1.
William Shakespeare
–
William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
William Shakespeare
–
The
Chandos portrait, artist and authenticity unconfirmed.
National Portrait Gallery, London.
William Shakespeare
–
John Shakespeare's house, believed to be
Shakespeare's birthplace, in
Stratford-upon-Avon.
William Shakespeare
–
Shakespeare's coat of arms, as it appears on the rough draft of the application to grant a coat-of-arms to John Shakespeare. It features a spear as a
pun on the family name.
William Shakespeare
–
Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon.
2.
Henry Condell
–
Henry Condell was an actor in the Kings Men, the playing company for which William Shakespeare wrote. With John Heminges, he was instrumental in preparing and editing the First Folio and it appears that he may have been from East Anglia, as his will mentions my Cosen Gilder late of newe Buckenham’. Henry Condell, presumably their son, was baptized at St Peter on 5 September 1576, traditionally, he is associated with the Harry who appears in the cast list for Richard Tarltons The Seven Deadly Sins, but this identification is little more than conjecture. If the connection is true, then Condell was an actor as early as 1590, acting in Lord Stranges Men alongside John Heminges and Augustine Phillips. Condell was definitely in London by 24 October 1596, when he married, at St Laurence Pountney, Elizabeth Smart and they settled in St Mary Aldermanbury, the parish in which Heminges lived. Condell, like Heminges, served as churchwarden in that church, nine children were baptized there, born between 1599 and 1614, of whom only three survived to adulthood, Elizabeth, who married Herbert Finch, Henry, and William. Details of Condells mature life, as is usual for Renaissance actors, are few and his status within the Lord Chamberlains and Kings companies appears to have been high, in official communications he is generally listed shortly after Burbage and Heminges. Actors wills indicate that he was close to at least some of his colleagues in the company, Shakespeare and Phillips bequeathed him money for mourning rings, Nicholas Tooley and Alexander Cooke named him as trustee for their estates. Condell prospered enough in his profession to purchase a home at Fulham in Middlesex and other property, including an estate called Brockhampton in Snowshill. The indentures recording the latter contain the only known example of Condells signature or handwriting apart from his last will. In addition to Every Man in His Humour and Every Man Out of His Humour, Condell is known to have performed in four more of Jonsons plays, Sejanus, Volpone, The Alchemist and he was the original Cardinal in John Websters The Duchess of Malfi. And he was listed in eight of the cast lists that were added to the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679 and he signed each of the nine sheets of his last will and testament on 13 December 1627. He died at Fulham aged 51, and was buried at St Mary Aldermanbury on 29 December 1627 and his widow, Elizabeth, was buried there on 3 October 1635. Condell left an estate, including shares in the Globe. Lives of the Original Actors in Shakespeares Plays, a Dictionary of Actors and of Other Persons Associated With the Public Presentation of Plays in England Before 1642. New Haven, Yale University Press,1929
Henry Condell
–
Memorial to John Heminge and Henry Condell, London
3.
First Folio
–
Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies is the 1623 published collection of William Shakespeares plays. Modern scholars commonly refer to it as the First Folio, printed in folio format and containing 36 plays, it was prepared by Shakespeares colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell. It was dedicated to the pair of brethren William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and his brother Philip Herbert. The paper industry in England was then in its infancy and the quantity of quality rag paper for the book was imported from France. It is thought that the typesetting and printing of the First Folio was such a job that the Kings Men simply needed the capacities of the Jaggards shop. William Jaggard was old, infirm and blind by 1623, and died a month before the book went on sale, most of the work in the project must have been done by his son Isaac. The First Folios publishing syndicate also included two stationers who owned the rights to some of the plays that had been previously printed, William Aspley. Smethwick had been a partner of another Jaggard, Williams brother John. The printing of the Folio was probably done between February 1622 and early November 1623, the printer originally expected to have the book ready early, since it was listed in the Frankfurt Book Fair catalogue as a book to appear between April and October 1622. The thirty-six plays of the First Folio occur in the order given below, each play is followed by the type of source used, as determined by bibliographical research. Comedies 1 The Tempest * – the play was set into type from a prepared by Ralph Crane. Crane produced a high-quality result, with formal act/scene divisions, frequent use of parentheses and hyphenated forms,2 The Two Gentlemen of Verona * – another transcript by Ralph Crane. 3 The Merry Wives of Windsor – another transcript by Ralph Crane,4 Measure for Measure * – probably another Ralph Crane transcript. 5 The Comedy of Errors * – probably typeset from Shakespeares foul papers,6 Much Ado About Nothing – typeset from a copy of the quarto, lightly annotated. 7 Loves Labours Lost – typeset from a copy of Q1. 8 A Midsummer Nights Dream – typeset from a copy of Q2, well-annotated,9 The Merchant of Venice – typeset from a lightly edited and corrected copy of Q1. 10 As You Like It * – from a quality manuscript,11 The Taming of the Shrew * – typeset from Shakespeares foul papers, somewhat annotated, perhaps as preparation for use as a prompt-book. 12 Alls Well That Ends Well * – probably from Shakespeares foul papers or a manuscript of them,13 Twelfth Night * – typeset either from a prompt-book or a transcript of one
First Folio
–
Title page of the first impression (1623).
First Folio
–
Table of Contents from the First Folio
First Folio
–
Memorial to
John Heminges and
Henry Condell, editors of the First Folio, at
Bassishaw, London
First Folio
–
The First Folio (
Victoria and Albert Museum, London)
4.
Droitwich Spa
–
Droitwich Spa is a town in northern Worcestershire, England, on the River Salwarpe. The Spa was added in the 19th century when John Corbett developed the spa facilities. The River Salwarpe running through Droitwich is likely derived from Sal meaning salt, Droitwich is within the Wychavon area – the only Midlands area to be in the Halifax Quality of Life Survey of 2011. On 4 November 2013 Droitwich Spa Town Council made Max Sinclair an honorary Freeman of the town in recognition of the role he played in the restoration of Droitwich Canals. The town is situated on massive deposits of salt, and salt has been extracted there since ancient times, the natural Droitwich brine contains 2½ lbs. of salt per gallon – ten times stronger than sea water and rivalled only by the Dead Sea. During the Roman era the settlement was known as Salinae and was located at the crossroads of several Roman roads, Railway construction in 1847 revealed Roman mosaic pavements, and later excavations unearthed a Roman villa or corridor house some 44 yards long. The flooding was pictured in UK-wide news, having flooded the majority of the heavily subsided high street, many shops in the high street remained closed almost a year later. The flooding crossed from the stream and canal in Vines Park, crossed Roman Way, rock salt and brine was extracted by the Romans and this continued through to the Middle Ages. A salt tax was levied by the king until it was abolished in 1825, a local family named Wintour owned up to 25 salt evaporating pans in the area by the 1600s. Brine rose naturally to the surface at three sites along the River Salwarpe within Vines Park in the centre of Droitwich, unusually the brine was fully saturated with sodium chloride, and was extremely valuable because it was economic to boil, and the yield of salt was high. Because of its value the brine was divided into shares, one share comprising 6,912 gallons which produced eight tons of salt annually in the set boiling period. When it rained, particularly in the winter when brine was not being boiled, originally brine for boiling was extracted with buckets lowered into the pits which were naturally replenished. Upwich, the deepest of the three pits at 30 feet, supplied most of the brine, while the pit at Netherwich was only 18 feet deep. The Middlewich pit, located between the two, was affected by brine extraction at the other two pits and fell into disuse. Steynor in the 17th century discovered the pit and set up business for himself, with this production increased and pumps were used to draw brine, however, as a result parts of the town succumbed to subsidence. In the mid-19th century, Droitwich became famous as a Spa town, the spa water at Droitwich is the warmest in the United Kingdom outside Bath, but it does not meet the most common definition of a hot spring as the water is below standard human body temperature. The original Brine Baths have long closed, but a new brine bath opened to the public for relaxation. But this too was closed in December 2008 due to a dispute between the operator and Wychavon District Council over health and safety inspections
Droitwich Spa
–
Saltworkers by British sculptor
John McKenna in the town centre.
Droitwich Spa
–
Droitwich transmitting station, Wychbold
Droitwich Spa
–
Droitwich Spa High Street on
St. Richard's Day 2009
5.
Worcestershire
–
Worcestershire is a county in the West Midlands of England. Between 1974 and 1998, it was merged with the county of Herefordshire as Hereford. The cathedral city of Worcester is the largest settlement and county town, other towns in the county include Redditch, Bromsgrove, Stourport-on-Severn, Droitwich, Evesham, Kidderminster, and Malvern. The north-east of Worcestershire includes part of the industrial West Midlands, the county is divided into six administrive districts, Worcester, Redditch, Wychavon, Malvern Hills, Wyre Forest, and Bromsgrove. The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, to the west, the county is bordered by the Malvern Hills and the spa town of Malvern. The south of the county is bordered by Gloucestershire and the edge of the Cotswolds. Two major rivers flow through the county, the Severn and the Avon, Worcestershire was the heartland of the early English kingdom of the Hwicce. It was absorbed by the Kingdom of Mercia during the 7th century and it was a separate ealdormanship briefly in the 10th century before forming part of the Earldom of Mercia in the 11th century. In the years leading up to the Norman conquest, the Church, supported by the cathedral, Evesham Abbey, Pershore Abbey, Malvern Priory, and other religious houses, increasingly dominated the county. The last known Anglo-Saxon sheriff of the county was Cyneweard of Laughern, on 4 August 1265, Simon de Montfort was killed in the Battle of Evesham in Worcestershire. In 1642, the Battle of Powick Bridge was the first major skirmish of the English Civil War, during the Middle Ages, much of the countys economy was based on the wool trade. Many areas of its forests, such as Feckenham Forest, Horewell Forest. Droitwich Spa, situated on large deposits of salt, was a centre of production from Roman times. These old industries have declined, to be replaced by other. The county is home to the worlds oldest continually published newspaper. Malvern was one of the centres of the 19th century rise in English spa towns due to Malvern water being believed to be very pure, containing nothing at all. The 2011 census found the population of Worcestershire to be 566,169, while this change is in line with the nationwide trend of White British peoples share of the population shrinking, Worcestershire is still much more ethnically homogeneous than the national average. In 2011 England as a whole was 79. 8% White British, the most notable were Dudley, Evenlode, and the area around Shipston-on-Stour
Worcestershire
–
Flag
Worcestershire
–
Worcestershire County Council
Worcestershire
–
The
Battle of Powick Bridge on the
River Teme on 23 September 1642 began the
English Civil War.
Worcestershire
–
Halesowen was an exclave of neighbouring
Shropshire until 1844 when it was incorporated into Worcestershire. It is now in the metropolitan county of the
West Midlands.
6.
City of London
–
The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
City of London
–
The City of London skyline in December 2013
City of London
–
The
Waterloo Helmet, c. 150–50 BC, found in the
River Thames
City of London
–
A surviving fragment of the
London Wall, built around 200 AD, close to
Tower Hill
City of London
–
Plaque near
Southwark Bridge noting the activities around the time of
King Alfred.
