1.
Cologne
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Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany. It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan areas, and with more than ten million inhabitants, Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, less than eighty kilometres from Belgium. The citys famous Cologne Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, the University of Cologne is one of Europes oldest and largest universities. Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the first century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Cologne, the French version of the citys name, has become standard in English as well. The city functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior, during the Middle Ages it flourished on one of the most important major trade routes between east and west in Europe. Cologne was one of the members of the Hanseatic League and one of the largest cities north of the Alps in medieval. Up until World War II the city had several occupations by the French. Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II, the bombing reduced the population by 95%, mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed almost the entire city. With the intention of restoring as many buildings as possible. Cologne is a cultural centre for the Rhineland, it hosts more than thirty museums. Exhibitions range from local ancient Roman archeological sites to contemporary graphics, the Cologne Trade Fair hosts a number of trade shows such as Art Cologne, imm Cologne, Gamescom, and the Photokina. The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, in 50 AD, the Romans founded Colonia on the Rhine and the city became the provincial capital of Germania Inferior in 85 AD. The city was named Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium in 50 AD, considerable Roman remains can be found in present-day Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a notable discovery of a 1900-year-old Roman boat was made in late 2007. From 260 to 271 Cologne was the capital of the Gallic Empire under Postumus, Marius, in 310 under Constantine a bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne. Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it one of the most important trade. Cologne is shown on the 4th century Peutinger Map, maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until occupied by the Ripuarian Franks in 462, parts of the original Roman sewers are preserved underneath the city, with the new sewerage system having opened in 1890. Early medieval Cologne was part of Austrasia within the Frankish Empire, Cologne had been the seat of a bishop since the Roman period, under Charlemagne, in 795, bishop Hildebold was promoted to archbishop
2.
Exeter, New Hampshire
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Exeter is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The towns population was 14,306 at the 2010 census, Exeter was the county seat until 1997, when county offices were moved to neighboring Brentwood. Home to the Phillips Exeter Academy, a private university-preparatory school, the urban portion of the town, where 9,242 people resided at the 2010 census, is defined by the U. S. Census Bureau as the Exeter census-designated place. Exeter is named after the city in Devon, England. On April 3,1638, the Reverend John Wheelwright and others purchased the land from Wehanownowit, Wheelwright had been exiled by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a puritan theocracy, for sharing the dissident religious views of his sister-in-law, Anne Hutchinson. The minister took him about 175 individuals to found the town he named after Exeter in Devon. Local government was linked with Massachusetts until New Hampshire became a colony in 1679. One of the four townships in the province, Exeter originally included Newmarket, Newfields, Brentwood, Epping. On July 4,1639,35 freemen of Exeter signed the Exeter Combination, the settlers hunted, planted and fished. Others tended cattle and swine, or made shakes and barrel staves, Thomas Wilson established the first grist mill on the eastern side of the island in the lower falls. This mill was established within the first season of settling in Exeter, and his son Humphrey assumed control of the mill in 1643, some early Exeter settlers came from Hingham, Massachusetts, including the Gilman, Folsom and Leavitt families. In 1647, Edward Gilman, Jr. established the first sawmill, although he was lost at sea in 1653 while traveling to England to purchase equipment for his mills, his family later became prominent as lumbermen, shipbuilders, merchants and statesmen. The Gilman Garrison House, a National Historic Landmark, and the American Independence Museum were both former homes of the Gilman family, the Gilman family also donated the land on which Phillips Exeter Academy stands, including the Academys original Yard, the oldest part of campus. The Gilman family began trading as far as the West Indies with ships they owned out of Portsmouth, enforcing a blockade against the French, Nelson offered ship Captain Stephen Gilman of Exeter a glass of wine and paid him for his cargo in Spanish dollars. The trip demonstrates how far afield the ambitious merchants of Exeter reached in their trading forays, Exeter suffered its last Indian raid in August 1723 and by 1725 the tribes had left the area. In 1774 the rebellious Provincial Congress began to meet in the Exeter Town House after Colonial Governor John Wentworth banned it from the capitol at Portsmouth. In July 1775, the Provincial Congress had the records seized from royal officials in Portsmouth. And so Exeter became New Hampshires capital, an honor it held for 14 years, in 1827, the Exeter Manufacturing Company was established beside the river, using water power to produce cotton textiles
3.
University of New Hampshire
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The University of New Hampshire is a public research university in the University System of New Hampshire, in the United States. The universitys Durham campus, comprising six colleges, is located in the Seacoast region of the state, a seventh college, the University of New Hampshire at Manchester, occupies the universitys campus in Manchester, the states largest city. The University of New Hampshire School of Law, known as the Franklin Pierce Law Center until 2010, is located in Concord, the University of New Hampshire was founded and incorporated in 1866, as a land grant college in Hanover in connection with Dartmouth College. In 1893, UNH moved to Durham, with over 15,000 students between its Durham, Manchester, and Concord campuses, UNH is the largest university in the state. The university is one of only nine land, sea and space grant institutions in the nation, since July 1,2007, Mark W. Huddleston has served as the universitys 19th president. The Morrill Act of 1862 granted federal lands to New Hampshire for the establishment of an agricultural-mechanical college, in 1866, the university was first incorporated as the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts in Hanover, New Hampshire, in association with Dartmouth College. The institution was officially associated with Dartmouth College and was directed by Dartmouths president, Durham resident Benjamin Thompson left his farm and assets to the state for the establishment of an agricultural college. On January 30,1890, Benjamin Thompson died and his will became public, on March 5,1891 Gov. Hiram Americus Tuttle signed an act accepting the conditions of Thompsons will. On April 10,1891, Gov. Tuttle signed a bill authorizing the colleges move to Durham, New Hampshire. In 1892, the Board of Trustees hired Charles Eliot to draw a plan for the first five campus buildings, Thompson, Conant, Nesmith, and Hewitt Shops. Eliot visited Durham and worked for three months to create a plan prior to the move to Durham, the Class of 1892, excited about the pending move to Durham, held commencement exercises in an unfinished barn on the Durham campus. On April 18,1892, the Board of Trustees voted to authorize the faculty to all the arrangements for the packing. In fall 1893, classes began in Durham with 51 freshmen and 13 upperclassmen. Graduate study was established in fall 1893 for the first time. The number of students and the lack of funds for dormitories caused a housing crunch. The lack of housing caused difficulty for attracting women to the university, in 1908, construction on Smith Hall, the first womens dorm, was completed using private and state funds. Prior to the construction of Fairchild Hall in 1915 for male students,50 freshmen lived in the basement of DeMerritt Hall, with the continuing housing shortage for men, the administration encouraged the growth of the UNH Greek system. From the late 1910s through the 1930s, the fraternity system expanded and provided room, in 1923, Gov. Fred Herbert Brown signed a bill changing the name of the college to University of New Hampshire
4.
University of Iowa
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The University of Iowa is a flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa. Founded in 1847, Iowa is the oldest university in the state, the University of Iowa is organized into eleven colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees. The university was the developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree. The Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000, and the university budgeted revenues and expenses of $3.513 billion for 2015, the University of Iowas athletic teams, the Hawkeyes, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hawkeyes field 24 varsity teams and have won 27 national championships, the University of Iowa was founded on February 25,1847, just 59 days after Iowa was admitted to the Union. The Constitution of the State of Iowa refers to a State University to be established in Iowa City without branches at any other place. The legal name of the university is the State University of Iowa, the first faculty offered instruction at the university beginning in March 1855 to students in the Old Mechanics Building, located where Seashore Hall is now. In September 1855, there were 124 students, of whom forty-one were women, the first president of the university was Amos Dean. The original campus consisted of the Iowa Old Capitol Building and the 10 acres of land on which it stood, until that date, it had been the third capitol of the Territory of Iowa. When the capitol of Iowa was moved to Des Moines in 1857, in 1855, Iowa became the first public university in the United States to admit men and women on an equal basis. The university offered its first doctorate in 1898, the university was the first state university to recognize the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Allied Union. Also, the University of Iowa was the first Big Ten institution to promote an African American to the position of vice president. A shooting took place on campus on November 1,1991, in the summer of 2008, flood waters breached the Coralville Reservoir spillway, damaging more than 20 major campus buildings. Several weeks after the waters receded university officials placed a preliminary estimate on flood damage at $231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million, later in 2008, UNESCO designated Iowa City the worlds third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Iowa legislators ultimately did not support the plan, in 2015, the Iowa Board of Regents selected Bruce Harreld, a business consultant with limited experience in academic administration, to succeed Sally Mason as president. In July 2016, the university took over the former AIB College of Business in Des Moines, Four bachelors programs are offered in Des Moines, an additional four masters-level programs are offered in Des Moines at the universitys site in the citys Western Gateway Park. The University of Iowas main campus, located in Iowa City, was designed by architect D. Elwood Cook
5.
