kennedy that he embodied "the ideals of a generation as few public figures have ever done in the history of the earth."[25][26] He spoke of openly weeping upon hearing about the death of Kennedy, something that he had not done since his own father died, ten years before. Afterwards, he accepted the library "on behalf of the American people"[25] and the National Archives and Records Administration.[24]

Senator Edward M. Kennedy, said of his brother's life, that it "was a voyage of discovery, a quest for excellence that inspired universal trust and faith. In that brief unfinished journey, he made us believe once more in the great historic purpose of this land. He filled America with pride and made the nation young again."[27]

Critics generally liked the finished building, but the architect himself was unsatisfied. The years of conflict and compromise had changed the nature of the design, and Pei felt that the final result lacked its original passion. "I wanted to give something very special to the memory of President Kennedy," he said in 2000. "It could and should have been a great project."[28] Perhaps the most important consequence of the Kennedy project for Pei was his elevation in the public's consciousness as an architect of note.[29] Pei considered the John F. Kennedy Library "the most important commission in my life."[28]

Exhibits and collection[edit]

The library's first floor features a museum containing video monitors, family photographs, political memorabilia. Visitors to the museum begin their visit by watching a film narrated by President Kennedy in one of two cinemas that show an orientation film, and a third shows a documentary on the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The are seven permanent exhibits:[30]

The sailboat Victura and the exterior of the Library

Among the Library's art collection is a 1962 portrait of Robert F. Kennedy by Lajos Markos,[40] a watercolor sketch of John F. Kennedy by Jamie Wyeth,[41] a watercolor painting of the White House painted by Jacqueline Kennedy and given as a gift to her husband, who had it hung in the Oval Office,[42] a fingerpainting by Caroline Kennedy as a child,[43] and a bust of John F. Kennedy sculpted by Felix de Weldon.[44]

Kennedy's 25-foot Wianno Senior sailboat Victura is on display on the grounds of the Library from May to October. Acquired by the family when Kennedy was 15, it played an important role in forging sibling bonds and, after the president's death, continued being sailed by other members of the family, especially race-enthusiast brother Ted.[45][46]

The Library has a variety of temporary and special exhibits.[47]

Archives[edit]

President Kennedy had the coconut made into a paperweight. It sat on the Resolute desk, which Kennedy used in the Oval Office. The message reads: "NAURO ISL… COMMANDER… NATIVE KNOWS POS'IT… HE CAN PILOT… 11 ALIVE… NEED SMALL BOAT… KENNEDY"

Audiovisual[edit]

The audiovisual archives contain over 400,000 still photographs taken from 1863–1984, over 7.5 million feet (2.29×106 m) of film shot between 1910–83, and 11,000 reels of audio recordings from 1910–85.[48]

Oral-history project[edit]

Begun in 1964, the oral-history project was a unique undertaking to document and preserve interviews with those associated with Kennedy. Initially expected to have about 150 participants,[8] today it contains over 1,100 interviews and continues to this day.[49] It is modelled after a program by the Columbia University Oral History Research Office, the worlds oldest, which began in 1948.[7] At its conception, while serving as Attorney General, Robert Kennedy speculated that some of the interviews, such as ones relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis, might have to be sealed for a while due to containing "highly classified material." He said that although the emphasis would be on releasing everything as soon as possible, some items might remain closed for 10 to 25 years.[7]

Because the interviewees are allowed to review their transcripts before the interviews are released for use by scholars, the audio may differ from the written record; so that the interviewing may disambiguate any misunderstanding in their speech and make it clear in a written form.[49]

Artifacts[edit]

The library keeps a wide range of artifacts, many of which can be found in their respective exhibits. One is the original coconut on which a rescue message was inscribed by Kennedy to rescue the crew of the PT-109, and which was delivered by Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, natives of the Solomon Islands.[50]

The Ernest Hemingway Collection[edit]

The library is also home to a collection of documents and belongings from Ernest Hemingway. The collection was established in 1968 following an exchange of letters between Hemingway's widow Mary and Jacqueline Kennedy that confirmed that Hemingway's papers would be archived there.[51] In 1961, despite a U.S. travel ban to Cuba, President Kennedy had arranged to allow Mary Hemingway to go there to claim her recently deceased husband's documents and belongings.[51] A room for the collection was dedicated on July 18, 1980 by Patrick Hemingway and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.[51]

The Ernest Hemingway Collection spans Hemingway's career, and includes "ninety percent of existing Hemingway manuscript materials, making the Kennedy Library the world's principal center for research" on his life and work.[52] It includes:[52]