7.
Worshipful Company of Grocers
–
The Worshipful Company of Grocers is one of the 110 Livery Companies of the City of London and ranks second in order of precedence. Established in 1345, the Grocers comprise one of Londons Great Twelve City Livery Companies, the company was founded in the 14th century by members of the Guild of Pepperers, which dates from 1180. The Company was responsible for maintaining standards for the purity of spices and for the setting of certain weights and its members included Londons pharmacists, who separated forming the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in 1617. The guild was known as the Company of Grossers from 1373 until 1376 when it was renamed the Company of Grocers of London, in 1428, two years after building its first hall in Old Jewry, the Company was granted a Royal Charter by King Henry VI of England. One of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies, it ranks second in the Companies order of precedence after the Mercers Company, the Companys motto is God Grant Grace. The Company also provides banqueting and conference facilities at Grocers Hall situated in Princes Street, the earliest known Grocers Hall was in Poultry, then known as Conningshop-lane on account of the three conies or rabbits hanging over a poulterers stall in the lane. It was built in 1428 on land owned by Lord Fitzwalter and let out for dinners, funerals, county feasts. The hall was renovated in 1681 by the future Lord Mayor of London. A new hall was built on the site between 1798 and 1802 when part of the garden was sold to the Bank of England for the expansion of nearby Princes Street. However, frequent and extensive repairs were required due to defective foundations in the building, a fifth and final hall was constructed nearby in 1970, also on Princes Street, which remains the Grocers home today. The present Master Grocer for 2014-15 is James Roundell and the Companys Clerk is Brigadier Robert Pridham, reeds Schools Annual Foundation Appeal has been held at Grocers’ Hall for over fifty years. Additionally, in 1876 the Company founded the Grocers Company School, in Hackney, east of the City of London and this was transferred into London County Councils control after that authoritys formation in 1889 and changed its name to Hackney Downs School, it closed in 1995. The Grocers Company now maintains close links with and is the sponsor of Hackneys Mossbourne Academy. The church of St Mary the Virgin at Northill in Bedfordshire shows the Grocers coat of arms on a glass window by John Oliver. The company commissioned the window in 1664, some Account of the Worshipful Company of Grocers of the City of London. 1829 history of the Company by the Governor of the Bank of England, the Grocers Company of the City of London www. liverycompanies. com
Worshipful Company of Grocers
–
The fifth and current Grocers' Hall, on Prince's Street.
Worshipful Company of Grocers
–
Grocers'
arms.
8.
Thame
–
Thame /teɪm/ is a market town and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about 9 miles east of the city of Oxford and 7 miles southwest of the Buckinghamshire town of Aylesbury. It derives its toponym from the River Thame which flows along the side of the town. The parish includes the hamlet of Moreton south of the town, the 2011 Census recorded the parishs population as 11,561. Thame was founded in the Anglo-Saxon era and was in the kingdom of Wessex, Thame Abbey was founded in 1138 for the Cistercian Order, the abbey church was consecrated in 1145. In the 16th century Dissolution of the Monasteries the abbey was suppressed, Thame Park was built on the site, incorporating parts of the abbey including the early-16th-century abbots house. Its interior is one of the earliest examples of the Italian Renaissance in England, a Georgian west wing was added in the 18th century. In about 1840 parts of the foundations of the church were excavated, it was 77 yards long and 23 yards wide. The earliest feature of the Church of England parish church of Mary the Virgin is the 12th-century base of the font, the fonts octagonal bowl was re-cut in the 13th century. The present church is a building that was built in the 13th century. The chancel is Early English Gothic and was built in about 1220, with six windows in its north wall. Whatever lancet windows may have been in the south wall were replaced with three two-light Decorated Gothic windows with reticulated tracery, and a double piscina was added at the same time. The transepts and tower arches are also early 13th century, the nave has five-bay north and south aisles whose arcades were built in about 1260. The aisles were widened in the 14th century, when they acquired their Decorated Gothic windows, the Decorated Gothic south porch has two storeys and a two-bay quadripartite vault. The Perpendicular Gothic clerestory is 14th or early 15th century, in the 15th century the tower piers were strengthened and the two upper stages of the tower were built. In 1442 the north transept was rebuilt with five-light Perpendicular Gothic north, at about the same time the south transept acquired similar windows and was extended eastwards to form a chapel with a 15th-century piscina. The Perpendicular Gothic nave west window was inserted in 1672–73, making it an example of Gothic survival, in 1838 the north aisle north wall was rebuilt under the direction of George Wilkinson. The tower has a ring of eight bells, all cast by Mears, the Prebendal House is known to have existed by 1234, The Early English Gothic chapel was built in about 1250. The solar is also 13th-century but was enlarged in the 14th, the rest of the Prebendal House dates is 15th centuries
Thame
–
Thame Town Hall, designed
H.J. Tollit and built in 1888
Thame
–
St Mary the Virgin parish church
Thame
–
Entrance of the original grammar school building, completed in 1569
Thame
–
Stribblehills, a 17th-century timber-framed house with
brick nogging
9.
St Mary Aldermanbury
–
St. Mary Aldermanbury was a church in the City of London first mentioned in 1181 and destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666. Rebuilt in Portland stone by Christopher Wren, it was gutted by the Blitz in 1940. In 1966 these stones were transported to Fulton, Missouri, by the residents of that town, Churchill had made his Sinews of Peace, Iron Curtain speech in the Westminster College Gymnasium in 1946. The gardens also house a monument to Henry Condell and John Heminges, key figures in the production of the First Folio of William Shakespeares plays, Condell and Heminges lived in the St. Mary Aldermanbury parish and were buried in its churchyard. This monument is topped with a bust of Shakespeare, the remains of the church were designated a Grade II listed building on 5 June 1972. In the 1830s, the notable missionary William Jowett was a lecturer at the church, notable burials in the church included the notorious hanging judge Judge Jeffreys and the Puritan author and minister James Janeway and his father, William. Of the interment of Judge Jeffreys, Leigh Hunt wrote, Jeffreys was taken on the twelfth of September,1688. In 1810, during repairs, the coffin was uncovered for a time. Also buried in the church was the astronomer Thomas Digges, who is believed to be the first person to postulate in print that the universe is infinite. List of demolished buildings and structures in London List of Christopher Wren churches in London Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury - Churchill Memorial - Fulton, Missouri
St Mary Aldermanbury
–
St Mary Aldermanbury
St Mary Aldermanbury
–
The blitzed church in situ in London, 1964
St Mary Aldermanbury
–
The church was rebuilt at
Westminster College in
Fulton, Missouri.
St Mary Aldermanbury
–
Inside the Church
10.
Privy Council of England
–
The Privy Council of England, also known as His Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, was a body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England. Its members were often members of the House of Lords. The Privy Council of England was an institution, advising the Sovereign on the exercise of the Royal prerogative. It issued executive orders known as Orders in Council and also had judicial functions, during the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a royal court, which consisted of magnates, clergy and officers of the Crown. This body originally concerned itself with advising the Sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the Sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful Sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the Sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the Sovereign relied on a smaller committee, the Council developed significantly during the reign of Elizabeth I, gaining political experience, so that there were real differences between the Privy Council of the 1560s and that of the 1600s. By the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, the remaining house of Parliament, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws and to direct administrative policy. The forty-one members of the Council were elected by the Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, in 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to between thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, charles II restored the royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small committee of advisers. The Acts of Union 1707 united England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain, during the reign of Elizabeth I, the Council is recorded under the title The Queens Majesties most Honourable Privy-Council. The Sovereign, when acting on the Councils advice, was known as the King-in-Council or Queen-in-Council, the members of the Council were collectively known as The Lords of His Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, or sometimes The Lords and others of. ). The chief officer of the body was the Lord President of the Council, another important official was the Clerk, whose signature was appended to all orders made. Membership was generally for life, although the death of a monarch brought an immediate dissolution of the Council, the Privy Council of England was one of the four principal councils of the Sovereign
Privy Council of England
–
The Privy Council meets Spanish ambassadors at
Somerset House to finalise the
Treaty of London (1604)
11.
Coal
–
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen. A fossil fuel, coal forms when plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time, throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, the extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change. Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, since 1983, the worlds top coal producer has been China. In 2015 China produced 3,747 million tonnes of coal –47. 7% of 7,861 million tonnes world coal production, in 2015 other large producers were United States, India, European Union and Australia. The word originally took the col in Old English, from Proto-Germanic *kula. In Old Turkic languages, kül is ash, cinders, öčür is quench, the compound charcoal in Turkic is öčür kül, literally quenched ashes, cinders, coals with elided anlaut ö- and inflection affixes -ülmüş. At various times in the geologic past, the Earth had dense forests in low-lying wetland areas, due to natural processes such as flooding, these forests were buried underneath soil. As more and more soil deposited over them, they were compressed, the temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. As the process continued the plant matter was protected from biodegradation and oxidation and this trapped the carbon in immense peat bogs that were eventually covered and deeply buried by sediments. Under high pressure and high temperature, dead vegetation was slowly converted to coal, as coal contains mainly carbon, the conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonization. The wide, shallow seas of the Carboniferous Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, the exception is the coal gap in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, where coal is rare. Coal is known from Precambrian strata, which predate land plants — this coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae, in its dehydrated form, peat is a highly effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on land and water. It is also used as a conditioner for soil to make it able to retain. Lignite, or brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal, jet, a compact form of lignite, is sometimes polished and has been used as an ornamental stone since the Upper Palaeolithic
Coal
–
Anthracite coal
Coal
–
Bituminous coal
Coal
–
Coastal exposure of the Point Aconi Seam (Nova Scotia)
Coal
–
Coal miner in Britain, 1942
12.
Richard Burbage
–
Richard Burbage is considered the first great actor of English theatre. He is one of the most famous actors of the Globe Theatre of his time, in addition to being a stage actor he was also a theatre owner, entrepreneur and painter. He was the brother of Cuthbert Burbage. They were both actors in drama, Burbage was a business associate and friend to William Shakespeare. The son of James Burbage, a joiner who became a theatrical impresario, Burbage was a popular actor by his early 20s. He excelled in plays with the theme of tragedies and his early acting career is poorly documented. As many young actors of his time, he may have played the part of women in productions before taking any of the roles he is known for. It has been suggested that he spent time working with the Earl of Leicesters company and he played the title role in the first performances of many of Shakespeares plays, including Hamlet, Othello, Richard III, and King Lear. But he was in demand and also appeared in the plays of many of the great contemporary writers, such as Ben Jonson, John Marston, John Webster and Beaumont. Burbages power and scope as an actor is revealed in the size of the roles he played. He was a box office draw. Of the hundreds of plays and thousands of roles for actors that date from the 1580–1610 era and his acting style is closely compared with the method that actors use today called method acting, it would be another four centuries before this came into popularity. He was described as being short and stout, but said to be an impressive figure, Burbage was baptised at St Stephen in London on 7 July 1568. He was the son to his parents, followed by three younger sisters, Alice, Joane, and Ellen. His father brought Burbage to the theatre and became the greatest influence for his career and it gave him a great starting advantage in the theatre world by being the son of a builder and owner of the first successful permanent playhouse. After the death of their father in February 1597, Richard, the Blackfriars Theatre they kept but leased to lawyer and impresario Henry Evans, who used it for a troupe of child actors. The other, called simply The Theatre, was dismantled when they could not resolve terms for a new lease with Giles Allen, the landowner. The beams, posts, and other remnants of The Theatre were moved to a new location on the side of the Thames River
Richard Burbage
–
Portrait of Richard Burbage,
Dulwich Picture Gallery,
London
Richard Burbage
–
The memorial plaque in
St Leonard's, Shoreditch commemorating the Burbage family and other actors.
