1.
United States Secretary of the Navy
–
The Secretary of the Navy is a statutory office and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Department of the Navy consists of two Uniformed Services, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. In effect, all authority within the Navy and Marine Corps, specifically enumerated responsibilities of the SECNAV in beforementioned section are, recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, mobilizing, and demobilizing. The Secretary also oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of ships, equipment. The Secretary of the Navy is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, the CNO and the Commandant act as the principal executive agents of the SECNAV within their respective services to implement the orders of the Secretary. The United States Navy Regulations is the principal regulatory document of the Department of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps have their own separate staffs, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters Marine Corps
2.
Ronald Reagan
–
Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
3.
Edward Hidalgo
–
Edward Hidalgo served as the United States Secretary of the Navy in the Carter administration from October 24,1979 to January 20,1981. He had previously served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from April 1977 to October 1979, Hidalgo was born Eduardo Hidalgo in Mexico City on October 12,1912, to Egon and Domita Kunhardt Hidalgo. At the age of six his family moved to New York where he became a citizen and he graduated from Holy Cross College in 1933, and received his J. D. from Columbia Law School in 1936. During World War II he was a lieutenant in the U. S. Naval Reserve, in this capacity he held several positions. From 1942 to 1943 he served in Montevideo, Uruguay, as an advisor to the ambassador to the Emergency Advisory for Political Defense. For the remainder of the war he served as air combat intelligence officer on the carrier USS Enterprise, from 1945 to 1946 he served as Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal. 1943, Bronze Star Medal, U. S. Navy 1945, Special Commendation Ribbon, in 1972 he left the firm to resume government service as Special Assistant for Economic Affairs to the Director of the US Information Agency. The following year he became General Counsel and Congressional Liaison of the Agency, Hidalgo served from April 25,1977 as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. On September 13,1979 President Carter announced the nomination of Hidalgo as Secretary of the Navy, replacing W. Graham Claytor, one of his priorities was recruitment of Hispanics into the Navy, particularly in the officer corps. He was paid $66,000 for his services which he said were related to the Air Forces F-16 program, Hidalgo was married 3 times, the first two ending in divorce and the third with his death in 1995 from cardiac arrest
4.
Jim Webb
–
James Henry Jim Webb Jr. is an American politician, author and retired military officer. In the private sector he has been an Emmy Award winning journalist, a filmmaker, in addition, he taught literature at the United States Naval Academy and was a Fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics. As a member of the Democratic Party, Webb announced on November 19,2014, Webb was born in Saint Joseph, Missouri, to James Henry Webb, Sr. and his wife, Vera Lorraine. As the second of four children and the son, he grew up in a military family. His father flew B-17s and B-29s during World War II, Webbs parents are buried at the Arlington National Cemetery. Webb is descended from Scots-Irish immigrants from Ulster who emigrated in the century to the British North American colonies. Webbs 2004 book Born Fighting, How the Scots-Irish Shaped America details his family history, a 2014 TV documentary on the Smithsonian Channel, also entitled Born Fighting, was adapted from Webbs book and is narrated by him. Webb attended more than a dozen schools across the U. S. after graduating from high school in Bellevue, Nebraska, he attended the University of Southern California on a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps scholarship from 1963 to 1964. In 1964, Webb earned appointment to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, at Annapolis, Webb was a member of the Brigade Honor Committee and the Brigade Staff. When he graduated in 1968, he received the Superintendent’s Letter for Outstanding Leadership, Webb is married to Hong Le Webb, a Vietnamese-American securities and corporate lawyer. Hong Le was born in South Vietnam and came to the United States when she was seven and she grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana. Webb was married previously, and has four grown children. Hong Le and Jim Webb have one child together, Georgia LeAnh, Webb is also a stepfather to Hong Les daughter from a previous marriage. His first marriage was to Barbara Samorajczyk, a lawyer who has worked for real estate and development companies in Washington, D. C. She is a member of the Anne Arundel County, Maryland and they have one daughter, Amy, who was eight when they divorced in 1979. Webb and Samorajczyk have three grandchildren and his second marriage was to health-care lobbyist Jo Ann Krukar in 1981 who also assisted in his 2006 Senate campaign. They have three children, Sarah, Jimmy, and Julia, Jimmy Webb was a rifleman and Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps, and served a tour in Iraq with Weapons Company, 1st Battalion 6th Marines. In tribute to his son, Jimmy, and to all the people sent into harms way, after graduating from the Naval Academy, Webb was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U. S. Marine Corps
5.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
6.
Pennsylvania
–
Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
7.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
9.
