1.
29th Golden Raspberry Awards
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Nominations were announced on January 21,2009. The Love Guru was the most nominated film of 2008, with seven, Award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans and film professionals from 20 countries. Awards were presented by John Wilson, the ceremonys founder, the Love Guru received the most awards, winning Worst Picture, Worst Actor, and Worst Screenplay. Paris Hilton received three awards, including Worst Actress for her work in The Hottie & the Nottie and Worst Supporting Actress for Repo. Hilton matched the number of awards received by an actor in a single year. Pierce Brosnan received Worst Supporting Actor for his role in Mamma Mia, the Movie, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received the award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel. Uwe Boll received the Worst Director award for the films 1968 Tunnel Rats, In the Name of the King and Postal, the most nominated film of 2008 was the box-office bomb The Love Guru, with seven nominations. Paid members of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation voted to determine the winners, Award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans and professionals from the film industry. Voters were from 45 states in the United States and 19 other countries, the ceremony opened with a musical number which parodied the song Dancing Queen from Mamma Mia. Awards were presented by John Wilson, the ceremonys founder, awardees received a gold spray-painted raspberry worth $4.97. The Love Guru received three awards, Worst Picture, Worst Actor and Worst Screenplay, Worst Picture was the last award given out at the ceremony. The main thing wrong with it is no one said to Myers that it wasnt funny and he managed to offend the entire Indian population and his investors, said Wilson in a statement in The Guardian. Wilson shredded a copy of The Love Guru at the awards ceremony and she is the 21st century Zsa Zsa Gabor. She is famous for who she hangs out with, shes not famous for any talent she has yet exhibited. She may end up working with Uwe Boll and she could be the head vampire in BloodRayne 3, said Wilson of Hiltons performances. Pierce Brosnan received Worst Supporting Actor for his role in Mamma Mia, Award hosts Chip Dornell and Kelie McIver described Brosnan as an actor who could not sing, should not sing and arguably did not sing, in a role he should not have accepted. The Steven Spielberg film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received the award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Uwe Boll received the Worst Director award for films 1968 Tunnel Rats, In the Name of the King and Postal. He also received a award for Worst Career Achievement
2.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
3.
Cerritos, California
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Cerritos is an affluent suburban city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, and is one of several cities that constitute the Gateway Cities of southeast Los Angeles County. It was incorporated on April 24,1956, as of the 2010 census, the population was 49,041. It is part of the Los Angeles–Long Beach–Anaheim, California Metropolitan Statistical Area designated by the Office of Management, Cerritos was originally inhabited by Native Americans belonging to the Tongva. Later, the Tongva would be renamed the Gabrieleños by the Spanish settlers after the nearby Mission San Gabriel Arcangel, the Gabrieleños were the largest group of Southern California Indians as well as the most developed in the region. The Gabrieleños lived off the land, deriving food from the animals or plants that could be gathered, snared, or hunted, beginning in the late 15th century, Spanish explorers arrived in the New World and worked their way to the California coast in 1542. The colonization process included civilizing the native populations in California by means of establishing various missions. Soon afterwards, a town called El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula would be founded and prosper with the aid of subjects from New Spain and Native American labor. One soldier, José Manuel Nieto, was granted a plot of land by the Spanish King Carlos III. It covered 300,000 acres of what are today the cities of Cerritos, Long Beach, Lakewood, Downey, Norwalk, Santa Fe Springs, part of Whittier, Huntington Beach, Buena Park, and Garden Grove. The rancho was divided five ways among Nietos heirs during the nationalization of property by the Mexican government. Nieto called the area of Rancho Los Coyotes, where Cerritos is located today and it was through rapid development, combined with improved transportation systems, that the modern-day city of Artesia was formed in Rancho Los Coyotes in 1875, and from it, the City of Dairy Valley. A small general aviation airport was built around 1946 and was called Cranford Airport, each runway had a parallel taxiway, and a ramp along the south side of the field had 2 building hangars. The site for Cranford Airport is located on the northwest corner of the intersection of South Street & Carmenita Road, Cranford Airport closed at some point between 1953-54. The City of Dairy Valley was incorporated on April 24,1956, the Citys name symbolized the more than 400 dairies,100,000 cows and 106,300 chickens found within its limits. The cows outnumbered the Citys 3,439 residents by 29 to 1, the chickens outnumbered the residents by over 30 to 1. The first business license in the new city was for Walter Marlowes Dairy Valley Egg Farms, two years later, Dairy Valley voted to become a chartered California city. As land values and property taxes in California rose in the early 1960s, agriculture became increasingly unprofitable, in a special election held on July 16,1963, residents voted to permit large-scale residential development. Cerritos is an example of the fiscalization of California politics after the tax revolt of the 1970s
4.
University of California, Los Angeles
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The University of California, Los Angeles is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, California, United States. It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 and it offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. UCLA enrolls about 31,000 undergraduate and 13,000 graduate students, and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016, including transfer applicants, the university is organized into six undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. Fourteen Nobel laureates, three Fields Medalists, two Chief Scientists of the U. S. Air Force and three Turing Award winners have been faculty, researchers, or alumni, the university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015–2016 ranked UCLA 16th in the world for academics, in 2015-2016, UCLA ranked 12th in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities and 31st in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference, the Bruins won 126 national championships, including 113 NCAA team championships, more than any other university. UCLA student-athletes, coaches and staff won 251 Olympic medals,126 gold,65 silver and 60 bronze, UCLA student-athletes competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception, and won a gold medal in every Olympics that the United States participated in since 1932. The State Normal School at Los Angeles opened on August 29,1882, the facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their technique with children. That elementary school is related to the present day version, UCLA Lab School, in 1887, the school became known as the Los Angeles State Normal School. In 1914, the moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue in East Hollywood. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, the same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the College of Letters and Science. After the athletic teams entered the Pacific Coast conference in 1926, the Southern Branch student council adopted the nickname Bruins, in 1927, the Regents renamed the Southern Branch the University of California at Los Angeles. In the same year, the state broke ground in Westwood on land sold for $1 million, less than one-third its value, by real estate developers Edwin and Harold Janss, the campus in Westwood opened to students in 1929. The original four buildings were the College Library, Royce Hall, the Physics-Biology Building, the first undergraduate classes on the new campus were held in 1929 with 5,500 students. A timeline of the history can be found on its website, during its first 32 years, UCLA was treated as an off-site department of UC. As such, its presiding officer was called a provost, in 1951, UCLA was formally elevated to co-equal status with UC Berkeley, and its presiding officer Raymond B. Allen was the first chief executive to be granted the title of chancellor. The appointment of Franklin David Murphy to the position of Chancellor in 1960 helped spark an era of growth of facilities. By the end of the decade, UCLA had achieved distinction in a range of subjects
5.