13.
Mourning ring
–
A mourning ring is a finger ring worn in memory of someone who has died. It often bears the name and date of death of the person and they were usually paid for by the person commemorated, or their heirs, and often specified, along with the list of intended recipients, in wills. Stones mounted on the rings were usually black, where it could be afforded jet was the preferred option, otherwise cheaper black materials such as black enamel or vulcanite were used. White enamel was used on occasion particularly where the deceased was a child and it also saw some use when the person being mourned had not married. In some cases a lock of hair of the person would be incorporated into the ring. The use of hair in mourning rings was not as widespread as it might have been due to concerns that the hair of the deceased would be substituted with other hair. The use of mourning rings dates back to at least the 14th century, by the mid-18th century jewelers had started to advertise the speed with which such rings could be made. The style largely settled upon was a small stone with details of the decedent recorded in enamel on the hoop. Use of mourning rings resurfaced in the 1930s and 1940s in the United States, the rings were made of bakelite and mounted a small picture of the person being mourned. Mourning rings have sometimes made to mark occasions other than a persons death. In 1793 one was made for William Skirving after he was sentenced to penal transportation,1836, bequeathing 16 rings Sir Anthony Browne Col. Nicholas Spencer William Shakespeare
Mourning ring
–
A mourning ring primarily composed of gold set with jet and hair
Mourning ring
–
A Mourning ring made in Birmingham in 1825
14.
Charles William Wallace
–
Charles William Wallace was an American scholar and researcher, famed for his discoveries in the field of English Renaissance theatre. Wallace was born in Hopkins, Missouri to Thomas Dickay Wallace, intending to be a teacher, he graduated from Western Normal College, Shenandoah, Iowa, and taught briefly in country schoolhouses before becoming a professor of Latin and English at his alma mater. He also founded and directed a school for the state university in Nebraska. He earned a degree from the University of Nebraska. He was an instructor at the University of Nebraska in 1901 and he married Hulda Alfreda Berggren in 1893. From 1907 through 1916, he and his wife conducted a survey at the Public Record Office in London. The Wallaces discovered the court papers of the dispute between Alleyn and the owners of The Theatre, an account of which he published as The First London Theatre. The Wallaces work provided a vastly improved comprehension of the role of the companies in English Renaissance drama. Wallaces dedication to his research took an unusual, perhaps unique form, in order to further work
Charles William Wallace
–
Professor and Mrs. Charles William Wallace
15.
Southwark
–
Southwark is a district of Central London and part of the London Borough of Southwark. Situated 1.5 miles east of Charing Cross, it one of the oldest parts of London. It historically formed an ancient borough in the county of Surrey, made up of a number of parishes, as an inner district of London, Southwark experienced rapid depopulation during the late-19th and early-20th centuries. It is now at a stage of regeneration and is the county town of Greater London which is the location of the City Hall offices of the Greater London Authority. Southwark had a population of 30,119 in 2011, Southwark is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudweca. The name means southern defensive work and is formed from the Old English sūth, the southern location is in reference to the City of London to the north, Southwark being at the southern end of London Bridge. The ancient borough of Southwark was also simply as The Borough—or Borough—and this name. Southwark was also referred to as the Ward of Bridge Without when administered by the City. Southwark is on a marshy area south of the River Thames. Recent excavation has revealed prehistoric activity including evidence of ploughing, burial mounds. The area was originally a series of islands in the River Thames and this formed the best place to bridge the Thames and the area became an important part of Londinium owing its importance to its position as the endpoint of the Roman London Bridge. Two Roman roads, Stane Street and Watling Street, met at Southwark in what is now Borough High Street, archaeological work at Tabard Street in 2004 discovered a plaque with the earliest reference to London from the Roman period on it. Londinium was abandoned at the end of the Roman occupation in the fifth century. Archaeologically, evidence of settlement is replaced by a largely featureless soil called the Dark Earth which probably represents an urban area abandoned, Southwark appears to recover only during the time of King Alfred and his successors. Sometime about 886 AD, the burh of Southwark was created and it was probably fortified to defend the bridge and hence the re-emerging City of London to the north. He failed to force the bridge during the Norman conquest of England, Southwark appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as held by several Surrey manors. Southwarks value to the King was £16, much of Southwark was originally owned by the church—the greatest reminder of monastic London is Southwark Cathedral, originally the priory of St Mary Overie. During the early Middle Ages, Southwark developed and was one of the four Surrey towns which returned Members of Parliament for the first commons assembly in 1295
Southwark
–
Southwark Cathedral
Southwark
–
View from Tower Bridge towards Southwark district:
City Hall and the rest of
More London development in the foreground,
Shard London Bridge skyscraper (under construction at time of photo) in the background.
16.
Ben Jonson
–
Benjamin Jonson was an English playwright, poet, actor, and literary critic of the 17th century, whose artistry exerted a lasting impact upon English poetry and stage comedy. He popularised the comedy of humours, Ben Jonson said that his family originally came from the folk of the Anglo-Scottish border country, which genealogy is attested by the three spindles in the Jonson family coat of arms. One spindle is a heraldic device shared with the Border-country Johnstone family of Annandale. Jonsons clergyman father died two months before his birth, his mother married a master bricklayer two years later, Jonson attended school in St. Martins Lane. Later, a family friend paid for his studies at Westminster School, on leaving Westminster School, Jonson was to have attended the University of Cambridge, to continue his book learning but did not, because of his unwilled apprenticeship to his bricklayer stepfather. According to the churchman and historian Thomas Fuller, Jonson at this time built a wall in Lincolns Inn. After having been a bricklayer, Ben Jonson went to the Netherlands. After his military activity on the Continent, Jonson returned to England and worked as an actor, as an actor, Jonson was the protagonist “Hieronimo” in the play The Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd, the first revenge tragedy in English literature. Regarding his marriage Jonson described his wife to William Drummond as a shrew, concerning the family of Anne Lewis and Ben Jonson, the St. Martins Church registers indicate that Mary Jonson, their eldest daughter, died in November 1593, at six months of age. Moreover,32 years later, a son, also named Benjamin Jonson. By summer 1597, Jonson had an engagement in the Admirals Men, then performing under Philip Henslowes management at The Rose. John Aubrey reports, on authority, that Jonson was not successful as an actor, whatever his skills as an actor. By this time Jonson had begun to write plays for the Admirals Men. None of his early tragedies survive, however, an undated comedy, The Case is Altered, may be his earliest surviving play. In 1597 a play which he co-wrote with Thomas Nashe, The Isle of Dogs, was suppressed after causing great offence, arrest warrants for Jonson and Nashe were issued by Queen Elizabeth Is so-called interrogator, Richard Topcliffe. Jonson was jailed in Marshalsea Prison and charged with Leude and mutynous behaviour, two of the actors, Gabriel Spenser and Robert Shaw, were also imprisoned. A year later, Jonson was again imprisoned, this time in Newgate Prison. While in jail Jonson converted to Catholicism, possibly through the influence of fellow-prisoner Father Thomas Wright, in 1598 Jonson produced his first great success, Every Man in His Humour, capitalising on the vogue for humorous plays which George Chapman had begun with An Humorous Days Mirth
Ben Jonson
–
Ben Jonson (c. 1617), by
Abraham Blyenberch; oil on canvas painting at the
National Portrait Gallery, London
Ben Jonson
–
Westminster School master
William Camden cultivated the artistic genius of Ben Jonson.
Ben Jonson
–
The Scottish poet
William Drummond of Hawthornden was friend and confidant to Jonson.
Ben Jonson
–
Title page of The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (1616), the first
folio publication that included stage plays
17.
Sejanus (play)
–
Sejanus His Fall, a 1603 play by Ben Jonson, is a tragedy about Lucius Aelius Seianus, the favourite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. Sejanus His Fall was performed at court in 1603, and at the Globe Theatre in 1604, the latter performance was a failure. According to Jonson, an unnamed co-author had good share in the version of the play as it was acted on the public stage, for reasons unknown the play was accused of promoting popery and treason. Jonson was questioned, but no action was taken, Jonson published the play in a revised version, replacing the contributions of his co-author with his own words. The published version was accompanied by copious marginal notes citing its historical sources, in quarto in 1605, Sejanus His Fall was first performed by the Kings Men in 1603, probably at court in the winter of that year. In 1604 it was produced at the Globe Theatre, the plays reception in 1603 is unrecorded, but the 1604 performance at the Globe was hissed off the stage. According to Park Honan, Shakespeares own later Roman works carefully avoided Sejanuss clotted style, lack of irony and it is not known which parts were played by which actors. David Grote argues that the published list probably mixes two separate productions, as Lowin did not join the Kings Men until after the first production. Phillips, who had been playing dissolute men for some time, still, with Shakespeare as Tiberius, there is a very large role for an indignant speechmaker, Arruntius, that would have taken advantage of Phillipss rhetorical skills. Grote further suggests that the other members of the company, Samuel Crosse, William Sly, and Robert Armin, played the roles of Lepidus, Terentius. From 1604 on, there is no record of a performance of Sejanus His Fall until 1928, according to the plays modern editor Philip Ayres, Poel cut the play by roughly a quarter to get away from the literary 1605 published version to the hidden stage play. The play was entered in the Stationers Register by Edward Blount on 2 November 1604, on 6 August 1605 Blount transferred his copyright to Thomas Thorpe, who published it in quarto that year, printed by George Eld. A1616 edition in folio features Jonsons Epistle to Lord Aubigny, what led to these accusations is unknown. It might have something in the text or the performance of the play. Nor is it known exactly when this accusation was made, though it is likely to have been in the period of James Is reign. However, according to Jonson expert James Loxley, no action was taken, there have been several theories about what may have led to the accusation. One theory is that the fall of Sejanus was thought to mirror that of the Earl of Essex, who had been executed in 1601. Another writer, Samuel Daniel was brought before the Privy Council in 1604 because his play Philotas was thought to be a reflection of the matter of the dead Earl of Essex
Sejanus (play)
–
Title page of the 1616
folio edition, with list of actors opposite
18.
