1.
Nelson, British Columbia
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Nelson is a city located in the Selkirk Mountains on the extreme West Arm of Kootenay Lake in the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The city is the seat of the Regional District of Central Kootenay and it is represented in the provincial legislature by the riding of Nelson-Creston, and in the Parliament of Canada by the riding of Kootenay—Columbia. The West Kootenay region of British Columbia, where the city of Nelson is situated, is part of the territories of the Sinixt. Gold and silver were found in the area in 1867, following the discovery of silver at nearby Toad Mountain in 1886, the town boomed quickly, leading to incorporation in 1897. Two railways were built to pass through Nelson, due to its location near transportation corridors, Nelson grew to supply the local mining activity and soon became a transportation and distribution centre for the region. The town soon matured from a boom town to a sophisticated city. By the 1900s, Nelson boasted several hotels, a Hudsons Bay Company store. The local forestry and mining industries were well established, the town built its own hydroelectric generating system. English immigrants planted lakeside orchards, and Doukhobors from Russia, sponsored by Tolstoy, the Doukhobor museum is located nearby, close to the neighbouring town of Castlegar. During the Vietnam War, many American draft dodgers settled in Nelson and this influx of liberal, mostly educated young people had a significant impact on the areas cultural and political demographics. In the early 1980s, Nelson suffered an economic downturn when the local Kootenay Forest Products sawmill was closed. Downtown merchants were already suffering from the opening of a large, regional shopping centre on Nelsons central waterfront, at the time, Victoria and Vancouver were experimenting with historical restorations of their oldest areas, with great success. To save downtown and Baker Street from blight, Nelson quickly followed suit, stripping aluminum facades, Local designer Bob Inwood, one of Nelsons many American immigrants, played a major role as a consultant. By 1985, Baker Street was completely transformed, more broadly, the transformation marked the beginning of Nelsons ongoing transition from a resource-based town to an arts and tourism town. A walk down Baker Street through the Historic District is now one of Nelsons promoted visitor activities, Nelson has a humid continental climate with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold and snowy while summers are warm and drier with cool temperatures during the night, Nelson has earned a reputation as a cultural centre. The downtown area is packed with restaurants, cafes, coffee houses, local shops, small art galleries. The city is about forty-five minutes away from the site of the annual Shambhala Music Festival and it is also home to the Whitewater Ski Resort and the Nelson Brewing Company
2.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
3.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
4.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
5.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
6.
Activism
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Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, and/or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society. One can also express activism through different forms of art, daily acts of protest such as not buying clothes from a certain clothing company because they exploit workers is another form of activism. One view holds that acknowledging privileges and oppressions on a daily basis ranks as a form of activism, research has begun to explore how activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words activism and activist from 1920, Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1946 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court,1947, some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly, rather than to persuade governments to change or not to change laws. Other activists try to persuade people to remain the same, in an effort to counter change, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Activism is not always an action by Activists, every year more than 100 environmental activists are killed, in 2014116 environmental activists were assassinated, in 2015185 activists were killed around this planet. Since the 1990s, the Internet has been a tool used by activists for mobilization and communication of causes, specific platforms like MoveOn. org, founded in 1998, allow individuals to establish petitions and movements for social change. Protesters in Seattle in 1999 used email to organize protests against the WTO Ministerial Conference, throughout the 2000s, protesters continued to use social media platforms to generate interest. The power of Internet Activism came into a lens with the Arab Spring protests. They use different means to political persecution, such as Tor Browser. The activism industry consists of organizations and individuals engaged in activism, Activism is often done full-time, as part of an organizations core business. Many organizations in the industry are either non profit organizations or non-governmental organizations. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, the term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in activities as well. Lobbying, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic, many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government, many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations, randy Shaw, The Activists Handbook, A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond
7.
York University
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York University is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. York University has approximately 52,300 students,7,000 faculty and staff, York University participates in the Canadian Space Program and is home to Canadas only space engineering program. York has pioneered several PhD programs in Canada, including womens studies, the School of Social Work is recognized as having one of the most socially responsive programs in the country. Yorks psychology program is the largest in North America, York Universitys business school and law school have continuously and consistently been ranked among the top schools in Canada and the world. York University was established in 1959 as an institution by the York University Act. Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students, the president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership. In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus, Glendon College and it became independent in 1965, after an initial period of affiliation with the University of Toronto, under the York University Act,1965. Its main campus on the outskirts of Toronto opened in 1965. At the time, York University was envisaged as a campus to U of T. In 1965, the university opened a campus, the Keele Campus, in North York, located in the Jane. The first Canadian undergraduate program in dance opened at York University in 1970, in 1972, Canada Post featured the nascent institution on 8¢ stamps, entitled York University Campus, North York, Ont. The first Canadian PhD. program in Womens Studies opened with five candidates in January 1992 and its bilingual mandate and focus on the liberal arts continue to shape Glendons special status within York University. The new Keele Campus was regarded as isolated, in a generally industrialized part of the city. Petrol storage facilities are located across the street. Some of the architecture was unpopular with many, not only for the brutalist designs. The Aviva Centre tennis stadium, built in 2004, is a perennial host of the Canada Masters tennis tournament. As Toronto has spread out, York has found itself in a relatively central location within the built-up Greater Toronto Area. Its master plan envisages a denser on-campus environment commensurate with that location, students occupied the universitys administration offices in March 1997, protesting escalating tuition hikes
8.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
9.
Zero Patience
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Zero Patience is a 1993 Canadian musical film written and directed by John Greyson. The film examines and refutes the urban legend of the introduction of HIV to North America by a single individual. The film tells its story against the backdrop of a romance between a time-displaced Sir Richard Francis Burton and the ghost of Zero. The film has been the subject of attention in the context of both film theory and queer theory and is considered part of the informal New Queer Cinema movement. Victorian adventurer and sexologist Sir Richard Francis Burton, following an encounter with the Fountain of Youth in 1892, is 170 years old and living in Toronto. Burton, now living and working as the chief taxidermist at a Museum of Natural History, is searching for a display for an exhibit in his Hall of Contagion. He comes up with the idea of featuring AIDS and the Patient Zero hypothesis, accepting the popular belief that Zero introduced the virus to North America, Burton sets out to collect video footage from those who knew Zero to support the hypothesis. He presents this preliminary version to the press, the ghost of Zero materializes at a local gay bathhouse. No one can see or hear him, until Zero runs into Burton while Burton is spying on Zeros friend George, Zero realizes that Burton can see him, although Zero does not show up on Burtons video camera. The two strike a deal, Zero agrees to help Burton with his Patient Zero exhibit if Burton finds a way to make Zero appear, the two return to the museum where Burton makes a ridiculous attempt to seduce Zero to ensure his participation. Rejecting his advances, Zero examines some of the exhibits before finding an African green monkey. The monkey angrily denounces Zero for scapegoating her just as he has been scapegoated, Zero turns to Burton and they make love. Under pressure from his director and the drug manufacturer sponsor. Under this interpretation, Zero could be lauded as a hero for his candor in participating in that original study, as Burton ponders this, an unknown fluid squirts from the eye pieces of the microscope, drenching Zero and making him appear on video. He joyously declares his innocence on tape but the effect only lasts five minutes before he fades away again, Zero angrily accuses Burton of not caring for him at all and only wanting to use him for the exhibit, then storms out. Burton fails to complete the revised Patient Zero exhibit before its opening date. The museum curator substitutes the original presentation instead over Burtons protests, the night after the exhibit opens, Mary and other ACT UP members break into the Hall of Contagion and trash the exhibit. Zero returns and Burton explains that he tried to stop the exhibit, Zero forgives Burton but says he wants to disappear again completely
10.