Saint Joseph's University
–
The University was founded in 1851 as Saint Josephs College by the Society of Jesus. Saint Josephs is the seventh oldest Jesuit university in the United States and it has 17 centers and institutes, including the prestigious Kinney Center for Autism Education & Support and Pedro Arrupe Center for Business Ethics. Saint Josephs has grown in size and scope since 2001 with the addition of the Maguire Campus, construction of new campus buildings. For the 2014 U. S. News and World Report rankings, in the Masters Universities category, the Saint Josephs University athletics teams are called the Hawks. The Hawks are a NCAA Division I program that compete in the Atlantic-10 Conference, the official colors of the University are crimson and grey. The school mascot is the famous Hawk, which never stops flapping its wings while in costume, approximately,100 Jesuits live on campus with 18 serving as faculty. The universitys Jesuit Community lives in the Loyola Center, directly across the street from Barbelin Hall, the Loyola Center joins Manresa Hall, which is the home of the infirm Jesuits, and features a Carriage House. Other Jesuit residences include St. Alphonsus House and Faber Hall, a few Jesuits also live in residence halls, the university president maintains an apartment in the Merion Gardens Apartment building. The university also uses its Jesuit identity in its branding. The university began The Magis campaign in 2013 to highlight this commitment to living greater, the Magis is taken from the motto of the society of Jesus Ad maiorem Dei gloriam, meaning for For the greater glory of God. The university also promotes the Jesuit principle of cura personalis or Care for the whole person, the university requires undergraduates to complete a rigorous general education program that focuses heavily on traditional liberal arts disciplines. Every general education class is titled 154, which stands for the year 1540 AD when the Society of Jesus was accepted by the Pope, on September 27,2015, Pope Francis, himself a Jesuit, made a stop at the University during his two-day visit to Philadelphia. The Seal of Saint Josephs University signifies many things that show the history, many of the symbols are not unique to Saint Josephs and appear on the seals of other Jesuit educational institutions. The wolves are over a pot to show the generosity of the Loyola family towards the poor. Tradition claims that the Loyolas provided so much food for their soldiers that even the wolves had enough to eat, IHM are the letters JES in Greek, which stands for Jesus. This symbol regularly represents the Jesuits, the stripes signify the 7 sons of the House of Loyola, who died defending their home from the Moors. The lily is used to represent Saint Joseph, wherever he is present. The seal is the graphical representation of Saint Josephs and its uniquely Jesuit identity
10.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
11.
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
–
Gonville and Caius College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. The college is the fourth-oldest college at the University of Cambridge, the college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment, including fourteen Nobel Prize winners, the second-most of any Oxbridge college. The college has long associations with medical teaching, especially due to its alumni physicians, John Caius. Other famous alumni in the sciences include Francis Crick, James Chadwick, Stephen Hawking, previously Cambridges Lucasian Chair of Mathematics Emeritus, is a current fellow of the college. The college also maintains academic programmes in other disciplines, including economics, English literature. Gonville and Caius is said to own or have rights to much of the land in Cambridge, several streets in the city, such as Harvey Road, Glisson Road and Gresham Road, are named after alumni of the College. The college was first founded, as Gonville Hall, by Edmund Gonville, Rector of Terrington St Clement in Norfolk in 1348, when Gonville died three years later, he left a struggling institution with almost no money. The executor of his will, William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, stepped in and he leased himself the land close to the river to set up his own college, Trinity Hall, and renamed Gonville Hall The Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Bateman appointed the first Master of the new college his former chaplain John Colton, by the sixteenth century, the college had fallen into disrepair, and in 1557 it was refounded by Royal Charter as Gonville and Caius College by the physician John Caius. John Caius was master of the college from 1559 until shortly before his death in 1573 and he provided the college with significant funds and greatly extended the buildings. During his time as Master, Caius accepted no payment but insisted on several unusual rules, Caius also built a three-sided court, Caius Court, “lest the air from being confined within a narrow space should become foul”. Caius did, however, found the college as a centre for the study of medicine. By 1630, the college had expanded greatly, having around 25 fellows and 150 students, since then the college has grown considerably and now has one of the largest undergraduate populations in the university. The college first admitted women as fellows and students in 1979 and it now has over 110 Fellows, over 700 students and about 200 staff. Gonville and Caius is one of the wealthiest of all Cambridge colleges with net assets of £180 million in 2014, the college’s present Master, the 42nd, is Alan Fersht. The first buildings to be erected on the current site date from 1353 when Bateman built Gonville Court. The college chapel was added in 1393 with the Old Hall, most of the stone used to build the college came from Ramsey Abbey near Ramsey, Cambridgeshire. Gonville and Caius has the oldest college chapel in either Oxford or Cambridge which has been in use as such
12.