Every Man in His Humour
–
Every Man in His Humour is a 1598 play by the English playwright Ben Jonson helped out by Jason Simons. The play belongs to the subgenre of the comedy, in which each major character is dominated by an over-riding humour or obsession. All the available evidence indicates that the play was performed by the Lord Chamberlains Men in 1598 at the Curtain Theatre, the play was also acted at Court on 2 February 1605. A theatre legend first recorded in 1709 by Nicholas Rowe has it that Shakespeare advocated production of the play at a point when the company was about to reject it. While this legend is unverifiable, it is all but certain, based on the playlist published in the folio, that Shakespeare played the part of Knowell and this is consistent with Shakespeares habit of playing older characters, such as Adam in As You Like It. It is thought that this entry was an attempt to block publication of the four plays, if so, the attempt failed, since the latter three plays appeared in print soon after. Every Man In was re-registered ten days later, on 14 August 1600, by the booksellers Cuthbert Burby and Walter Burre, in the 1601 Quarto version, the play was set in Florence, Italy. Gerard Langbaine reports that the play was revived by the Kings Company in 1675, the play remained vivid enough in memory for John Rich to revive it at Lincolns Inn Fields in 1725. However, it was not until David Garrick revived the play with substantial alterations in 1751 that the play regained currency on the English stage. The scene was a favourite, praised by Arthur Murphy and others, Kitely became one of Garricks signature roles, the play declined in popularity in the last quarter of the century, in large part because it was seen as a Garrick vehicle. George Frederick Cooke revived the play at Covent Garden, elizabeth Inchbald lauded the performance, calling Cookes Kitely the equal of Garricks. Cooke had mixed success with the play, though, it failed in Edinburgh in 1808, after 1803, Cooke may have alternated with Kemble in the title role for productions at Covent Garden. Thereafter, the play has been subject to tentative revivals, none of which have established it as viable for modern repertory, edmund Kean played Kitely in an unsuccessful 1816 production, his performance was praised by William Hazlitt. William Charles Macready essayed the role at the Haymarket Theatre in 1838, Robert Browning attended and approved the performance, perhaps the most unusual revival occurred in 1845, when Charles Dickens and his friends mounted a benefit production. Aided by Macready, Dickens took the faintly Dickensian role of Bobadill, George Cruikshank was Cob, the production went off well enough to be repeated three or four times over the next two years. Bulwer-Lytton wrote a poem as prologue for an 1847 production, in addition to Browning, Tennyson, Ben Iden Payne produced the play in Manchester in 1909, and again in Stratford for the Jonson tercentenary in 1937. The later production received much more favourable reviews, John Caird directed the play during the inaugural season of the Swan Theatre in 1986. In general outline, this play follows Latin models quite closely and these types are clearly slightly Anglicized versions of ancient types of Greek New Comedy, namely the senex, the son, and the slave
Every Man in His Humour
Every Man in His Humour
–
Portrait of
David Garrick as Kitely by
Joshua Reynolds.
19.
Folio (printing)
–
The term folio, from the Latin folium, has three interconnected but distinct meanings in the world of books and printing. It is firstly a term for a method of arranging sheets of paper into book form, folding the sheet only once. Secondly, it is a term for a sheet, leaf or page in manuscripts and old books, and thirdly, an approximate term for the size of a book. Each leaf of a folio book thus is one half the size of the original sheet, ordinarily, additional printed folio sheets would be inserted inside one another to form a group or gathering of leaves prior to binding the book. Means the first side of the 26th leaf in a book, other common book formats are quarto and octavo, which are both also printing formats, involving two and three folds in the sheet respectively. Famous folios include the Gutenberg Bible, printed in about 1455, each leaf of a folio book thus is one half the size of the original sheet. This contrasts with a quarto, folding each sheet twice, and octavo, there are variations in how folios are produced. For example, bibliographers call a book printed as a folio, but bound in gatherings of 8 leaves each, a folio in 8s. The Gutenberg Bible was printed in about 1455 as a folio, in four pages of text were printed on each sheet of paper. The page size is 12 x 17.5 inches, a folio size. Several such folded conjugate pairs of leaves were inserted inside one another to produce the sections or gatherings, Shakespeares First Folio edition is printed as a folio and has a page height of 12.5 inches, making it a rather small folio size. Folios were a common format of books printed in the period, although the earliest printed book. In the discussion of manuscripts, a means a leaf with two pages, the recto being the first the reader encounters, and the verso the second. When this page is turned over f1 v. is on the left and f2 r. on the right of the opening, in the discussion of two-columned manuscripts, a/b/c/d can denote the left and right-hand columns of recto and verso pages. In the discussion of three-columned manuscripts, notation may make use of folio number + recto/verso + column a/b/c. The actual size of a folio book depends on the size of the sheet of paper on which it was printed. Historically, printers used a range of such as, Double Elephant Folio, Atlas Folio, Elephant Folio, Royal Folio, Medium Folio. From the mid-nineteenth century, technology permitted the manufacture of large sheets or rolls of paper on which books were printed, as a result, it may be impossible to determine the actual format
Folio (printing)
–
The title page of the Shakespeare
First Folio, 1623
Folio (printing)
–
Lenox copy of the Gutenberg bible printed in folio format.
20.
Volpone
–
Volpone is a comedy play by English playwright Ben Jonson first produced in 1605-06, drawing on elements of city comedy and beast fable. A merciless satire of greed and lust, it remains Jonsons most-performed play, probably partly based on Sir Henry Wotton, and partly on the traveller, Anthony Shirley. In their turns, each man arrives to Volpone’s house bearing a gift, intent upon having his name inscribed to the will of Volpone. To Volpone, Mosca mentions that Corvino has a beautiful wife, disguised as Scoto the Mountebank, Volpone goes to see Celia. Corvino drives away Scoto, who then becomes insistent that he must possess Celia as his own, Mosca deceives Corvino into believing that the moribund Volpone will be cured of his illness if he lies in bed beside a young woman. Believing that Volpone has been rendered impotent by his illness, Corvino offers his wife in order that, just before Corvino and Celia are due to arrive at Volpones house, Corbaccio’s son Bonario arrives to catch his father in the act of disinheriting him. Mosca guides Bonario to a sideroom, and Volpone and Celia are left alone, upon failing to seduce Celia with fantastic promises of luxury and wealth, Volpone attempts to rape her. Bonario comes forward to rescue Celia, there are episodes involving the English travellers Sir and Lady Politic Would-Be and Peregrine. Sir Politic constantly talks of plots and his business plans. Mosca co-ordinates a mix-up between them which leaves Peregrine, a more sophisticated traveller, feeling offended and he humiliates Sir Politick by telling him he is to be arrested for sedition and making him hide inside a giant tortoise shell. The play appeared in quarto in early 1607, printed by George Eld for publisher Thomas Thorpe. The quarto contains Jonsons dedication to Oxford and Cambridge, as well as a number of commendatory verses, in English and Latin, by fellow-poets such as Francis Beaumont. Its next appearance was in the folio of 1616, and the latter, presumably having been subject to Jonsons careful review, the play premiered at the Globe Theatre in Spring 1606. It was performed by the Kings Men, but casting is uncertain, John Lowin may have performed the title role, as he is associated with the role in James Wrights Historia Histrionica. William Gifford hypothesized that Alexander Cooke may have played Lady Would-be, either that summer or the next, an outbreak of plague closed the London theatres, and the company performed the play at Oxford and Cambridge. Jonson may have added the first acts satire on Pythagoras for these audiences, the play certainly remained in the Kings Mens repertoire throughout the period. It was performed for Charles in 1624 while he was still Prince of Wales, in 1630, after the Restoration, the play enjoyed a lengthy prominence, John Genest records over fifty performances before 1770. John Evelyn saw it performed at the court of Charles II on 16 October 1662, when the theatres reopened, the play was owned by the Kings Men of Thomas Killigrew, it was performed at Drury Lane in 1663
Volpone
–
An illustration for an 1898 edition of Volpone by
Aubrey Beardsley.
Volpone
–
Volpone (
Stephen Moorer) from a
Pacific Repertory Theatre production at the
Golden Bough Playhouse in
Carmel, California, September 2000
21.
Nathan Field
–
Nathan Field was an English dramatist. His father was the Puritan preacher John Field, and his brother Theophilus Field became the Bishop of Llandaff, another brother named Nathaniel, often confused with the actor, became a printer. Nathan presumably did not intend a career in the theater, he was a student of Richard Mulcaster at St. Pauls School in the late 1590s and he remained in this profession for the remainder of his life, later adding to it the profession of playwright. John Field was buried on 26 March 1588, when John Field died, he left seven children, of whom the eldest was only seventeen. He left all his property to his wife, Joan, the first child was a daughter, Dorcas, baptized on 7 May 1570. The first son was baptized on 4 January 1572 and was named for his father, Theophilus was baptized on 22 January 1574, Jonathan on 13 May 1577, Nathaniel on 13 June 1581, Elizabeth on 2 February 1583 and Nathan on 17 October 1587. We know nothing of the life of John Field, junior, Jonathan Field, who died in 1640. He married and in his will all his possessions to his wife. He died on 2 June 1636 and was buried in Hereford Cathedral, as a member of the Children of the Queens Revels, Field acted in the innovative drama staged at Blackfriars in the first years of the 17th century. Cast lists associate him with Ben Jonsons Cynthias Revels and The Poetaster, later in the decade, he performed in Epicoene and, perhaps, played Humphrey in Francis Beaumonts The Knight of the Burning Pestle. During the same years, he wrote verses for Jonsons Volpone and Catiline. Field stayed with a company until 1613, his twenty-sixth year. He appears to be the one of the boy actors of 1600 to remain with the Blackfriars troupe when, in 1609, Philip Rosseter. In this company, he performed in the theater in Whitefriars and, frequently, at court, in such as Beaumont. From the latter years of this come the first of his plays, A Woman is a Weathercock. In 1613, Rosseter combined his company with the Lady Elizabeths Men, performing at the Swan Theatre and Hope Theatre, Field acted in Thomas Middletons A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Jonsons Bartholomew Fair. For the latter play, in which he may have performed as Cokes or Littlewit and this period ended when Henslowe died, Rosseter abandoned his plans, and Lady Elizabeths Men briefly merged and then separated from Prince Charless Men, thereafter touring in the country. For Field, the period had a more satisfactory end, by late 1616
Nathan Field
–
Portrait of Nathan Field, unknown artist, Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, c. 1615.
22.
