1.
Castro Theatre
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The Castro Theatre is a popular San Francisco movie palace which became San Francisco Historic Landmark #100 in September 1976. Its designer, Timothy L. Pflueger, also designed Oaklands Paramount Theater and other theaters in California in that period. The theater has over 1,400 seats, the theaters ceiling is the last known leatherette ceiling in the USA & possibly the world. Another leatherette ceiling was unfortunately demolished just a few years ago, to achieve the ceilings look as though it is leather requires a special technique regarded as lost today. The Castro Theatre originally opened at 479 Castro Street in 1910 and it was subsequently remodeled into a retail store in the mid-1920s after the larger Castro Theatre was built at 429 Castro Street, its current location, only a few doors up from the original theatre. The new Castro Theatre opened the day to the general public. The Nasser brothers, who built the theater and still own it, the interior is luxurious and ornate, with subtly convex and concave walls and ceiling and a dramatic Mighty Wurlitzer pipe organ that is played before films and events. The large neon Castro sign is emblematic of both the theatre and the Castro District, in January 2008, for the filming of the Gus Van Sant biopic Milk, restorations were made to the neon on the theaters marquee and blade sign, and the facade was repainted. The movie about the life and times of Harvey Milk, the San Francisco city Supervisor who was Californias first openly gay elected official, had its premiere at the theater in November 2008. The theater can project modern digital formats such as 4K DCP with 5, the Castro is capable of showing 70 mm films and is one of the few theaters in the world that can show a 70 mm film with separate DTS soundtrack. The Castro Theatre is located on Castro Street near the intersection of Market and 17th Streets, list of San Francisco Designated Landmarks Roxie Cinema Victoria Theater Official website of the Castro Theatre
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Chicoutimi
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Chicoutimi /ʃᵻˈkuːtᵻmi/ is the most populous borough of the city of Saguenay in Quebec, Canada. Chicoutimi was founded by European Canadians as a city in 1842 at the confluence of the Saguenay, the name Chicoutimi means the end of the deep water in Innu-aimun. During the 20th century, it became the administrative and commercial centre of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region. In 2002 it merged into the new city of Saguenay and forms the heart of the 5th-largest urban area of Quebec province and it is home to the University of Quebec at Chicoutimi. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 66,547. The borough was formed in 2002 from the merger of the cities of Chicoutimi, Laterrière. What was ultimately to become the centre of the borough of Chicoutimi was first settled by French colonists in 1676 as a trading post in the fur trade, at that time, the Saguenay and the Chicoutimi rivers had been used as waterways by the Montagnais tribes for centuries. The name Chicoutimi means the end of the water in the Innu language. After the British took over rule of Lower Canada, the Chicoutimi trading post operated until 1782, by that time, the fur trade had moved mostly further west of the Great Lakes. The city of Chicoutimi was officially incorporated in 1845 as a municipality by Peter McLeod and he was a Métis timber contractor who built a sawmill here in 1842. The town was designated in 1855 as the seat of Chicoutimi County, with the arrival of the Canadian National Railway in 1893, Chicoutimi had increased growth of its pulp and paper industries, particularly in mechanical pulp production. The Chicoutimi Pulp Co. was founded in 1896 and backed by French-Canadian investors, the Chicoutimi Pulp Mill became the biggest producer of mechanical pulp in Canada by 1910. Since the Great Depression, the city has become an administrative, new centers of education and culture developed, with the Conservatoire de musique de Saguenay founded in Chicoutimi in 1967, and the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi founded in 1969. The city also played host to the Quebec Summer Games in 1972, in the municipal amalgamations of 1976, Chicoutimi annexed the neighbouring towns of Chicoutimi-Nord and Rivière-du-Moulin. Chicoutimi became a borough of Saguenay, during the summer of 1996 a record rainfall in the region caused major flooding in the downtown, as well as outlying areas. Dams and bridges across the region were overwhelmed, the total cost of the disaster was recorded as 1.5 billion Canadian dollars. It also claimed seven lives and destroyed many bridges, chicoutimis sister city was Camrose in Alberta, it became Saguenays sister city. Chicoutimi is located in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region on the end of the Saguenay Fjord, most of the borough
3.
Sheridan College
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There are campuses in Oakville, Brampton, and Mississauga. Sheridan College was established in mid of 1967, the School of Graphic Design was located in Brampton, Ontario until 1970, when it moved to the new campus in Oakville, Ontario. The Brampton campus was a public high school that had previously been in condemned status until re-fitted for use by Sheridan College. The school and area were replaced by residential homes. The new Oakville location was still under construction when classes began in the fall of 1970, the classes were held in a large open area under triangular skylights which allowed excellent lighting for the students. The photography department used a well equipped photo studio area and darkrooms for processing film and that building has become merged with many other structures as extensive expansion of the campus has occurred on an ongoing basis. The main courses taught that year were graphic design, fashion design, photography, in the 1960s and early 1970s, the Canadian animation industry was little formed and virtually non-existent, excepting animation pioneers of the National Film Board. And such Canadian studios as Crawley Films in Ottawa and The Guest Group in Toronto, the situation began to change in the late 1960s with Rocket Robin Hood, which was produced by Al Guest and his partner Jean Mathieson. In 1968 President Porter organized the schools first course in classical animation, the school took advantage of the closing of Al Guests studio following the production of Rocket Robin Hood and were able to buy up the cameras and animation equipment. Subsequently, Guest and Mathieson served as advisors to Sheridan. In 1984, Sheridan student John Minnis created the short animation piece Charade, the five-minute film was animated by Minnis with Pantone markers on paper during a single three-month summer term at Sheridan College. The film won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 57th Academy Awards, Sheridan graduates include five Academy Award nominees and two winners, and in 2005, animation professor Kaj Pindal won an Emmy Award. Former President Dr. Jeff Zabudsky announced in 2012 that Sheridan College would seek to become a university by 2020, the college appointed former Mayor of Mississauga Hazel McCallion as its first chancellor in 2016. Current President Dr. Mary Preece has stated she aims to keep Sheridan on the path to attaining University status, Sheridan College has a music theatre performance program, undergraduate and post-graduate film programs, and a craft and design program. They have courses in business, animation, illustration, applied computing, engineering technology, community studies, Sheridan is only the second art institution in Canada to achieve this status. SIRT was conceived and launched by Sheridan College to operate in connection to the creative industries, the Centers stated mission is to conduct high-level research on film, digital cinema, and high-definition technologies in all levels of production and display. The University of Waterloo announced in July 2010 that funding was awarded for joint research between their film department and SIRT, Sheridan College has three campuses located in Ontario, Located in Brampton serves approximately 8,000 students. Located in Oakville, serves 8,380 students, home of the Faculty of Animation, Arts and Design
4.
The Ren & Stimpy Show
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The Ren & Stimpy Show, often simply called Ren & Stimpy, is an American animated television series created by John Kricfalusi for Nickelodeon. The series follows the adventures of title characters Ren, an emotionally unstable chihuahua, and Stimpy, Ren & Stimpy premiered on August 11,1991 as one of the original three Nicktoons, along with Rugrats and Doug. Throughout its run, the show was controversial for its humor, sexual innuendo, dark humor, adult jokes. This controversy contributed to the production staffs altercations with Nickelodeons Standards, the show ended on December 16,1995, with a total of five seasons and 52 episodes. Ren & Stimpy received mixed to positive reviews during its original run then later widespread critical acclaim after its run. The series is cited as paving the way for animated shows like Beavis and Butt-Head. A spin-off for adult audiences, Ren & Stimpy Adult Party Cartoon, aired in 2003 on Spike, the series centers on Ren Höek, a short-tempered, asthma-hound Chihuahua, and Stimpson J. Stimpy Cat, a 3-year-old dimwitted and happy-go-lucky cat. The duo fill various roles from episode to episode, including explorers, Old West horse thieves, and nature-show hosts. While the show was set in the present day, the shows crew tended to avoid contemporary jokes about current events. The show extensively features off-color humor, absurdist humour, and slapstick, the show features a host of supporting characters. Some appear only in one episode, while others recur and occasionally appear in different roles and they may either be part of the storyline, or make cameo appearances with little bearing on the plot. Some, such as Mr. Horse, are exclusively cameo-based, according to animator William Wray, John Kricfalusi created the characters Ren and Stimpy in 1978 for personal amusement while studying at Sheridan College in his native Canada. He was inspired to create Ren by an Elliott Erwitt photograph, printed on a postcard, called New York City,1946, stimpys design was inspired by a Tweety Bird cartoon called A Gruesome Twosome where the cats in the animation had big noses. Ren and Stimpy were pets of one of the children in Your Gang, serving as a parody of the cat, the networks Vice President of Animation Production Vanessa Coffey was dissatisfied with the other projects but did like Ren and Stimpy, singling them out for their own series. Production of the pilot episode began in 1989 after Kricfalusi pitched. The series premiered on August 11,1991 alongside Doug and Rugrats, Spümcø continued to produce the show for the next two years while encountering issues with Nickelodeons Standards and Practices. As described by Kricfalusi, his period with Nickelodeon as being simple, as he got along with Coffey. He estimated Spümcøs run of The Ren & Stimpy Show cost around $6,000,000 to produce, the relationship between Kricfalusi and Nickelodeon worsened to the point where Kricfalusi would communicate with Nickelodeon only through his lawyer
5.