The World According to Garp
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The World According to Garp is John Irvings fourth novel, about a man born out of wedlock to a feminist leader who grows up to be a writer. Published in 1978, the book was a bestseller for several years and it was a finalist for the National Book Award for Fiction in 1979, and its first paperback edition won the Award the following year. A movie adaptation of the novel starring Robin Williams was released in 1982, BBC Radio 4s Classic Serial broadcast a three-part adaptation of the novel by Linda Marshall Griffiths in January 2014. The production was directed by Nadia Molinari and featured Miranda Richardson as Jenny, Lee Ingleby as Garp, Jonathan Keeble as Roberta, the story deals with the life of T. S. Garp. His mother, Jenny Fields, is a nurse who wants a child. She encounters a dying ball turret gunner known only as Technical Sergeant Garp, Jenny nurses Garp, observing his infantile state and almost perpetual autonomic sexual arousal. As a matter of practicality and kindness in making his passing as comfortable as possible and reducing his agitation, Garp grows up, becoming interested in sex, wrestling, and writing fiction—three topics in which his mother has little interest. After his graduation in 1961, his mother takes him to Vienna, at the same time, his mother begins writing her autobiography, A Sexual Suspect. After Jenny and Garp return to Steering, Garp marries Helen, the coachs daughter. The publication of A Sexual Suspect makes his mother famous and she becomes a feminist icon, as feminists view her book as a manifesto of a woman who does not care to bind herself to a man, and who chooses to raise a child on her own. She nurtures and supports women traumatized by men, among them the Ellen Jamesians, the members of the group cut off their own tongues in support of the girl. Garp becomes a parent, wrestling with anxiety for the safety of his children. He and his family inevitably experience dark and violent events through which the characters change, Garp learns from the women in his life, who are struggling to become more tolerant in the face of intolerance. The story contains a great deal of lunacy and sorrow, the novel contains several framed narratives, Garps first novella, The Pension Grillparzer, Vigilance, a short story, and the first chapter of his novel, The World According to Bensenhaver. Adultery also plays a part, culminating in one of the novels most harrowing. Another familiar Irving trope, castration anxiety, is present, most obviously in the fate of one character, John Irvings mother, Frances Winslow, had not been married at the time of his conception, and Irving never met his biological father. Winslow would reply, Go ahead, dear, in 1981, Time magazine quoted the novelists mother as saying, There are parts of Garp that are too explicit for me. Irving concludes the novel by stating, In the world according to Garp, indeed, throughout the book, Garp seems to be obsessed with death, both in his writing and in his personal life
6.
The Cider House Rules
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The Cider House Rules is John Irvings sixth published novel, and was later adapted into a film and a stage play by Peter Parnell. The story about Wally being shot down over Burma was based in part on that of Irvings biological father, Wilbur came to this work reluctantly, but he is driven by having seen the horrors of back-alley operations. Homer, upon learning Wilburs secret, considers it morally wrong, as a young man, Homer befriends a young couple, Candy Kendall and Wally Worthington, who come to St. Clouds for an abortion. Homer leaves the orphanage, and returns them to Ocean View Orchards in Hearts Rock. Wally and Homer become best friends and Homer develops a love for Candy. Wally goes off to serve in the Second World War and his plane is shot down over Burma and he is presumed missing by the military, but Homer and Candy both believe he is dead and move on with their lives, which includes beginning a romantic relationship. When Candy becomes pregnant, they go back to St. Clouds Orphanage, subsequently, Wally is found in Burma and returns home, paralyzed from the waist down. He is still able to have sexual intercourse but is due to an infection caught in Burma. They lie to the family about Angels parentage, claiming that Homer decided to adopt him, Wally and Candy marry shortly afterward, but Candy and Homer maintain a secret affair that lasts some 15 years. Many years later, teenaged Angel falls in love with Rose, Rose, the daughter of the head migrant worker at the apple orchard, becomes pregnant by her father, and Homer performs an abortion on her. Homer decides to return to the orphanage after the death of Wilbur, a subplot follows the character Melony, who grew up alongside Homer in the orphanage. She was Homers first girlfriend in a relationship of circumstances, after Homer leaves the orphanage, so does she in an effort to find him. She eventually becomes an electrician and takes a lover, Lorna. Melony is an extremely stoic woman, who refuses to press charges against a man who broke her nose. She is the catalyst that transforms Homer from his comfortable but not entirely admirable position at the orchard to becoming Dr. Larchs replacement at the orphanage
7.
A Prayer for Owen Meany
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A Prayer for Owen Meany is the seventh novel by American writer John Irving. Published in 1989, it tells the story of John Wheelwright, according to Johns narration, Owen is a remarkable boy in many ways, he believes himself to be Gods instrument and sets out to fulfill the fate he has prophesied for himself. The novel is also a homage to Günter Grasss most famous novel, grass was a great influence for John Irving, as well as a close friend. The main characters of both novels, Owen Meany and Oskar Matzerath, share the initials as well as some other characteristics. A Prayer for Owen Meany, however, follows an independent, the story is narrated in two interwoven time frames. The first time frame is the perspective of John in the present day, the second time frame is Johns memories of the past, growing up in New Hampshire in the 1950s and 1960s alongside his best friend, Owen Meany. The events of 1987 are related in the style of diary entries, the present-day John Wheelwright works as an English teacher at the Bishop Strachan private girls school in Toronto. He is an Anglican, and although he feels a sense of religious faith. A virgin and a bachelor, John is fixated on his past life and the conditions in the United States, in particular. Johns present-day narrative punctuates his retelling of past events, providing commentary, John Wheelwright and Owen Meany both live in the fictional town of Gravesend, New Hampshire. Johns earliest memories of Owen involve lifting him up in the air, a damaged larynx caused Owen to speak in a high-pitched shouting voice at all times. During the course of his life, Owen develops the conviction that he is Gods instrument, as John and Owen move through their schooling, it becomes clear that Owen is advanced in his intellect and self-awareness. Johns mother, Tabitha, eventually marries a drama teacher from a private high school. Needham wins the affection of the boys by giving them a stuffed armadillo to play with, Owen is particularly taken with the creature, although John likes Needham, he and Owen speculate about who Johns biological father might be — Tabitha refuses to tell him. Owen is also fond of baseball, despite being a poor player, at a Little League baseball game, he unexpectedly gets up to bat and hits a foul ball, which strikes Tabitha in the head, killing her immediately. John is distressed, but he and Owen remain friends following a nonverbal exchange facilitated by Dan Needham and it is at this point that Owen reveals that he feels that he is an instrument of God. In order to express this to John, he removes the claws of the stuffed armadillo, just as God has metaphorically taken command of his hands. Later on, he appears as the baby Jesus in a Nativity production at the Episcopal Church he and John attend, during the latter role, he becomes convinced that he saw his full name and the date of his death on Scrooges grave stone
8.