Golden Raspberry Awards
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The Golden Raspberry Awards often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards, is an award in recognition of the worst in film. The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense, the awards themselves are in the form of a golf ball-sized raspberry which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel, the whole of which is spray painted gold. The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31,1981, wilsons living-room alcove in Los Angeles, to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season. The 37th ceremony was held on February 25,2017, american publicist John J. B. Wilson traditionally held potluck parties at his house in Los Angeles on the night of the Academy Awards. In 1981, after the 53rd Academy Awards had completed for the evening, Wilson decided to formalize the event, after watching a double feature of Cant Stop the Music and Xanadu. He gave them ballots to vote on worst in film, approximately three dozen people came to the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards. The 2nd Golden Raspberry Awards had double the attendance as the first, by the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony, CNN and two major wire services covered the event. The term raspberry is used in its irreverent sense, as in blowing a raspberry, Wilson commented to the author of Blame It on the Dog, When I registered the term with the Library of Congress in 1980, they asked me, Why raspberry. But since then, razz has pretty much permeated the culture and we couldnt have done it without Hollywoods help. Wilson is referred to as Ye Olde Head Razzberry, paying members of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation vote to determine the recipients. For the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards in 2009, award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans, voters hailed from 45 states in the United States and 19 other countries. The ceremony, typically one day before the Academy Awards, is modeled after the latter but deliberately low-end. Most winners do not attend the ceremony to collect their awards, notable exceptions include Tom Green, Halle Berry and Sandra Bullock, Michael Ferris, J. D. Shapiro, and Paul Verhoeven. Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend, Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco and Amy Irving. Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s The Jazz Singer, was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role, wall Street is the only film to date to win both an Oscar and a Razzie. Michael Douglas won the Academy Award for Best Actor, however Daryl Hannahs performance was not as well received and earned her a Razzie for Worst Supporting Actress, special prizes for the 25th anniversary of the Razzies awards were also given out in 2005. This is an award given by Razzie Award Governor John J. B. Wilson to an individual whose achievements are not covered by the Razzies other categories. It was awarded in 2003 to Travis Payne for Distinguished Under-Achievement in Choreography in the film From Justin to Kelly and this award is given to a critical and financial failure that wouldve been nominated if it had received an eligible release
6.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
7.
Potluck
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A potluck is a gathering where each guest contributes a dish of food, often homemade, to be shared. The word pot-luck appears in the 16th century English work of Thomas Nashe, and used to mean food provided for an unexpected or uninvited guest, the luck of the pot. The sense communal meal, where guests bring their own food, originated in the 1930s during the Depression by influence from potlatch, potluck dinners are events where the attendees bring a dish to a meal. Potluck dinners are often organized by religious or community groups, since they simplify the meal planning, smaller, more informal get-togethers with distributed food preparation may also be called potlucks. The only traditional rule is that each dish be large enough to be shared among a good portion of the anticipated guests, in some cases each participant agrees ahead of time to bring a single course, and the result is a multi-course meal. Guests may bring in any form of food, ranging from the course to desserts. In the United States, potlucks are associated with dishes, casseroles, dessert bars. Traditionally, potlucks were a combination of dishes brought together by event attendees without a general theme. However, recent times have seen the growth of themed dinners for parties or special occasions, buffet Free lunch House concert Whats the origin of potluck
8.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
9.
Los Angeles Daily News
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The Los Angeles Daily News is the second-largest-circulating paid daily newspaper of Los Angeles, California. It is the flagship of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a branch of Colorado-based Digital First Media, the offices of the Daily News are in Woodland Hills, and much of the papers reporting is targeted toward readers in the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles. Its stories tend to focus on issues involving valley businesses, education, the current editor is Frank Pine. The Daily News began life in 1911 as the Van Nuys Call, in 1953, the newspaper was renamed the Van Nuys News and Valley Green Sheet. During this period, the newspaper was delivered four times a week for free to readers in 14 zoned editions in the San Fernando Valley, in 1971, the newspaper was sold to the Tribune Company by the original family owners. During this period, circulation increased to 210,000, in 1981, the paper changed its name to the Daily News of Los Angeles and became a daily publication. In 1985, Tribune sold the paper to Jack Kent Cooke, when the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner went out of business November 2,1989, it left the Daily News the second-biggest paper in the city behind the Los Angeles Times. Upon Cookes death in 1998, William Dean Singletons MediaNews purchased the newspaper, the group briefly published local editions for the Antelope Valley, Santa Clarita and Ventura County. However, to cut costs and consolidate resources, the editions were eliminated. As part of circulation reporting for the Southern California News Group, the Daily News bears no relation to an earlier Los Angeles Daily News, a morning newspaper based in Downtown Los Angeles which ceased publication on December 18,1954. It endorsed Barack Obama for president in 2008, but then endorsed his opponent Mitt Romney in 2012
10.