The Goddamn George Liquor Program
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The Goddamn George Liquor Program is a 1997 Adobe Flash cartoon series created by John Kricfalusi and starring the animated character George Liquor. Liquor was spun out to his own web-based cartoon during the days when the Spümcø studio had an online presence, michael Pataki voiced Liquor in the series. Premiering on October 15,1997, The Goddamn George Liquor Program was the first cartoon series to be produced exclusively for the internet. George appeared on the series with his nephew, Jimmy The Idiot Boy, Jimmys cousins, Slab and Ernie, Jimmys love interest, Sody Pop, without the control of a network, the series could be made as Kricfalusi wanted. The Goddamn George Liquor Program won the 1999 Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Interactive Production, later the show was being developed as a series of cartoon commercials for Pontiac Vibe. The new series remained unreleased after General Motors discontinued the Pontiac Vibe auto line in 2009, the following characters appear in The Goddamn George Liquor Program. George Liquor, American – Liquor is an ultra-patriotic American, Jimmy the Idiot Boy – Jimmy is an incredibly stupid teenage boy. Sody Pop – Sody is a 15-year-old Canadian girl who is Jimmys love interest, but George Liquor tells her to stay away from Jimmy. Slab n Ernie – Slab and Ernie, two bullies, are Georges nephews and Jimmys cousins, Dirty Dog – Dirty Dog, the neighborhood watchdog, does not like cats. In the first episode of The Goddamn George Liquor Program Dirty Dog defecates on a lawn, other characters who appears in comic, Mable – Mable was George Liquors wife. After she died, George Liquor preserved her torso and legs, Merle – 30-year old Merle, a health nut, is Sodys older sister. Merle tries to seduce George Liquor, the Bad Catholic Girls – Three Catholic school teenage girls who smoke, trying to corrupt Jimmy. Mildrew – Mildrew, Slab and Ernies mother, is married to Frank, George Liquor sometimes flirts with her. Cigarettes the Cat – Cigarettes is Jimmys pet cat, Victor Lugnuts – Lugnuts operates Victor Lugnuts House of Meats. Victor Produce – Lugnutss rival, Victor Produce, operates a vegetable store, Eddie the Town Atheist – Eddie, an atheist, is Lugnutss son. George tries to him to adopt Christianity. General Buck Neckfold – Neckfold, a general at The Pentagon, is one of George Liquors friends, Nutty the Friendly Dump – Jimmy defecated Nutty. Nutty has corn kernels for eyes, dr. Stump – Stump, George Liquors family doctor, prescribes amputation as treatment for various ills
6.
The Ripping Friends
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The Ripping Friends, The Worlds Most Manly Men. is a Canadian animated television series, created by John Kricfalusi, who was well known for creating The Ren & Stimpy Show on Nickelodeon. The show premiered September 22,2001 on Fox Kids, but was cancelled in September 2002, Adult Swim later picked up the show. The series occasionally airs in Canada on Teletoon, the series also aired briefly in the UK on the CNX channel and on ABC in Australia. The show was rated TV-Y7 on Fox Kids and TV-PG on in the United States, Kricfalusi and his long-time partner Jim Smith created the Ripping Friends before they created the similar superhero Powdered Toast Man for The Ren & Stimpy Show. After Nickelodeon fired Kricfalusi from The Ren & Stimpy Show in September 1992, the feature film plan was scrapped, but the characters were used in The Ripping Friends. The Ripping Friends lasted for thirteen episodes, the show centred on a group of four superhuman brothers who attempt to fight crime from their base, RIPCOT, Crag, Rip, Slab, and Chunk, Crag being the leader. Friends of the four include Jimmy The Idiot Boy, a mentally-challenged drooling child, the villains range from the Indigestible Wad, to Flathead, to their own underpants. Each episode was usually tagged with an episode which Kricfalusi says was composed of left overs. These segments were called Rip Along with the Ripping Friends and usually portrayed the Ripping Friends solving the problems of fans, in each segment viewers are asked to rip along with the action by ripping pieces of paper up in front of the television when coaxed to. The hot dog begins to slip inside the bun, and the segment immediately fades to black, the uncut version of Ripping Friends was also shown on Adult Swim. Two VHS tapes with two each were initially available with the two volumes later combined into a single DVD release with four episodes. In Australia, the Complete Series was released on Region 4 DVD by Madman Entertainment, the Ripping Friends at the Internet Movie Database
7.
Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon"
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Ren & Stimpy Adult Party Cartoon was an animated television series created by Canadian animator John Kricfalusi for the cable network Spike. The series was an adults-only-revival, spin-off and sequel to the animated series, The Ren & Stimpy Show. It aired from June 26,2003 to July 24,2003, the last 3 episodes never aired on Spike and originally intended to end on August 14,2003, but the 3 episodes are available on Ren & Stimpy The Lost Episodes DVD. The series is rated TV-MA for explicit sexual dialogue and sexual references, the series was produced by Spümcø and Spike Animation Studios. The original Ren & Stimpy Show aired from 1991 to 1996 on the childrens network Nickelodeon, the shows creator, John Kricfalusi, had many altercations with the network, eventually culminating in his termination. Nickelodeon took it upon its newly formed animation studio to continue the series for the rest of its run, Kricfalusi said that TNN wanted an extreme version of The Ren & Stimpy Show. TNN gave Kricfalusi greater control of the writing and contents of the episodes than the control given by Nickelodeon, Kricfalusi produced seven new cartoons aimed at adult audiences. Eric Bauza was hired to replace West as Stimpy, while Kricfalusi reprised the role of Ren, West had previously shared the role of Stimpy with Bauza for one episode of the original series, Mans Best Friend, produced during the Spümcø era on Nickelodeon. Cast members Harris Peet and Cheryl Chase also returned, and Kricfalusis father Mike Kricfalusi, all of the episodes were animated at Carbunkle Cartoons, in association with Big Star Productions. Kricfalusi had previously relied upon Carbunkle during the Nickelodeon years, the new series began airing in June 2003 as part of an animation block also featuring This Just In. Gary the Rat, Stripperella, and digitally remastered episodes of the original Ren and Stimpy series, Kricfalusi wrote the first episode, Onward and Upward, based on requests from fans from the Nickelodeon era. The episode portrayed the characters as bisexual, In one scene, Ren informs Stimpy, Im the pitcher, youre the catcher. Advertisers objected to some of the new content, particularly that of the risqué episode Naked Beach Frenzy which did not air in the shows original run. The show stopped airing after three episodes when Spikes animation block was put on hold, Kricfalusi shut down his studio in Canada shortly thereafter following a lawsuit filed by Carbunkle against Spümcø in the Canadian court system. Because of the criticism the series had, only 6 episodes were fully produced, like Ren Seeks Help, certain episodes were based off scripts written for the Spümcø era of the original series. Life Sucks - Ren explains to Stimpy that life sucks, much to his horror, after that, they have an extensive look at lifes past sufferings like the Childrens Crusade. The Big Switch - Stimpy cant tolerate Rens abuse any longer and they finally settle the argument by making a bet that they can switch roles for a day. The episodes basic premise was loosely made in the Games Animation era, fishing Trip - Ren & Stimpy go on a fishing trip in search of the elusive foul-mouthed bass
8.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
9.
Nickelodeon
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Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network launched on December 1,1977, and is owned by Viacom through Viacom Media Networks and based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 7–18 while its weekday morning edutainment programs are targeted at children ages 2–6. As of July 2015, Nickelodeon is available to approximately 93.7 million pay television households in the US, the name of the channel comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons. Nickelodeons history dates back to December 1,1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. Its C-3 cable channel carried Pinwheel daily from 7,00 a. m. to 9,00 p. m. Eastern Time, Nickelodeon launched on April 1,1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCA Satcom-1 transponder. Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984, the channel also airs reruns of select original series that are no longer in production, as well as occasional original made-for-TV movies. The channel also aired special editions of Nick News with Linda Ellerbee. The channel occasionally airs feature films produced by the networks Nickelodeon Movies film production division, although the film division bears the Nickelodeon brand name, the cable channel does not have access to most of the movies produced by its film unit. Nick Jr. – Nickelodeon currently programs shows targeted at preschool-age children on Monday through Fridays from 8,30 am-3,00 pm Eastern, the block primarily targets audiences of preschool age as Nickelodeons usual audience of school-age children are in school during the blocks designated time period. Programs currently seen in this block include Blaze and the Monster Machines, Team Umizoomi, Bubble Guppies, PAW Patrol, Max & Ruby, Saturday morning block - a morning block of primarily animated series from 9 am-12,30 pm Eastern and Pacific Time. It launched on September 22,2012, as Gotta See Saturday Mornings, recent episodes of certain original series may air when no new episodes are scheduled to air that week. The schedule features series such as SpongeBob SquarePants, Bunsen Is a Beast, ALVINNN. nicks New Saturday Night – a primetime live-action block airing from 8-10pm Eastern and Pacific Time. It launched on September 22,2012, as Gotta See Saturday Nights, recent episodes of certain original series may air when no new episodes are scheduled to air that week. The schedule features The Thundermans and Henry Danger, premieres of the networks original made-for-cable movies also occasionally air during the primetime block, usually in the form of premiere showings. SNICK – SNICK was the networks first dedicated Saturday primetime block that aired from 8,00 to 10,00 p. m. Eastern, geared toward pre-teens and teenagers, it debuted on August 15,1992. The block featured mainly live-action series, although it featured animated series. SNICK was discontinued on August 28,2004, and was replaced the following week by a Saturday night edition of the TEENick block and it was hosted by Stick Stickly, a Mr. Bill-like popsicle stick character. The block was replaced for the summer of 1999 by Henry, the Stick Stickly character was later revived for The 90s Are All That on TeenNick, which debuted in 2011
10.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
11.