Lilies (film)
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Lilies is a 1996 Canadian film directed by John Greyson. It is an adaptation by Michel Marc Bouchard and Linda Gaboriau of Bouchards own play Lilies and it depicts a play being performed in a prison by the inmates. The film screened at festivals, including Sundance, and received critical acclaim, it was nominated for 14 awards Genie Awards at the 17th ceremony, winning 4. Lilies is set in a Quebec prison in 1952, jean Bilodeau, the local bishop, is brought to the prison to hear the confession of Simon Doucet, a dying inmate. But Doucet in fact has a very different revelation for Bilodeau, he has enlisted his fellow inmates to stage a play set in 1912, most of the film consists of the play within the film, presented by the inmates for Bilodeau and Doucet. Because it is taking place within a prison, the roles are portrayed by the male prisoners. The young Bilodeau and Simon are performed by younger inmates, the play dramatizes a period during Bilodeau and Simons childhood in Roberval, Quebec, when they were both coming to terms with their homosexuality. Simon has a relationship with Vallier, while Bilodeau remains repressed. All three are involved in a play dramatizing the martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, with Simon in the lead role. The St. Sebastian plays homoerotic undertones contribute to Bilodeaus sexual awakening, Bilodeau recognizes the nature of the relationship between Simon and Vallier, and confronts them one afternoon after the rehearsal of the St. Sebastian play. Simon and Vallier attack and subdue Bilodeau, so that Simon can engage him in a passionate kiss. In the middle of the kiss, Valliers mother, the Countess de Tilly enters the arena, forcing Simon to break off the kiss and flee. Valliers mother is unperturbed at what she has seen, and has Vallier escort her to the arrival of a Parisian aristocrat arriving in a hot air balloon. Simons father is also at the arrival, where Valliers mother unwittingly reveals to him that she saw his son passionately kissing Bilodeau, in a rage, Mr. Doucet finds Simon and brutally beats him, to the point where he must find medical attention for his wounds. He chooses to see a Parisian doctor staying at the hotel in town, and he meets Lydie-Anne, because of the beating, Simon renounces his love for Vallier and appears to fall in love with Lydie-Ann, eventually becoming engaged to her. However, Valliers mother encourages Vallier to attend the engagement party, at the party, it becomes apparent that Simon never stopped loving Vallier and was only using Lydie-Ann to pass as heterosexual. Because her feelings are hurt, Lydie-Ann reveals to Valliers mother that her husband is living happily in Paris with a new wife. After the party, Simon and Vallier meet for one last romantic encounter, afterwards, Valliers mother says that she will be going to Paris, and invites Simon and Vallier to see her off
11.
London, Ontario
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London is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. The city has a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census, London is at the confluence of the Thames River, approximately halfway between Toronto, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan. The City of London is a municipality, politically separate from Middlesex County. London and the Thames were named in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe, the first European settlement was between 1801 and 1804 by Peter Hagerman. The village was founded in 1826 and incorporated in 1855, since then, London has grown to be the largest Southwestern Ontario municipality and Canadas 11th largest metropolitan area, having annexed many of the smaller communities that surrounded it. London is a centre of health care and education, being home to the University of Western Ontario, Fanshawe College. Londons university and hospitals are among its top ten employers, London lies at the junction of Highway 401 and 402, connecting it to Toronto, Windsor, and Sarnia. It also has an airport, train and bus station. Prior to European contact in the 18th century, the present site of London was occupied by several Neutral, Odawa, archaeological investigations in the region indicate that aboriginal people have resided in the area for at least the past 10,000 years. The current location of London was selected as the site of the capital of Upper Canada in 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe. Simcoe intended to name the settlement Georgina, in honour of King George III, however, the choice of a capital site in the midst of extensive hardwood forests was rejected by Guy Carleton. In 1814, there was a skirmish during the War of 1812 in what is now southwest London at Reservoir Hill, the village of London, named after the English capital of London, was not founded until 1826, and not as the capital Simcoe envisioned. Rather, it was a seat for the area west of the actual capital. At the time, Crown and clergy reserves were receiving preference in the rest of Ontario, in 1832, the new settlement suffered an outbreak of cholera. London proved a centre of strong Tory support during the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837, London was incorporated as a town in 1840. On 13 April 1845, fire destroyed much of London, which was at the time largely constructed of wooden buildings, one of the first casualties was the towns only fire engine. This fire burned nearly 30 acres of land destroying 150 buildings before burning itself out later the same day, one-fifth of London was destroyed and this was the provinces first million dollar fire. Sir John Carling, Tory MP for London, gave three events to explain the development of London in a 1901 speech
12.
The Body Politic (magazine)
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The Body Politic was a Canadian monthly magazine, which was published from 1971 to 1987. It was one of Canadas first significant gay publications, and played a prominent role in the development of the LGBT community in Canada. The magazine was first published on November 1,1971 by an informal collective, at a September meeting of the Toronto Gay Alliance, Moldenhauer first proposed the idea of launching a gay-focused publication. Names considered for the magazine included Mandala and Radical Pervert, the magazines editorial collective also created the Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives in 1973. The collective was incorporated as Pink Triangle Press in 1975, in that same year, the magazine ran into minor legal difficulties when an installment of cartoonist Rand Holmes Harold Hedd strip depicted an act of fellatio. The magazine was acquitted in both trials, although materials seized by police in the Hannon trial were not returned to the magazine until 1985. In 1977 and 1978, the magazine was involved in the production of Gay News and Views, an LGBT magazine series on Toronto cable. In 1982, Toronto City Councillor Joe Piccininni failed in an attempt to have the magazine barred from the city councils press gallery, in this era, the magazine also became noted for its coverage of the emergence of HIV and AIDS. The magazine ceased publication in 1987, following PTPs launch of the tabloid Xtra. in 1984, expanded in 1993 to launch sister editions Xtra. West in Vancouver and Capital Xtra. in Ottawa, all three publications remained in print until 2015, when Pink Triangle Press discontinued the print publications, but remain in operation today as the online magazine Daily Xtra. In 2008, The Body Politic was ranked as the 17th most influential magazine in Canadian publishing history by Masthead, the trade magazine of the Canadian magazine publishing industry. The Body Politic, a play by Nick Green about the magazine and its role in the early gay liberation movement. Detailed book on the history of The Body Politic The Body Politic at the Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives history of The Body Politic and the police raid of its headquarters
13.