Can't Stop the Music
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Cant Stop the Music is a 1980 American musical comedy film directed by Nancy Walker. Written by Allan Carr and Bronté Woodard, the film is a pseudo-biography of discos Village People which bears only a resemblance to the actual story of the groups formation. It was produced by Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment, and distributed by independent distributor Associated Film Distribution, songwriter Jack Morell -a reference to Village People creator Jacques Morali-gets a break DJing at local disco Saddle Tramps. His roommate Sam Simpson, a newly retired at the peak of her success, sees the response to a song he wrote for her. Her connection, ex-boyfriend Steve Waits, president of Marrakech Records, is interested in getting back with her than in Jacks music. Meanwhile, Sams former agent Sydney Channing orders Girl Friday Lulu Brecht to attend, Ron White, a lawyer from St. Louis, is mugged by an elderly woman on his way to deliver a cake Sams sister sent, and shows up on edge. Brecht gets Jack high, which unnerves him when her friend Alicia Edwards brings singing cop Ray Simpson, Ron, pawed all night by the man-hungry Brecht, is overwhelmed by the culture shock of it all and walks out. The next day, Sam runs into Ron, who apologizes, proffers the excuse that hes a Gemini, spilling leftover lasagna on himself, Sam and Jack help him off with his trousers before Jack leaves and Sam and Ron spend the night. Newly interested in helping, Ron offers his Wall Street office to hold auditions, there, Glenn M. Hughes, the leatherman climbs atop a piano for a rendition of Danny Boy, and he and Alex Briley, the G. I. join up. Now a sextet, they get their name from a remark by Rons socialite mother Norma. Rons boss, Richard Montgomery, overwhelmed by the atmosphere, insists the firm not represent the group. Rons new idea for rehearsal space is the YMCA, the group cut a demo for Marrakech, but Steve sees limited appeal and Sam refuses his paltry contract. Reluctant to use her savings, they decide to self-finance by throwing a pay-party, to bankroll the party, Sam acquiesces to Channings plea to return for a TV ad campaign for milk, on the condition the Village People are featured. The lavish number Milkshake begins as Sam pours milk for six boys in the archetypal costumes with the promise theyll grow up to be the Village People. The advertisers want nothing to do such a concept. Norma then steps in to invite the group to debut at her charity fundraiser in San Francisco, Sam lures Steve by promising a romantic weekend but Ron is taken aback by the inference that shed go through with the seduction, and Sam breaks up with him. On his private jet, Steve prepares for a tryst, but its Jack and his former chorine mother Helen who show up, initially reluctant, Helen seduces Steve with her kreplach and before long theyre negotiating the T-shirt merchandising for the Japanese market. In the dressing room before the show, Ron, relieved to learn Sam didnt travel with Steve, at one point, Montgomery shows up to rehire Ron as a junior partner representing the group
11.
CNN
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The Cable News Network is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel, upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City and its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U. S. to distinguish the American channel from its sister network. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U. S. households, broadcast coverage of the U. S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories, as of February 2015, CNN is available to about 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households in the United States. The Cable News Network was launched at 5,00 p. m. Eastern Time on June 1,1980, after an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channels first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channels first 200 employees, including the networks first news anchor. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite providers, several websites. The company has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, the channels success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warners eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1,1982, on January 28,1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board. On October 14,1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. This was before correspondents reported live from the capital while American bombs were falling. Before Saddam Hussein held a press conference with a few of the hundreds of Americans he was holding hostage. Before the nation watched, riveted but powerless, as Los Angeles was looted and burned, before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract. This was uncharted territory just a time ago. The moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16,1991, as follows, lets describe to our viewers what were seeing. The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated, were seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky
12.
The Official Razzie Movie Guide
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The Official Razzie Movie Guide, Enjoying the Best of Hollywoods Worst is a book about the Golden Raspberry Awards, written by John Wilson, founder of the awards ceremony. The book was published in 2005 by Warner Books, the year as the 25th Golden Raspberry Awards. Wilson comments on and discusses his picks for the worst films of all time, the Official Razzie Movie Guide received a positive review in Library Journal, where it was compared to Golden Turkey Awards and The Fifty Worst Films of All Time. The book also received positive reception in Wilmington Star-News the Associated Press and the Long Beach Press-Telegram, the introduction is by Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers, a voting member of the Golden Raspberry Awards Foundation. The book begins with selected quotes from the reviewers of such films as The Blue Lagoon, From Justin to Kelly, the book also includes a brief history of the Golden Raspberry Awards. Wilson lists and discusses his picks of the 100 worst films of Hollywood, the chapters all deal with bad movies, and are organized thematically with titles such as Disasters. In Every Sense. and Cant Stop the Musicals, each movie entry includes credits of the cast and crew, excerpts of dialogue from the movie, and a plot summary and review by Wilson. Wilson had originally wanted the picture to appear on the back cover of the book. It might stand as an apt emblem of the Razzies themselves and we do not pay attention to the basic rules of decorum. Hopefully the humor with which it is packaged takes a little of the out of it. Christopher Borrelli of The Toledo Blade described the book as a merchandising tie-in to the Golden Raspberry Awards, Wilson announced the nominees for the 25th Golden Raspberry Awards at a book signing for The Official Razzie Movie Guide at Brentanos in Century City, Los Angeles, California. The Official Razzie Movie Guide received generally positive reviews from critics, barry X. Miller reviewed the book for Library Journal, and wrote Wilsons text is a surfeit of saccharine Goobers and gooey Ju Ju Bees, empty calories but fun to eat. Miller compared to the book to Golden Turkey Awards and The Fifty Worst Films of All Time, Miller commented that Wilson provides a wonderfully droll review for each film entry in the book. Ben Steelman of the Wilmington Star-News called the book a handy volume, Golden Raspberry Awards 25th Golden Raspberry Awards Levin, Martin. Movie mania – Shelf Life,5 books about the movie industry, John Wilson at the Internet Movie Database
13.
Chicago, Illinois
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
14.