Edmond Malone
–
Edmond Malone was an Irish Shakespearean scholar and editor of the works of William Shakespeare. Assured of an income after the death of his father in 1774, Malone was able to give up his law practice for at first political and he went to London, where he frequented literary and artistic circles. He regularly visited Samuel Johnson and was of assistance to James Boswell in revising and proofreading his Life. He was friendly with Sir Joshua Reynolds, and sat for a now in the National Portrait Gallery. He was one of Reynolds executors, and published a collection of his works with a memoir. Horace Walpole, Edmund Burke, George Canning, Oliver Goldsmith, Lord Charlemont and his refusal to alter some of his notes to Isaac Reeds edition of 1785, which disagreed with Steevenss, resulted in a quarrel with the latter. Malone was also a figure in the refutation of the claim that the Ireland Shakespeare forgeries were authentic works of the playwright. He had two sisters, Henrietta and Catherine, and a brother, Richard. Edmond Malone Sr. was a lawyer and politician, educated at Oxford University and the Inner Temple in London, and called to the Bar in England in 1730. But in 1740, a year before Edmond Jr. was born, his practice in England failed and he took up residence with his wife on the familys country estate, Shinglas, in County Westmeath, and began a more successful legal practice there. Malone excelled at his studies, a student, naturally diligent, consistently at the top of his class. In the very first examination, of four in the year, he shared top honours with James Drought and John Kearney. As an undergraduate he wrote poetry and literary history. Of the latter, an example is a prose translation of Oedipus Rex by Sophocles with annotations. His studies were interrupted when, in the summer of 1759, he, catherines health had been deteriorating for some time and she now had increasing difficulty walking. After a short stay in Highgate she moved to the Roman Baths at Bath in Somerset, Malone and his father returned to Ireland in October, too late to resume the winter term, so he elected to stay at Shinglas until the new year and study on his own. Not wishing to leave his father solitary, he nearly did not return to Trinity, Malones final examination at Trinity was in the Michaelmas term in 1761, and he received his BA degree at the following Commencement on 23 February 1762. As only one of three, he achieved the top mark, the decision to study law was an obvious choice, his father, uncle, and grandfather had all been Irish Barristers
Edmond Malone
–
Panoramic view of the Parliament Square, Trinity College Dublin
Edmond Malone
Edmond Malone
–
The Great Bath – the entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later reconstruction.
Edmond Malone
–
Inner Temple
23.
Falstaff
–
Sir John Falstaff is a fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare. In the plays Henry IV, Part 1 and Part 2, he is a companion to Prince Hal, in The Merry Wives of Windsor, he is the buffoonish suitor of two married women. Though primarily a figure, Falstaff still embodies a kind of depth common to Shakespeares major characters. A fat, vain, boastful, and cowardly knight, he spends most of his time drinking at the Boars Head Inn with petty criminals, Falstaff leads the apparently wayward Prince Hal into trouble, and is ultimately repudiated after Hal becomes king. Falstaff has since appeared in media, notably in operas by Giuseppe Verdi, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Otto Nicolai. The operas focus on his role in The Merry Wives of Windsor, while the film adapts from the Henriad, Welles, who played Falstaff in his film, considered the character to be Shakespeares greatest creation. Falstaff appears in three of Shakespeares plays, Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2 and his death is mentioned in Henry V but he has no lines, nor is it directed that he appear on stage. However, many stage and film adaptations have seen it necessary to include Falstaff for the insight he provides into King Henry Vs character. The most notable examples in cinema are Laurence Oliviers 1944 version and Kenneth Branaghs 1989 film, the character is known to have been very popular with audiences at the time, and for many years afterwards. According to Leonard Digges, writing shortly after Shakespeares death, while many plays could not get good audiences, but let Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, adding to King Henrys troubles is the behaviour of his son and heir, the Prince of Wales. Hal has forsaken the Royal Court to waste his time in taverns with low companions and this makes him an object of scorn to the nobles and calls into question his royal worthiness. Hals chief friend and foil in living the low life is Sir John Falstaff, fat, old, drunk, and corrupt as he is, he has a charisma and a zest for life that captivates the Prince. The play features three groups of characters that interact slightly at first, and then together in the Battle of Shrewsbury. First there is King Henry himself and his immediate council and he is the engine of the play, but usually in the background. Next there is the group of rebels, energetically embodied in Henry Percy and including his father, the Scottish Earl of Douglas, Edmund Mortimer and the Welshman Owen Glendower also join. Finally, at the centre of the play are the young Prince Hal and his companions Falstaff, Poins, Bardolph, streetwise and pound-foolish, these rogues manage to paint over this grim history in the colours of comedy. Meanwhile, Henrys son Hal is joking, drinking, and thieving with Falstaff and he likes Falstaff but makes no pretense at being like him. Hal believes that this change of manner will amount to a greater reward and acknowledgment of prince-ship
Falstaff
–
Adolf Schrödter: Falstaff and his page
Falstaff
–
Mistress Page and Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor, staged by
Pacific Repertory Theatre at the
Golden Bough Playhouse in
Carmel, CA, in 1999
Falstaff
–
Falstaff at Herne's Oak, from "The Merry Wives of Windsor," Act V, Scene v, James Stephanoff, 1832
Falstaff
–
Eduard von Grützner: Falstaff mit großer Weinkanne und Becher (1896) (Falstaff with big wine jar and cup, 1896)
24.
Alexander Pope
–
Alexander Pope was an 18th-century English poet. He is best known for his verse and for his translation of Homer. He is the second-most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations after Shakespeare, Alexander Pope was born to Alexander Pope Senior, a linen merchant of Plough Court, Lombard Street, London, and his wife Edith, who were both Catholics. Ediths sister Christiana was the wife of the miniature painter Samuel Cooper. Pope was taught to read by his aunt, and went to Twyford School in about 1698/99 and he then went to two Catholic schools in London. Such schools, while illegal, were tolerated in some areas, in 1700, his family moved to a small estate at Popeswood in Binfield, Berkshire, close to the royal Windsor Forest. This was due to strong anti-Catholic sentiment and a statute preventing Catholics from living within 10 miles of either London or Westminster, Pope would later describe the countryside around the house in his poem Windsor Forest. He also studied languages and read works by English, French, Italian, Latin. After five years of study, Pope came into contact with figures from the London literary society such as William Wycherley, William Congreve, Samuel Garth, William Trumbull, at Binfield, he also began to make many important friends. One of them, John Caryll, was twenty years older than the poet and had many acquaintances in the London literary world. He introduced the young Pope to the ageing playwright William Wycherley and to William Walsh, a minor poet and he also met the Blount sisters, Teresa and Martha, both of whom would remain lifelong friends. From the age of 12, he suffered health problems, such as Potts disease. His tuberculosis infection caused other problems including respiratory difficulties, high fevers, inflamed eyes. He grew to a height of only 1.37 m. Pope was already removed from society because he was Catholic, although he never married, he had many female friends to whom he wrote witty letters. Allegedly, his lifelong friend Martha Blount was his lover, in May,1709, Popes Pastorals was published in the sixth part of Tonsons Poetical Miscellanies. This brought Pope instant fame, and was followed by An Essay on Criticism, published in May 1711, around 1711, Pope made friends with Tory writers John Gay, Jonathan Swift, Thomas Parnell and John Arbuthnot, who together formed the satirical Scriblerus Club. The aim of the club was to satirise ignorance and pedantry in the form of the fictional scholar Martinus Scriblerus and he also made friends with Whig writers Joseph Addison and Richard Steele. In March 1713, Windsor Forest was published to great acclaim, during Popes friendship with Joseph Addison, he contributed to Addisons play Cato, as well as writing for The Guardian and The Spectator
Alexander Pope
–
Alexander Pope (c. 1727), an English poet best known for his
Essay on Criticism,
The Rape of the Lock and
The Dunciad
Alexander Pope
–
Alexander Pope painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723).
Alexander Pope
–
A likeness of Pope derived from a portrait by
William Hoare.
Alexander Pope
–
Plaque above Pope's grotto at Twickenham
25.
Globe Theatre
–
The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. A second Globe Theatre was built on the site by June 1614. A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named Shakespeares Globe, opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet from the site of the original theatre, from 1909, the current Gielgud Theatre was called Globe Theatre, until it was renamed in 1994. The shape of the foundations is now replicated on the surface, as the majority of the foundations lies beneath 67—70 Anchor Terrace, a listed building, no further excavations have been permitted. The Globe was owned by actors who were shareholders in the Lord Chamberlains Men. 5%. These initial proportions changed over time as new sharers were added, Shakespeares share diminished from 1/8 to 1/14, or roughly 7%, over the course of his career. The Globe was built in 1599 using timber from a theatre, The Theatre. The Burbages originally had a 21-year lease of the site on which the theatre was built, however, the landlord, Giles Allen, claimed that the building had become his with the expiry of the lease. While only a hundred yards from the shore of the Thames. The new theatre was larger than the building it replaced, with the older timbers being reused as part of the new structure and he suggests that a Swiss tourists account of a performance of Julius Caesar witnessed on 21 September 1599 describes the more likely first production. The first performance for which a record remains was Jonsons Every Man out of His Humour—with its first scene welcoming the gracious. On 29 June 1613 the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of Henry VIII, a theatrical cannon, set off during the performance, misfired, igniting the wooden beams and thatching. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no-one was severely injured in the event. It was rebuilt in the following year, like all the other theatres in London, the Globe was closed down by the Puritans in 1642. It was pulled down in 1644-45, the cited document dating the act to 15 April 1644 has been identified as a probable forgery—to make room for tenements. A modern reconstruction of the theatre, named Shakespeares Globe, opened in 1997 and it is an academic approximation of the original design, based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings, and is located approximately 750 feet from the site of the original theatre. The Globes actual dimensions are unknown, but its shape and size can be approximated from scholarly inquiry over the last two centuries, the evidence suggests that it was a three-storey, open-air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators. The Globe is shown as round on Wenceslas Hollars sketch of the building, however, in 1988–89, the uncovering of a small part of the Globes foundation suggested that it was a polygon of 20 sides
Globe Theatre
–
Site of the Globe Theatre, from Park Street; the dark line in the centre marks the foundation line. The white wall beyond is the rear of Anchor Terrace.
Globe Theatre
–
The second Globe, preliminary sketch (c. 1638) for
Hollar's 1647 Long View of London
Globe Theatre
–
Conjectural reconstruction of the Globe theatre by C. Walter Hodges based on archeological and documentary evidence
26.
Blackfriars, London
–
Blackfriars is an area of central London, which lies in the south-west corner of the City of London. Edward I gave permission to rebuild Londons city wall, which lay between the river and Ludgate Hill, around their area. The site was used for occasions of state, including meetings of Parliament. The priory was closed in 1538 during Henrys Dissolution of the monasteries. Katherine Parr, Henry VIIIs sixth and final wife, was born in the area, in 1632, the Society of Apothecaries, acquired the monasterys guesthouse and established their base there. The building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London but the Society rebuilt, the area is now the location of Blackfriars station, and forms the northern bridge-head for both Blackfriars Bridge and Blackfriars Railway Bridge. Alongside the road bridge is Blackfriars Millennium Pier, a stop for bus services on London River Services. The Victoria Embankment stretches along the bank of the river west from Blackfriars to Westminster Bridge. Notable buildings in the include the large Art Deco Unilever House. The area was served by a station south of the river Blackfriars Bridge railway station. It was closed to passengers in 1885 when the current Blackfriars station was opened, on the name Blackfriars, Spirituality Today
Blackfriars, London
–
Apothecaries Hall in Blackfriars, 1831
Blackfriars, London
–
Blackfriars is home to many
investment banks and
financial services companies
27.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
28.