2013 fire[edit]

On April 15, 2013, a fire occurred in the library. Initial reports stated the fire appears to have started in a mechanical room.[53] An official communication from the library stated that the fire is being investigated. The fire was unrelated to the Boston Marathon bombings, which occurred simultaneously.[54]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "Rededication of the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum, October 29, 1993". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d Huxtable, Ada (October 27, 1979). "The Museum Upstages The Library" (PDF). Architecture view. Washington: The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2008. The project for the Harvard location was for a much larger, three-part complex which was to include the library-museum, the John F. Kennedy School of Government and an Institute of Politics. Only the School of Government has been built at Harvard." "A 125-foot (38 m) high, nine-story, white concrete tower housing offices and archives, and a low circular section containing two theaters are connected by a truss-walled, gray glass pavilion that rises a full 115 feet (35 m) to form the ceremonial heart of the structure." "Finishes are neither luxurious nor special; standard components have kept the cost to $20.8 million raised from public gifts and the Kennedy family.
  3. ^ Shanahan, Mark (2017-11-27). "Two years later, JFK library still without a permanent director". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-11-28. Missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e Franklin, Ben (November 29, 1963). "Kennedy Chose Site at Harvard For Presidential Library Oct. 19" (PDF). Special to The New York Times. Washington: The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2008. away from scholarly resources." "a complete record of a Presidential era.
  5. ^ "President John Fitzgerald Kennedy". Visitor Information Monuments and Memorials. Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  6. ^ Wiseman, pp. 96–98.
  7. ^ a b c Lewis, Anthony (January 13, 1964). "Taped Oral History of Kennedy to Go in Projected Library" (PDF). Special to The New York Times. Washington: The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  8. ^ a b c d Lewis, Anthony (March 4, 1964). "Advisers on Kennedy Library Named" (PDF). Special to The New York Times. Washington: The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  9. ^ "U.S. employees give to Kennedy Library" (PDF). AP. Washington: The New York Times. July 7, 1964. Retrieved August 16, 2008. Mr. Gronouski said the Federal employee contributions included pledges of $5 each pay day for three years and an individual donation of $5,000.
  10. ^ "India Gives $100,000 To Kennedy Library" (PDF). The New York Times. July 8, 1964. Retrieved August 16, 2008. in the highest regard, esteem and affection." "sad blow" "that Indian students in the United states would make great use of the library and the accompanying institute that will be built on the banks of the Charles River in Boston.
  11. ^ a b c Huxtable, Ada (December 13, 1964). "PEI will design Kennedy Library" (PDF). The New York Times. p. Front page. Retrieved August 16, 2008. "The idea of the institute is to stimulate interest in politics," Robert Kennedy said. "Good Luck, Mr. Pei," Mr. Kennedy said, with an encouraging grin.
  12. ^ a b c "I. M. Pei, Architect". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Foundation. Retrieved March 1, 2015. At an early meeting in 1964, Mr. Pei explained to Mrs. Kennedy, somewhat apologetically, that as a relatively young architect he had not worked on monumental projects. Though relatively unknown and obscure at the time, Mrs. Kennedy nevertheless selected Pei from a list of candidates that included of some America's best-known architects. He seemed to her so filled with promise and he had the imagination and temperament to create a structure that would reinforce her vision of the goals of the library." "The Kennedy Library was erected on a landfill site overlooking Boston, Dorchester Bay, and the ocean beyond. To overcome existing conditions, the site was raised 15 feet (4.6 m).
  13. ^ Quoted in Wiseman, p. 98.
  14. ^ Quoted in Wiseman, p. 99.
  15. ^ a b Raymont, Henry (May 22, 1971). "Kennedy Library to Be Scaled Down" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  16. ^ Samuelson, Robert (January 5, 1966). "Volpe Signs Bill Allowing State To Buy Site for Kennedy Library". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  17. ^ a b Raymont, Henry (January 24, 1970). "Kennedy Library Faces Rise in Cost; Long-Delayed Kennedy Library Faces Cost Rise and Lag in Aid" (PDF). The New York Times. p. Front page. Retrieved August 16, 2008. A major obstacle to the construction of the library and its related buildings on the Harvard University campus was removed three weeks ago when the Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority agreed to vacate its subway-train yards on the proposed 12.2-acre (49,000 m2) construction site in Cambridge, Massachusetts
  18. ^ a b Raymont, Henry (June 20, 1968). "Manchester and Harper Donate $750,000 to the Kennedy Library; Kennedy Library is given $750,000" (PDF). The New York Times. p. Front page. Retrieved August 16, 2008. In acknowledging the contribution, Mrs. John F. Kennedy said: "I think it is so beautiful what Mr. Manchester did. I am glad that Senator Kennedy knew about it before he died. All the pain of the book and now this noble gesture, of such generosity, makes the circle come around and close with healing."