Fox Theater, Westwood Village
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The Fox Theater, Westwood Village, also known as the Fox Village Theater, is a historic, landmark cinema in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, in the Westwood Village. Located in the heart of Westwood as well as being only a couple of minutes from UCLA and it is currently operated by Regency Theaters under the name Regency Village Theater. The theater has been one of the film premiere theaters in the history of cinema. Designed by architect Percy Parke Lewis the Fox was originally built in 1930 and first opened on August 14,1931, the theatre was part of a widespread cinema construction program undertaken by Fox West Coast Theatres. It was remodeled in the late 1940s to the early 1950s and it became famous for the many Hollywood movie premieres held there and remains one of the main venues for movie premieres in Los Angeles. National General Theatres, the former Fox Theatres-West Coast, sold the theater to Ted Mann, then owner of the Chinese Theatre, in 1988, the Fox Theater was designated by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission as an Historic Cultural Monument. When Mann Theatres went out of business, Regency Theatres purchased both the Village Theater and a cinema at The Plant in Van Nuys, California in 2010. With ongoing efforts to revitalize Westwood Village, the Fox Theater continues to be a major drawcard, the most striking feature of the Fox Theater is the iconic 170-foot white Spanish Revival/Moderne tower which looms over the Broxton and Weyburn Avenues intersection. Atop the tower is a blue and white metal Art Deco “Fox” sign, carved winged lions sit halfway up the tower at the base of projecting columns. A blue and white sign with the legend Fox Westwood Village is positioned at the bottom of the tower just above the entrance, by night, the elegant white tower literally becomes a beacon with its signs and the shaft of the tower illuminated. The rectangular cinema building immediately behind the tower features long rows of Churrigueresque stucco decorations, perched atop the corners of the building stand carved griffins. The seating capacity of the cinema is about 1,400, the interior of the theater was remodeled during the late 1940s and early 1950s. The lobby and exits were upgraded and California Gold Rush artwork was added in the lobby, golden flourishes were added near the stage areas. In the late 1970s new 70mm projection equipment was installed and a screen added. The Fox Westwood Village has a reputation for top quality sound, the most recent re-modeling was about 1998-1999 with the theater getting new seating and carpet. In 2014, Regency added the immersive Dolby Atmos sound system to the theater in time for the movie Transcendence and it remains one of the few remaining THX certified theatres in Los Angeles. The Fox Village Theatre is typically thought of as one of if not the best movie premiere venue in the world, typically the streets get shut down and are used for red carpet arrivals
15.
Los Angeles Film Festival
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The LA Film Festival is an annual film festival held in June in Culver City, California. It showcases independent, international, feature, documentary and short films, since 2001 it is run by the organization Film Independent, which also has been arranging the annual Film Independent Spirit Awards in Santa Monica since 1985. The festival began as the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival in 1995, the LAIFF ran for six years, until it was absorbed into Film Independent in 2001. At its height, the LAIFF attracted 19,000 attendees, today, the LA Film Festival attracts more than 36,000 visitors. With an attendance of more than 36,000 people, it more than 100 feature films. The event also includes world premieres of such as Disney/Pixars Brave, and a variety of panels, seminars. The Festival features signature programs including the exclusive Filmmaker Retreat, hosted by a film director. In 2010, the Filmmaker Retreat was hosted by Kathryn Bigelow, in 2011, it was hosted by George Lucas at his Skywalker Ranch. In addition to films, it also screens short films created by high school students. Films submitted to the Festival are reviewed by Film Independents programming department, in 2011, the Festival showed over 200 films, music videos and shorts from over 30 countries. The first LAIFF took place over the course of five days in a single location, in 1996, the LAIFF expanded to include the Directors Guild of America Building in Hollywood. In 2001, the Festival became part of the organization Film Independent, in 2006, the Los Angeles Times became the Festivals main sponsor. In 2010 the Festival was moved to the Regal Cinemas at the L. A, live complex in downtown Los Angeles, with additional screenings at several other downtown venues including the Downtown Independent, Orpheum Theatre and the REDCAT Theatre. The Festival also has a tradition of screenings at the open-air John Anson Ford Amphitheatre in Hollywood. Free screenings are scheduled at California Plaza, in conjunction with Grand Performances, today the LA Film Festival attracts over 36,000 visitors. The LA Film Festival is a festival in all categories for Film Independents Spirit Awards. It is also a festival for the short films categories of the Academy Awards. During the festival of 2009, festival officials was approached by Dole Food Company, Dole urged festival officials to immediately cease and desist their sponsorship of the documentary Bananas. *, directed by Fredrik Gertten
16.
Film trailer
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A trailer is an advertisement or a commercial for a feature film that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, the result of creative and technical work. The term trailer comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film screening. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, trailers are now shown before the film begins. Movie trailers have now become popular on DVDs and Blu-rays, as well as on the Internet, of some 10 billion videos watched online annually, film trailers rank third, after news and user-created video. The trailer format has also adopted as a promotional tool for television shows, video games, books. Trailers were initially shown after, or trailing, the feature film, the practice was found to be somewhat ineffective, often ignored by audiences who left immediately after the feature. Later, exhibitors changed their practice and trailers were only one part of the program which included cartoon shorts, newsreels. Most trailers had some form of narration and those that did featured stentorian voices, in the early 1960s, the face of motion picture trailers changed. Textless, montage trailers and quick-editing became popular, largely due to the arrival of the new Hollywood and techniques that were becoming increasingly popular in television. Among the trend setters were Stanley Kubrick with his montage trailers for Lolita, Dr. Strangelove or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, and 2001, A Space Odyssey. Kubricks main inspiration for the Dr. Strangelove trailer was the short film Very Nice, as more and more animated films were produced, the need for outstanding voice actors steadily progressed not only for the movies but also for movie trailers, commercials, and promos. Thus, the industry saw a number of professional voice artists. One of the most famous voice personalities for the generation is Don LaFontaine who recorded hundreds of thousands of commercials. LaFontaine recorded his first voice over in 1962 for a movie trailer, from then on, he was able to set the standard for how movie trailers were written and voiced, literally becoming the voice of the movies. Most VHS tapes would play them at the beginning of the tape, VHS tapes that contained trailers at the end usually reminded the viewer to Stay tuned after the feature for more previews. With DVDs and Blu-rays, trailers can operate as a bonus feature instead of having to watch through the trailers before the movie, trailers consist of a series selected shots from the film being advertised. For this purpose the scenes are not necessarily in the order in which appear in the film. A trailer has to achieve that in less than 2 minutes and 30 seconds, each studio or distributor is allowed to exceed this time limit once a year, if they feel it is necessary for a particular film
17.
Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
18.
The Blade (Toledo)
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The Blade, also known as the Toledo Blade, is a daily newspaper in Toledo, Ohio, in the United States, first published on December 19,1835. The first issue of what was then the Toledo Blade was printed on December 19,1835 and it has been published daily since 1848 and is the oldest continuously run business in Toledo. David Ross Locke gained national fame for the paper during the Civil War era by writing under the pen name Petroleum V. Nasby, writing under the pen name, Locke wrote satires ranging on topics from slavery to the Civil War to temperance. President Abraham Lincoln was fond of the Nasby satires and sometimes quoted them, in 1867 Locke bought the Toledo Blade. The paper dropped Toledo from its masthead in 1960, in 2004 The Blade won the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting with a series of stories entitled Buried Secrets, Brutal Truths. The story brought to light the story of the Tiger Force, in 2006, The Blade was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize, and winner of the National Headliner Award, for breaking the scandal in Ohio known as Coingate. As of 2015, the editor in chief is John Robinson Block and his family purchased the paper in 1926 and they also own the media conglomerate Block Communications, which owns cable systems, television stations, and an Internet service network, Buckeye Express. As of 2008 The Blade had the 83rd largest daily circulation in the United States. The Toledo Blade was named for the famed swordsmithing industry of the city of Toledo. Its motto, on the nameplate below the title, is One of Americas Great Newspapers. In 2007 Blade photojournalist Allan Detrich left the Blade when it was discovered that he had altered an photo that was published on the front page of the March 31,2007. A subsequent investigation revealed that he had altered and submitted 79 photos during the first 14 weeks of 2007,58 of which ran either in The Blade or on its website. Members of several unions worked without contracts from March to August 2006, over the course of August 2006, The Blade locked out over 25% of all of its employees. The strike and lockout ended in May 2007, in May 2014, Block Communications announced plans to close The Blades production facility, including the printing presses, located in the downtown headquarters building. In October 2011, The Blade filed a lawsuit against rival publication the Toledo Free Press, claiming that former Blade general manager, pounds violated a 2004 separation agreement containing a non-compete clause. Official website Block Communications Story on Labor Disputes
19.
53rd Academy Awards
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The 53rd Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1980, were presented March 31,1981, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies, which were presided over by Johnny Carson, were scheduled for the previous day but were postponed due to the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan. David Lynchs The Elephant Man and Martin Scorseses Raging Bull, with 8 nominations each, had the most nominations of this years films and their nominations included Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Director. Michael Apteds Coal Miners Daughter received 7 nominations while Ordinary People, the years winner of acting categories also marked as the closest span ever between the four winners, all of whom were under 40 when they won the award. In addition, Hutton was the youngest ever Best Supporting Actor winner and his award was one of four that Ordinary People won, more than any other movie, the movie also won Best Picture, Best Director for Robert Redford, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Alvin Sargent. The lack of recognition for Christopher Tuckers make-up work on The Elephant Man prompted the creation of the Academy Award for Best Makeup, Best Supporting Actress nominee Eva Le Gallienne was born in 1899, which made her the last acting nominee to be born in the nineteenth century. As of 2017, this is the earliest Oscars for which all five directing nominees are still living, winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger. Henry Fonda The Empire Strikes Back The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
20.
Xanadu (film)
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Xanadu is a 1980 American romantic musical fantasy film written by Richard Christian Danus and Marc Reid Rubel and directed by Robert Greenwald. The title is a reference to the nightclub in the film, which takes its name from Xanadu and this city appears in Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a poem that is quoted in the film. The films plot was inspired by 1947s Down to Earth, Xanadu stars Olivia Newton-John, Michael Beck, and Gene Kelly, and features music by Newton-John, Electric Light Orchestra, Cliff Richard, and The Tubes. The film also features animation by Don Bluth, a box office flop, Xanadu earned mixed to negative critical reviews and was an inspiration for the creation of the Golden Raspberry Awards to memorialize the worst films of the year. Despite the lacklustre performance of the film, the album became a huge commercial success around the world. The song Magic was a U. S. number one hit for Newton-John, the film opens with a large mural of the Nine Muses of Olympia coming to life, with the women emerging from the painting and flying into the sky. One of them returns to Earth, Sonny Malone is a talented artist who dreams of fame beyond his job, which is the non-creative task of painting larger versions of album covers for record-store window advertisements. As the film opens, Sonny is broke and on the verge of giving up his dream. Having quit his day job to try to make a living as a freelance artist, after some humorous run-ins with his imperious boss and nemesis, Simpson, he resumes painting record covers. At work, Sonny is told to paint a cover for a group called The Nine Sisters. The cover features a woman in front of an art deco auditorium. Earlier that day, this woman had collided with him, kissed him. Now, Malone becomes obsessed with finding her and he finds her at the same auditorium, now abandoned. She identifies herself as Kira, but she not tell him anything else about herself. Unbeknownst to Sonny, Kira is one of the muses that emerged from the mural, walking near the beach, Sonny befriends Daniel Danny McGuire, a has-been big band orchestra leader turned construction mogul. Danny lost his muse in the 1940s, and Sonny has not yet found his muse, Kira encourages the two men to form a partnership and open a nightclub at the old auditorium from the album cover. She falls in love with Sonny, and this presents a problem because she is actually an Olympian Muse. The other eight women from the beginning of the film are her sisters and fellow goddesses, the Muses, and her parents, presumably the Greek gods Zeus and Mnemosyne, recall her to the timeless realm of the Olympian gods
21.