A Widow for One Year
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A Widow for One Year is a 1998 novel by John Irving, the ninth of his novels to be published. The novel was adapted into the film The Door in the Floor in 2004, the year is 1958 and Ruth Cole is 4 years old. Although she is a child, her parents do not have a happy marriage. Ruths father, Ted Cole, is a writer and illustrator of books for children. He hires Eddie OHare, a teenager who attends Phillips Exeter Academy, Eddie is unwittingly drawn into a plot orchestrated by Ted to drive his unhappy wife, Marion, to infidelity. Marion, unable to forget her sons, shows little affection to her daughter. Ted has always conducted extramarital affairs and would lose in a custody battle for Ruth. If Marion had an affair, especially with a teenager, it would strengthen the case for custody to be awarded to him, Ted picks Eddie specifically to tempt Marion because he bears a striking resemblance to his son Thomas, the confident one. Eddie and Marions affair leads to Marions disappearance at the end of the summer, later it is 1990 and Ruth is 36. She has become a popular, critically acclaimed novelist and is promoting her third and most recent novel and she reconnects with Eddie, for the first time since she was 4 years old, when he introduces her at a reading she gives in New York before her European travels. Soon, having come up with the idea for her novel, Ruth is researching in Amsterdams red light district. Instead she ends up witnessing the murder of the prostitute and she makes note of certain details of the murder and anonymously sends them to the police, which eventually leads to the murderer being captured. The detective who helps solve the murder becomes preoccupied with finding the witness long after Ruth returns to the United States, Ruth is now 41 and has a son, though her husband has died. This section covers Ruths own year of widowhood, the detective, who had been a dear friend to the prostitute, is also a fan of Ruths work. Ruth learns that the murder was solved and she meets the detective on her next trip to Europe and they fall in love. The romance is quick and he agrees to follow Ruth to Vermont, Ruth unexpectedly reunite with Marion in the end. John Irving and the architecture of character - Interview about A Widow for One Year
9.
Novelist
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A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. However, the OED attributes the primary meaning of a writer of novels as first appearing in the 1633 book East-India Colation by C. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, 000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words, Novelists dont usually publish their first novels until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention. Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author
10.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
11.
72nd Academy Awards
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During the ceremony, the AMPAS presented Academy Awards in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by husband-and-wife producing team Richard, Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the seventh time. He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 70th ceremony held in 1998. Three weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on March 4, American Beauty won five awards, including Best Picture. The telecast garnered almost 47 million viewers in the United States, the nominees for the 72nd Academy Awards were announced on February 15,2000, at 5,38 a. m. PST at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, American Beauty received the most nominations with eight total, The Cider House Rules and The Insider tied for second with seven nominations each. The winners were announced during the ceremony on March 26,2000. Sam Mendes was the person to win Best Director for his directorial debut. Best Actor winner Kevin Spacey became the performer to win acting Oscars in both lead and supporting categories. By virtue of her father Jon Voights Best Lead Actor win for 1978s Coming Home, Best Supporting Actress winner Angelina Jolie, winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger. Andrzej Wajda Warren Beatty The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers, in view of the new millennium, the Academy sought to both shorten the telecast and give the ceremony a new look. Husband–and–wife producers Richard D. Zanuck and Lili Fini Zanuck were recruited to oversee the production of the 2000 ceremony, AMPAS president Robert Rehme explained the decision to hire the Zanucks saying, With this new producing team in place, I look forward to a whole new perspective. This marked the first occurrence that a woman was tapped for producing duties at the Oscars, despite Richard and Lilis promises to make changes to the ceremony, they hired actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony for the seventh time. Production of the ceremony was reported to be far more ambitious, the columns were used to display images of previous Oscar appearances as presenters took the stage, nomination packages, and reaction shots of the acting nominees as the winner was being announced. Several other people were involved in the production of the ceremony, Actor Peter Coyote, who served as announcer for the telecast, was often seen before commercial breaks live behind the stage. Musical directors Burt Bacharach, Don Was, and Rob Shrock composed a soundtrack that substituted for a live orchestra during most of the ceremony. In addition, Bacharach rounded up musicians that included Garth Brooks, Queen Latifah, choreographer Kenny Ortega supervised the Blame Canada musical number. At the time of the announcement on February 15, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $521 million with an average of $104 million per film
12.
Phillips Exeter Academy
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Phillips Exeter Academy is a coeducational independent school for boarding and day students between the 9th and 12th grade. It is located in Exeter, New Hampshire, and is one of the oldest secondary schools in the United States and it is particularly noted for its innovation and application of Harkness education, a system based on a conference format of student interaction with minimal teacher involvement. It bears similarities to the Socratic method of learning through asking questions, Phillips Exeter Academy students and alumni are called Exonians, and students, faculty and staff often refer to the school as Exeter or PEA. The school has the largest endowment of any New England boarding school, in 2015–2016, over 45% of students received financial aid from grants totalling over $19M. Phillips Exeter Academy had a rate of 11% for the 2014–2015 school year. The schools day-to-day operation are headed by a Principal, while management of the financial and physical resources are overseen by the Trustees. Trustees are drawn from former Exonians and appoint the Principal, the faculty of the school are responsible for governing matters relating to student life, both in and out of the classroom. Students are housed in 26 single-sex dormitories, each headed by a dormitory head, nearly a third of graduates go into the Ivy League. The schools first enrolled class counted 56 boys, in 1970, present-day enrollment stands at over 1,000 of a roughly equal ratio from both sexes. It is a member of the Ten Schools Admissions Organization, Phillips Exeter Academy was established in 1781 by John Phillips. As a result of family relationship, the two schools share a rivalry. The school that Phillips founded at Exeter was to educate students under a Calvinist religious framework, however, like his nephew who founded Andover, Phillips stipulated in the schools founding charter that it would ever be equally open to youth of requisite qualifications from every quarter. Phillips had previously married to Sarah Gilman, wealthy widow of Phillipss cousin, merchant Nathaniel Gilman, whose large fortune, bequeathed to Phillips. In 1814, Nicholas Gilman, signer of the U. S. Constitution, the academys first schoolhouse, the First Academy Building, was built on a site on Tan Lane in 1783, and today stands not far from its original location. The building was dedicated on February 20,1783, the day that the schools first Preceptor. This would be a revolution in methods. The result was Harkness teaching, in which a teacher and a group of work together, exchanging ideas and information. In November 1930, Harkness gave Exeter $5.8 million to support this initiative, since then, the Academys principal mode of instruction has been by discussion, seminar style, around an oval table known as the Harkness table
13.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
14.
Student athlete
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A student athlete is a participant in an organized competitive sport sponsored by the educational institution in which he or she is enrolled. Student athletes must typically balance the roles of being a full-time student, due to educational institutions being colleges, they offer athletic scholarships in various sports. Many student athletes are compensated with scholarships to attend these institutions, the term student-athlete was coined in 1964 by Walter Byers, the first-ever executive director of the NCAA, to counter attempts to require universities to pay workers compensation. When making the decision of choosing his or her college they may sign The National Letter of Intent. The NLI is an agreement between the athlete and their school they have chosen to certify that they are entering a four-year institution for the first time, in order to sign the school has to have offered financial aid and the student has met the institutions admission requirements. Student athletes are likely to come into contact with important and influential alumni who can help them during their college years, student athletes occasionally receive athletic scholarships from a college or university, though they may also be attending secondary school or a bathometric tertiary quad-mechanics school. An athletic scholarship is a form of scholarship to attend a college or university awarded to an individual based predominantly on his or her ability to play in a sport, Athletic scholarships are common in the United States, but in many countries they are rare or non-existent. Although, every year more and more people outside the United States receive scholarships, athletes are subject to eligibility rules that may require them to maintain a certain grade point average and may bar them from participating in professional competition. Aside from scholarships, many are also prohibited from receiving special treatment or incentives based on their athletic abilities, however, institutions may give student athletes additional assistance in academic support areas such as tutoring and library services. Many coaches hear from hundreds or even thousands of students each year who are looking for athletic scholarships and/or an opportunity to compete in intercollegiate athletics, competitive intercollegiate sports were not introduced into post secondary education in the United States until the nineteenth century. The first popular collegiate sport was crew but this was short lived as high media coverage, as interest in football grew so also did its aggressiveness and thus its resulting injuries. The NCAA was born out of President Theodore Roosevelts demand to reform college football and he wanted this because football was an extremely rough sport which caused many serious injuries. Since the 1930s the relationship between sports and universities have been turbulent, since the 1930s the medias coverage of sports has proven to be a big time revenue earner for schools sports programs. This coverage of sports draws attention towards the schools and this in not only affects the financial capabilities of the institution. To deal with many of the ills within intercollegiate sports the NCAA has put together a number of pieces of legislation, student athletes in high school are also expected to meet or exceed the requirements in order to play sports in high school. Many states enforce strict rules for their student athletes which are called no pass. Arizona, for example requires a grade in every class. California, for example, expects a 2.0 GPA or a C average in every class, College athlete Eligibility Requirements for U.000 grade-point average or better in your core courses, and earn a combined SAT score of 820 or an ACT sum score of 68
15.