John Payne Collier
–
John Payne Collier, was an English Shakespearian critic and forger. He was summoned before the House of Commons in 1819 for giving a report of a speech by Joseph Hume. He entered the Middle Temple in 1811, but was not called to the bar until 1829, the delay was partly due to his indiscretion in publishing the Criticisms on the Bar by Amicus Curiae. His leisure was given to the study of Shakespeare and the early English drama, after some minor publications, he produced in 1825–1827 a new edition of Dodsleys Old Plays and in 1833 a supplementary volume entitled Five Old Plays. In 1831 appeared his 3-volume History of English Dramatic Poetry to the Time of Shakespeare and Annals of the Stage to the Restoration, in 1847 he was appointed secretary to the Royal Commission on the British Museum. Collier used these opportunities to effect a series of literary fabrications, over the next several years he claimed to find a number of new documents relating to Shakespeares life and business. In this book were numerous manuscript emendations of Shakespeare, said by Collier to be from the hand of an old corrector and he published these corrections as Notes and Emendations to the Text of Shakespeare and boldly incorporated them in his next edition of Shakespeare. Their authenticity was disputed by S. W, singer in The Text of Shakespeare Vindicated and by E. A. Brae in Literary Cookery on internal evidence, in 1859 the folio was submitted by its owner, the Duke of Devonshire, to experts at the British Museum, the emendations were incontestably proved to be forgeries of modern date. Collier was exposed by Nicholas Hamilton in his Inquiry and he had produced the Memoirs of Edward Alleyn for the Shakespeare Society in 1841. He followed up this volume with the Alleyn Papers and the Diary of Philip Henslowe, no statement of his can be accepted without verification, and no manuscript he has handled without careful examination, but he did much useful work. His Old Mans Diary is a record, though even here the taint of fabrication is not absent. Unfortunately, what he did amiss is more striking to the imagination than what he did aright and he died at Maidenhead, where he had long resided, on 17 September 1883. For an account of the discussion raised by Colliers emendations, see C. M, ingleby, Complete View of the Shakespeare Controversy. In the later 20th century, some scholars attempted a re-evaluation of Collier, the main effort was by Dewey Ganzel, in his 1982 study Fortune and Mens Eyes. The case for Collier has relied on the fact that not all of the accusations of forgery against Collier have stood up to critical examination, the consensus of scholarly opinion has remained convinced of Colliers guilt. Samuel Schoenbaum, in his discussion of the Collier case, mentions a damning incident omitted by Ganzel. In his old age in 1875, more than thirty years after the Perkins folio, by this time his reputation was so tarnished that he was not able to launch another campaign of forgery, and while the Milton folio indeed exists, the annotations are not by Milton
John Payne Collier
–
John Payne Collier
29.
Project Gutenberg
–
Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library, most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, as of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection. The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional, Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence, Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the universitys Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with an unlimited amount of computer time. Hart has said he wanted to back this gift by doing something that could be considered to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and this particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed that computers would one day be accessible to the general public and he used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution, by the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort, all of the text was entered manually until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more widely available, which made book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenbergs finances, as the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the projects day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role, the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in best of the Web listings, Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64. In 2000, a corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundations first CEO, also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders, which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet
Project Gutenberg
–
Michael Hart (left) and Gregory Newby (right) of Project Gutenberg, 2006
Project Gutenberg
–
Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg
–
Formats
30.
Internet Archive
–
The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
Internet Archive
–
Since 2009, headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in
San Francisco, a former
Christian Science Church
Internet Archive
–
Internet Archive
Internet Archive
–
Mirror of the Internet Archive in the
Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Internet Archive
–
From 1996 to 2009, headquarters were in the
Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base
31.
LibriVox
–
On 6 August 2016, the project completed project number 10,000. Most releases are in the English language, but many works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, LibriVox is closely affiliated with Project Gutenberg from where the project gets some of its texts, and the Internet Archive that hosts their offerings. LibriVox was started in August 2005 by Montreal-based writer Hugh McGuire, who set up a blog, the first recorded book was The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad. LibriVox is an invented word inspired by Latin words liber in its genitive form libri and vox, the word was also coined because of other connotations as liber also means child and free, independent, unrestricted. As the LibriVox forum says it, We like to think LibriVox might be interpreted as child of the voice, finally, the other link we like is library so you could imagine it to mean Library of Voice. There has been no decision or consensus by LibriVox founders or the community of volunteers for a single pronunciation of LibriVox and it is accepted that any audible pronunciation is accurate. LibriVox is a volunteer-run, free content, Public Domain project and it has no budget or legal personality. The development of projects is managed through an Internet forum, supported by an admin team, in early 2010, LibriVox ran a fundraising drive to raise $20,000 to cover hosting costs for the website of about $5, 000/year and improve front- and backend usability. Volunteers can choose new projects to start, either recording on their own or inviting others to join them, once a volunteer has recorded his or her contribution, it is uploaded to the site, and proof-listened by members of the LibriVox community. Finished audiobooks are available from the LibriVox website, and MP3, recordings are also available through other means, such as iTunes, and, being free of copyright, they are frequently distributed independently of LibriVox on the Internet and otherwise. LibriVox only records material that is in the domain in the United States. Because of copyright restrictions, LibriVox produces recordings of only a number of contemporary books. These have included, for example, the 9/11 Commission Report and it contains much popular classic fiction, but also includes less predictable texts, such as Immanuel Kants Critique of Pure Reason and a recording of the first 500 digits of pi. The collection also features poetry, plays, religious texts and non-fiction of various kinds, in January 2009, the catalogue contained approximately 55 percent fiction and drama,25 percent non-fiction and 20 percent poetry. By the end of 2016, the most viewed item was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in a 2006 solo recording by John Greenman, around 90 percent of the catalogue is recorded in English, but recordings exist in 31 languages altogether. Chinese, French and German are the most popular languages other than English amongst volunteers, LibriVox has garnered significant interest, in particular from those interested in the promotion of volunteer-led content and alternative approaches to copyright ownership on the Internet. It has received support from the Internet Archive and Project Gutenberg, intellectual freedom and commons proponent Mike Linksvayer described it in 2008 as perhaps the most interesting collaborative culture project this side of Wikipedia
LibriVox
–
Hugh McGuire, founder of LibriVox
32.
Find a Grave
–
Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Find a Grave
Find a Grave
–
Find A Grave.com's current headquarters in
Provo, Utah
33.
Foul papers
–
Foul papers are an authors working drafts. The term is most often used in the study of the plays of Shakespeare, once the composition of a play was finished, a transcript or fair copy of the foul papers was prepared, by the author or by a scribe. The term foul papers is given different definitions by various scholars, for example, some define them as the authors original drafts. W. W. Greg and Fredson Bowers define them as The authors last complete draft, E. A. J. Honigmann defines them as any kind of draft preceding the first fair copy. Few sets of foul papers actually exist from the era in question,4 volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press,1923
Foul papers
–
A foul sheet from
Christopher Marlowe's,
The Massacre at Paris (1593). Reproduced from Folger Shakespeare Library Ms.J.b.8
34.
List of Shakespeare plays in quarto
–
Nineteen of William Shakespeares plays first appeared in quarto before the publication of the First Folio in 1623, eighteen of those before his death in 1616. One play co-authored with John Fletcher, The Two Noble Kinsmen, was first published in 1634, following are listed the Shakespeare plays that appeared in quarto up to 1642 with complete title page information from each edition. | LONDON | Printed by Thomas Creed, for Thomas Millington, the play known as King Henry VI, Part 2 was entered into the Stationers Register 12 March 1594 and printed that same year by Thomas Creede for Thomas Millington. As it appears in the First Folio, the play is about a longer than the first quarto version. | LONDON | Printed by Valentine Simmes for Thomas Millington, and | are to be sold at his shop vnder S. Peters Church | in Cornewall, Q31619 THE Whole Contention | betvveene the two Famous | Houses, LANCASTER and | YORKE. | With the Tragicall ends of the good Duke | Humfrey, Richard Duke of Yorke, |, | Diuided into two Parts, And newly corrected and | enlarged. Written by William Shake- | speare, Gent, | LONDON, | Printed by Iohn Danter, and are | to be sold by Edward White & Thomas Millington, | at the little North doore of Paules at the | signe of the Gunne. Q21600 The most lamenta- | ble Romaine Tragedie of Titus | Andronicus, | As it hath sundry times beene playde by the | Right Honourable the Earle of Pembrooke, the | Earle of Darbie, the Earle of Sussex, and the | Lorde Chamberlaine theyr | Seruants. | AT LONDON | Printed by I. R. for Edward White | and are to bee sold at his shoppe, at the little | North doore of Paules, Q31611 THE | MOST LAMEN- | TABLE TRAGEDIE | of Titus Andronicus. | AS IT HATH SVNDRY | times beene plaide by the Kings | Maiesties Seruants, | LONDON, | Printed for Eedward White, and are to be solde | at his shoppe, nere the little North dore of | Pauls, at the signe of the | Gun. Q11597 THE TRAGEDY OF | King Richard the third, | As it hath been lately Acted by the | Right honourable the Lord Chamber- | laine his seruants. | AT LONDON | Printed by Valentine Sims, for Andrew Wise, | dwelling in Paules Chuch-yard, Q21598 THE | TRAGEDIE | of King Richard | the third. | As it hath beene lately Acted by the Right honourable | the Lord Chamberlaine his seruants, | LONDON | Printed by Thomas Creede, for Andrew Wise, | dwelling in Paules Church-yard, at the signe | of the Angell. Q31602 THE | TRAGEDIE | of King Richard | the third, | As it hath bene lately Acted by the Right honourable | the Lord Chamberlaine his seruants. | Newly augmented, | By William Shakespeare, | LONDON | Printed by Thomas Creede, for Andrew Wise, dwelling | in Paules Church-yard, at the signe of the | Angell. Q41605 THE | TRAGEDIE | of King Richard | the third, | As it hath bin lately Acted by the Right Honourable | the Lord Chamberlaine his seruants. | Newly augmented, | By William Shakespeare, | LONDON | Printed by Thomas Creede, and are to be sold by Mathew | Lawe, dwelling in Paules Church-yard, at the Signe | of the Foxe, neare S. Austins gate,1605. Q51612 THE | TRAGEDIE | of King Richard | the third, | As it hath beene lately Acted by the Kings Maiesties | seruants
List of Shakespeare plays in quarto
–
Q1 1594.
List of Shakespeare plays in quarto
–
Q2 1600
List of Shakespeare plays in quarto
–
Q3 1619.