Tenacious D
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Tenacious D is an American comedy rock duo that was formed in Los Angeles, California in 1994. Composed of lead vocalist and guitarist Jack Black and lead guitarist and vocalist Kyle Gass, Tenacious Ds studio releases, and its live performances, feature a full band lineup, including such musicians as guitarist John Konesky and bassist John Spiker. Drummer Dave Grohl has played on every studio release, the band first gained popularity in 1997 when they starred in their eponymous television series and began to support large rock acts. In 2001, they released Tenacious D, their debut album featuring a full band, the first single, Tribute, was the bands most successful achieving their only Top 10 in any chart, until they released The Metal, which was shown on Saturday Night Live. In 2006, they starred in, and recorded the soundtrack for, in support of the film, the band went on a world tour, appearing for the first time with a full band. They released their newest album Rize of the Fenix on May 15,2012, Tenacious Ds music showcases Blacks theatrical vocal delivery and Gass acoustic guitar playing abilities. Critics have described their fusion of vulgar absurdist comedy with music as mock rock. Jack Black and Kyle Gass initially met in Los Angeles in 1985, Black admits the duo did not see eye to eye due to animosity between the two as Gass – who was the main musician for the Actors Gang – felt threatened by Black. This all changed in 1989 in Edinburgh, Scotland, during the Edinburgh Fringe of 1989 and they were performing Tim Robbins and Adam Simons play Carnage. They would also work on productions at the group together regularly too. The two were just friends between 1989 and 1994 and did not play any concerts or record any music and their second song came about when Black was listening to Metallicas One in 1994 and told Gass that it was the best song in the world. Gass told Black that they couldnt write the best song in the world but Black put a twist on it and said they could write a tribute. Gass played an A minor chord at his apartment and the two spent three full days crafting the song, when it was done Gass mentioned they knew they had something, the song was comedic and evolved their comedy music persona. At their first concert, at Als Bar, the only played their one song Tribute. Black and Gass gave them the choice between Pets or Meat, Balboas Biblical Theatre and The Axe Lords Featuring Gorgazons Mischief. Tenacious D—a basketball term used by commentators to describe robust defensive positioning in basketball —did not get the majority of votes, however, cross, with Mr. Show writer Bob Odenkirk, continued his involvement with Tenacious D by producing three half-hour shows based on the band. The series, entitled Tenacious D, premiered on HBO in 1997, according to Gass, the series was cancelled after HBO requested ten episodes with the stipulation that he and Black would have to relinquish their role as executive producers, and only write songs. After the series aired, the continued to perform live
12.
Adult animation
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Adult animation or mature animation is a genre of animation geared towards adults and sometimes also teenagers, acting as a contrast to most animated films and TV series being aimed at children. Works in this genre may be considered adult for any number of reasons and they may be noted for using risqué themes, graphic violence, profane language, sexuality, or dark humor. Works in this genre may explore philosophical, political, or social issues, some productions are noted for sophisticated and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques. Before the enforcement of the Hays Code, some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience rather than children. Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, the earliest cartoon series were based upon popular comic strips, and were directed at family audiences. The assumed audience of these cartoons, particularly Looney Tunes, has alternated from their initial unspecific audience, to children. One of the earliest animated films was Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure. It has often suggested that the film was produced for a private party in honor of Winsor McCay. Rumors suggest that the film was developed in Cuba years after it was completed, when a print was screened in San Francisco in the late 1970s, the program notes attributed the animation to George Stallings, George Canata, Rudy Zamora, Sr. and Walter Lantz. Until the Hays Code was enforced, many animated shorts featured suggestive content, including sexual innuendo, references to alcohol and drug use, and mild profanity. In the 1933 short Boskos Picture Show, Bosko appears to use the word fuck, although it has also suggested that the character is saying fox. The Betty Boop series was known for its use of jokes that would eventually be considered following the enforcement of the Hays Code. Betty Boop was initially drawn as a dog, and cast as the girlfriend of another Fleischer character, Betty was redesigned as a human, but the series continued to suggest a love relationship between the two that went farther than the normal relationship between humans and their pets. The short Is My Palm Read contains a scene in which Betty is shown as a child between the ages of four and five, bathing in the nude, in the 1970s, this scene was shown out of context in performances by The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo. Concert audiences were not aware that Betty was supposed to be a baby in the sequence, another short, Bamboo Isle, contains a sequence in which Betty dances the hula topless, wearing only a lei over her breasts and a grass skirt. According to animator Shamus Culhane, Fleischer Studios and Paramount Pictures were shocked by the sequence, Culhane also states that he does not remember any instance in which the film was censored. Betty’s hula animation was reused for an appearance with Popeye the Sailor in his self-titled animated debut short. Following the enforcement of the Hays Code, Bettys clothing was redesigned, shorts produced following the enforcement of the Hays Code were also less surreal in nature, and Betty was portrayed as a rational adult
13.
Ukrainians
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Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is by total population the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term Ukrainians to all its citizens, also among historical names of the people of Ukraine Rusyns, Cossacks, etc. can be found. According to some definitions, a descriptive name for the inhabitants of Ukraine is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people. Belarusians and Russians are considered among the bloodline of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are another closely related group, the ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century after their territory obtained distinctive statehood in 1917. People of these territories were usually called Rus or Rusyns, the Ukrainian language appeared in the 14th – 16th centuries, but at that time, it was mostly known as Ruthenian, like its brothers. In the 16th – 17th centuries, with the establishment of the Zaporizhian Sich, however, the ethnonym Ukrainians and the linguonym Ukrainian were used only occasionally, and the people of Ukraine usually continued to call themselves and their language Ruthenian. This official name did not spread widely among the peasantry constituted the majority of the population. Ukrainian peasants still referred to their country as Ukraine and to themselves, in areas outside the control of the Russian/Soviet state until the mid-20th century, Ukrainians were known by their pre-existing names for much longer. The modern name derives from Ukrayina, a name first documented in 1187. Several scientific theories attempt to explain the etymology of the term, according to some new alternative Ukrainian historians such as Hryhoriy Pivtorak, Vitaly Sklyarenko and other scholars, translate the term u-kraine as in-land, home-land or our-country. The name in this context derives from the word u-kraina in the sense of domestic region, in the last few centuries the population of Ukraine experienced periods of Polonization and Russification, but preserved a common culture and a sense of common identity. Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine, where make up over three-quarters of the population. The inhabitants of the Kuban, for example, have vacillated among three identities, Ukrainian, Russian, and Cossack, approximately 800,000 people of Ukrainian ancestry live in the Russian Far East in an area known historically as Green Ukraine. According to some assumptions, an estimated number of almost 2.1 million people of Ukrainian origin live in North America. Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Poland, Argentina, Belarus, Portugal, there are also Ukrainian diasporas in the UK, Australia, Germany, Latvia, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Ireland, Sweden and the former Yugoslavia. Today, large ethnic Ukrainian minorities reside in Russia, Canada, Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world. The East Slavs emerged from the undifferentiated early Slavs with the Slavic migrations in the 6th and 7th centuries CE, the East Slavs were united in the Kievan Rus during the 9th to 13th centuries. East Slavic tribes cited as proto-Ukrainian include the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, the Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe, Sclavins and Antes
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Scottish people
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The Scottish people, or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century, and are thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celts. Later, the neighbouring Cumbrian Britons, who spoke a Celtic language, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons. In modern usage, Scottish people or Scots is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, the Latin word Scotti, originally the word referred specifically to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also used for Scottish people. John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and he states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. People of Scottish descent live in countries other than Scotland. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages and culture, large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world, Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their origin myths. The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland, Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse invaded and colonized parts of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was emigration from France, England. Some famous Scottish family names, including bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the south-west of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle and their language, south-east of the Firth of Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking, from 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders and the Inglis-speaking Lowlanders
15.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
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Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
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Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
18.
Royal Canadian Air Force
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The Royal Canadian Air Force is the air force of Canada. Its role is to provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower, the RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces. Lieutenant-General Michael J. Hood, CMM CD, is the current Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force, the RCAF is a partner with the United States Air Force in protecting continental airspace under the North American Aerospace Defense Command. The RCAF also provides all primary air resources to and is responsible for the National Search, the RCAF traces its history to the Canadian Air Force which was formed in 1920. The Canadian Air Force was incorporated in 1923 and granted royal sanction in 1924 by King George V, in 1968 the RCAF was amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Navy, and the Canadian Army, as part of the unification of the Canadian Forces. Air units were split between several different commands, Air Defence Command, Air Transport Command, Mobile Command, Maritime Command, in 1975 some commands were dissolved, and all air units were placed under a new environmental command called simply Air Command. Air Command reverted to its name of the Royal Canadian Air Force in August 2011. The Royal Canadian Air Force has served in the Second World War, the Korean War, as a NATO member, the force maintained a presence in Europe during the second half of the 20th century. The Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 as the successor to a short-lived two-squadron Canadian Air Force formed during the First World War in Europe. John Scott Williams, MC, AFC, was tasked in 1921 with organizing the CAF, the new Canadian Air Force was a branch of the Air Board and was chiefly a training militia that provided refresher training to veteran pilots. Many CAF members also worked with the Air Boards Civil Operations Branch on operations that included forestry, in 1923, the CAF became responsible for all flying operations in Canada, including civil aviation. In 1924, the Canadian Air Force, was granted the royal title, most of its work was civil in nature, however, in the late 1920s the RCAF evolved into more of a military organization. After budget cuts in the early 1930s, the air began to rebuild. By the end of the war, the RCAF had become the fourth largest allied air force, after the war, the RCAF reduced its strength. In 1950, the RCAF became involved with the transport of troops and supplies to the Korean War, however, members of the RCAF served in USAF units as exchange officers and several flew in combat. Both auxiliary and regular air defence squadrons were run by Air Defence Command, at the same time, the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line and the DEW Line radar stations, largely operated by the RCAF, were built across Canada because of the growing Soviet nuclear threat. In 1957, Canada and the United States created the joint North American Air Defense Command, coastal defence and peacekeeping also became priorities during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1968 the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force and this initiative was overseen by then Liberal Defence Minister, Paul Hellyer
19.