United States Army Air Forces
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Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff. S. Army to control its own installations and support personnel, the peak size of the AAF during the Second World War was over 2.4 million men and women in service and nearly 80,000 aircraft by 1944, and 783 domestic bases in December 1943. By V-E Day, the Army Air Forces had 1.25 million men stationed overseas, in its expansion and conduct of the war, the AAF became more than just an arm of the greater organization. By the end of World War II, the Army Air Forces had become virtually an independent service and this contrast between theory and fact is. fundamental to an understanding of the AAF. Gen. Billy Mitchell that led to his later court-martial, a strategy stressing precision bombing of industrial targets by heavily armed, long-range bombers emerged, formulated by the men who would become its leaders. Since 1920, control of units had resided with commanders of the corps areas. Both were created in 1933 when a conflict with Cuba seemed possible following a coup détat. Activation of GHQ Air Force represented a compromise between strategic airpower advocates and ground force commanders who demanded that the Air Corps mission remain tied to that of the land forces. GHQ Air Force organized combat groups administratively into a force of three wings deployed to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts but was small in comparison to European air forces. Corps area commanders continued to control over airfields and administration of personnel. The expected activation of Army General Headquarters prompted Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall to request a study from Chief of the Air Corps Maj. Gen. Henry H. Arnold resulting on 5 October 1940 in a proposal for creation of an air staff, unification of the air arm under one commander, and equality with the ground and supply forces. Marshall implemented a compromise that the Air Corps found entirely inadequate, naming Arnold as acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air but rejecting all organizational points of his proposal. GHQ Air Force instead was assigned to the control of Army General Headquarters, although the latter was a training and not an operational component, when it was activated in November 1940. A division of the GHQ Air Force into four air defense districts on 19 October 1940 was concurrent with the creation of air forces to defend Hawaii. The air districts were converted in March 1941 into numbered air forces with an organization of 54 groups. Marshall had come to the view that the air forces needed a simpler system, Arnold and Marshall agreed that the AAF would enjoy a general autonomy within the War Department until the end of the war, while its commanders would cease lobbying for independence. Marshall, a proponent of airpower, left understood that the Air Force would likely achieve its independence following the war
16.
Setting Free the Bears
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This is about the novel, for the organization, see Free the Bears Fund. Setting Free the Bears is the first novel by American author John Irving, the original manuscript for the book was submitted as his Masters thesis at the University of Iowa’s Writers Workshop in 1967, and was later expanded and revised to its published version. Bears is widely criticized as disjointed and naïve but in retrospect is deemed to have all the elements that have made Irving one of the most successful American authors of the day. These include a Dickensian narrative style, an inclination for the eccentric, unexpected violence, the books central plot concerns a plan to liberate all the animals from the Vienna Zoo, as happened just after the conclusion of World War II. Siggy is killed in an accident, the grief-stricken Graff then continues with their plan to free the inhabitants of the Vienna Zoo with Siggys voice echoing in his head
17.
Kurt Vonnegut
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Kurt Vonnegut /kɜːrt ˈvʌnəɡət/, in full Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was an American writer. In a career spanning over 50 years, Vonnegut published 14 novels and he is most famous for his darkly satirical, best-selling novel Slaughterhouse-Five. Born and raised in Indianapolis, Indiana, Vonnegut attended Cornell University, as part of his training, he studied mechanical engineering at Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee. He was then deployed to Europe to fight in World War II and he was interned in Dresden and survived the Allied bombing of the city by taking refuge in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned. After the war, Vonnegut married Jane Marie Cox, with whom he had three children and he later adopted his sisters three sons, after she died of cancer and her husband died in a train accident. Vonnegut published his first novel, Player Piano, in 1952, the novel was reviewed positively, but was not commercially successful. In the nearly 20 years that followed, Vonnegut published several novels that were marginally successful, such as Cats Cradle and God Bless You. Vonneguts magnum opus, however, was his successful sixth novel. The books antiwar sentiment resonated with its readers amidst the ongoing Vietnam War, after its release, Slaughterhouse-Five went to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list, thrusting Vonnegut into fame. He was invited to give speeches, lectures, and commencement addresses around the country and received many awards, later in his career, Vonnegut published several autobiographical essays and short-story collections, including Fates Worse Than Death, and A Man Without a Country. After his death, he was hailed as a morbidly comical commentator on the society in which he lived, Vonneguts son Mark published a compilation of his fathers unpublished compositions, titled Armageddon in Retrospect. Numerous scholarly works have examined Vonneguts writing and humor, Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born on November 11,1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was the youngest of three children of Kurt Vonnegut Sr. and his wife Edith and his older siblings were Bernard and Alice. Vonneguts mother was born into Indianapolis high society, as her family, thus, they did not teach their youngest son German or introduce him to German literature and tradition, leaving him feeling ignorant and rootless. Vonnegut later credited Ida Young, his familys African-American cook and housekeeper for the first 10 years of his life, for raising him, gave me decent moral instruction and was exceedingly nice to me. So she was as great an influence on me as anybody, Vonnegut described Young as humane and wise, adding that the compassionate, forgiving aspects of beliefs came from her. The financial security and social prosperity that the Vonneguts once enjoyed were destroyed in a matter of years, the Lieberss brewery was closed in 1921 after the advent of Prohibition in the United States. When the Great Depression hit, few people could afford to build, Vonneguts brother and sister had finished their primary and secondary educations in private schools, but Vonnegut was placed in a public school, called Public School No
18.
Iowa Writers' Workshop
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Writer Lan Samantha Chang is its director. Graduates earn a Master of Fine Arts degree in English, the program began in 1936 with the gathering of poets and fiction writers under the direction of Wilbur Schramm. The workshops second director from 1941–1965 was Cedar Rapids, Iowa, under his tenure, the Writers’ Workshop became a national landmark. He successfully secured donations for the workshop from the community for about 20 years, including locals such as Maytag and Quaker Oats, as well as U. S. Steel. Between 1953 and 1956, the Rockefeller Foundation donated $40,000, henry Luce, the publisher of TIME and Life magazines, and Gardner Cowles, Jr. who published Look magazine, provided publicity for the workshops events. From 1965–1969, the workshop had several different directors, John Leggett was the director from 1969–86 and attracted writers such as T. C. Boyle, Ethan Canin, Michael Cunningham, Gail Godwin, Denis Johnson, from 1987 until his death in 2005, Frank Conroy directed the workshop and was Engles longest lasting successor. Lan Samantha Chang became the director in 2006, the Program in Creative Writing, at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, is more commonly known as the Iowa Writers Workshop graduate-level creative writing program in the United States. Graduates earn a Master of Fine Arts degree in English, Iowa has the oldest creative writing program in the country offering an MFA credential. The workshop is staffed by three permanent and several visiting faculty, the modest requirements are intended to prepare the student for the realities of professional writing, where self-discipline is paramount. The graduate workshop courses meet weekly, before each three-hour class, a small number of students submit material for critical reading by their peers. The class itself consists of a discussion during which the students. The specifics of how the class is conducted vary somewhat from teacher to teacher, in 2003, the workshop received a National Humanities Medal from the National Endowment for the Humanities. It was the first medal awarded to a university and only the given to an institution rather than an individual. As of 2010, Iowa Writers Workshop alumni won 17 Pulitzer Prizes, as well as numerous National Book Awards, poets Laureate have been graduates of the workshop, including the current U. S. Robert Penn Warren,1947 Pulitzer for All the Kings Men, wallace Stegner,1972 Pulitzer for Angle of Repose, MA,1932, PhD, English,1935. James Alan McPherson,1977 Pulitzer for Elbow Room, MFA,1969, John Cheever,1979 Pulitzer for The Stories of John Cheever, former faculty member. Jane Smiley,1992 Pulitzer for A Thousand Acres, MA,1975, MFA, English,1976, PhD, philip Roth,1998 Pulitzer for American Pastoral, former faculty member
19.