List of Shakespeare plays in quarto
35.
Quarto
–
Quarto is a book or pamphlet produced from full blanksheets, each of which is printed with eight pages of text, four to a side, then folded twice to produce four leaves. Each printed page presents as one-fourth size of the full blanksheet, the earliest known European printed book is a quarto, the Sibyllenbuch, believed to have been printed by Gutenberg in 1452–53, before the Gutenberg Bible, surviving only as a fragment. These terms are discussed in detail in Book sizes. A quarto is a book or pamphlet made up of one or more sheets of paper on which 8 pages of text were printed. Each leaf of a quarto book thus represents one fourth the size of the original sheet, each group of 4 leaves could be sewn through the central fold to attach it to the other gatherings to form a book. Sometimes, additional leaves would be inserted within another group to form, for example gatherings of 8 leaves, generally, quartos have more squarish proportions than folios or octavos. There are variations in how quartos were produced, for example, bibliographers call a book printed as a quarto, but bound in gatherings of 8 leaves each, a quarto in 8s. The actual size of a quarto book depends on the size of the sheet of paper on which it was printed. The earliest surviving books printed by movable type by Gutenberg are quartos which were printed before the Gutenberg Bible, the earliest known one is a fragment of a medieval poem called the Sibyllenbuch, believed to have been printed by Gutenberg in 1452–53. Quartos were the most common format of books printed in the incunabula period, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, technology permitted the manufacture of large sheets or rolls of paper on which books were printed, many text pages at a time. As a result, it may be impossible to determine the actual format, the term quarto as applied to such books may refer simply to the size, i. e. books that are approximately 12 inches tall. During the Elizabethan era and through the century, plays. Eighteen of Shakespeares 36 plays included in first folio collected edition of 1623, were separately printed as quartos. Bibliographers have extensively studied these different editions, which refer to by abbreviations such as Q1, Q2. The texts of some of the Shakespeare quartos are highly inaccurate and are full of errors and omissions. Bibliographer Alfred W. Pollard named those editions Bad quartos, and it is speculated that they may have produced, not from manuscript texts. Other playwrights in this period published their plays in quarto editions. Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus, for example, was published as a quarto in 1604, the same is true of poems, Shakespeares poem Venus and Adonis being first printed as a quarto in 1593, with a second quarto edition in 1594
Quarto
–
Title page of the first quarto edition of Shakespeare's
Midsummer Night's Dream, 1600, from the
Folger Shakespeare Library
36.
Bad quarto
–
Or it would be written down later by an actor or group of actors, which, according to the theory, has been termed “memorial reconstruction”. Bad quartos are considered to include the first quartos of Romeo and Juliet, Henry V, The Merry Wives of Windsor, and Hamlet. The concept has expanded to include quartos of plays by other Elizabethan authors, including Peele’s The Battle of Alcazar, Greene’s Orlando Furioso, and the collaborative script, Sir Thomas More. Jonathan Bate states that “late twentieth- and early twenty-first century scholars have begun to question the whole edifice. ”The concept of the “Bad Quarto” as a category of text was created by bibliographer Alfred W. Pollard in his book Shakespeare Folios and Quartos. The idea came to him in his reading of the address by the editors, John Heminges and Henry Condell and this address is titled, “To the Great Variety of Readers. ”In this address Heminges and Condell refer to “diuerse stolne, and surreptitious copies” of the plays. It had been thought that that reference was generally to quarto editions of the plays, Pollard points out that the texts contained “badness”, but also that there was badness in those who pirated the plays. The scholar W. W. Greg, worked closely with Pollard, he published the bad quarto of The Merry Wives of Windsor, which is a work that is significant in the history of the “bad quarto” theory. For Shakespeare, the First Folio of 1623 is the document, of the thirty-six plays contained in that collection. The idea caught on among Shakespeare scholars, the concept of the bad quarto was extended to play texts by authors other than Shakespeare, and by the second half of the twentieth century the idea was widely being used. However, by the end of the century, considerable doubt had been cast on the concept of memorial reconstruction by the work of Laurie Maguire, some problems exist with the bad quarto hypothesis. The first quarto of Richard III is considered a bad quarto, alexander himself recognized that the idea of memorial reconstruction did not apply perfectly to the two plays he studied, which possessed problematical features that could not be explained this way. He maintained that the quartos of the two histories were partial memorial reconstructions. In this view, memorial reconstruction is a modern fiction, individual scholars have sometimes favored alternative explanations for variant texts—in some cases, revision. Steven Roy Miller considers a revision hypothesis in preference to a hypothesis for The Taming of a Shrew. Other studies have questioned the view on bad quartos, as in David Farley-Hillss work on Romeo. She found that actors typically add, drop or invert single words, however, the larger-scale errors expected if actors were attempting to piece together the plays some time after their performance failed to appear in all but a few of the bad quartos. The study did, however, uncover some circumstantial evidence for memorial reconstruction in the bad quartos of Hamlet, The Merry Wives of Windsor and Pericles. According to Maguire, virtually all the bad quartos appear to be accurate renditions of original texts that merit our attention as valid texts in their own right
Bad quarto
–
Hamlet Q1 (1603), the first published text of Hamlet, is often described as a "bad quarto".
37.
Second Folio
–
Second Folio is the term applied to the 1632 edition of the collected plays of William Shakespeare, following upon the First Folio of 1623. Much language was updated, there are almost 1,700 changes from the First Folio, edward Blount, the third major partner, had sold his rights to Shakespearean plays to Robert Allot in 1630, and then died in 1632. Allot thus became the prime mover in the creation of the Second Folio, Allot, Aspley, and Smethwick were joined by two other publishers, Richard Hawkins and Richard Meighen. The printing of the Second Folio was done by Thomas Cotes, individual copies of the Second Folio were issued with title-page inscriptions to each of the five publishers, in the format printed by Thomas Cotes for Robert Allot. for William Aspley, etc. In all copies, though, a colophon at the end of the book gives the full list of publishers, the Hawkins imprint is exceedingly rare, and Not more than three or four copies are known with the Smethwick imprint. Though all copies of the Second Folio are dated 1632, some in fact are remainder issues that were released as late as 1641 and after. King Charles I owned a copy of the Second Folio, which part of the library of Windsor Castle. The so-called Perkins Folio, which John Payne Collier used for his forged emendations of Shakespeares text, was a copy of the Second Folio, Second Folio– Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University The Second Folio. What is the Second Folio of William Shakespeare, in the Meisei University Shakespeare Collection Database
Second Folio
–
Plays
38.
False Folio
–
The only complete extant copy is part of the collection of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, DC. The term false folio intentionally evokes the folio collections of Shakespeares works that appeared later, the description folio is not strictly accurate, since the ten plays were printed in a larger-than-usual quarto format, not in folio, but the key qualifier is false folio. The texts in question were first examined with modern bibliographic procedures primarily by Alfred W. Pollard, W. W. Greg, Pollard provides a detailed account in his Shakespeare Folios and Quartos. In summary, the stationer and printer William Jaggard reprinted ten plays in 1619, the ten plays were, Henry V – printed for T. P.1608 on the title page. Thomas Pavier was the stationer who possessed the rights to Henry V, king Lear – Printed for Nathaniel Butter 1608. Butter had printed Q1 of Lear in 1608, the Merchant of Venice – Printed by J. Roberts,1600. This was one play to which Jaggard did not have valid title, the Merry Wives of Windsor – Printed for Arthur Johnson,1619. Johnson published Q1 of Merry Wives in 1602, a Midsummer Nights Dream – Printed by James Roberts,1600. Pericles, Prince of Tyre – Printed for T. P.1619, sir John Oldcastle – printed for T. P.1600. A Yorkshire Tragedy – Printed for T. P.1619, the Whole Contention Between the Two Famous Houses, Lancaster and York – Printed at London, for T. P. In 1602, Pavier had acquired the rights to both plays from Millington, pericles was printed after The Whole Contention, since their signatures run together, but the nine plays were apparently bound together in no particular order. As Jaggard lacked rights to Hayes Merchant of Venice, he may also have lacked rights to Butters Lear, there is much about the False Folio affair that remains unclear, such as subjective questions of Jaggards motivation. Jaggard had an odd connection with the Shakespeare canon, he had printed the questionable miscellany The Passionate Pilgrim as Shakespeares in 1599 and 1612. Some Shakespeare scholars have wondered why the Kings Men used Jaggard as the printer and one of the publishers of the First Folio and it may have been a case of necessity, since Jaggard had a large-capacity print shop. Pollard focused much of his attention on the concept of literary piracy, and his viewpoint coloured much of the scholarly attitude and approach to the False Folio during the twentieth century
False Folio
–
From left: Title page of Shakespeare's
King Lear as published by
Nathaniel Butter in 1608, and the falsely-dated title page of the quarto published by
William Jaggard and
Thomas Pavier in 1619.
False Folio
False Folio
–
First edition Henry V (1600).
False Folio
–
Falsely dated Henry V (1619).
39.
John Benson (publisher)
–
John Benson was a London publisher of the middle seventeenth century, best remembered for a historically important publication of the Sonnets and miscellaneous poems of William Shakespeare in 1640. John Benson began his career as a stationer in 1635, he maintained shops in Chancery Lane, in his publishing career, Benson generally concentrated on the lower end of the market for printed matter in his era, he specialized in the publication of ballads and broadsides. Yet he published too, like Joseph Rutters The Shepherds Holy-Day. Benson partnered with other stationers for some projects and he joined with fellow stationer John Waterson to publish the first quarto of Fletcher and Massingers The Elder Brother. Benson and John Saywell issued Francis Quarless Hosanna, or Divine poems on the Passion of Christ and their edition of John Hiltons Catch That Catch Can, a collection of catches, rounds, and canons, appeared in 1652. Benson entered his edition of Shakespeares poems in the Stationers Register on 4 November 1639, the volume was published in octavo the following year. The title of the reads, POEMS, VVRITTEN BY WIL. Cotes, and are to be sold by Iohn Bensen, dwelling in St. Dunstans Church yard, the book opens with engraver William Marshalls portrait of Shakespeare — a reduced and reversed version of Martin Droeshouts engraving from the First Folio. This is followed by Bensons preface to the Reader, commendatory poems by Leonard Digges and John Warren, thomas Cotes, Bensons printer for the Poems, also printed the Shakespeare Second Folio, and the first quarto of The Two Noble Kinsmen. Benson is notorious for rearranging the order of the sonnets into groups and he also changed the pronouns in several of the sonnets to create the impression that they were written to a woman
John Benson (publisher)
–
The frontispiece to Benson's edition of Shakespeare's poems
40.