Gay bathhouse
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Gay bathhouses, also known as gay saunas or steambaths, are commercial spaces for men to have sex with other men. In gay slang in some regions these venues are known colloquially as the baths, the sauna or the tubs. Gay baths are primarily for sex, not bathing, not all men who visit gay bathhouses consider themselves gay, regardless of their sexual behavior. Bathhouses offering similar opportunities for sex for women are rare, though some mens bathhouses occasionally have lesbian or women only nights, most have a steam room, dry sauna, showers, lockers, and small private rooms. Many bathhouses are, for reasons, membership only, though membership is generally open to any adult who seeks it. Unlike brothels, customers pay only for the use of the facilities, sexual activity, if it occurs, is not provided by staff of the establishment but is between customers, and no money is exchanged. Many gay bathhouses, for reasons, explicitly prohibit or discourage prostitution. Records of men meeting for sex with men in bathhouses date back to the 15th century. A tradition of public baths dates back to the 6th century BC, some bathhouse owners tried to prevent sex between patrons while others, mindful of profits or prepared to risk prosecution, overlooked discreet homosexual activity. 1492 Florence In Florence, Italy, in 1492 there was a purge against the vice of sodomy, the places used for homosexual acts were to be taverns, baths, and casini. The Eight of Watch issued several decrees associated with sodomy and on April 11,1492 they warned the managers of bathhouses to keep out suspect boys on penalty of a fine. In the short period from April 1492 to February 1494 they convicted 44 men for homosexual relations not involving violence or aggravating circumstances,1876 Paris In France the first recorded police raid on a Parisian bathhouse was in 1876 in the Bains de Gymnase on the Rue du Faubourg-Poissonnière. Six men aged 14 to 22 were prosecuted for an offense against public decency,1903 New York In the United States on February 21,1903, New York police conducted the first recorded raid on a gay bathhouse, the Ariston Hotel Baths. 26 men were arrested and 12 brought to trial on charges,7 men received sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison. It was damaged by fire on May 25,1977, when nine men died, also popular in the 1910s were the Produce Exchange Baths and the Lafayette Baths. American precisionist painter Charles Demuth used the Lafayette Baths as his favourite haunt and his 1918 homoerotic self-portrait set in a Turkish bath is likely to have been inspired by it. The Penn Post Baths in a basement was a popular gay location in the 1920s despite a seedy condition. The American composer Charles Griffes wrote in his diaries about visits to the New York City bathhouses, in London, the Savoy Turkish Baths at 92 Jermyn Street became a favorite spot
14.
Canadian Film Centre
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CFC makes a significant cultural and economic contribution to Canada by launching the countrys most creative ideas and voices to the world. Each stream offers practical, intensive, hands-on programs that are administered under the guidance of faculty, Short Dramatic Film Program, An intense five-month development, production and post-production filmmaking experience that produces up to five short films a year. CFC Features, A comprehensive development and production focused mentorship program for the development, production, CFC GO WEST Project Lab, An intense, week-long creative and business immersion experience for western-Canada-based producers. TV Pilot Program, A fully mentored, thorough immersion in dramatic television production, from concept development, to production, post. Produces up to three half-hour pilots with broadcaster participation annually, with the participation of Shaw Media, the BBC and BBC Worldwide, the program aspires to be an exciting model for the successful co-production of television properties. IdeaBOOST, A business accelerator with a difference, a bootcamp for companies that want to navigate an entertainment ecosystem that has been radically disrupted by new technologies and demanding audience expectations. Interactive Narrative Feature Program, An innovative program designed to experiment with the creation, development, production, financing, marketing and this initiative delivers collaborative, in-depth, professional-level training for screen actors. Launched in 2009, the CFC Actors Conservatory is presented by Shaw Media and supported by the Brian Linehan Charitable Foundation, and is the first program of its kind in Canada. The CFC has produced a catalogue of works, including 21 feature films,145 short films,61 interactive prototypes. Feature films comprise, Features Molly Maxwell, Released April 19,2013 in Toronto, old Stock, coming in summer 2013. Rhymes for Young Ghouls, coming in summer 2013, nurse. Fighter. Boy, received its World Premiere at Toronto International Film Festival and had its theatrical release on February 6,2009 in Toronto and Vancouver. Blood and Donuts, screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, Vancouver International Film Festival, rude, received its World Premiere at Cannes Film Festival, and garnered 8 Genie Award Nominations at the 1996 Genie Awards. House, screened at the Sundance Film Festival, Toronto International Film Festival, Tokyo International Film Festival, shoemaker, Received the Audience Prize & Ecumenic Prize at the Mannheim-Heidelberg Film Festival, and garnered nominations for Best Supporting Actor & Best Actress at the 1997 Genie Awards. Too Much Sex, Best Film at the Malibu Film Festival, show Me The Dark Hours Siblings The Uncles The Art of Woo, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. Khaled, received the 2002 Karlovy Vary Award for Best Director, Short Films include, Cold Feet, Canadian Premiere at 2014 Fantasia Festival and Screamfest Horror Film Festival. Frost, World Premiere at 2012 Toronto International Film Festival, nominated for Best Live Action Short at 2013 Canadian Screen Awards. How To Rid Your Lover of a Negative Emotion Caused By You, World Premiere at 2010 Toronto International Film Festival. Stars Sarah Allen Shanti Baba Ram & The Dancers of Hope, the Fairy Who Didnt Want to Be a Fairy Anymore Canadian Film Centre CFC Worldwide Short Film Festival SHORTSNONSTOP Mobile Film Festival CFC Distribution CFC Media Lab
15.
High Park
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High Park is a municipal park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It spans 161 hectares, and is a recreational and natural park, with sporting facilities, cultural facilities, educational facilities, gardens, playgrounds. One third of the remains in a natural state, with a rare oak savannah ecology. High Park was opened to the public in 1876 and is based on a bequest of land from John George Howard to the City of Toronto. While Rouge Park is the citys largest park, High Park is the largest park entirely within the city, as Rouge Park extends into the cities of Markham. High Park is located to the west of Downtown Toronto, north of Humber Bay and it stretches south from Bloor Street West to The Queensway, just north of Lake Ontario. It is bounded on the west by Ellis Park Road and Grenadier Pond, the landscape in the park is hilly, with two deep ravines extending the full north-south distance of the park. The eastern ravine is a north-south ravine occupying the half of the park along a small creek. A forested area begins at the north-east corner of the park, at Bloor, the creek begins at spring-fed ponds, Howard Pond, and Ridout Pond and flows south through the ravine along Spring Creek Road. Halfway to the boundary of the park, the ravine is less forested with picnic areas, the adventure playground. Upper Duck Pond, just to the west of the playground, often has several species of ducks. The pond was one of the first locations where bird banding was done, Great blue herons can sometimes be seen there and at Lower Duck Pond, just north of The Queensway, where the water drains in pipes south to Lake Ontario. The eastern ravine lies over a buried river, in 2003, city workers found strong evidence of the pre-ice age Laurentian River when capping two artesian wells at the pond at the north-east corner of the Park. The wells began spewing a plume of water, sand, shale, with this discovery, geologists finally pinpointed the southern terminus of this ancient river system whose southerly flow begins near Georgian Bay. The watercourse, flowing 50 metres below the surface in bedrock, has remained undisturbed for thousands of years. The central section is a large plain encompassing most of the boundary, slowly narrowing to a point overlooking the lake. While most of the plain is developed for picnicking, gardens and sports fields, it has a stretch of open habitat called oak savannah, the towering black oak trees found throughout High Park are a characteristic of this habitat. Many of the trees are over 150 years old, the savannah is under the special care of the City and volunteer conservationists
16.