The Water-Method Man
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The Water Method Man is the second published novel by American novelist John Irving. The novel revolves around the mishaps of its narrator, Fred Trumper, the novel shows Irving beginning to develop a blend of comedy and pathos, as well as a penchant for fashioning quirky characters. I want to change, Trumper says at the end of Chapter One, the phrase seems to be the novels central theme. The title refers to a method prescribed to Trumper for the treatment of non-specific urological disorders relating to his abnormally narrow urinary tract, trumpers urologist, Dr. Trumper opts for the Water Method, suggesting both his generally comical cowardice and lack of self-discipline. Trumper is a student at the University of Iowa in comparative literature whose thesis is to be a translation of an ancient, Old Low Norse epic called Akthelt. Irving employs the Akthelt and Gunnel poem as a means for allowing Trumper to poke fun at himself through analogously inventing the story of the poem according to his own lifes mishaps
20.
Mount Holyoke College
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Mount Holyoke College is a liberal arts college for women in South Hadley, Massachusetts, United States. It was the first member of the Seven Sisters colleges, Mount Holyoke is part of the Pioneer Valleys Five College Consortium, along with Amherst College, Smith College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The school was founded in 1837 by Mary Lyon as Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, Mary Lyon had previously founded Wheaton Female Seminary in Norton, Massachusetts, in 1834. Mount Holyoke received its charter in 1888 as Mount Holyoke Seminary and College. Mount Holyokes chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established in 1905, Mount Holyokes buildings were designed between 1896 and 1960. It has a Donald Ross-designed 18-hole golf course, The Orchards, U. S. News & World Report lists Mount Holyoke as the 35th best liberal arts college in the United States in its 2016 rankings. In 2011–2012, Mount Holyoke was one of the top producers of Fulbright Scholars. Mount Holyokes founder, Mary Lyon, is considered by scholars to have been an innovator in the area of womens education. Her establishment of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was part of a movement to create institutions of higher education for young women during the first half of the 19th century. Lyons contemporaries include Sarah Pierce, Catharine Beecher, Zilpah P. Grant Banister, prior to founding Mount Holyoke, Lyon contributed to the development of both Hartford Female Seminary and Ipswich Female Seminary. She was also involved in the creation of Wheaton Female Seminary in 1834, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was originally chartered as a teaching seminary in 1836 and opened its doors to students on 8 November 1837. Both Vassar College and Wellesley College were patterned after Mount Holyoke, from its founding in 1837, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary had no religious affiliation. However, students were required to attend services, chapel talks, prayer meetings. Twice a day teachers and students spent time in private devotions, every dorm room had two large lighted closets to give roommates privacy during their devotions. Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was the school to Andover Seminary. Mount Holyoke Female Seminary received its charter in 1888, becoming Mount Holyoke Seminary. In 1893 it became Mount Holyoke College, Mount Holyokes chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established in 1905. It has been a school to Womens Christian College in Chennai, Tamil Nadu
21.
Tim O'Brien (author)
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In addition, he is known for his war novel, Going After Cacciato, also written about wartime Vietnam. OBrien has held the chair at the MFA program of Texas State University–San Marcos every other year since the 2003-2004 year. OBrien was born in Austin, Minnesota, when he was seven, his family, including a younger sister and brother, moved to Worthington, also in southern Minnesota. Worthington had a influence on O’Brien’s imagination and early development as an author. The town is located on Lake Okabena in the portion of the state and serves as the setting for some of his stories. OBrien earned his BA in Political Science from Macalester College, where he was student body president, in 1968. That same year he was drafted into the United States Army and was sent to Vietnam and he served in the division that contained a unit involved in the infamous My Lai Massacre the year before his arrival. OBrien has said that when his unit got to the area around My Lai and we did not know there had been a massacre there a year earlier. The news about that came out later, while we were there. Upon completing his tour of duty, OBrien went on to school at Harvard University. His writing career was launched in 1973 with the release of If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home, in this memoir, OBrien writes, Can the foot soldier teach anything important about war, merely for having been there. While OBrien insists it is not his job or his place to discuss the politics of the Vietnam War, he does occasionally pass some basic commentary. Speaking years later about his upbringing and the war, OBrien called his hometown a town that congratulates itself, day after day, on its own ignorance of the world, a town that got us into Vietnam. Uh, the people in that town sent me to that war, you know, contrasting the continuing American search for U. S. MIA/POWs in Vietnam with the reality of the Vietnamese war dead, he calls the American perspective A perverse and outrageous double standard. What if the Vietnamese were to ask us, or to us, to locate. Numbers alone make it impossible,100,000 is a conservative estimate, from my own sliver of experience — one year at war, one set of eyes — I can testify to the lasting anonymity of a great many Vietnamese dead. One attribute of OBriens work is the blur between fiction and reality, labeled verisimilitude, his work contains actual details of the situations he experienced. Although this is a literary technique, his conscious, explicit
22.
Going After Cacciato
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Going After Cacciato is an anti-war novel written by Tim OBrien and first published by Delacorte Press in 1978. It won the U. S. National Book Award for Fiction, OBrien himself says that Going After Cacciato is called a war novel. This complex novel is set during the Vietnam War and is told from the third person limited point of view of the protagonist, Paul Berlin. The story traces the events that ensue after Cacciato, a member of Berlins squad, decides to go AWOL by walking from Vietnam to France, through Asia. Typical of many stories that deal with themes of trauma, Going After Cacciato contains distinct ambiguities concerning the nature. The chronology is nonlinear for most of the book, Paul Berlin, the main character, is a frustrated soldier. During one night while on duty, Paul Berlin thinks about the past. The courage it takes to chase ones dreams is a recurring theme, Cacciato, who is always portrayed as self-sufficient and happy, is pursued by Berlin and his comrades in arms. Cacciatos actions are portrayed as those of a man who is not particularly bright or gifted. This surrealism also appears earlier in the novel, when Cacciato flies off a mountain, the obligations lead to complicity in atrocities. Paul Berlin - Narrator/protagonist, who thinks up the chase after Cacciato, sarkin Aung Wan - Burmese refugee who saves the squad many times, such as the time they became lost in a Vietcong tunnel complex. Cacciato - Soldier who goes AWOL, Frenchie Tucker - Dies in a tunnel, shot in the nose. Bernie Lynn - is killed after following Frenchie Tucker into the tunnel and is shot underneath in part of his throat, eddie Lazzutti - Soldier in the Third Squad. Stink Harris - Leads party, is trigger happy, harold Murphy - Another soldier in Berlins squad. Murphy leaves early on since he feels the mission is worthless, buff - Short for Water Buffalo, is known for his big size. He dies while the platoon is trying to cross a field, Berlin commonly refers to his death as life after death because his face remains in his helmet after he is killed. Fahyi Rhallon - One of the Savak, tries to arrest the squad in Iran. Billy Boy Watkins - One of the casualties in Berlins squad, Watkins is referred back to many times, often accompanied by a short song that the squad sung frequently about his death
23.
Robin Williams
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Robin McLaurin Williams was an American stand-up comedian and actor. Starting as a comedian in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the mid-1970s. After rising to fame as Mork in Mork & Mindy, Williams established a career in both comedy and feature film acting. He was known for his improvisational skills, Doubtfire, Jumanji, The Birdcage, Night at the Museum, and Worlds Greatest Dad. Williams won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as teacher Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting and he also received two Emmy Awards, seven Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and five Grammy Awards throughout his career. On August 11,2014, Williams committed suicide by hanging at his home in Paradise Cay and his wife attributed his suicide to his struggle with Lewy body dementia. Robin McLaurin Williams was born at St. Lukes Hospital in Chicago and his father Robert Fitzgerald Williams was a senior executive in Ford Motor Companys Lincoln-Mercury Division. His mother Laurie McLaurin was a model from Jackson, Mississippi. Her paternal great-grandfather was Mississippi senator and governor Anselm J. McLaurin, Williams had two elder half-brothers named Robert and McLaurin. He had English, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, German, while his mother was a practitioner of Christian Science, Williams was raised in the Episcopal Church, where his father belonged. Williams wrote a list, Top Ten Reasons to be an Episcopalian, during a TV interview on Inside the Actors Studio in 2001, Williams credited his mother as being an important early influence for his sense of humor. He also said that he tried to make her laugh to gain attention, Williams attended public elementary school in Lake Forest at Gorton Elementary School and middle school at Deer Path Junior High School. He described himself as a quiet and shy child who did not overcome his shyness until he became involved with his school drama department. His friends recall him as being very funny, in late 1963, when Williams was twelve, his father was transferred to Detroit. The family lived in a 40-room farmhouse on 20 acres in suburban Bloomfield Hills, Michigan and he excelled in school, where he was on the schools soccer team and wrestling team, and was elected as class president. As his father traveled frequently for work and his also worked, Williams was attended to by the familys maid. When Williams was 16, his father took early retirement and the moved to Tiburon. Following their move, Williams attended Redwood High School in nearby Larkspur, at the time of his graduation in 1969, he was voted Most Likely Not to Succeed and Funniest by his classmates
24.