Philip Chetwinde
–
Philip Chetwinde was a seventeenth-century London bookseller and publisher, noted for his publication of the Third Folio of Shakespeares plays. Chetwinde used his rights to Jonsons works in the publication of the Second Jonson folio of 1640/1 and it was not until 1653 that Chetwinde was able to operate fully as a stationer. In 1663, he employed his rights to Shakespeares plays to publish the Third Folio, the Third Folio was printed by Alice Warren, Roger Daniel, and either Thomas Ratcliffe or John Hayes. Only the last of these, Pericles, is accepted by the critical consensus as, even in part, authentically Shakespearean in authorship. Chetwinde was unusual among London publishers of his generation in that he published books in the Welsh language and it can be noted that Chetwinde worked, with some frequency, with female printers – the widows of printers who had continued their late husbands businesses. Alice Warren, as noted, worked on the Third Folio, some of Chetwindes Welsh-language books were printed by Ellen Cotes and Sarah Griffin
Philip Chetwinde
–
The additional plays section in the 1664 second impression of Chetwinde's Third Folio.
41.
Thomas Pavier
–
Thomas Pavier was a London publisher and bookseller of the early seventeenth century. His complex involvement in the publication of editions of some of Shakespeares plays. Pavier had served an apprenticeship under William Barley, a draper who doubled as a bookseller, Pavier was able to set himself up in business that year, his shop was located at the sign of the Cat and Parrots, over against Popes Head Alley in Cornhill. Over the course of his career, Pavier grew rich by publishing popular works of Puritan literature in multiple editions. At the start of his career, however, he worked at the end of the prestige scale in printed matter in his era, he primarily published ballads, chapbooks, pamphlets. One of his earliest products in the line was The Fair Widow of Watling Street. He also published ballads by Thomas Deloney and Samuel Rowlands, Paviers firm prospered and he eventually rose to be his guilds Junior Warden in 1622, but Pavier never abandoned ballads. In the years 1612–20, when the Stationers Company limited ballad printing to only five of its members, in 1624 he was a member of the Ballad Stock, a syndicate of stationers dedicated to the production of ballads in print. One of Paviers earliest acts as a stationer was to enter the popular though anonymous play Captain Thomas Stukeley into the Stationers Register on 11 August 1600. He published several plays, including the anonymous The Fair Maid of Bristow, and The First Part of Hieronimo. Pavier also published editions of Kyds play, he obtained the rights to The Spanish Tragedy on 14 August 1600 and issued the fourth edition in 1602. He published the third quarto of A Looking Glass for London, by Thomas Lodge and Robert Greene, also in 1602, and this first quarto was issued anonymously, the attribution to Shakespeare would not appear until 1619. Henry V — Pavier obtained the rights to the play, first printed in 1600, from Thomas Millington and John Busby, on 14 August 1600, he published the second quarto of Henry V in 1602. Henry VI, Part 2 and Henry VI, Part 3 — Pavier secured the rights to the versions of these plays from Thomas Millington on 19 April 1602. Pavier did not publish the plays immediately, however, they did not appear in print again until they were included in the so-called False Folio affair. A Yorkshire Tragedy — Pavier registered the play on 2 May 1608, the early versions of 2 and 3 Henry VI were printed in one volume, titled The Whole Contention Between the Two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster. This volume and four others — Henry V, Sir John Oldcastle, A Yorkshire Tragedy, the only complete extant copy of the False Folio resides at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D. C. Among the many points about the False Folio that are uncertain, Pavier was a business associate of Jaggard, but the real nature of his connection is debated by scholars
Thomas Pavier
–
The Whole Contention Between the Two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster (1619), published by Pavier with
William Jaggard as part of the
False Folio of 1619.
42.
Thomas Thorpe
–
Thomas Thorpe was an English publisher, most famous for publishing Shakespeares sonnets and several works by Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson. His publication of the sonnets has long been controversial, nineteenth-century critics thought that he might have published the poems without Shakespeares consent, Sidney Lee called him predatory and irresponsible. Conversely, modern scholars Wells and Taylor assert their verdict that Thorpe was a reputable publisher, the son of an innkeeper in Barnet, Middlesex, Thorpe worked as an apprentice to Richard Watkins for nine years in a small shop. In 1594 Thorpe obtained his rights, but was still without his printing rights. His first book published was The First Book of Lucan, Marlowes translation of the Pharsalia, the copyright of which he received from Edward Blount, who would come to be a close friend of Thorpes. In 1605 Thorpes publishing career took off, as he published George Chapmans All Fools and Ben Jonsons Sejanus His Fall, yet he managed, he commissioned printers to do his printing and arranged for booksellers to sell his books. For one example, his 1609 edition of Shakespeares Sonnets was printed by George Eld, Thorpe remained in business until at least 1624, when he and Blount transferred the copyright of Marlowes Hero and Leander to fellow stationer Simon Vicars. Thomas Thorpe stopped publishing in 1625, the year of his death. Dorcas Thorpe of St. Olave Southwark was granted administration of the estate of her late husband Thomas Thorpe on 30 July, Thorpe also stopped receiving his pension from the Stationers Company that year, which strengthens the evidence for his death that year. In 1609, Thorpe published the most important work of his career, the dedication, which is addressed to a mysterious Mr. W. H. may have been written either by Shakespeare himself or by Thorpe. Critics have failed to agree whether or not his arrangement was the most apt, but most detect a logical coherence in the order, which is generally retained today. The possibility that the manuscript was provided to Thomas Thorpe by a needy “MR. W. H. ” the dedicatee of the volume,4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press,1923. Was the 1609 Shake-Speares Sonnets Really Unauthorized, review of English Studies, New Series Vol.34, No. New York, W. W. Norton,1997
Thomas Thorpe
–
Thorpe edition of the sonnets. Thorpe is identified by his initials, T.T.
43.
George Eld
–
Eld was the son of a carpenter from Derbyshire. He served an apprenticeship to bookseller Robert Bolton, starting in 1592. He established himself in his own printing business in 1604, at the sign of the White Horse in Fleet Lane, by marrying the widow of not one and his shop featured two or perhaps three presses, and four compositors – a substantial operation for the time. Eld entered into a partnership with Miles Fletcher in 1617, Fletcher took over the business once Eld died of plague in 1624. In Elds historical era, most stationers concentrated on either printing or bookselling, and most publishing was done by the booksellers, Eld was primarily a printer during his career, working on specific projects for specific booksellers. Eld worked regularly for Thomas Thorpe, the two produced more than twenty titles together and these included the first quartos of Jonsons Sejanus, Volpone, and The Masque of Blackness and The Masque of Beauty. They also issued John Marstons What You Will, and George Chapmans All Fools and The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Thorpe and Elds most significant project was the 1609 first edition of Shakespeares Sonnets. In 1612, Thorpe and Eld also issued a work of modern Shakespearean controversy, more Shakespeare, Eld printed the 1609 quarto of Troilus and Cressida, for Richard Bonian and Henry Walley. Eld has also identified as the printer of John Smethwicks third quarto of Hamlet. Eld also printed the 1619 second quarto of Marlowes Doctor Faustus for John Wright, and for William Aspley, he printed one of the most controversial plays of the period, Eastward Ho. Eld printed first editions of a range of texts in Jacobean drama, Samuel Daniels The Queens Arcadia. The anonymous Return from Parnassus, for John Wright, the anonymous Caesars Revenge, also for John Wright. Barnabe Barness The Devils Charter, again for John Wright, day, Rowley, and Wilkinss The Travels of the Three English Brothers, once again for Wright. Thomas Tomkiss Lingua, for Simon Waterson, lording Barrys Ram Alley, for Robert Wilson. Chapmans The Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincolns Inn, nathan Fields Amends for Ladies, for Matthew Walbancke. Like some printers of his generation – Richard Field is a good example – Eld also published work on his own authority and he was active in drama here too, Eld printed and published both Q1 and Q2 of The Revengers Tragedy. The play is now attributed to Middleton. Also, Middletons A Trick to Catch the Old One, again the first two quartos
George Eld
–
Titlepage of Edward Grimeston's The Generall Historie of Spaine, 1612.
George Eld
–
Titlepage of Edward Grimeston's A Generall Historie of France, 1624.
44.
Richard Field (printer)
–
Richard Field was a printer and publisher in Elizabethan London, best known for his close association with the poems of William Shakespeare, with whom he grew up in Stratford-upon-Avon. Fields family lived on Bridge Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, close to the Shakespeares house on Henley Street and it is generally accepted that Shakespeare and Field knew each other in Stratford, since they were similar in age and their fathers were in similar businesses. After Fields father Henry died in August 1592, Williams father John Shakespeare was one of the officials charged with the appraisal of the deceased mans property. In 1579 Richard Field began an apprenticeship with the London printers George Bishop and this piece of Protestant propaganda was the first work to bear Fields name. Field went on to marry Jacqueline in 1589 and he succeeded to his former masters business, one of the best in London. Fields shop was in the Blackfriars area of London, near Ludgate and he regularly printed works for the most highly regarded publishers in London, including William Ponsonby and Edward Blount. In 1592 his brother, Jasper Field, joined Richards business as an apprentice, Fields Protestantism led him to publish a number of Spanish-language Protestant works for sale in Catholic Spain, under the name Ricardo del Campo. His Spanish works included a number which claimed to be written by Cipriano de Valera, el primero es del Papa y de su autoridad colegiado de su vida y dotrina, y de lo que los doctores y concilios antiguos y la misma sagrada Escritura enseñan. El segundo es de la Missa recopilado de los doctores y concilios y de la sagrada Escritura, for his title pages, Field adopted an Aldine device, an anchor with the Latin motto Anchora Spei, anchor of hope, which previously belonged to the Vautrollier. In Fields era, the trades of printer and publisher were to some significant degree separate activities, booksellers acted as publishers and commissioned printers to do the requisite printing. Field concentrated more on printing than publishing, of the roughly 295 books he printed in his career, he was publisher of perhaps 112, while the rest were published by other stationers. When, for example, Andrew Wise published Thomas Campions Observations in the Art of English Poesy in 1602, Field rose to be one of the 22 master printers of the Stationers Company. From 1615 on he kept his shop in Wood Street, near his home, Field had a number of apprentices, one being George Miller. After Fields death in 1624, his business passed to the partners Richard Badger and George Miller, the Rape of Lucrece – Field printed the first quarto edition of 1594. The Phoenix and the Turtle – working for Edward Blount, Field printed the 1601 first quarto edition of the poem Loves Martyr by Robert Chester, in addition to Chesters poem, the volume contained short poems by other hands, including Shakespeares work. In contrast to the printed editions of Shakespeares plays, Fields texts for the two narrative poems meet a high standard of quality. Scholars have sometimes supposed Shakespeares direct involvement, The two early poems, both printed by Field, are probably the only works the publication of which Shakespeare supervised. Harrison published Lucrece as well as editions of Venus
Richard Field (printer)
–
Title page of the first
quarto (1593) of Shakespeare's
Venus and Adonis, printed by Richard Field, adorned with his emblem the Anchora Spei, "anchor of hope."
Richard Field (printer)
–
The dedication page of The Rape of Lucrece.
45.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
–
Screenshot 2012
46.
Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
–
GND screenshot