Bertolt Brecht
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Eugen Bertolt Friedrich Brecht was a German poet, playwright, and theatre director of the 20th century. Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht was born in February 1898 in Augsburg, Bavaria, Brechts mother was a devout Protestant and his father a Catholic. The modest house where he was born is preserved as a Brecht Museum. His father worked for a mill, becoming its managing director in 1914. Thanks to his mothers influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would have an effect on his writing. From her, too, came the image of the self-denying woman that recurs in his drama. Brechts home life was comfortably middle class, despite what his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins implied, at school in Augsburg he met Caspar Neher, with whom he formed a lifelong creative partnership. Neher designed many of the sets for Brechts dramas and helped to forge the distinctive visual iconography of their epic theatre, when Brecht was 16, the First World War broke out. Initially enthusiastic, Brecht soon changed his mind on seeing his classmates swallowed by the army and his expulsion was only prevented through the intervention of his religion teacher. On his fathers recommendation, Brecht sought a loophole by registering for a course at Munich University. There he studied drama with Arthur Kutscher, who inspired in the young Brecht an admiration for the iconoclastic dramatist, from July 1916, Brechts newspaper articles began appearing under the new name Bert Brecht. Brecht was drafted into service in the autumn of 1918, only to be posted back to Augsburg as a medical orderly in a military VD clinic. In July 1919, Brecht and Paula Banholzer had a son, some time in either 1920 or 1921, Brecht took a small part in the political cabaret of the Munich comedian Karl Valentin. Brechts diaries for the few years record numerous visits to see Valentin perform. Brecht compared Valentin to Charlie Chaplin, for his virtually complete rejection of mimicry and he did short sketches in which he played refractory employees, orchestral musicians or photographers, who hated their employers and made them look ridiculous. The employer was played by his partner, Liesl Karlstadt, a popular woman comedian who used to pad herself out, anyone can be creative, he quipped, its rewriting other people thats a challenge. Brecht completed his second play, Drums in the Night. Between November 1921 and April 1922 Brecht made acquaintance with many people in the Berlin cultural scene
17.
Kurt Weill
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Kurt Julian Weill was a German composer, active from the 1920s in his native country, and in his later years in the United States. He was a composer for the stage who was best known for his fruitful collaborations with Bertolt Brecht. With Brecht, he developed such as his best-known work The Threepenny Opera. Weill held the ideal of writing music that served a useful purpose. He also wrote works for the concert hall. He became a United States citizen on August 27,1943, Weill was born on March 2,1900, the third of four children to Albert Weill and Emma Weill. He grew up in a religious Jewish family in the Sandvorstadt, the Jewish quarter in Dessau, Germany, where his father was a cantor. At the age of twelve, Weill started taking lessons and made his first attempts at writing music. In 1915, Weill started taking lessons with Albert Bing, Kapellmeister at the Herzogliches Hoftheater zu Dessau, who taught him piano, composition, music theory. Weill performed publicly on piano for the first time in 1915, koch, and also attended philosophy lectures by Max Dessoir and Ernst Cassirer. The same year, he wrote his first string quartet, from May to September 1920, Weill spent a couple of months in Leipzig, where his father had become the new director of a Jewish orphanage. Before he returned to Berlin, in September 1920, he composed Sulamith, a fantasy for soprano, female choir. Back in Berlin, Weill had an interview with Ferruccio Busoni in December 1920, after examining some of Weills compositions, Busoni accepted him as one of five master students in composition at the Preußische Akademie der Künste in Berlin. From January 1921 to December 1923, Weill studied music composition with him, during his first year he composed his first symphony, Sinfonie in einem Satz, as well as the lieder Die Bekehrte and two Rilkelieder for voice and piano. To support his family in Leipzig, he worked as a pianist in a Bierkeller tavern. In spring of 1922, Weill joined the November Groups music faction and that year he composed a psalm, a divertimento for orchestra, and Sinfonia Sacra, Fantasia, Passacaglia, and Hymnus for Orchestra. On November 18,1922, his childrens pantomime Die Zaubernacht premiered at the Theater am Kurfürstendamm, out of financial need, Weill taught music theory and composition to private students from 1923 to 1925. Among his students were Claudio Arrau, Maurice Abravanel, Heinz Jolles, in December 1923, Weill finished his studies with Busoni
18.
Mack the Knife
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It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The song has become a standard recorded by many artists, including a US. A moritat is a version of the murder ballad performed by strolling minstrels. The Brecht-Weill version of the character was far more cruel and sinister, the play opens with the moritat singer comparing Macheath with a shark, and then telling tales of his robberies, murders, rapes, and arson. However, Weill and Brecht decided the song should not be sung by Macheath himself, at the premiere, the song was sung by Kurt Gerron, who played Police Chief Brown. Weill also intended the Moritat to be accompanied by a barrel organ, at the premiere, though, the barrel organ failed, and the pit orchestra had to quickly provide the accompaniment for the street singer. The song was translated into French as La complainte de Mackie by André Mauprey and Ninon Steinhoff, the song was first introduced to American audiences in 1933 in the first English-language production of The Threepenny Opera. The English lyrics were by Gifford Cochran and Jerrold Krimsky and that production, however, was not successful, closing after a run of only ten days. Weills widow, Lotte Lenya, the star of both the original 1928 German production and the 1954 Blitzstein Broadway version, was present in the studio during Armstrongs recording and he spontaneously added her name to the lyrics, which already named several of Macheaths female victims. The Armstrong version was used by Bobby Darin. This version, simply known as Moritat, is an extension of the story with new lyrics that expound upon the tales of Macheaths trail of activity. Here is an excerpt, This version was performed by Lyle Lovett on the soundtrack of the 1994 film Quiz Show, Darins and Lovetts versions play over the opening and closing credits, respectively. This interpretation was also recorded by Sting and Nick Cave in the later part of the 1990s. A much darker translation by Robert David MacDonald and Jeremy Sams into English was used for the 1994 Donmar Warehouse theatrical production in London. Dick Clark had advised Darin not to record the song because of the perception that, having come from an opera, in subsequent years, Clark recounted the story with good humor. Frank Sinatra, who recorded the song with Quincy Jones on his L. A, is My Lady album, called Darins the definitive version. Billboard ranked this version as the No.2 song for 1959, Darins version was No.3 on Billboards All Time Top 100. In 2003, the Darin version was ranked #251 on Rolling Stones The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list, on BBC Radio 4s Desert Island Discs, pop mogul Simon Cowell named Mack the Knife the best song ever written
19.