The Snow Queen (1957 film)
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The Snow Queen is a 1957 Soviet animated film directed by Lev Atamanov. It was produced at the Soyuzmultfilm studio in Moscow and is based on the story of the name by Hans Christian Andersen. The film was re-released with English soundtracks in 1960,1993, Hans Christian Andersens story is simplified in this animated version of his fairy tale. Old Dreamy narrates the story of the Snow Queen, the young lovers, Kay and Gerda are in their window box garden, planting two roses together, which Kay calls our roses. On the next night, Gerdas grandmother tells the two children the legend of the Snow Queen. The viewer is taken to the Snow Queens palace of ice in the far north where she sits on her throne, the Snow Queens proud and frowning face is seen by Gerda through a frosted window who exclaims, Its the Snow Queen. Kay jokes, Let her come in here, and Ill put her on a hot stove and this angers the Snow Queen, who is watching the children in her mirror, who becomes angry and smashes the mirror with her scepter. The ice splinters of the shattered mirror go into the eyes, back at Gerdas home, the window bursts open and ice splinters enter Kays eyes and heart. He becomes hostile toward Gerda, and when Gerda sees that the wind and snow have killed blackened their roses, Kay stomps on them. He then leaves Gerda in tears to be comforted by her grandmother, the next day, Kay goes for a sled ride in the marketplace of the city. Gerda wants to come along, riding on Kays sled as she has always done, Kay pushes the horses into a race, knocking Gerda off the sled, but she tries not to cry. Kay ties his sled to the sleigh of the Snow Queen, the Snow Queen pulls Kay on his sled out of the city, where she stops and confronts him, taking him into her arms as her willing captive, since his heart is as cold as ice. The Snow Queens presence freezes a mother bird to death as she protects her young under her and these young birds will appear later in the story. Old Dreamys story continues with Gerda looking for Kay and she asks young birds and animals if they had seen Kay, to no avail. A little lamb says, I know nothing, I was born yesterday, at the river bank, Gerda begs the river to take her in a row boat to Kay. She gives her new red shoes to the river, and her boat is guided down the stream to the home of a kind and she comes out of her garden to the trumpeting and drumming of four toy soldiers, who stand at her gate as sentinels. The old woman uses her crook to pull Gerdas boat to shore and she takes Gerda into her garden of eternal summer with sparkling flowers. In her house, the old woman puts Gerda to sleep by combing her hair and she wants Gerda to stay with her and forget Kay, but Gerda awakes when the old woman falls asleep
20.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
21.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
22.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was an American animation studio that dominated American television animation for over three decades in the mid 20th century. In late 1966, it was sold to Taft Broadcasting and spent two decades as its subsidiary and it is officially considered the very first major animation studio to successfully produce cartoons exclusively for television. For their achievements, Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the pair was also inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Hanna-Barberas fortunes declined in the mid-1980s when the profitability of Saturday morning cartoons was eclipsed by weekday afternoon syndication, in late 1991, the animation studio was purchased from Taft by Turner Broadcasting System, who used much of its back catalog to program its new channel, Cartoon Network. After Turner purchased the company, Hanna and Barbera continued to serve as creative consultants, Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was absorbed after Hanna died in 2001, Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the channels output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros, Animation until his death in 2006. As of 2017, the studio exists as a unit used to market properties and productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library. Melrose, New Mexico native William Hanna and New York City-born of Italian heritage Joseph Barbera first met while working at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1939. Their first directorial production and collaboration was the Academy Award-nominated Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera served as directors of the shorts for over 20 years, with Barbera in charge of the stories and pre-production and Hanna in charge of supervising the animation. Hanna also provided the screams, yelps and yells for Tom Cat, in addition to the series being nominated for twelve more Oscars, seven of the cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject between 1943 and 1953. The trophies were awarded to their producer Fred Quimby, who was not involved in the development of the shorts. In addition to their work on the cartoons, the two men moonlighted on outside projects, including the title sequences and commercials for the CBS sitcom I Love Lucy. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer decided in early 1957 to close its cartoon studio, as it felt it had acquired a reasonable backlog of shorts for re-release, Hanna and Barbera, contemplating their future while completing the final Tom and Jerry cartoons, began producing animated TV commercials. During their last year at MGM, they developed a concept for an animated TV program about a dog, a coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming the new studio. Harry Cohn, president and head of Columbia Pictures, took an 18 percent ownership in Hanna and Barberas new company, H-B Enterprises, Screen Gems became the new studios distributor and its licensing agent, handling merchandizing of the characters from the animated programs. Sidney and several Screen Gems alumni became members of the board of directors. H-B Enterprises was one of the first American cartoon studios to produce cartoons specifically for TV broadcast
23.
Golden age of American animation
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The golden age of American animation was a period in the history of U. S. Feature length animation also began during this period, most notably with Walt Disneys first films, Snow White, the animation in television also was born in this period with the short films and animated series from the 1930s to 1960s. Shortly after returning to Kansas City, Missouri from World War I, Walt Disney decided to become a newspaper cartoonist drawing political caricatures, whilst working here he made commercials for local theaters using crude cut-out animation. Disney became fascinated by the art and decided to become an animator, Disney then teamed up with Fred Harman and made their first film, The Little Artist which was nothing more than an artist taking a cigarette break at his work desk. None of these films turned a profit, the last film made by the company was a short called Alices Wonderland. Loosely inspired by Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland, the featured a live-action five-year-old girl named Alice who had adventures in a fully animated world. The film was never fully complete however as the studio went bankrupt in the summer of 1923, upon the closure of Laugh-O-Grams, Walt worked as a freelance filmmaker before selling his camera for a one-way ticket to Los Angeles. Once arriving he moved in with his Uncle Robert and his brother Roy, after failing to get a job as a director of live-action films he sent the unfinished Alices Wonderland reel to short-subjects distributor Margaret J. Winkler of Winkler Pictures in New York. Once Walt received the notice on October 15, he convinced Roy to leave the hospital, the next day, on October 16,1923, Disney Bros. Cartoon Studio opened its doors at a rented office two blocks away from his uncles house with Roy managing business and Walt handling creative affairs. He convinced Virginia Daviss parents which caused the first official Alice short, Alices Day at Sea, to be released on January 1,1924, delayed by eleven days. Ub Iwerks was re-hired in February 1925 and the quality of animation on the Alice series improved, in February 1926, Disney built a larger studio at 2719 Hyperion Avenue and changed the name of the company to Walt Disney Cartoons. In November 1923, Winkler married Charles Mintz and handed over the business to him when she fell pregnant a few months later and he looked us over like an admiral surveying a row of stanchions. Whilst Winkler had offered gentle critiques and encouragement, Mintz communicated to Disney in a harsh, in 1927, Mintz ordered Disney to stop producing Alice Comedies due to the costs of combining live-action and animation. Mintz managed to gain a deal with Universal Studios, however it was Mintz—not Disney—that signed the deal. Disney and lead animator Ub Iwerks created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, the Oswald series was a success and became the first hit for the Disney studio. In the spring of 1928, Disney traveled to New York to ask Mintz for a budget increase and his request was harshly denied by Mintz, who pointed out that in the contract Mintz had signed with Universal, it was Universal—not Disney—that owned the rights to the character. Walt refused, and Winkler Pictures dropped its distribution, while Disney was finishing the remaining cartoons for Mintz, Disney and his staff secretly came up with a new cartoon character to replace Oswald—Mickey Mouse
24.
Innis College, Toronto
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Innis College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Toronto. It is one of the University of Torontos smallest colleges in terms of size and it is located in the campus historic west end, directly north of Robarts Library, and is named after prominent University of Toronto political economist Harold Innis. It also serves as a venue for Hot Docs, which is North Americas largest documentary film festival, originally designed to be a wing onto New College, Innis College was founded separately in 1964 as the second non-federated college to be formed under the Universitys administration. Although initially located at the Macdonald-Mowatt house on St. Vladimir House, Innis was also the first University of Toronto college to host an open pub and the first one to sport an equity split between faculty and students on its governing council. The current Principal of Innis College is Charlie Keil, the current Innis Registrar is Donald Boere. As mentioned, Innis College was the first college at the University of Toronto to have parity between students and faculty on its governing council, the main governing body of Innis College is the Innis College Council and operates under the Governing Council of the University of Toronto. The College Council is made up of students, administration, and other interest groups including the members of the later life learning program, the council has many boards including boards on academic affairs, college affairs, student affairs, and community affairs. It is the job of the council to exercise the colleges autonomous rights granted to them by the University and therefore oversees admissions, awards, the students of Innis College as well as the engineers living in the Innis Residence are members of the Innis College Student Society. The ICSS is represented by a body that offers student services. The governing body of the ICSS is made up of a body, student representatives. Innis College is home to the Cinema Studies Student Union and the Urban Studies Student Union, Innis College is watched over by an administrative staff consisting of the Principals Office and Registrars Office, as well as the Innis Town Hall and Innis Library staff. Innis College houses a newspaper called the Innis Herald which releases quarterly issues to the University of Toronto community. All students of the College are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, the College formerly hosted the Environmental Studies program before it was relocated to the Universitys Centre for Environment. A student studying at Innis College is a member of the University of Toronto, the Faculty of Arts and Science, the representative body of Innis Students is the Innis College Student Society. The student society is a mandatory membership student group which receives its funding through a student levy collected by the University of Toronto. Both Innis Students and engineering students living in the Innis Residence have this levy collected from them and are members of the ICSS. The ICSS conducts its elections using a preferential voting electoral method, the ICSS Governing Body meets every two weeks during the academic year in open meetings where members of council, as well as members of the society are invited to deliberate on various issues. The deliberative proceedings of the ICSS government are conducted under Roberts Rules of Order, the ICSS is steered by an executive committee consisting of a President, an Executive Vice-President, a Vice-President Internal, and a Vice-President Finance
25.