  19. ^ a b c d e Robert Campbell, Ieoh Ming Pei (September 26, 2004). Conversation with I. M. Pei (Television production). JFK Library and Museum, Main Hall: WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from the original (RAM) on August 14, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  20. ^ Kifner, John (February 11, 1975). "Kennedy Museum Blocked By Combination of Forces" (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The New York Times. p. Front page. Retrieved August 16, 2008. But in recent years, the project has met with sharp criticism from residents from surrounding neighborhoods who feared it would attract hordes of tourists, automobiles, fast food franchises and souvenir shops into the already congested Harvard Square area.
  21. ^ a b "History". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  22. ^ a b c d Kifner, John (February 6, 1975). "Cambridge Loses Kennedy Museum; Plan for Kennedy Museum Is Dropped" (PDF). Special to The New York Times. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The New York Times. p. Front page. Retrieved August 16, 2008. We have tried to be responsive to the wishes of the people of Cambridge," Mr. Smith said in his statement. He added: "But the fact is that a segment of the Cambridge community seems likely to remain opposed to our plans. We want the Kennedy Library to be a happy place. It would not be in keeping with the nature of this memorial for it to open in an atmosphere of discord and controversy.
  23. ^ Goldberger, Paul (February 11, 1975). "New Kennedy Library Plan Released" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2008. The out-of-the-way site, called Columbia Point, houses the massive, blocky structures of a commuter campus of the University of Massachusetts, and it is in sharp contrast to the mellow and urbane atmosphere of the library's original site near Harvard Square in Cambridge.
  24. ^ a b "Library Dedication". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  25. ^ a b Smith, Terrance; Paul Goldberger (October 21, 1979). "Carter and Kennedy Share Stage at Library Dedication; Attack on Oil Companies". Special to The New York Times (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). Boston: The New York Times. p. Front page. It was a grievous personal loss Mr. Carter said "My President. I wept openly for the first time in more than 10 years — for the first time since the day my own father died." – "On the blueu-carpeted state, set off by a bank of yellow chrysanthemums, the Kennedys dominated the scene. The late President's widow, Jacqueline Onassis sat cool and composed next to her children, Caroline and John F. Kennedy Jr.,... |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  26. ^ "1979 Dedication Remarks by President Carter". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  27. ^ "1979 Dedication Remarks by Senator Kennedy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  28. ^ a b von Boehm, p. 56.
  29. ^ Wiseman, p. 119.
  30. ^ Permanent Exhibits, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  31. ^ Campaign Trail, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  32. ^ The Briefing Room, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  33. ^ The Space Race, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  34. ^ Sarah N. Mattero, Historic space capsule goes on display at Kennedy Library in Boston (Sep 12, 2012). Boston Globe.
  35. ^ Freedom 7 Space Capsule, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  36. ^ Attorney General's Office, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  37. ^ The Oval Office, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  38. ^ First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  39. ^ The Kennedy Family, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  40. ^ Portrait of Robert F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  41. ^ Portrait of John F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  42. ^ The White House Long Ago, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  43. ^ Finger Painting by Caroline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
  44. ^ Bust of John F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  45. ^ Graham, James (April 1, 2014). Victura: the Kennedys, a Sailboat, and the Sea (First ed.). Lebanon, NH: ForeEdge/University Press of New England. pp. 3–10. ISBN 978-1-61168-411-7.
  46. ^ Plan Your Trip, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  47. ^ Past Exhibits, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  48. ^ "Audiovisual archives". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  49. ^ a b "The Oral History Program". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on May 18, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  50. ^ "Coconut Shell Paperweight". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  51. ^ a b c "History of the Collection – John F. Kennedy and Ernest Hemingway". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  52. ^ a b "Highlights". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  53. ^ Trotter, J.K. (April 15, 2013). "What Happened at Boston's JFK Library?". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  54. ^ "JFK Library Twitter Post". Retrieved April 15, 2013.

References[edit]

  • von Boehm, Gero. Conversations with I.M. Pei: Light is the Key. Munich: Prestel, 2000. ISBN 3-7913-2176-5.
  • Wiseman, Carter. I.M. Pei: A Profile in American Architecture. New York: H.N. Abrams, 2001. ISBN 0-8109-3477-9.

External links[edit]

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