Telefilm Canada
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Telefilm Canada is a Crown corporation reporting to Canadas federal government through the Minister of Canadian Heritage. Headquartered in Montreal, Telefilm provides services to the Canadian audiovisual industry with four offices in Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal. Telefilms role is to foster the commercial, cultural and industrial success of Canadian productions, Telefilm also administers the programs of the Canada Media Fund. Headquartered in Montreal, Telefilm provides bilingual services to its clients through four offices located in Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal, the Atlantic Regional office, in operation since 1984 from Halifax, services New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The Quebec Regional office is located in the Montreal head office, the Ontario Regional office, in operation since 1968 from Toronto, serves both Ontario and Nunavut. The Western Regional office, in operation since 1984 from Vancouver, serves the Western provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, the Northwest Territories and the Yukon. In 1967, founding the Canadian Film Development Corporation, the Canadian government allocates $10 million in support of the film industry. Michael Spencer is named the first executive director of the CFDC, by 1976, the Canadian government has increased the CFDC’s budget to $25 million annually, at which point the decision is made to finance the corporation with an annual parliamentary appropriation. The early 1980s sees the CFDC’s budget increased yet again and the creation of the Canadian Broadcast Program Development Fund to revitalize Canadian television programming, at the time, approximately 85% of all prime time programming on Canadian television is imported from other countries—namely the US. Under the direction of André Lamy, in 1984 the CFDC is renamed “Telefilm Canada” to better reflect the full range of activities in both the film and television industries. Now under the direction of François Macerola, the Canada Television. By the end of the 1990s, in 1998, Telefilm Canada creates a five-year, $30-million multimedia fund, aptly-named The Multimedia Fund, the Fund helps Canadians in multimedia to compete effectively in the new technologies arena. Also that year, Telefilm Canada announces guidelines for the Canada New Media Fund, budgets grow from $6 million, to $9 million, and now sit at $14 million annually. The latter half of the decade brings about changes for Telefilm. While the Board of the Canadian Television is responsible for the governance of all programs, Telefilm heads up the administration, the 2012 Canadian federal budget cut funding for the National Film Board of Canada and Telefilm Canada by 10%. Today, following a new plan, Telefilm has made stimulating demand for Canadian screen-based content one of its top priorities
20.
Paradise Falls
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Paradise Falls was a weekly soap opera shown nationally on the Showcase channel in Canada, starting in 2001. It is set in a cottage community in Central Ontario. Like many major US soaps, sex is a dominant part of the storylines, however, it shows much more of this than would be allowed by censors on mainstream broadcast networks. The shows open approach to sexual and homosexual themes caused reruns of the show to be carried on the Here, network in the United States, which targets gay and lesbian viewers. Like the soap Passions, murder and a little witchcraft are included in the mix of themes, unlike the typical studio based soap opera, the series was shot entirely on location on Sparrow Lake in Muskoka and Whitevale, Ontario which gave the show an authentic looking background. It was produced entirely in digital format, to production costs. The shows production company is Breakthrough Entertainment, the production schedule has been somewhat unorthodox and unpredictable for viewers. An initial 52 episodes were shot in a batch in 2001, after the original 52 aired, no new shows were seen until 2004, leaving many to think the show had been cancelled. A second batch of 26 episodes began to air in the fall of 2004, the show was dormant again until it was announced shooting had begun on a third batch,26 episodes, in July 2007. This third group of episodes started airing on April 11,2008 on Here, but did not run until September 2,2009 on Showcase. With a seven year timeline for three seasons, and no new episodes as of 2014, it appears that the season may have been its last. Clark as Dominic Bernini Patrick Stevenson as Austin Yank Azman as Mr, there is no more information currently, though Here. TV confirmed that it planned to release the show, the third season is available exclusively on Amazons Video On Demand section and is the first time the show has been available to buy. Paradise Falls at the Internet Movie Database Paradise Falls at TV. com The Paradise Falls Chamber of Commerce - This is a chamber of commerce. The mayor shown is actor Art Hindle, Paradise Falls Season 3 Playback - Article on production of Paradise Falls. Fans of Paradise Falls Tv Series - For fans and cast members to enjoy
21.
Fig Trees
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Fig Trees is a 2009 Canadian operatic documentary film written and directed by John Greyson. It follows South African AIDS activist Zackie Achmat and Canadian AIDS activist Tim McCaskell as they fight for access to treatment for HIV/AIDS and it was also inspired by Gertrude Stein and Virgil Thomsons opera Four Saints in Three Acts. The film premiered at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Teddy Award for Best Documentary, Zackie Achmat is a South African HIV-positive activist who founded the Treatment Action Campaign in 1998. The organization focuses on access to treatment for HIV/AIDS patients who cannot afford private health care. Achmat refused to take medication himself until the South African government made antiretroviral treatments available through public sector hospitals, Tim McCaskell is a Canadian activist who founded the AIDS Action Now. Organization, and has campaigned for better access to treatment, director John Greyson has been involved in AIDS activism since the 1980s. In 2001, he and musician David Wall had the idea to write an opera about Achmats treatment strike after a piece on him appeared in The New York Times, the work originally took the form of an eight-part video installation. It was inspired by the 1920s opera Four Saints in Three Acts by Virgil Thomson, the film features documentary footage and interviews with Achmat and McCaskell, as well as Gugu Dlamini, Stephen Lewis, Simon Nkoli, interspersed with operatic performances. Fictional elements feature Gertrude Stein writing an opera about Achmat and McCaskell and it is narrated by a singing albino squirrel. Fig Trees premiered at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival on February 9,2009 and it had been accepted as a rough cut and finished shortly before the festival. Official website Fig Trees at the Internet Movie Database
22.