Reg Hartt
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Reg Hartt is a film archivist in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who is well known for his unique staging of films that cover all aspects of the art of motion pictures from their inception to the present. His programs are shown in his 40-seat theatre The Cineforum, beginning in 1965, Hartt originally screened his films in rented locations. These included the Bathurst Street Church and the Spadina Hotel, as well as Sneaky Dees, Rochdale College and locations on Queen Street West, from 1970 to 1975 he served as Director Of Cinema Studies at Toronto’s Rochdale College. He has lectured at art galleries, colleges, museums, schools, theatres and universities across Canada, since 1992 he has shown the movies in his house on Bathurst Street. The screening room is his front parlour, a neon sign reading Cineforum placed in the front window indicates his presence. An inscription in ancient Greek over the front door reads abandon all hope and he can be seen occasionally riding his bicycle with a big stack of them in the front basket. Many artists, musicians & writers have passed through the doors of Cineforum, a few of these include, Laval-raised alt/country troubadour Petunia has released over ten albums and tours North America and Europe regularly. A multi-talented bilingual artist, his rarely seen unreleased 16mm film El Rallado was shot in and around Cineforum and the city of Toronto, and includes footage of Hartts late Father. Petunia resided at the house for some time, helping to create/inspire the painting on the veranda, steps and he is now based in Vancouver and Los Angeles and returns regularly to Toronto. His most recent release is 2016s Dead Bird On The Highway, scots/Canadian musician/writer/poet The Mad Dalton arrived at Cineforum late one summer having recently returned from Scotland and with an Allen Ginsberg biography in his hand. He had been lured to Cineforum by a poster hed seen for a screening of Jean Cocteaus Blood Of A Poet and, being homeless at the time, Hartt invited him to stay & he remained for over a year. He occupied the room on the upper floor of the house, working as a projectionist. He accompanied Hartt during his visit to New York City and met Al Aronowitz and Shamus Culhane as well as shows in Guelph, Montreal. There he witnessed the infamous riot where the crowd rushed the stage culminating in an audience member kissing Hartt on the lips. Other offerings include Kid Dracula and a print of Leni Riefenstahls Triumph of the Will. Although met with controversy, his screening of Triumph of the Will is understood to be educational and has described as such by Bernie Farber. His collection includes many items and he has also screened rare films by Winsor McCay. Past presentations have included guest programmers, the complete Zatoichi film franchise series was hosted by Grey Coyote of Paradise Bound Music
26.
Bob Clampett
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Clampett was born and raised not far from Hollywood, and early on expressed an interest in animation and puppetry. Among Clampetts most acclaimed films are Porky in Wackyland, Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs, Cartoons in 1946 and turned his attention to television, creating the famous puppet show Time for Beany in 1949. A later animated version of the series, titled Beany and Cecil, well-loved by millions, the animated series carried the byline a Bob Clampett Cartoon. In his later years, Clampett toured college campuses and animation festivals as a lecturer on the history of animation and his Warner cartoons have seen renewed praise in decades since for their surrealistic qualities, energetic and outrageous animation, and irreverent humor. Animation historian Jerry Beck lauded Clampett for putting the word looney in Looney Tunes, Robert Emerson Clampett was born in San Diego, California on May 8,1913. Clampett was displaying extraordinary art skills by the age of five, while living in Hollywood as a young boy, Clampett and his mother Joan lived next door to Charlie Chaplin and his brother Syd. Clampett also recalled watching his father play handball at the Los Angeles Athletic Club with another of the great silent comedians, from his early teens Clampett showed an interest in animation and puppetry. In high school, Clampett drew a comic about the nocturnal adventures of a pussycat. King Features took note and offered Clampett a cartoonists contract to begin a seventy-five dollars a week after high school, King Features allowed Clampett to work in their Los Angeles art department on Saturdays and vacations during high school. On occasion, King Features would print one of Clampetts cartoons for encouragement, in addition, they paid his way through Otis Art Institute, where Clampett learned to paint with oils and to sculpt. Clampett attended both Glendale High School and Hoover High School in Glendale, California but left Hoover a few months short of graduating in 1931, afterwards, Clampett found a job working at a doll factory owned by his aunt, Charlotte Clark. Clark was looking for an item to sell and Clampett suggested Mickey Mouse due to growing popularity. Unable to find a drawing of the character anywhere, Clampett took his sketchpad to the movies, Clark was concerned with the copyright, so the two drove to the Disney studio. Walt and Roy Disney were delighted and they set up a business not far from the Disney studio, I helped him load the dolls in the car. One time his car, loaded with Mickeys, wouldnt start, and I pushed while Walt steered, until it caught, and he took off. Clampett was, in his words, so enchanted by the new medium of cartoons that he instead joined Harman-Ising Studios in 1931 for ten dollars a week. Schlesinger viewed one of Clampetts 16mm films and was impressed, offering him an assistant position at the studio and his first job was animating secondary characters in the first Merrie Melodie, Lady, Play Your Mandolin. The same year, Clampett began attending story meetings after submitting an idea used for Smile, Darn Ya
27.
Tex Avery
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Frederick Bean Tex Avery was an American animator, cartoonist, and director, known for producing animated cartoons during the golden age of American animation. His most significant work was for the Warner Bros, disneys cute and cuddly creatures, under Averys guidance, were transformed into unflappable wits like Bugs Bunny, endearing buffoons like Porky Pig, or dazzling crazies like Daffy Duck. Even the classic tale, a market that Disney had cornered, was appropriated by Avery. Averys style of directing encouraged animators to stretch the boundaries of the medium to do things in a cartoon that could not be done in the world of live-action film, an often-quoted line about Averys cartoons was, In a cartoon you can do anything. He also performed a great deal of work in his cartoons, usually throwaway bits. Avery was born to George Walton Avery and Mary Augusta Jessie in Taylor and his father was born in Alabama and his mother was born in Chickasaw County, Mississippi. His paternal grandparents were Needham Avery and his wife, Lucinda C and his maternal grandparents were Frederick Mumford Bean and his wife Minnie Edgar. His paternal great-grandparents were John Walton Avery and wife Elizabeth Brannon Avery, Avery, nicknamed Tex, Fred, and Texas, was born and raised in Taylor, Texas. Taylor was a town in the vicinity of Austin. Avery graduated in 1926 from North Dallas High School, a popular catchphrase at his school was Whats up, doc. which he would later utilize for Bugs Bunny in the 1940s. On January 1,1928, Avery arrived in Los Angeles and he spent the following months working in menial jobs. According to animation historian Michael Barrier, these jobs included working in a warehouse, working on the docks at night, loading fruits and vegetables and he began his animation career when hired by the short-lived Winkler studio. He was only an inker, inking cels for animated films in the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit series. Avery then moved to a new studio, Universal S tudio Cartoons (later known as Walter Lantz Productions and he was again employed as an inker, but moved rapidly up the studios hierarchy. By 1930, Avery had been promoted to the position of animator, Avery at the start of his animation career continued being employed by the Walter Lantz Studio in the early 1930s. He worked on the majority of the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons from 1931 to 1935 and he is shown as animator on the original title card credits on the Oswald cartoons. He later claimed to have directed two cartoons during this time, during some office horseplay at the Lantz studio, a thumbtack flew into Averys left eye and caused him to lose his sight in that eye. Some speculate it was his lack of perception that gave him his unique look at animation
28.