28th Golden Raspberry Awards
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The 28th Golden Raspberry Awards or Razzies were held on February 23,2008, in Santa Monica, California, USA, to honor the worst films of 2007. The nominations were announced on January 21, in line with Razzies tradition, both the nominee announcements and ceremony preceded the corresponding Academy Awards functions by one day. The most nominated film of 2007 was I Know Who Killed Me with nine nominations, followed by I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry, I Know Who Killed Me was the big winner of the evening, receiving eight awards for a new Razzie record. Eddie Murphy received a Razzie record five personal nominations, all surrounding his work in Norbit and he ended up winning three awards, one for each character he portrayed. The actress Lindsay Lohan also won three awards for her roles in I Know Who Killed Me. The special category introduced this year was Worst Excuse for a Horror Movie,2007 in film 80th Academy Awards 61st British Academy Film Awards 65th Golden Globe Awards 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards 2007 Razzie Nominees on the Razzies Official home page 2007 Winners
22.
Blowing a raspberry
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Blowing a raspberry, strawberry or making a Bronx cheer, is to make a noise that may signify derision, real or feigned. It may also be used in childhood phonemic play either solely by the child or by adults towards a child to encourage imitation to the delight of both parties and it is made by placing the tongue between the lips and blowing to produce a sound similar to flatulence. In the terminology of phonetics, this sound can be described as an unvoiced linguolabial trill and it is never used in human language phonemically, but the sound is widely used across human cultures. In the United States, Bronx cheer is used, otherwise, in the U. S. and in other anglophone countries, it is known as a raspberry, rasp. Blowing a raspberry comes from the Cockney rhyming slang raspberry tart for fart, rhyming slang was particularly used in British comedy to refer to things that would be unacceptable to a polite audience. The term Bronx cheer is used sarcastically because it is not a cheer, it is used to show disapproval
23.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
24.
Super 8 mm film
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Super 8mm film is a motion picture film format released in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement over the older Double or Regular 8 mm home movie format. The film is nominally 8mm wide, the same as older formatted 8mm film, but the dimensions of the rectangular perforations along one edge are smaller, the Super 8 standard also allocates the border opposite the perforations for an oxide stripe upon which sound can be magnetically recorded. Unlike Super 35, the stock used for Super 8 is not compatible with standard 8mm film cameras. There are several varieties of the system used for shooting. The most popular system by far was the Kodak system and this is enough film for 2.5 minutes at the professional motion picture standard of 24 frames per second, and for 3 minutes and 20 seconds of continuous filming at 18 frames per second for amateur use. In 1973 the system was upgraded with a cartridge, which included film with magnetic sound. In 1975 an even larger 200-foot cartridge became available which could be used in specifically designed cameras, the sound and the 200 foot cartridge system are no longer available, but the 50 foot silent cartridge system is still manufactured. Historically, Super 8 film was a stock for home projection used primarily for the creation of home movies. It became a popular consumer product in the late 1960s through the 1970s. During the mid-to-late 1980s Super 8 began to re-emerge as a method for movie production. This included emulsions from Kodak, Fuji and Ilford, today Super 8 color negative film is the main color stock used. There are also Super 8 reversal films available including 200D Agfa color and black-and-white from Foma, ADOX and ORWO, in addition, coded notches cut into the Super 8 film cartridge exterior allow the camera to recognize the film speed automatically. Not all cameras can all the notches correctly, however. Canon keeps an exhaustive list of their Super 8 cameras with detailed specifications on what film speeds can be used with their cameras, usually, testing one cartridge of film can help handle any uncertainty a filmmaker may have about how well their Super 8 camera reads different film stocks. Color stocks were available only in tungsten, and almost all Super 8 cameras come with a switchable daylight filter built in. The original Super 8 film release was a silent system only, the film with sound had a magnetic soundtrack and came in larger cartridges than the original cartridge in order to accommodate the sound recording head in the film path. Sound film requires a longer path, and a second aperture for the recording head. Sound cameras were compatible with silent cartridges, but not vice versa, Sound film was typically filmed at a speed of 18 or 24 frames per second
25.
BBC News
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BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the worlds largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, the service maintains 50 foreign news bureaux with more than 250 correspondents around the world. James Harding has been Director of News and Current Affairs since April 2013, the departments annual budget is in excess of £350 million, it has 3,500 staff,2,000 of whom are journalists. BBC News domestic, global and online news divisions are housed within the largest live newsroom in Europe, parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in Millbank in London. Through the BBC English Regions, the BBC also has regional centres across England, as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, all nations and English regions produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. As with all media outlets, though, it has been accused of political bias from across the political spectrum. The British Broadcasting Company broadcast its first radio bulletin from radio station 2LO on 14 November 1922, on Easter weekend in 1930, this reliance on newspaper wire services left the radio news service with no information to report. The BBC gradually gained the right to edit the copy and, in 1934, however, it could not broadcast news before 6 PM until World War II. Gaumont British and Movietone cinema newsreels had been broadcast on the TV service since 1936, a weekly Childrens Newsreel was inaugurated on 23 April 1950, to around 350,000 receivers. The network began simulcasting its radio news on television in 1946, televised bulletins began on 5 July 1954, broadcast from leased studios within Alexandra Palace in London. The publics interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth IIs coronation in 1953 and it is estimated that up to 27 million people viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radios audience of 12 million for the first time. Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission and that year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK, rising to over three million the following year, and four and a half million by 1955. This was then followed by the customary Television Newsreel with a commentary by John Snagge. It was revealed that this had been due to producers fearing a newsreader with visible facial movements would distract the viewer from the story. On-screen newsreaders were finally introduced a year later in 1955 – Kenneth Kendall, Robert Dougall, mainstream television production had started to move out of Alexandra Palace in 1950 to larger premises – mainly at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherds Bush, west London – taking Current Affairs with it. It was from here that the first Panorama, a new programme, was transmitted on 11 November 1953. On 28 October 1957, the Today programme, a radio programme, was launched in central London on the Home Service. In 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene became head of News and Current Affairs and he set up a BBC study group whose findings, published in 1959, were critical of what the television news operation had become under his predecessor, Tahu Hole
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
27.