Zackie Achmat
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Abdurrazack Zackie Achmat is a South African activist and film director. He is a co-founder the Treatment Action Campaign and known worldwide for his activism on behalf of living with HIV. Achmat was born in the Johannesburg suburb of Vrededorp to a Muslim Cape Malay family and he was raised by his mother and his aunt who were both shop stewards for the Garment Workers Union. He did not matriculate but nevertheless graduated with a BA Hons degree in English Literature from the University of the Western Cape in 1992 and studied filmmaking at the Cape Town Film School. Achmat set fire to his school in Salt River in support of the 1976 student protests and was imprisoned several times during his youth for political activities and he joined the African National Congress in 1980 while serving time in prison. Between 1985 and 1990 he was a member of the Marxist Workers Tendency of the ANC, Achmat describes his political ideology as democratic socialist since the unbanning of the ANC in 1990. In 2006, Achmat called on party members to formulate appropriate HIV policies. He has also been outspoken in his criticism of President Jacob Zuma, the AIDS Law Project and TAC work closely together in all the legal matters that arise in the course of advocating for the right to health, including prosecuting cases and defending TAC volunteers. Achmat publicly announced his HIV-positive status in 1998 and refused to take antiretroviral drugs until all who needed them had access to them and he held firm in his pledge until August 2003 when a national congress of TAC activists voted to urge him to begin antiretroviral treatment. He finally announced that he would start treatment shortly before the government announced that it would make available in the public sector. The protesters were charged with trespassing and ordered to appear before court, the inmate was one of 15 prisoners who were plaintiffs in a case against the Departments of Health and Correctional Services, suing to be provided access to antiretroviral drugs. The court ordered the government to provide the drugs immediately, in 2009 he co-founded the Centre for Law and Social Justice, subsequently renamed Ndifuna Ukwazi, with Gavin Silber. Achmat was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1990, in 2005 he suffered a heart attack, which his doctor said was unlikely to be caused by his HIV-positive status or treatment. He recovered sufficiently to return to his activism work, on 5 January 2008, Achmat married his same-sex partner and fellow activist Dalli Weyers at a ceremony in the Cape Town suburb of Lakeside. The ceremony was attended by then Mayor Helen Zille and presided over by Supreme Court of Appeal judge Edwin Cameron, the couple divorced amicably in June 2011. Achmats story is one of the 28 stories featured in the 2007 nonfiction book 28, Achmat is portrayed as a Saint in the 2009 video opera Fig Trees. Achmats critical role in the battle for mass antiretroviral treatment in Africa is portrayed in the award-winning 2013 documentary film Fire in the Blood, English, Is Europe Going to Hell. – directed by Robert Cibis Darling
23.
Berlin International Film Festival
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The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the worlds leading film festivals and most reputable media events. It is held annually in Berlin, Germany, founded in West Berlin in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With around 300,000 tickets sold and 500,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly attended film festival based on actual attendance rates. Up to 400 films are shown in sections, representing a comprehensive array of the cinematic world. Around twenty films compete for the called the Golden and Silver Bears. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick, the European Film Market, a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit. The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers, the Berlinale Talent Campus, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, gathers young filmmakers from around the globe. It partners with the festival itself and is considered to be a forum for upcoming artists, the festival, the EFM and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries. More than 4200 journalists are responsible for the exposure in over 110 countries. At high-profile feature film premieres, movie stars and celebrities are present at the red carpet, the Berlinale has established a cosmopolitan character integrating art, glamour, commerce and a global media attention. The Berlin International Film Festival was founded in West Berlin in 1951, alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca opened the first Berlinale. Although the film had premiered in 1940, many Germans had been unable to watch it until after the war ended, since 1978 the festival has been celebrated annually in February. The next-to-most recent festival, the 66th Berlinale, was held from 11 February to 21 February 2016, meryl Streep presided over the international jury. Joel and Ethan Coens film Hail, Caesar. was selected to open the festival, the Golden Bear was awarded to the Italian documentary Fire at Sea, directed by Gianfranco Rosi. The 67th Berlin International Film Festival was held February 9 to February 19,2017, the festival is composed of seven different film sections. Films are chosen in each category by a director with the advice of a committee of film experts. Categories include, Competition, comprises feature-length films yet to be released outside their country of origin, films in the Competition section compete for several prizes, including the top Golden Bear for the best film and a series of Silver Bears for acting, writing and production. Panorama, comprises new independent and arthouse films that deal with controversial subjects or unconventional aesthetic styles, films in the category are intended to provoke discussion, and have historically involved themes such as LGBT issues
24.
Crime fiction
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Crime fiction is the literary genre that fictionalises crimes, their detection, criminals, and their motives. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other such as historical fiction or science fiction. Crime fiction has multiple subgenres, including fiction, courtroom drama, hard-boiled fiction. Suspense and mystery are key elements that are ubiquitous to the genre. In Italy people commonly call a story about detectives or crimes giallo, better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, french author Émile Gaboriaus Monsieur Lecoq laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction, the Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs features Scotland Yard detectives, the best-selling crime novel of the nineteenth century was Fergus Humes The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom, like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e. g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes, Crime fiction can be divided into the following four branches, The cozy mystery, a subgenre of detective fiction in which profanity, sex, and violence are downplayed or treated humorously. The whodunit, the most common form of detective fiction, the historical whodunnit, also a subgenre of historical fiction. The police procedural, the detective is a member of the police, the forensic crime fiction, similar to the police procedural. The detective the reader follows is usually a medical examiner or pathologist—they must use the evidence left on the body. This subgenre was first introduced by Patricia Cornwell, the legal thriller, the major characters are lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases. The spy novel, the characters are spies, usually working for an intelligence agency. The caper story and the novel, the stories are told from the point of view of the criminals. The parody or spoof When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is difficult to tell where crime fiction starts
25.
Pattison Outdoor Advertising
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Pattison Outdoor is a division of the Jim Pattison Group, a Vancouver, British Columbia based multi-industries company wholly owned by Jim Pattison. Pattison Outdoor Advertising offers a variety of Out-of-home advertising displays and serves direct retail clients, the head office is located in Mississauga, Ontario with seven other Ontario offices in Ottawa, Kingston, Pembroke, Barrie, London, Niagara Falls/St. The Eastern Region has five offices, located in St. Johns, Halifax, Moncton, Quebec City, the Prairie Region consists of six offices located in Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Lethbridge, Calgary and Edmonton. The Pacific Region has five offices in Burnaby, Kelowna, Nanaimo, Prince George, in November 1967, the Jim Pattison Group entered the outdoor advertising industry with the acquisition of Seaboard Advertising. Seaboard was founded in 1908 as Bond & Ricketts Ltd. and was one of Canadas first outdoor advertising companies, the company name changed to Ruddy-Duker, and in 1936 it was sold to Neon Products. By 1946 the outdoor advertising portion of Neon Products business was a company named Seaboard Advertising. By 1967, Jim Pattison had acquired all the shares of Neon Products/Seaboard, based in Burnaby, British Columbia, Seaboard served outdoor advertisers in British Columbia. The Seaboard name was retired in 1998 with the unification of all of Jim Pattisons outdoor advertising companies under the Pattison Outdoor Advertising name, Hook Outdoor Advertising was founded as Hook Signs in Edmonton, Alberta in 1908 and incorporated as Hook Signs Ltd. in February,1913. The company was a supplier of store identification, display, vehicle. It introduced some of the first neon signs in the city 1939, in 1932, the company bought the billboards of the Ernest Willis Company in Calgary, Alberta and in 1936, the company bought the billboards of Ruddy Duker in Edmonton. Over the years the billboard advertising business overtook the display signage business until by the 1970s Hook was predominantly an outdoor advertising company, the company expanded beyond Edmonton and Calgary and by 1985 it served cities throughout the province of Alberta. The Jim Pattison Group bought the shares of Hook Signs Ltd. in 1981 and turned the company into a private holding, the Hook name was retired in 1998 with the unification of all of Jim Pattisons outdoor advertising companies under the Pattison Outdoor Advertising name. Gould Outdoor Advertising was founded in Midland, Ontario in 1913, the company joined Seaboard and Hook as a Jim Pattison company in 1982. Merging in 1992 with Pillar Ad, another Pattison acquisition, Gould moved beyond its established markets in southwestern Ontario, the Gould name was retired in 1998 with the unification of all of Jim Pattisons outdoor advertising companies under the Pattison Outdoor Advertising name. The transit advertising component of Pattison Outdoor is rooted in Trans Ad, Trans Ad was acquired by the Jim Pattison Group in 1982. Pattison Outdoor Advertising was formed in 1998 through the union of the out of home advertising companies owned by the Jim Pattison Group. Pattison Outdoor Advertising has traditional Outdoor Advertising posters in 300 cities and towns across Canada, from Vancouver Island on the west coast to St. Johns, beginning in 2008, the company has been building large-format L. E. D. Digital billboards, and as of May 2013, has over 150 of these displays in 25 cities across Canada
26.