Filmation
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Filmation Associates was a production company that produced animation and live-action programming for television from 1963 to 1989. Located in Reseda, California, the studio was founded in 1962. Filmations founders and principal producers were Lou Scheimer, Hal Sutherland, Lou Scheimer and Filmations main director Hal Sutherland met while working at Larry Harmon Pictures on the made-for-TV Bozo and Popeye cartoons. Eventually Larry Harmon closed the studio, Scheimer and Sutherland went to work at a small company called True Line, one of whose owners was Marcus Lipsky, who then owned Reddi-wip whipped cream. SIB Productions, a Japanese firm with U. S. offices in Chicago, approached them about producing a cartoon called Rod Rocket. The two agreed to take on the work and also took on a project for Family Films, owned by the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, for ten short animated films based on the life of Christ. Paramount Pictures soon purchased SIB Productions, and True Lines staff increased, including the arrival of radio disc jockey Norm Prescott. He had already been working on the animated feature Pinocchio in Outer Space which was produced by Belvision Studios. They eventually left True Line, and Scheimer began working on commercials, including for Gillette and others and he met lawyer Ira Epstein, who had worked for Harmon but left the firm, and now put together the new corporation with Scheimer and Sutherland. It officially became Filmation Associates as of September 1962, so named because We were working on film, both Rod Rocket and the Life of Christ series credited Filmation Associates with Production Design in addition to Scheimer and Sutherland as directors. Norm Prescott brought in Filmations first major project, Journey Back to Oz, begun in 1962, storyboarding, voice recording, and most of the music scoring and animation had been completed when financial challenges caused the project to be put on hold for nearly eight years. In the meantime, during the interim, the new Filmation studio turned their attention to a successful medium. This premiered on September 10,1966, and was followed by several of the other DC super heroes, and then in 1968, both series greatly helped Filmations popularity to increase, into the 1970s, when it really scored big with several of its shows. Four Filmation programs from 1983-1988 were also broadcast on qubo night owl, the Filmation studio was purchased by the TelePrompTer Corporation in 1969. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, through its Group W Productions division, acquired Filmation along with its purchase of TelePrompTers cable, Filmations last production was the feature film Happily Ever After, released to theaters five years later in 1993. Also, at the time of the closing, two new animated TV shows, Bugzburg and Bravo, were beginning production, in 1989, Westinghouse sold Filmation to an investment consortium led by the LOréal cosmetics company, Paravision International. Before that sale was complete, Westinghouse shuttered the film studio on February 3,1989 and this happened a day before a new law went into practice requiring companies to give employees 60 days notice before a mass termination. Since then, the intellectual property assets have changed hands on a number of occasions
29.
Super Friends (1980 TV series)
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Super Friends is an American animated television series about a team of superheroes which ran from 1980 to 1982 on ABC. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera and is based on the Justice League and it was the fifth incarnation of the Super Friends series following Super Friends, The All-New Super Friends Hour, Challenge of the Super Friends and The Worlds Greatest Super Friends. With Super Friends, the abandoned the production of half-hour episodes. Each hour long episode of Super Friends would feature a rerun from one of the previous six years along with three new shorts. Meanwhile, the season from 1981–1982 was a shorter season due to a writers strike. These new adventures featured appearances by the group of the five classic Super Friends along with Zan. A1981 episode titled Evil From Krypton depicted the Supermans Fortress of Solitude with a somewhat crystalline exterior and without the giant key, in El Dorados debut episode Alien Mummy it is revealed that he is of Mexican descent. The narrator sets the scene by describing the location as ancient Aztec ruins in the Mexican wilderness, One of El Dorados lines is these are the mysterious ruins of my people. Black Vulcan is able to spot-weld microelectronics as demonstrated in the episode Dive to Disaster, the Riddler made his only solo appearance in a short episode entitled Around The World In 80 Riddles again voiced by Michael Bell. Queen Hippolyta as well as Paradise Island appear in the 1980 episode Return of Atlantis, in her first two appearances, Hippolyta was a brunette however in her last appearance, she was blonde and wore a blue toga. Gorilla Grodd appeared in the short episodes Two Gleeks Are Deadlier Than One, in Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One, he and Giganta capture Gleek and replace him with a robot duplicate in order to infiltrate the Super Friends and learn what they are planning. In Revenge of Doom, Gorilla Grodd was seen with the Legion of Doom when they got back together, while all 13 LOD members appear in Revenge of Doom, only Lex Luthor, Sinestro and Solomon Grundy speak. The three Phantom Zone villains, who first appeared in the 1978 episode Terror from the Phantom Zone, in it which they hijack an aliens time-space conveyor and go back in time to Smallville and attack Superboy to prevent him from becoming Superman. Fortunately, the pilot of that went to warn the Super Friends about what the trio would be attempting and guided Superman. The Super Friends version of the Phantom Zone is described as, in the uncharted void of deep space. An incredible 5th dimension of space and time, lies parallel to the universe that we know and this interesting interstellar warp which holds the most sinister and ruthless criminals in the galaxy is the infamous Phantom Zone. The molecular structure of any person exiled in the Zone appears white, batmans devices and the Wonder Twins Exxor Powers are useless within the Phantom Zone. It also should be noted none of the seven minute shorts were rebroadcast
30.
The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show
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The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show is an American animated television program produced by Filmation for MGM Television in 1980, on CBS for Saturday mornings. Most voices were done by Frank Welker and Filmation head Lou Scheimer provided the voice of Nibbles and this was the second made-for-television Tom and Jerry production. The series was notable in being the first attempt since the closing of the MGM studio in the 1950s to restore the original format of the cat and mouse team. The version by Filmation was able to restore the familiar slapstick chase format, and reintroduced not only Tyke and Nibbles, but also some of the other MGM stars. Half hour shows would consist of two 7 minute Tom and Jerry episodes, plus one Droopy cartoon in the middle, featuring other characters such as Barney Bear. The villainous wolf from the series was also included. Still missing was the Red Hot Riding Hood character, who would not reappear until the following made for TV series, Tom & Jerry Kids, in 1990. Characters not seen in series of Tom and Jerry shorts are Mammy Two Shoes, Butch, Quacker, Topsy, Lightning. The shows opening begins with Tom chasing Jerry through a yellow screen. They continue chasing, as all of the other stars build a giant Tom & Jerry sign, the familiar rotating executive producer credit of Lou Scheimer and Norm Prescott briefly runs as Tom chases Jerry past the screen, knocking things over and running over others along the way. After the opening sequence, the segments, hosted by Droopy. He would start by painting the background with a single large brush stroke, and he. This did match the scenes, but gave the episodes a very monotonous soundtrack. Also similar to the Deitch films is the design, in them being drawn similar to the original. The Droopy episodes would usually feature Slick and sometimes Spike being antagonists to Droopy, Barney had miscellaneous roles, such as being the boss of movie studio guard Droopy in Star Crossed Wolf, and a frightful companion to Droopy in a haunted house in Scared Bear. This is one of the few Filmation properties not owned by Universal Television—this is the property of Turner Entertainment/Warner Bros. Television as part of the classic pre-1986 MGM library, the Tom and Jerry Comedy Show at the Internet Movie Database
31.
William Wray (artist)
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With urban landscapes, cartoon elements, and superheroes as frequent subjects, Wray is noted for a tightly cropped and abstract painting style. The Huffington Post said he has a brisk, bold style that gives his city scenes a jolt of painterly drama, southwest Art Magazine called him a chronicler of the fading urban remains of a bygone era. Wray was the son of a lieutenant colonel in Army intelligence, and his family moved frequently, living in Germany, Vietnam, Wray often read comic books and watched animated cartoons. In 2009, Wray said I was always drawing because I was lonely. ”At age 10, his family settled Costa Mesa, California. Wray would later attend and drop out of Orange Coast College — to animate professionally during the day and study art privately weekends and he subsequently animated for Disney, Hanna-Barbera and Filmation. In 1985, Wray moved to New York, doing comic book work for Marvel and DC Comics, while studying at New Yorks Art Students League. A phone call from John Kricfalusi sent him back West in the early 1990s to work on The Ren & Stimpy Show, Samurai Jack, The Mighty B. and other shows. His long-run Monroe series appeared in more than 100 issues of Mad and his cartoon influences include Hank Ketcham, Harvey Kurtzman, Erich Sokol and Wally Wood. Wray now concentrates on landscape oil paintings of landscapes, figures, I love the early 20th Centurys art and architecture and work hard to invoke comparisons to that period in my work. I love the idea of capturing whats left of an era, recording it before its gone. Ive spent my life studying the artists of that era, reaching for a level of skill, I hope my paintings of these old structures has become less an invocation of nostalgia than an important race to record what is fast disappearing. Every time you find an old factory, a dock or an old shack. Good for the economy, they say, but bad for the looking for interesting subjects to paint. Californias urban pockets of age are disappearing at a record pace, wrays approach to painting was influenced by Edgar Alwin Payne, Emil Gruppe, J. C. 2005, First prize winner in Art Interview - International Online Artist Competition
32.
DIC Entertainment
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DiC Entertainment was an international film and television production company. The company was known as The Incredible World of DiC, DiC Audiovisuel, DiC Enterprises, DIC Animation City. In 2008, DIC was acquired by the Cookie Jar Group and was folded into it, most of the DIC library is currently owned by DHX Media after DHX acquired the Cookie Jar Group in October 2012. In addition to animated and live-action television shows such as Inspector Gadget, Heathcliff, Dennis the Menace, The Real Ghostbusters, diffusion, Information Communications was formed in 1971 by Jean Chalopin as the production division of Radio Television Luxembourg, a long existing media company. DICs American arm was founded in April 1982 in Burbank, California by Andy Heyward, for some in the industry, DIC stood for Do It Cheap. With director Bruno Bianchi, Chalopin and Heyward were able to make DIC an effective, soon after joining DIC, Heyward developed Inspector Gadget, which became a successful production out of the American office. DIC partnered with toy makers and greeting card companies for character based product lines that could be made into animated series, thus DIC productions came with built in advertisers and some time financiers. Between Inspector Gadget and The Littles, the company became profitable, as the only non-union animation firm, in 1984 DIC faced a unionization effort which failed. In 1985, DIC opened its own Japan-based animation facility for production on their shows in order to bypass overseas animation subcontractors. In April 1986, DIC launched a block called Kideo TV with LBS Communications. After the buyout, Chalopin, Bianchi and producer Tetsuo Katayama left the company to be replaced by Robby London, after selling his shares in DIC, Chalopin formed the company C&D in 1987 and continued to make animated shows during the late 1980s and the 1990s. After the buyout, DIC was heavily in debt and the rights to the DIC library were sold in 1987 to Saban Productions. At the time, Heyward considered Chalopin an enemy because of the purchase, DIC sued Saban for damages, in 1991, both companies reached a settlement. By 1987, DIC Enterprises parent company was known as DiC Animation City, DIC also entered the toy industry with the development of the Old MacDonald talking toyline. In December, DIC arranged a deal to merge with Computer Memories Inc. a former computer component manufacturer, a dissident Computer Memories shareholder scuttled the deal in February 1988. In 1987, DIC moved production of Dennis the Menace to a Canadian animation firm for grants, the company started moving some work to Korea and Taiwan. By the 1987-1988 season, DIC had shows on all three major networks Saturday mornings, six half-hours of shows and 50 half-hours per week in syndication, prudential Insurance Co. purchased additional equity of DiC Animation City in August 1989 while increasing DICs debt capacity. For the 1989-1990 season, DIC provided 30% of the networks Saturday morning schedule with a total 60 hours per week on networks, local stations, four new programs debuted that season on cable and syndication
33.