Golden Raspberry Award
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The Golden Raspberry Awards often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards, is an award in recognition of the worst in film. The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense, the awards themselves are in the form of a golf ball-sized raspberry which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel, the whole of which is spray painted gold. The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31,1981, wilsons living-room alcove in Los Angeles, to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season. The 37th ceremony was held on February 25,2017, american publicist John J. B. Wilson traditionally held potluck parties at his house in Los Angeles on the night of the Academy Awards. In 1981, after the 53rd Academy Awards had completed for the evening, Wilson decided to formalize the event, after watching a double feature of Cant Stop the Music and Xanadu. He gave them ballots to vote on worst in film, approximately three dozen people came to the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards. The 2nd Golden Raspberry Awards had double the attendance as the first, by the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony, CNN and two major wire services covered the event. The term raspberry is used in its irreverent sense, as in blowing a raspberry, Wilson commented to the author of Blame It on the Dog, When I registered the term with the Library of Congress in 1980, they asked me, Why raspberry. But since then, razz has pretty much permeated the culture and we couldnt have done it without Hollywoods help. Wilson is referred to as Ye Olde Head Razzberry, paying members of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation vote to determine the recipients. For the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards in 2009, award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans, voters hailed from 45 states in the United States and 19 other countries. The ceremony, typically one day before the Academy Awards, is modeled after the latter but deliberately low-end. Most winners do not attend the ceremony to collect their awards, notable exceptions include Tom Green, Halle Berry and Sandra Bullock, Michael Ferris, J. D. Shapiro, and Paul Verhoeven. Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend, Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco and Amy Irving. Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s The Jazz Singer, was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role, wall Street is the only film to date to win both an Oscar and a Razzie. Michael Douglas won the Academy Award for Best Actor, however Daryl Hannahs performance was not as well received and earned her a Razzie for Worst Supporting Actress, special prizes for the 25th anniversary of the Razzies awards were also given out in 2005. This is an award given by Razzie Award Governor John J. B. Wilson to an individual whose achievements are not covered by the Razzies other categories. It was awarded in 2003 to Travis Payne for Distinguished Under-Achievement in Choreography in the film From Justin to Kelly and this award is given to a critical and financial failure that wouldve been nominated if it had received an eligible release
28.
The Orange County Register
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The Orange County Register is a paid daily newspaper published in California. The Register, published in Santa Ana, is owned by Digital First Media, Freedom Communications owned the newspaper from 1935 to 2016. The Register was founded by a consortium as the Santa Ana Daily Register in 1905 and it was sold to J. P. Baumgartner in 1906 and to J. Frank Burke in 1927. In 1935 it was bought by Raymond C, Hoiles, who renamed it the Santa Ana Register and reorganized his holdings as Freedom Newspapers, Inc. in 1950, later Freedom Communications. The paper dropped Santa Ana from its title in 1952, circulation rose with the burgeoning population of Orange County and after the Register added a morning edition in 1959. In 1970 Hoiles son, Clarence, became co-publisher with his brother Harry until 1979, faced with an aggressive push into the county by the Los Angeles Times under then-publisher Otis Chandler, Threshie brought in 30-year-old N. Christian Anderson III as editor. Political positions were restricted to the editorial page, in 1981, the paper began publishing in full color. In 1985, the paper assumed the name The Orange County Register, in the same year it won its first Pulitzer Prize, for its photographic coverage of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. It won additional Pulitzers in 1989 for beat reporting by Edward Humes on U. S. military problems with night-vision goggles, in 1990, the newspaper launched the 24-hour OCN news channel with news and feature stories about Orange County. In 1992, Orange County Register Communications launched Excélsior, a Spanish-language weekly, in 2010 Excélsior had a circulation of 51,000. It covers Orange Countys growing Hispanic community, which now numbers over a million, julio Saenz is the editor and general manager. In 1999, Threshie became Chairman of the Board of Freedom Communications, ken Brusic was named vice president of content and executive editor in April 2002. In 2003, a schism led to a sale on Oct. 9th of a majority interest in Freedom Communications to investors led by the Blackstone Group. Through a stock arrangement, the Hoiles family descendants retained control of the board, in 2006, Orange County Register Communications launched the OC Post, a tabloid with shortened versions of Register stories as well as news articles from the Associated Press. The paper also had its first significant staff reductions in December 2006, with 40 newsroom employees taking buyouts, by April 2007, The Orange County Register had made cuts to help maintain shareholder profit, which had averaged more than 20 percent annually in the preceding five years. Since the launch of the OC Post in 2006, OCRC has cut the Registers editorial staff by 10 percent, and postponed pay raises to editorial staff, which had averaged 3 percent annually, for six months. In September 2007, Terry Horne replaced N. Christian Anderson III as publisher, in June 2008, KTLA, The Los Angeles Times and Fox News reported that the Register had begun a one-month trial of outsourcing some layout and copy-editing work to India to save costs. The trial was not deemed a success, and since then editing has been done by the Register in Orange County, in spring of 2009, Freedom Communications instituted furloughs for all employees nationwide, followed by a permanent 5% pay cut starting in July 2009
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Long Beach Press-Telegram
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The Press-Telegram is a paid daily newspaper published in Long Beach, California. Coverage area for the Press-Telegram includes Long Beach, Lakewood, Signal Hill, Artesia, Bellflower, Cerritos, Downey, Hawaiian Gardens, Norwalk, the Press-Telegrams precursor, the Press, was first published in 1897. The Press was purchased in the early 20th century by Charles H. Prisk and William F. Prisk, Charles being the owner and William the editor and publisher. Sometime after 1918 the Press was merged with another paper, the Daily Telegram, the paper was first published under the name Daily Press then, from 1924. Later, the Independent was merged into the Press-Telegram, creating the Independent-Press-Telegram with the Independent being the morning edition. The Independent was discontinued in 1981, leaving only the Press-Telegram as the only edition. The paper was owned by Ridder Publications and its successor Knight Ridder from 1952 to 1997, when it was acquired by its current owner, in 2013, MediaNews Group and 21st Century Media merged into Digital First Media. An online version of the paper began web publication in 1995, in 2011, the paper eliminated its sports, photography, and features departments. Some of the positions were picked up by the Torrance Daily Breeze. The papers longtime home, the Press-Telegram building at 6th Street, the papers operations were moved to the Arco Center in downtown Long Beach. The paper is located at 727 Pine Avenue in Long Beach. The Long Beach Press-Telegram Latest Headline of Paper newseum. org
30.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
31.
Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
32.
South Florida Sun-Sentinel
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The Sun-Sentinel is the main daily newspaper of Broward County, Florida. Owned by Tronc, it all throughout the three counties that comprise South Florida. It is the newspaper in the area. Howard Saltz of Delray Beach, Florida has held the position of editor since 2011, Saltz was named publisher and editor-in-chief in 2016. Saltz has been in media since 1983 and held positions including reporter and editor in other cities before moving to South Florida. For many years, the Sun-Sentinel exclusively targeted Broward County, however, it expanded its coverage to all of South Florida, including the Miami-Dade and Palm Beach areas, in the late 1990s. In the former area, The Miami Herald is its primary competition, the Sun-Sentinel emphasizes local news, through its Community News and Local sections. It has a circulation of 163,728 and a Sunday circulation of 228,906. It also produced a significant contribution to information graphics in the form of News Illustrated, the photography department has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize twice in the Spot News category. It was a finalist in 1982 for its coverage of a Haitian refugee boat disaster, the Sun-Sentinel publishes several websites, including SunSentinel. com, SouthFlorida. com, SouthFloridaParenting. com, CityLinkMix. com, and TeenlinkSouthFlorida. com. It also publishes a Spanish-language weekly, El Sentinel, and an alternative weekly distributed for free throughout the region, in 1925, the Everglades Breeze was renamed the Sentinel. That same year, two Ohio publishers bought both the Sentinel and the Herald, consolidating the newspapers into a publication called the Daily News. In 1926, Horace and Tom Stillwell purchased the paper, however, the devastation wrought by the 1926 Miami hurricane caused circulation to drop and, in 1929, Tom Stillwell sold the paper to the Gore Publishing Company, headed by R. H. Gore, Sr. By 1945, circulation of the Daily News and Evening Sentinel had climbed to 10,000, in 1953, Gore Publishing changed the name of the paper to the Fort Lauderdale News and added a Sunday morning edition. In 1963, the Tribune Company acquired Gore Publishing, in the 1970s, the morning paper changed its name to the Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel. In 1982, the two merged their editorial staffs. The two papers merged into a single morning paper under the Sun-Sentinel name. In 2000, after expanding its coverage, the changed its name to the South Florida Sun-Sentinel
33.
Agence France-Presse
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Agence France-Presse is an international news agency headquartered in Paris, France. Founded in 1944, AFP is the third largest news agency in the world, after the Associated Press, journalists of the French Resistance established the AFP in the headquarters of the former Office Français dInformation, a Vichy news agency, following the liberation of Paris. Currently, the CEO is Emmanuel Hoog and the News Director is Michèle Léridon, AFP has regional offices in Nicosia, Montevideo, Hong Kong, and Washington, D. C. and bureaux in 150 countries. AFP transmits news in French, English, Arabic, Portuguese, Spanish, the Agence Havas was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas as Agence Havas. Two of his employees, Paul Reuter and Bernhard Wolff, later set up rival news agencies in London and Berlin respectively and this arrangement lasted until the 1930s, when the invention of short-wave wireless improved and cut communications costs. To help Havas extend the scope of its reporting at a time of international tension. Established as an enterprise, AFP devoted the post-war years to developing its network of international correspondents. One of them was the first Western journalist to report the death of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin on March 6,1953, AFP was keen to shake off its semi-official status, and on January 10,1957 the French Parliament passed a law establishing its independence. Since that date, the proportion of the revenues generated by subscriptions from government departments has steadily declined. Such subscriptions represented 115 million Euros in 2011, in 1982, the agency began to decentralize its editorial decision-making by setting up the first of its five autonomous regional centres, in Hong Kong, then a British Crown colony. Each region has its own budget, administrative director and chief editor, in September 2007, the AFP Foundation was launched to promote higher standards of journalism worldwide. The Mitrokhin archive identified six agents and two confidential KGB contacts inside Agence France-Presse who were used in Soviet operations in France, in 1991, AFP set up a joint venture with Extel to create a financial news service, AFX News. It was sold in 2006 to Thomson Financial, in October 2008, the Government of France announced moves to change AFPs status, including the involvement of outside investors. On February 24,2010, Pierre Louette unexpectedly announced his intention to resign as CEO by the end of March, AFP is a government-chartered public corporation operating under a 1957 law, but is officially a commercial business independent of the French government. One is named by the minister, another by the minister of finance. The board elects the CEO for a term of three years. The AFP also has a council charged with ensuring that the agency operates according to its statutes, editorially, AFP is governed by a network of senior journalists. The primary client of AFP is the French government, which purchases subscriptions for its various services, in practice, those subscriptions are an indirect subsidy to AFP
34.
Wilmington Star-News
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Star-News is the daily newspaper for Wilmington, North Carolina, and its surrounding area. It is North Carolinas oldest newspaper in continuous publication and it was owned by Halifax Media Group until 2015, when Halifax was acquired by New Media Investment Group. The Star-News has a circulation of 41,300 daily and covers a three-county region in Southeastern North Carolina, New Hanover, Brunswick, the paper was originally published in September 23,1867, as the Wilmington Evening Star by former Confederate Major William H. Bernard. Shortly after first publishing the paper, Bernard changed the paper to come out in the morning, the newspaper was named the Morning Star until the April 24,2003, edition when it became the Star-News. Official website Archive of previous issues of Star-News on Google News
35.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