Glenn Close
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Glenn Close is an American actress, singer and film producer. With an acting career spanning over 40 years, she has been acclaimed for her versatility and is widely regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation. She has won three Emmy Awards, three Tony Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and has received six Academy Award nominations and she would later receive nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in Fatal Attraction, Dangerous Liaisons, and Albert Nobbs. She starred as Eleanor of Aquitaine in the 2003 TV film The Lion in Winter, in 2005, she starred in the drama series The Shield. Then from 2007 to 2012, she starred as Patty Hewes in the FX drama series Damages and she has voiced the character of Mona Simpson in the animated sitcom The Simpsons since 1995. She returned to Broadway in November 2014, in a revival of Edward Albees A Delicate Balance. Her other films include Jagged Edge, Hamlet, Reversal of Fortune,101 Dalmatians, Paradise Road, Air Force One, Cookies Fortune, Heights, Guardians of the Galaxy and The Girl With All The Gifts. Close is a six-time Academy Award nominee, tying the record for being the actress with the most nominations never to have won, as of 2016, Close has more Oscar nominations without a win than any other living actor. In addition, she has been nominated for four Tonys, fourteen Emmys, thirteen Golden Globes and she has also won an Obie award and has been nominated for three Grammy Awards and a BAFTA. Close has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame and she has two sisters, Tina and Jessie, and two brothers, Alexander and Tambu Misoki, whom Closes parents adopted while living in Africa. Close is also a second cousin once-removed of actress Brooke Shields, during her childhood, Close lived with her parents in a stone cottage on her maternal grandfathers estate in Greenwich. Although Close came from an affluent background, she stated that her family not to participate in WASP society. She would also avoid mentioning her birthplace whenever asked because she did not want people to think she was a dilettante who didnt have to work. When she was seven years old, her parents joined a cult group, Close described MRA as a group that dictated every aspect of her life, from the clothes that had to be worn to what they were allowed to say. In an interview Close stated that her desire to become an actress allowed her to break away from the cult, stating and they had their reasons for doing what they did, and I understand them. It had terrible effects on their kids, but that’s the way it is and we all try to survive, right. And I think what actually saved me more than anything was my desire to be an actress and she spent time in Switzerland when studying at St. Georges School in Switzerland. Close traveled for years in the mid-to-late 1960s with an MRA singing group called Up With People
25.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
26.
John Lithgow
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John Arthur Lithgow is an American actor, musician, singer, comedian and author. Lithgow has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame and his performances in The World According to Garp and Terms of Endearment each earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor. On the stage, he has appeared in many Broadway productions including the adaptation of Sweet Smell of Success. In 2007, he made his Royal Shakespeare Company debut as Malvolio in Neil Bartletts production of Twelfth Night. He has also recorded music, such as the 1999 album of music, Singin in the Bathtub. His work for children has earned him Grammy Award nominations and two Parents Choice Silver Honor Awards, Lithgow was born in Rochester, New York. His mother, Sarah Jane, was a retired actress and his father, Arthur Washington Lithgow III, was a theatrical producer and director who ran the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey. His father was born in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, to an American family of Scottish and English descent, Lithgow is descended from Mayflower passenger and colonial governor William Bradford. Lithgow attended Harvard College, and graduated with an A. B. magna cum laude in 1967, in history and he lived in Adams House as an undergraduate. Lithgow later served on Harvards Board of Overseers, Lithgow credits a performance at Harvard of Gilbert and Sullivans Utopia Limited with helping him decide to become an actor. After graduation, Lithgow won a Fulbright Scholarship to study at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, also, after graduation, he served as the Director of the Arts and Literature Department at WBAI, the Pacifica radio station in New York City. In 1973, Lithgow debuted on Broadway in David Storeys The Changing Room, the following year he starred opposite Lynn Redgrave in My Fat Friend, and in 1976 he starred opposite Meryl Streep in Arthur Millers A Memory of Two Mondays. He was nominated for the Best Actor Tony Awards for Requiem for a Heavyweight, in 2002, Lithgow won a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of J. J. Hunsecker in the Broadway adaptation of the 1957 film Sweet Smell of Success, in 2005, Lithgow was elected into the American Theater Hall of Fame for his work on Broadway. He was also nominated for a Best Leading Actor in a Musical Tony for Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, in 2004 and 2007, Lithgow debuted Carnival of the Animals elephant character — nurse Mabel Buntz — with the New York City Ballet and Houston Ballet, respectively. In 2007, Lithgow played Malvolio in the Royal Shakespeare Companys production of Twelfth Night, at The Courtyard Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, in 2008 through 2009, Lithgow played Joe Keller in a Broadway revival of Arthur Millers All My Sons. Lithgow starred alongside Jennifer Ehle in Douglas Carter Beanes comedy Mr & Mrs Fitch presented Off-Broadway by Second Stage Theatre from February 22,2010 to April 4,2010. Lithgow returned to Broadway as Joseph Alsop in the Manhattan Theatre Club production of David Auburns new play The Columnist, the National Theatre tempted Lithgow to appear on the London stage in the winter of 2012/13 as Police Magistrate Aeneas Posket in a revival of Arthur Wing Pineros The Magistrate
27.
Cameo appearance
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A cameo role or cameo appearance is a brief appearance or voice part of a known person in a work of the performing arts, typically unnamed or appearing as themselves. Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common, a crew member of the show or movie playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well, such as Alfred Hitchcocks frequently performed cameos. Originally cameo role meant a character part that stands out from the other minor parts. The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning a short literary sketch or portrait, which is based on the meaning of cameo. More recently, cameo has come to refer to any short appearances, whether as a character or as oneself, such as the examples below. Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a mismatch between the celebritys stature and the film or TV show in which he or she is appearing. Others are acknowledgments of a contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of TV series. Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field, possibly the best-known series of cameos was by the director Alfred Hitchcock, who made very brief appearances in most of his films. Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works, “Literary cameos” usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage. Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine, a cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal signature on a story. Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance, quentin Tarantino provides cameos or small roles in at least 10 of his movies. Likewise, Peter Jackson has made cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length movie Bad Taste in which he plays a main character. For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug, a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers, director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character. In Whos That Knocking at My Door, he appears as one of the gangsters, he is a crew man in After Hours. He opens up his 1986 film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool. In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, in a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholsons nose with the blade of his clasp knife. Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films, mike Todds film Around the World in 80 Days was filled with cameo roles, and others. The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, among the many cameos featured in the film Maverick, actor Danny Glover appears as the lead bank robber
28.