The Jetsons
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It was Hanna-Barberas Space Age counterpart to The Flintstones. It debuted as the first program broadcast in color on ABC-TV, in contrast, The Flintstones, while always produced in color, was broadcast in black-and-white for its first two seasons. Following its primetime run, the show aired on Saturday mornings for decades, starting on ABC for the 1963–64 season and then on CBS, New episodes were produced for syndication from 1985 to 1987. No further specials or episodes of the show were produced after 1989 due to the deaths of stars George OHanlon and Mel Blanc. The 1990 film Jetsons, The Movie served as the finale to the television show until 27 years later. The Jetsons are a family residing in Orbit City, the citys architecture is rendered in the Googie style, and all homes and businesses are raised high above the ground on adjustable columns. Housekeeping is seen to by a maid, Rosie, which handles chores not otherwise rendered trivial by the homes numerous push-button Space Age-envisioned conveniences. The family has a dog named Astro, that like Scooby Doo talks with a consonant mutation in which every word begins with an R. George Jetsons workweek is typical of his era, an hour a day and his boss is Cosmo Spacely, the bombastic owner of Spacely Space Sprockets. Spacely has a competitor, Mr. Cogswell, owner of the rival company Cogswell Cogs, Jetson commutes to work in an aerocar that resembles a flying saucer with a transparent bubble top. Daily life is leisurely, assisted by numerous labor-saving devices, which break down with humorous results. Despite this, everyone complains of exhausting hard labor and difficulties living with the remaining inconveniences, George Jetson, age 40, is the main character and protagonist of the series. He is a family man who always seems to make the wrong decisions. He works at Spacelys Sprockets turning the Referential Universal Digital Indexer on and he is married to Jane and together they have two children, Judy and Elroy. Jane Jetson, claims age 33, but has a 40-year old husband, Jane is Georges wife, mother of their two children, and a homemaker. Jane is obsessed with fashion and new gadgetry and her favorite store is Mooning Dales. She is a wife who always tries to make life as pleasant as possible for her family. Outside of the home, she is a member of the Galaxy Women Historical Society and is a fan of Leonardo de Venus, Judy Jetson, age 16, is the elder child in the Jetson family
34.
Taiwanese people
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Taiwanese people are people from Taiwan who share a common Taiwanese culture and speak Mandarin Chinese, Hokkien, Hakka, or Aboriginal languages as a mother tongue. At least three competing paradigms are used to someone as a Taiwanese person, nationalist criteria, self-identification criteria. These standards are fluid, and result from evolving social and political issues, according to government figures, over 95% of Taiwans population of 23.4 million consists of Han Chinese, while 2. 3% are Austronesian Taiwanese aborigines. The category of Han Chinese consists of the three groups, Hoklo, Hakka, and mainland Chinese. However, acculturation, intermarriage and assimilation have resulted in some degree of mixing of the Han, identities are not fixed, but fluid and change with time and memory or in response to a changing environment rather than stemming from a primordial or authentic source. The word Taiwanese people has multiple meanings and can refer to one of the following and this meaning is not accepted by the people of Kinmen and Matsu Islands. Ancestors who before the Japanese rule of Taiwan had moved to the island of Taiwan, Penghu islands and this includes the ancient Yue people, Han-Chinese, Taiwanese aborigines as well as Dutch people. In addition, this later includes Japanese migrants from Japan to Taiwan during the Japanese rule of Taiwan and they may not necessarily be born or live in Taiwan. The earliest notion of a Taiwanese group identity emerged in the form of a national identity following the Qing Dynastys ceding of Taiwan to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. Prior to Japanese rule, residents of Taiwan developed relationships based on class solidarity, although Han often cheated Aborigines, they also married and supported one another against other residents of the same ethnic background. Taiwan was the site of frequent feuding based on ethnicity, lineage, in the face of the Japanese colonial hierarchy, the people of Taiwan were faced with the unequal binary relationship between colonizer/colonized. This duality between one and other was evident in the seven years of violence between the Japanese and groups of united anti-Japanese Han and Aborigines, the concept of race was utilized as a tool to confirm and facilitate Japanese political policies. A system of household registers based on the notion of race to separate, from within the group of non-Japanese the government divided Han citizens into Han and Hakka based on their perception of linguistic and cultural differences. Japanese ultra-nationalist governor Shintaro Ishihara insulted the Taiwanese, referring to them as Sangokujin- I referred to the many sangokujin who entered Japan illegally, I thought some people would not know that word so I paraphrased it and used gaikokujin, or foreigners. But it was a newspaper holiday so the news agencies picked up the sangokujin part. After World War II, when Japan lost, the Chinese of Taiwanese origin and people from the Korean Peninsula persecuted, robbed and its at that time the word was used, so it was not derogatory. Rather we were afraid of them, theres no need for an apology. I was surprised there was a big reaction to my speech
35.
Ralph Bakshi
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Ralph Bakshi is an American director of animated and live-action films. In the 1970s, he established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent, between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote. He has been involved in television projects as director, writer, producer. Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator and he moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968. Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his feature film, Fritz the Cat. It was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, over the next eleven years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features. He is well known for films as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, American Pop and Fire. In 1987, Bakshi returned to work, producing the series Mighty Mouse, The New Adventures. After a nine-year hiatus from films, he directed Cool World. Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy, during the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting and in 2003 co-founded The Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell. Ralph Bakshi was born to a Jewish family on October 29,1938, in Haifa, in 1939, his family immigrated to New York City to escape World War II, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn. The family lived in a low-rent apartment, where Bakshi became fascinated with the urban milieu, as a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them. In the spring of 1947, Bakshis father and uncle traveled to Washington, D. C. in search of business opportunities, Bakshi recalled, All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black. It was segregated, so everything was black, I went to see black movies, black girls sat on my lap. I was another kid on the block. The racial segregation of schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away. Bakshi was the white student in the classroom. Most of the students had no problem with Bakshis presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom
36.
TriStar Pictures
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TriStar Pictures is an American film production/distribution studio of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, owned by the Sony subsidiary Sony Pictures Entertainment. On May 16,1983, it was given the name Tri-Star Pictures and it was the first new major Hollywood studio to be established since RKO Pictures was founded in 1928. The studios first produced film in 1984 was The Natural starring Robert Redford, during this venture, many of Tri-Stars releases were released on VHS by either RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, CBS/Fox Video, or HBO Video. In addition, HBO would gain exclusive distribution rights to these films. CBS dropped out of the venture in 1985, though still distributed some of TriStars films on home video until at least 1992. In 1986, HBO dropped out of the Tri-Star venture as well, the same year, Tri-Star entered into the television business as Tri-Star Television. It was formed when the studio joined forces with Stephen J. Cannell Productions and Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions, both studios continued to produce and distribute films under their separate names. On April 13,1988, CPE spun off Tri-Star Pictures, in 1989, all of Cokes entertainment holdings were acquired by Sony Corporation of Japan, who merged Columbia and Tri-Star, but continued to use the separate labels. On July 11,1990, Tri-Star Pictures dissolved and sold its venture in TeleVentures to Stephen J. Cannell Productions, most of the series and the Tri-Star film packages that were distributed by TeleVentures were transferred to Columbia Pictures Television Distribution. The Tri-Star film packages were transferred to Columbia Pictures Television Distribution, both studios continued to operate separately until TriStar folded in 1999 and CPT in 2001. In addition to its own slate, TriStar was the distributor for many films produced by Carolco Pictures. TriStar also theatrically distributed some FilmDistrict movies, TriStar was relaunched on May 13,2004 as a marketing and acquisitions unit that had a particular emphasis on genre films. Screen Gems executive vice president Valerie Van Galder was tapped to run the studio after being dormant. However, the release of its 2013 film Elysium represents the labels first big-budget release since The Mask of Zorro in 1998, the same year, former 20th Century Fox co-chairman Tom Rothman joined Sony Pictures and created TriStar Productions as a joint venture with existing Sony Pictures executives. The new TriStar will develop, finance and produce up to four films per year, as well as programming and acquisitions. Sonys TriStar Pictures unit will be retained for other product, including titles from Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions, TriStars logo of Pegasus, introduced in 1984, has become something of a cultural icon. The idea came about because of executive Victor Kaufman and his familys interest in riding horses, the original logo was created with the assistance of Sydney Pollack, who was an adviser at Tri-Star. The horse in that logo was the one used in Pollacks film The Electric Horseman
37.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
38.