Toronto Transit Commission
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The Toronto Transit Commission is a public transport agency that operates bus, rapid transit, streetcar, and paratransit services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1921, the TTC comprises four rapid transit lines with 69 stations, over 149 bus routes, and 10 streetcar lines. In 4th quarter 2012, the daily ridership was 2.76 million passengers,1,425,300 by bus,271,100 by streetcar,46,400 by intermediate rail. The TTC also operates paratransit service for the elderly and disabled. The TTC is the third most heavily used urban mass transit system in North America, after the New York City Transit Authority, public transit in Toronto started in 1849 with a privately operated transit service. In later years, the city operated some routes, but in 1921 assumed control over all routes, during this period, streetcars provided the bulk of the service. In 1954, the TTC adopted its present name, opened the first subway line, the system has evolved to feature a wide network of surface routes with the subway lines as the backbone. On February 17,2008, the TTC made many improvements, finally reversing more than a decade of service reductions. The Gloucester subway cars, the first version of TTC subway cars, another common slogan is The Better Way. The TTC has recovered about 70% of its costs from the fare box in recent years. From its creation in 1921 until 1971, the TTC was self-supporting both for capital and operations, deficits and subsidies soared throughout the 1970s and 1980s, followed by service cuts and a period of ridership decline in the 1990s, partly attributable to recession. Since then, the TTC has consistently been in financial difficulties, Service cuts were averted in 2007, though, when the Toronto City Council voted to introduce new taxes to help pay for city services, including the TTC. As a result, the TTC became the largest transit operator in Anglo-America not to receive provincial/state subsidies, the TTC has received federal funding for capital projects from as early as 2009. The TTC is also considered one of the costliest transit systems per fare price in North America, for the 2011 operating year, the TTC had a projected operating budget of $1.45 billion. Revenue from fares covered approximately 70% of the budget, whereas the remaining 30% originated from the city, in 2009 through 2011, provincial and federal subsidies amounted to 0% of the budget. In contrast to this, STM Montreal receives approximately 10% of its budget from the provincial government. The fairness of preferentially subsidizing transit in specific Canadian cities has been questioned by citizens, the TTC operated the ferry service to the Toronto Islands from 1927 to 1962, when it was transferred to the Metro Parks and Culture department. Gray Coach Lines was a suburban and regional intercity bus operator founded in 1927 by the TTC, Gray Coach used interurban coaches to link Toronto to points throughout southern Ontario
27.
Randy Shilts
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Randy Shilts was an American journalist and author. He worked as a reporter for both The Advocate and the San Francisco Chronicle, as well as for San Francisco Bay Area television stations. Born August 8,1951, in Davenport, Iowa, Shilts grew up in Aurora, Illinois, with five brothers in a conservative, working-class family. He majored in journalism at the University of Oregon, where he worked on the student newspaper, during his college days, he came out publicly as a gay man at age 20, and ran for student office with the slogan Come out for Shilts. In addition to his journalism, Shilts wrote three best-selling, widely acclaimed books. The book broke new ground, being written at a time when the idea of a gay political biography was brand-new. Shiltss second book, And the Band Played On, Politics, People, and the Band Played On is an extensively researched account of the early days of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. The film earned 20 nominations and nine awards, including the 1994 Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie, Shilts and his assistants conducted over a thousand interviews while researching the book, the last chapter of which Shilts dictated from his hospital bed. Shiltss writing was admired for its narrative drive, interweaving personal stories with political and social reporting. Shilts saw himself as a literary journalist in the tradition of Truman Capote, undaunted by a lack of enthusiasm for his initial proposal for the Harvey Milk biography, Shilts reworked the concept, as he later said, after further reflection, I read Hawaii by James Michener. That gave me the concept for the book, the idea of taking people and using them as vehicles, I would take the life-and-times approach and tell the whole story of the gay movement in this way, using Harvey as the major vehicle. Shilts maintained his sense of integrity in spite of being called a traitor to his own kind by a fellow Bay Area journalist. Shilts was also criticized by segments of the gay community on other issues, including his opposition to the controversial practice of outing prominent but closeted lesbians. Nevertheless, his tenacious reporting was highly praised by others in both the gay and straight communities who saw him as the pre-eminent chronicler of gay life and he was finally found to be HIV positive in March 1987. Although he took the anti-HIV drug AZT for several years, he did not publicly disclose his AIDS diagnosis until shortly before he died, in 1992, Shilts came down with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and suffered a collapsed lung, the following year, he came down with Kaposis sarcoma. In a New York Times interview in the spring of 1993, Shilts observed and its made me see all of the shallow things we cling to, like ego and vanity. Of course, Id rather have a few more T-cells and a little less character, despite being effectively homebound and on oxygen, he was able to attend the Los Angeles screening of the HBO film version of And the Band Played On in August 1993. Shilts died, aged 42, at his 10-acre ranch in Guerneville, Sonoma County, California, being survived by his partner, Barry Barbieri, his mother and his brother Gary had conducted a commitment service for the couple the previous year
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And the Band Played On
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And the Band Played On, Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic is a 1987 book by San Francisco Chronicle journalist Randy Shilts. Shilts premise is that AIDS was allowed to happen, while the disease is caused by an agent, incompetence. The book is a work of investigative journalism, written in the form of an encompassing time line. Shilts describes the impact and the involved in battling the disease on particular individuals in the gay, medical. Shilts begins his discussion in 1977 with the first confirmed case of AIDS, that of Grethe Rask and he ends with the announcement by actor Rock Hudson in 1985 that he was dying of AIDS, when international attention on the disease exploded. And the Band Played On was critically acclaimed and became a best-seller, judith Eannarino of the Library Journal called it one of the most important books of the year, upon its release. It made Shilts both a star and a pariah for his coverage of the disease and the politics in the gay community. It was happening to people I cared about and loved, the book was later adapted into an HBO film of the same name in 1993. Shilts was tested for HIV while he was writing the book, Shilts decided to write And the Band Played On after attending an awards ceremony in 1983 where he was to receive a commendation for his coverage on AIDS. As described in the book, television announcer Bill Kurtis gave the address and told a joke. Trying to convince your wife that youre Haitian, Shilts responded to the joke by saying that it says everything about how the media had dealt with AIDS. Bill Kurtis felt that he could go in front of a group in San Francisco. First of all, he could assume that there would be gay and, if they were gay, they wouldnt talk about it. To me, that summed up the problem of dealing with AIDS in the media. Obviously, the reason I covered AIDS from the start was that, to me, after publication of the book, Shilts explained his use of the title, And the Band Played On is simply a snappier way of saying business as usual. Everyone responded with a pace to an extraordinary situation. He often uses an omniscient point of view to portray individuals thoughts, AIDS in the United States first struck gay men and IV drug users in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco due to unsafe sexual and drug-taking practices. Some of them carried sexually transmitted diseases and rare tropical fevers, a marked difference in these cities arose in two phases of consciousness in the gay community, Before in 1980, and After by 1985