The Hotel New Hampshire
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The Hotel New Hampshire is a 1981 coming of age novel by John Irving and his fifth published novel. This novel is the story of the Berrys, a quirky New Hampshire family composed of a couple, Win and Mary. The parents, both from the town of Dairy, New Hampshire, fall in love while working at a summer resort hotel in Maine as teenagers. He then returns to Dairy and teaches at the local second-rate boys prep school he attended, but he is unsatisfied and dreaming of something better. Brash, self-confident beauty Franny, is the object of her sibling Johns adoration, John serves as the narrator, and is sweet, if naive. Frank is physically and socially awkward, reserved, and homosexual, he shares a friendship with his younger sister Lilly, Egg, an immature little boy with a penchant for dressing up in costumes, is the baby of the family. John and Franny are companions, seeing themselves as the most normal of the children, but, as John remarks, to themselves the familys oddness seems right as rain. Win conceives the idea of turning an abandoned girls school into a hotel and he names it the Hotel New Hampshire and the family moves in. This becomes the first part of Irvings Dickensian-style tale, key plot points include Frannys rape at the hands of quarterback Chipper Dove and several of his fellow football teammates. The actions and attitude of Chipper, with whom Franny is in love, are contrasted with those of her rescuer, Junior Jones, traveling separately from the rest of the family, the mother and Egg are killed in an airplane crash. The others take up life in Vienna at what is renamed the Hotel New Hampshire, one floor of which is occupied by prostitutes and another floor by a group of radical communists. After the death of his wife, Win Berry retreats further into his own hazy, vague fantasy world, while the family relationships with the prostitutes. John and Franny experience the pain and desire of being in love each other. The family becomes famous, and with Frank as Lillys agent, the family returns to the States, taking up residence in The Stanhope hotel in New York. In the final part of the novel, Franny and John find a way to resolve their love, Franny finds success as a movie actress and marries Junior Jones, now a well-known civil rights lawyer. Lilly is unable to cope with the pressure of her career and her own self-criticism, Susie, whose emotional pain and insecurities have healed somewhat with time and effort, builds a happy relationship with John, and a pregnant Franny asks them to raise her and Juniors impending baby. The novel is evocative of the New Hampshire of Irvings childhood, John Berry, John Berry is the second son of Win and Mary Berry. He was born in New England and resides there for most of his childhood and he has several siblings, Frank, Franny, Lilly, and Egg
29.
The Hotel New Hampshire (film)
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The Hotel New Hampshire is a 1984 British-Canadian-American comedy-drama film written and directed by Tony Richardson based on John Irvings 1981 novel of the same name. The film stars Jodie Foster, Beau Bridges, Rob Lowe, and Nastassja Kinski, and also features Wilford Brimley, Amanda Plummer, Matthew Modine, the film is a co-production from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. In an introductory foreword that he wrote for an edition of the novel. The Hotel New Hampshire is narrated by John Berry and opens in flashback to the time when his parents met and they are brought together by Freud, a European refugee who travels with a performing bear. In the 1950s, Win Berry and his wife have five children, John, Franny, Frank, Lilly, the Berrys decide to open a hotel near the prep school that John, Franny, and Frank attend, they call it the Hotel New Hampshire. John loses his virginity to the hotel waitress, sorrows reappearance at Christmas causes Berry grandfather Iowa Bob to suffer a fatal heart attack. Its Freud, inviting the Berrys to move to Vienna and run Freuds gasthaus, the family flies to Europe, tragically, the plane carrying Mrs. Berry and Egg explodes, killing them. In Vienna, the moves into the gasthaus and renames it Hotel New Hampshire. An upper floor houses prostitutes and the basement is occupied by radicals of various political stripes, assisting Freud, who has gone blind, is Susie the Bear, a young lesbian who lives her life almost completely in a bear costume. One of the radicals, Ernst, resembles Chipper Dove and Franny becomes infatuated with him, Susie and John, who are both in love with Franny, try to keep her away from him. Susie is initially successful in seducing Franny but soon she ends up with Ernst, Lilly, who is a dwarf, begins writing a novel called Trying to Grow. One of the radicals, Miss Miscarriage, grows fond of the family. She invites John to her flat and sleeps with him, then warns him to get the out of Vienna. For her trouble, another of the radicals murders her, back at the hotel, John and the rest of the family are caught up in the radicals plan to blow up the Vienna State Opera with a car bomb. The blind Freud, to spare the family, volunteers to drive one of the radicals. As he leaves, the Berrys attack the radicals and Freud detonates the bomb right outside the hotel. Ernst is killed and Win is blinded in the explosion, hailed as heroes by the Austrians, the Berry family decides to return home. Lillys novel is published and the interest in the Berrys story leads to a biopic, written by Lilly, the Berrys are in New York City when John and Susie run into Chipper Dove on the streets
30.
Tony Richardson
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Cecil Antonio Tony Richardson was an English theatre and film director and producer whose career spanned five decades. In 1964 he won the Academy Award for Best Director for the film Tom Jones, Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. Those he cast in his student productions included Shirley Williams, John Schlesinger, Richardson was married to actress Vanessa Redgrave from 1962 to 1967. The couple had two daughters, Natasha and Joely Richardson, both actresses and he left Redgrave for actress Jeanne Moreau, although the marriage he had anticipated never materialised. In 1972 he also had a relationship with Grizelda Grimond, who was a secretary for Richardsons business partner Oscar Lewenstein, Grizelda gave birth to his daughter, Katharine Grimond, on 8 January 1973. Richardson was bisexual, but never acknowledged it publicly until after he contracted HIV and he died of complications from AIDS in 1991. In 1955, in his debut, Richardson produced Jean Giraudouxs The Apollo of Bellac for Television with Denholm Elliott. Around the same time he began to be active in Britains Free Cinema movement, part of the British New Wave of directors, he was involved in the formation of the English Stage Company, along with his close friend George Goetschius and George Devine. He directed John Osbornes play Look Back in Anger at the Royal Court Theatre, then in 1957 he directed Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice in Osbornes next play The Entertainer, again for the Royal Court. In 1964 Richardson received two Academy Awards for Tom Jones and his next film was The Loved One, during which he worked with established stars including John Gielgud, Rod Steiger and Robert Morse working in Hollywood both on location and on the sound stage. In his autobiography he confesses that he did not share the general admiration of Haskell Wexler and his musical composers included Antoine Duhamel, John Addison and Shel Silverstein. His screenwriters were Jean Genet, Christopher Isherwood, Terry Southern, Marguerite Duras, Edward Bond, Richardson and Osborne eventually fell out during production of the film Charge of the Light Brigade. The basic issue was Osbornes unwillingness to go through the rewrite process, Richardson himself had a different version. In his autobiography he writes that Osborne was angry at being replaced, in a small rôle, Osborne took literary revenge by creating a fictionalised and pseudonymous Richardson – a domineering and arrogant character whom everyone hated – in his play Hotel in Amsterdam. Stylistically, Richardsons work was highly varied, mademoiselle was shot noir-style on location in rural France with a static camera, monochrome film stock and no music. The Charge of the Light Brigade was part epic and part animated feature, ned Kelly was what might be called an Aussie-western. Laughter in the Dark and A Delicate Balance were psycho-dramas, joseph Andrews was a return to the mood of Tom Jones. He financed the escape from Wormwood Scrubs prison of the spy, in 1974 he went to Los Angeles to work on a script with Sam Shepard, and took up residence there
31.
Jodie Foster
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Alicia Christian Jodie Foster is an American actress and filmmaker who has worked in films and on television. She has often cited as one of the best actresses of her generation. Foster began her career at the age of three as a model in 1965, and two years later moved to acting in television series, with the sitcom Mayberry R. F. D. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, she worked in several television series. Fosters breakthrough came in Martin Scorseses Taxi Driver, in which she played a teenage prostitute, the role garnered her a nomination for an Academy Award. She won her second Academy Award three years later for her role in the sleeper hit The Silence of the Lambs, where she played Clarice Starling, an FBI trainee investigating a serial murder case. Foster made her debut as a director the same year with the moderately successful Little Man Tate. The companys first production was Nell, in which she played the title role. Her other films in the 1990s included period drama Sommersby, Western comedy Maverick, science fiction film Contact, and period drama Anna and her second film direction, Home for the Holidays, was not well-received commercially, while critical reviews were mixed. She has focused on directing in the 2010s, directing the films The Beaver and Money Monster, as well as episodes for Netflix television series Orange is the New Black and she also starred in the film Elysium. In addition to her two Academy Awards, Foster has won three BAFTA Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and the Cecil B DeMille Award. Foster was born on November 19,1962 in Los Angeles, as the youngest child of Evelyn Ella Brandy and her father came from a wealthy Chicago family, whose forebears included John Alden, who had arrived in North America on the Mayflower in 1620. He was a Yale University graduate and a decorated U. S. Air Force lieutenant colonel and he had already been married once and had three sons from the union before marrying Brandy in Las Vegas in 1953. Brandy Foster was of German heritage and grew up in Rockford, Foster also has Irish roots, with ancestry that can be traced back to County Cork. Before Fosters birth, she and Lucius had three children, daughters Lucinda Cindy Foster and Constance Connie Foster, and son Lucius Fisher Buddy Foster. Their marriage ended before Foster was born, and she never established a relationship with her father, following the divorce, Brandy raised the children with her partner in Los Angeles. She worked as a publicist for film producer Arthur P. Jacobs, until focusing on managing the careers of Buddy. Although Foster was officially named Alicia, her siblings began calling her Jodie, Foster was a gifted child, and learned to read at the age of three
32.