Harlem Shuffle
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Harlem Shuffle is an R&B song written and originally recorded by the duo Bob & Earl in 1963. In 1986 it was covered by The Rolling Stones on their album Dirty Work, house of Pain sampled the songs opening horn line in their breakthrough single Jump Around in 1992. The original single, co-arranged by Barry White and Gene Page, peaked at #44 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, the record was a commercial failure when first released in the UK in 1963, but on reissue in 1969 peaked at #7. It was released on Marc Records, a subsidiary of Titan Records, in 2003, the original Bob & Earl version of the song was ranked #23 by the music critics of The Daily Telegraph on their list of the 50 Best Duets Ever. The Rolling Stones cover version, with Bobby Womack on backing vocals, appeared on their 1986 album Dirty Work, and went to #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, to Richardss surprise, Jagger liked the feel and cut the vocals quickly. It became the first cover song the Stones had released as a single off a new studio album since 1965. It opens with, In 1986, a 12 extended single mix of the song was released, one side contained the London Mix and ran 6,19. The other side had a New York Mix and ran 6,35, both mixes were variations of the 7 mix. The New York Mix is available on the CD, Rarities 1971–2003, both full-length 12 versions can be found on Disc 25 of Singles 1971–2006. The Rolling Stones produced an accompanying music video, which combined live-action and animation. The live-action was directed by animation director Ralph Bakshi and the animation was directed by future The Ren & Stimpy Show creator John Kricfalusi. Other animators who worked on the video included Lynne Naylor, Jim Smith, Bob Jaques, Vicky Jenson, Pat Ventura
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Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures
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Mighty Mouse, The New Adventures is a 1987 revival of the Mighty Mouse cartoon character. Produced by Bakshi-Hyde Ventures and Terrytoons, it aired on CBS on Saturday mornings from fall 1987 through the 1988–89 season and it was briefly rerun on Saturday mornings on Fox Kids in November 1992. The series was a commercial format, and each episode contained two self-contained 11 minute cartoon segments. It differed from the incarnations of Mighty Mouse in many ways. The original Mighty Mouse villain Oil Can Harry made a couple of appearances, Pearl Pureheart was not always the damsel in distress, and many episodes did not feature her at all. Mighty Mouses light-operatic singing was eliminated except for his trademark, Here I come to save the day, unlike other American animated TV shows of the time the shows format was loose and episodes did not follow a particular formula. Fellow Terrytoons characters Heckle and Jeckle also appear, in Mightys Wedlock Whimsy and it is credited by some as the impetus for the ‘creator-driven’ animation revolution of the 1990s. Chris Savino says the shows classic cartoon style, which contrasted with the dominant style of TV animation at the time, Kricfalusi supervised the production for the first season and directed eight of its twenty-six segments. Kent Butterworth supervised the second season, after John Kricfalusis departure to work on the similarly short-lived 1988 animated series The New Adventures of Beany, the show was licensed as a comic book series published by Marvel Comics in 1990 and 1991, which ran for 10 issues. In April 1987, Bakshi set up a meeting with Judy Price, Price rejected Bakshis prepared pitches, including one featuring John Kricfalusis Ren & Stimpy characters, but asked what else he had. He told her that he had the rights to Mighty Mouse, however, Bakshi did not own the rights and did not know who did. While researching the rights, he learned that CBS had acquired the entire Terrytoons library in 1955, according to Bakshi, I sold them a show they already owned, so they just gave me the rights for nothin. Kricfalusis team wrote story outlines for thirteen episodes in a week, by the next week, Kricfalusi had hired animators he knew who had been working at other studios. The key creative figures were writer/cartoonist Tom Minton, cartoonist Eddie Fitzgerald, Lynne Naylor, libby Simon headed the color department. Bob Jaques was the timing director, Minton and Kricfalusi went to CalArts to see who the best talent from the latest crop of graduates were. They ended up hiring Jeff Pidgeon, Rich Moore, Carole Holiday, Andrew Stanton, Mighty Mouse, The New Adventures went into production the month it was greenlighted, it was scheduled to premiere on September 19,1987. This haste required the crew to be split into four teams, led by supervising director Kricfalusi, Fitzgerald, Steve Gordon, each team was given a handful of episodes, and operated almost entirely independently of the others. Although the scripts required approval by CBS executives, Kricfalusi insisted that the artists add visual gags as they drew, despite the time constraints, CBS was pleased with the way Bakshi Productions addressed the networks notes
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CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
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Terrytoons
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Terrytoons was a studio in New Rochelle, New York, that produced animated cartoons for theatrical release from 1930 -1971. Terrytoons was founded by Paul Terry and operated out of the K Building in downtown New Rochelle, the studio created many cartoon characters including Heckle and Jeckle, Mighty Mouse, Gandy Goose, Sourpuss, Dinky Duck and Luno. Adult animation pioneer Ralph Bakshi got his start as an animator, Terrytoons were originally released to theaters by 20th Century Fox. The Terrytoons library was purchased by the CBS Corporation. Terry first worked for Bray Studios in 1916, where he created the Farmer Al Falfa series and he would then make a Farmer Al Falfa short for Edison Pictures, called Farmer Al Falfas Wayward Pup, and some later cartoons were made for Paramount Pictures. Around 1921, Terry founded the Fables animation studio, named for its Aesops Film Fables series, Fables churned out a Fable cartoon every week for eight years in the 1920s. In 1928, Van Beuren, anxious to compete with the new phenomenon of talking pictures, Van Beuren then urged Terry to start producing actual sound films, instead of post-synchronizing the cartoons. Terry refused, and Van Beuren fired him in 1929, almost immediately, Terry and much of his staff started up the Terrytoons studio. One staff member during that time was Art Babbitt, who went on to become a well known Disney animator. Terrys studio had the lowest budgets and was among the slowest to adapt to new technologies such as sound and Technicolor, background music was entrusted to one man, Philip Scheib, and Terrys refusal to pay royalties for popular songs forced Scheib to compose his own scores. Paul Terry took pride in producing a new cartoon every other week, following the success of Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Paul Terry considered making an animated feature film adaptation of King Lear starring Farmer Al Falfa. However, after seeing the commercial failures of Disneys Pinocchio and Fantasia and Max Fleischers Mr. Bug Goes to Town, until 1957, screen credits were very sparse, listing only the writer, director, and musician. Terrytoons first distributor was Educational Pictures, specialists in short-subject comedies and novelties, the Fox Film company then released Educational shorts to theaters in the 1930s, giving the Terry cartoons wide exposure. After 20th Century-Fox withdrew its support from Educational Pictures, the company both backed and distributed Terrytoons, Farmer Al Falfa was Terrys most familiar character in the 1930s, Kiko the Kangaroo was spun off the Farmer Al Falfa series. Most of the cartoons featured generic animal characters. One of the designs was a scruffy dog with a black patch around one eye, Terry ultimately built a series around this character. Paul Terry may have realized that Educational was in financial trouble, in 1938 he arranged to release his older cartoons through home-movie distributor Castle Films. Educational went out of business within the year, but 20th Century-Fox continued to release Terrytoons to theaters for the two decades
42.
Pee-wee's Playhouse
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Pee-wees Playhouse is an American childrens television program starring Paul Reubens as the childlike Pee-wee Herman which ran from 1986 to 1991 on Saturday mornings on CBS. The show was developed from Reubens popular stage show and the TV special The Pee-wee Herman Show, produced for HBO, in 2004 and 2007, Pee-wees Playhouse was ranked #10 and #12 on TV Guides Top Cult Shows Ever. The Pee-wee Herman character was developed by Reubens into a stage show entitled The Pee-wee Herman Show in 1980. It featured many characters that would go on to appear in Playhouse, including Captain Carl, Jambi the Genie, Miss Yvonne, Pterri the Pterodactyl and Clocky. While enjoying continuous popularity with the show, Reubens teamed with young director Tim Burton in 1985 to make the comedy film Pee-wees Big Adventure. It became one of the surprise hits, costing a relatively modest $6 million to make. After seeing the success of Pee-wees Big Adventure, the CBS network approached Reubens with a cartoon series proposal. Production began in New York City in the summer of 1986 in a loft on Broadway. The show quickly acquired a dual audience of kids and grownups, Reubens, always trying to make of Pee-wee a positive role model, sought to make a significantly moral show that would teach children the ethics of reciprocity. Reubens believed that children liked the Playhouse because it was fast-paced, colorful and never talked down to them, while parents liked the Playhouse because it reminded them of the past. The Playhouse was also visited by a regular cast of characters, including Miss Yvonne, Reba The Mail Lady, Captain Carl, Cowboy Curtis. Although primarily a comedy, each episode included segments featuring puppetry, video animation and prepared sequences using Chroma-key and stock footage. Each episode also featured specially written soundtrack music by noted musicians such as Mark Mothersbaugh, Todd Rundgren, Mitchell Froom. The shows theme song performance was credited to Ellen Shaw, though in her autobiography, each episode usually contained a running gag particular to that episode, and/or a specific event or dilemma that would send Pee-wee into an emotional frenzy. The show had many recurring gags, themes, and devices, for example, at the beginning of each episode, viewers were told the days secret word and were instructed to scream real loud every time a character on the show said the word. Pee-wee would often say the word himself at the end of the episode, just before launching himself, during the closing credits, images of him were chroma-keyed together with footage of various roads and highways to make it appear that he was traveling along them. At the beginning of each episode he is seen travelling into the house, CBS and Reubens mutually agreed to end the show at the end of the 1990-91 season after 5 seasons and 45 episodes. The last original episode aired on November 17,1990, the show was replaced by reruns of The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy
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Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
44.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