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Richard Francis Burton
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Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS was an English explorer, geographer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, cartographer, ethnologist, spy, linguist, poet, fencer, and diplomat. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, according to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian and African languages. Burton defied many aspects of the pervasive British ethnocentrism of his day and his works and letters extensively criticized colonial policies of the British Empire, even to the detriment of his career. A characteristic feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations, Burton was a captain in the army of the East India Company, serving in India. Following this, he was engaged by the Royal Geographical Society to explore the east coast of Africa, in later life, he served as British consul in Fernando Pó, Santos, Damascus and, finally, Trieste. He was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded a knighthood in 1886. Burton was born in Torquay, Devon, at 21,30 on 19 March 1821, in his autobiography and he was baptized on 2 September 1821 at Elstree Church in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. His father, Lt. -Colonel Henry Peard Driscoll and Mrs Richard Graves, richards mother, Martha Baker, was the daughter and co-heiress of a wealthy English squire, Richard Baker, of Barham House, Hertfordshire, for whom he was named. Burton had two siblings, Maria Katherine Elizabeth Burton and Edward Joseph Netterville Burton, born in 1823 and 1824, Burtons family travelled considerably during his childhood. In 1825, they moved to Tours, France, Burtons early education was provided by various tutors employed by his parents. He first began an education in 1829 at a preparatory school on Richmond Green in Richmond, Surrey. Over the next few years, his family travelled between England, France, and Italy, Burton showed an early gift for languages and quickly learned French, Italian, Neapolitan, and Latin, as well as several dialects. During his youth, he was rumored to have carried on an affair with a young Roma woman, even learning the rudiments of her language, the peregrinations of his youth may have encouraged Burton to regard himself as an outsider for much of his life. As he put it, Do what thy manhood bids thee do, from none, Burton matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on 19 November 1840. Before getting a room at the college, he lived for a time in the house of Dr. William Alexander Greenhill. Here, he met John Henry Newman, whose churchwarden was Dr. Greenhill, despite his intelligence and ability, Burton was antagonised by his teachers and peers. During his first term, he is said to have challenged another student to a duel after the latter mocked Burtons moustache, Burton continued to gratify his love of languages by studying Arabic, he also spent his time learning falconry and fencing. In April 1842, he attended a steeplechase in deliberate violation of college rules and subsequently dared to tell the college authorities that students should be allowed to attend such events
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ACT UP
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ACT UP was effectively formed in March 1987 at the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center in New York. Larry Kramer was asked to speak as part of a speaker series. Kramer spoke out against the Gay Mens Health Crisis, which he perceived as politically impotent, Kramer had co-founded the GMHC but had resigned from its board of directors in 1983. According to Douglas Crimp, Kramer posed a question to the audience, the answer was a resounding yes. Approximately 300 people met two days later to form ACT UP, the following chronological accounts of New York ACT UP actions are drawn from Douglas Crimps history of ACT UP, the ACT UP Oral History Project, and the online Capsule History of ACT UP, New York. On March 24,1987,250 ACT UP members demonstrated at Wall Street and Broadway to demand access to experimental AIDS drugs. An Op/Ed article by Larry Kramer published in the New York Times the previous day described some of the issues ACT UP was concerned with, seventeen ACT UP members were arrested during this civil disobedience. On March 24,1988, ACT UP returned to Wall Street for a demonstration in which over 100 people were arrested. On September 14,1989, seven ACT UP members infiltrated the New York Stock Exchange and chained themselves to the VIP balcony to protest the price of the only approved AIDS drug. Several days following this demonstration, Burroughs Wellcome lowered the price of AZT to $6,400 per patient per year. ACT UP held their next action at the New York City General Post Office on the night of April 15,1987, Douglas Crimp speaks of the media savvy of ACT UP at this demonstration, because the television media routinely do stories about down-to-the-wire tax return filers. As such, ACT UP was virtually guaranteed media coverage, on October 11,1988 ACT UP had one of its most successful demonstrations when it successfully shut down the Food & Drug Administration for a day. Media reported that it was the largest such demonstration since demonstrations against the Vietnam War, the AIDS activists shut down the large facility by blocking doors, walkways and a road as FDA workers reported to work. Police told some workers to go rather than wade through the throng. Hey, hey, FDA, how people have you killed today. Chanted the crowd, estimated by protest organizers at between 1,100 and 1,500, the protesters hoisted a black banner that read Federal Death Administration. Police officers, wearing gloves and helmets, started rounding up the hundreds of demonstrators. Some protesters blocked the buses from leaving for 20 minutes, authorities arrested at least 120 protesters, and demonstration leaders said they were aiming for 300 arrests by days end
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Zidovudine
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Zidovudine, also known as azidothymidine, is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretroviral and it may be used to prevent mother to child spread during birth or after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure. It is sold both by itself and together as lamivudine/zidovudine and abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine and it can be used by mouth or by slow injection into a vein. Common side effects include headaches, fever, and nausea, serious side effects include liver problems, muscle damage, and high blood lactate levels. It is commonly used in pregnancy and appears to be safe for the baby, ZDV is of the nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor class. It works by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase that HIV uses to make DNA, Zidovudine was first described in 1964. It was approved in the United States in 1986 and was the first treatment for HIV and it is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication, the wholesale cost in the developing world is 5.10 to 25.60 USD per month. As of 2015, the cost for a month of medication in the United States was more than 200 USD. AZT is usually dosed twice a day in combination with other antiretroviral therapies and this approach is referred to as Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and is used to prevent the likelihood of HIV resistance. AZT has been used for prophylaxis in combination with another antiretroviral drug called lamivudine. Together they work to reduce the risk of HIV infection following the first single exposure to the virus. More recently, AZT has been replaced by other such as tenofovir to provide PEP. Without AZT, as many as 10 to 15% of fetuses with HIV-infected mothers will themselves become infected, AZT has been shown to reduce this risk to as little as 8% when given in a three-part regimen post-conception, delivery, and six weeks post-delivery. During 1994 to 1999, AZT was the form of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. AZT prophylaxis prevented more than 1000 parental and infant deaths from AIDS in the United States, as this treatment was lengthy and expensive, it was deemed unfeasible in the global south, where mother-to-child transmission was a significant problem. A number of studies were initiated in the late 1990s that sought to test the efficacy of a shorter, simpler regimen for use in ‘resource-poor’ countries. Most common side-effects include nausea, vomiting, acid reflux, headache, cosmetic reduction in body fat, light sleeping