Rob Lowe
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Robert Hepler Lowe is an American actor. He came to prominence in the 1980s, playing teen and young adult roles in such as The Outsiders, Oxford Blues, St. Elmos Fire. However, he continued acting in less prominent film roles, and went on to roles in television series such as The West Wing, Brothers & Sisters. Lowe was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, the son of Barbara Lynn, a schoolteacher and native of Ohio, and Charles Davis Lowe and his parents divorced when Lowe and his younger brother, actor Chad, were very young. As a result of a virus during infancy, he is deaf in his right ear, Lowe was baptized into the Episcopal church. He is of German, English, Irish, Scottish, on the show Who Do You Think You Are. Lowe found out one of his ancestors, Christopher East, was a Hessian soldier. His ancestor was fighting under the command of Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall and was captured at the American Victory at Trenton, as an American POW, his ancestor was given a choice, and took the option to stay in the US. Lowe was raised in a traditional setting in Dayton, Ohio, attending Oakwood Junior High School, before moving to the Point Dume area of Malibu, California. Lowe attended Santa Monica High School, as did fellow actors Emilio Estevez, Charlie Sheen, Robert Downey, Jr. Sean Penn and his breakthrough role was his big screen debut in 1983, when he and Emilio Estevez were cast in Francis Ford Coppolas The Outsiders. Lowe played the role of Sodapop Curtis, the brother of the main character Ponyboy Curtis, Lowe and Estevez reunited in St. Elmos Fire, making them the two more prominent actors from the group known as the Brat Pack. He then received his second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the mentally disabled Rory in Square Dance, in August,1987 he performed on stage, playing Baron Tusenbach in Chekovs The Three Sisters at The Williamstown Theatre Festival. Lowe is well known for playing Sam Seaborn in the television series The West Wing from 1999 to 2003 and his performance in the show garnered Lowe a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor in a Drama Series. Lowe was drawn to the role because of his love of politics, and his longstanding personal relationship with Martin Sheen. When the show premiered, Seaborn was considered the lead, Lowe and series creator Aaron Sorkin soon found themselves at odds over the networks meddling with the show, most notably the network demanding changes in the Sam Seaborn character. Eventually, Lowe left the series, not long before Sorkin, during the final season of The West Wing, Lowe returned to his role of Sam Seaborn, appearing in two of the final four episodes. In 2011, Lowe appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and stated that he left the show because he did not feel he was being respected, after leaving the show, Lowe was the star and executive producer of a failed NBC drama, The Lyons Den. In 2004, he tried again in a series entitled Dr. Vegas, in 2005, he starred as Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee in a London West End production of Sorkins play A Few Good Men, the first time the two had worked together since The West Wing
33.
Beau Bridges
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Lloyd Vernet Beau Bridges III is an American actor and director. He is a three-time Emmy, two-time Golden Globe and one-time Grammy Award winner and he is also a two-time Screen Actors Guild Award nominee. Bridges was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 7,2003 at 7065 Hollywood Boulevard for his contributions to the television industry and he is the elder brother of fellow actor Jeff Bridges. Bridges was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors Lloyd and he was nicknamed Beau by his parents after Ashley Wilkes son in Gone with the Wind. His younger brother is actor Jeff Bridges, and he has a younger sister, another brother, Garrett, died in 1948 of sudden infant death syndrome. Beau has shared a relationship with Jeff, for whom he acted as a surrogate father during childhood. He and his siblings were raised in the Holmby Hills section of Los Angeles, in 1959, he enlisted in the United States Coast Guard Reserve and served for eight years. In 1948, Bridges had a juvenile role in the iconic film Force of Evil. In the 1962–1963 television season, Bridges, along with his brother, Jeff, appeared on their fathers CBS anthology series. He appeared in television series too, including National Velvet, The Fugitive, Bonanza, Mr. Novak. In 1965, he guest-starred as Corporal Corbett in Then Came the Mighty Hunter, Season 2, Episode 3 of the military series and he found steady work in television and film throughout the 1970s and 1980s. He appeared in feature films during that time as The Other Side of the Mountain, Greased Lightning, Norma Rae, Heart Like a Wheel. In 1989, in perhaps his best known role, he starred opposite his brother Jeff as one of The Fabulous Baker Boys. In the 1993–94 television season, Bridges appeared with his father in the 15-episode CBS comedy/western series, Harts of the West, set at a dude ranch in Nevada. In 1995, Bridges starred with his father and his son Dylan in The Sandkings, in 1998, he starred as Judge Bob Gibbs in the one-season Maximum Bob on ABC. He had a role in the Showtime series Beggars and Choosers. In 2001, he guest-starred as Daniel McFarland, the stepfather of Jack McFarland and he played a single father and college professor in the fantasy adventure film, Voyage of the Unicorn, based on the novel by James C. From 2002 to 2003, he took on the role of Senator Tom Gage, newly appointed Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, in January 2005, he was cast as Major General Hank Landry, the new commander of Stargate Command in Stargate SG-1
34.
Fiction (magazine)
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Fiction is a literary magazine founded in 1972 by Mark Jay Mirsky, Donald Barthelme, and Max Frisch. It is published by the City College of New York and this is not the same as the French science fiction magazine Fiction, published from 1953-1990. G. List of literary magazines Fiction Magazine website
35.
Charles Dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
36.
Oliver Twist
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Oliver Twist, or The Parish Boys Progress, is the second novel by English author Charles Dickens and was first published as a serial 1837–39. The story is of the orphan Oliver Twist, who starts his life in a workhouse and is sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. He escapes from there and travels to London, where he meets the Artful Dodger, Oliver Twist is notable for its unromantic portrayal by Dickens of criminals and their sordid lives, as well as for exposing the cruel treatment of the many orphans in London in the mid-19th century. The alternate title, The Parish Boys Progress, alludes to Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress, as well as the 18th-century caricature series by William Hogarth, A Rakes Progress and A Harlots Progress. In this early example of the novel, Dickens satirizes the hypocrisies of his time, including child labour, the recruitment of children as criminals. The novel may have inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe. It is likely that Dickenss own youthful experiences contributed as well, Oliver Twist has been the subject of numerous adaptations for various media, including a highly successful musical play, Oliver. and the multiple Academy Award-winning 1968 motion picture. Disney also put its spin on the novel with the movie called Oliver & Company in 1988, the novel was originally published in monthly installments in the Magazine Bentleys Miscellany from February 1837 to April 1839. It was originally intended to form part of Dickenss serial, The Mudfog Papers, george Cruikshank provided one steel etching per month to illustrate each installment. It included 24 steel-engraved plates by Cruikshank, the first edition was titled, Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boys Progress. Oliver is brought up with food and few comforts. Around the time of Olivers ninth birthday, Mr. Bumble, Oliver, who toils with very little food, remains in the workhouse for six months. One day, the desperately hungry boys decide to draw lots, the loser must ask for another portion of gruel. The task falls to Oliver, who at the next meal tremblingly comes up forward, bowl in hand, the board of well-fed gentlemen who administer the workhouse hypocritically offer £5 to any person wishing to take on the boy as an apprentice. Mr. Gamfield, a chimney sweep, almost claims Oliver. However, when he begs not to be sent away with that dreadful man. Later, Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker employed by the parish and he treats Oliver better and, because of the boys sorrowful countenance, uses him as a mourner at childrens funerals. In trying to bait Oliver, Noah insults Olivers biological mother, calling her a regular right-down bad un. Oliver flies into a rage, once Oliver is sent to his room for the night, he breaks down and weeps, upset at the events which he had faced
37.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
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