University of Pennsylvania
–
The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, the university coat of arms features a dolphin on the red chief, adopted directly from the Franklin familys own coat of arms. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities and it was also home to many other educational innovations. The first school of medicine in North America, the first collegiate school. With an endowment of $10.72 billion, Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States, all of Penns schools exhibit very high research activity. In fiscal year 2015, Penns academic research budget was $851 million, over its history, the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. S. House of Representatives,8 signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, in addition, some 30 Nobel laureates,169 Guggenheim Fellows, and 80 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, have been affiliated with Penn. In addition, Penn has produced a significant number of Fortune 500 CEOs, in 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist George Whitefield, who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time and it was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well, however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklins autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, however, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years. Unlike the other Colonial colleges that existed in 1749—Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklins group to assume their debts and, accordingly, on February 1,1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13,1751, the Academy of Philadelphia, using the hall at 4th and Arch Streets. A charity school also was chartered July 13,1753 in accordance with the intentions of the original New Building donors, June 16,1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution, the institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smiths Loyalist tendencies, the result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees
13.
Doctor of Philosophy
–
A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
14.
Investment banking
–
Unlike commercial banks and retail banks, investment banks do not take deposits. From the passage of Glass–Steagall Act in 1933 until its repeal in 1999 by the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, Other industrialized countries, including G7 countries, have historically not maintained such a separation. As part of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the two main lines of business in investment banking are called the sell side and the buy side. The sell side involves trading securities for cash or for other securities, the buy side involves the provision of advice to institutions that buy investment services. Private equity funds, mutual funds, life insurance companies, unit trusts, an investment bank can also be split into private and public functions with a Chinese wall separating the two to prevent information from crossing. The private areas of the deal with private insider information that may not be publicly disclosed, while the public areas, such as stock analysis. The first company to publicly traded stock was the Dutch East India Company. Investment banking has changed over the years, beginning as a form focused on underwriting security issuance. In the United States, commercial banking and investment banking were separated by the Glass–Steagall Act, the repeal led to more universal banks offering an even greater range of services. Many large commercial banks have therefore developed investment banking divisions through acquisitions, notable large banks with significant investment banks include JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, UBS, Barclays, and Wells Fargo. The traditional service of underwriting security issues has declined as a percentage of revenue, as far back as 1960, 70% of Merrill Lynchs revenue was derived from transaction commissions while traditional investment banking services accounted for 5%. However, Merrill Lynch was a relatively retail-focused firm with a large brokerage network, investment banking is split into front office, middle office, and back office activities. Investment banks offer services to corporations issuing securities and investors buying securities. For corporations, investment bankers offer information on when and how to place their securities on the open market, therefore, investment bankers play a very important role in issuing new security offerings. Front office is described as a revenue generating role. Markets is divided into sales and trading, and research, a pitch book of financial information is generated to market the bank to a potential M&A client, if the pitch is successful, the bank arranges the deal for the client. The investment banking division is divided into industry coverage and product coverage groups. On behalf of the bank and its clients, an investment banks primary function is buying and selling products
15.
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
–
The presidency of Ronald Reagan began on January 20,1981, at noon Eastern Standard Time, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20,1989. Reagan, a Republican, took office as the 40th United States president following a win over Democratic incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. The election was an election, the Reagan Revolution, that changed the trajectory of the nation. Reagan was succeeded by his president, George H. W. Bush. Domestically, the claimed to support reducing government programs. The economic policies enacted in 1981, known as Reaganomics, were an example of supply-side economics, economic growth was strong for most of the 1980s, however, there was a recession in the beginning of his term and the national debt increased significantly. S. Troops since the end of the Vietnam War and it also controversially granted aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. In diplomacy, he forged an alliance and friendship with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of Great Britain. Reagan also held multiple meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. In June 1987, when visiting West Berlin and standing at the Berlin Wall, Reagan demanded, Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall. This dramatic moment helped Reagan claim that his approach beat Communism as the Berlin Wall fell, Soviet domination of Eastern Europe came to an end, and, by 1991, the damaging Iran–Contra affair engulfed several Reagan aides during his second term. His administration was criticized for lending support to right-wing military movements that committed human rights violations, Reagan was the first president since Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve two full terms. Reagan was an advocate of free markets and laissez-faire economics and believed that the U. S. economy was hampered by excessive regulations and social programs. His first act as president was to issue an order ending price controls on domestic oil, which had contributed to the 1973 oil crisis. Reagan focused his first months in office on two goals, tax reforms and increased military spending, during Reagans first term, the nation fell into a recession that lasted from 1981 to 1982, with unemployment remaining high, as much as 10%, during 1982 and 1983. Income inequality in the U. S. also rose substantially during Reagans presidency, despite this, the economy made a strong recovery and experienced one of the longest periods of peacetime growth in its history.7 percent. Despite Reagans stated desire to cut spending, federal spending grew during his administration, one of Reagans most controversial early moves was to fire most of the countrys air traffic controllers after they took part in a strike action. Reagan also reduced Social Security by cutting disability and survivor benefits and he also took tougher positions against some crime, and declared a renewed War on Drugs
16.
600-ship Navy
–
The 600-Ship Navy was a strategic plan of the United States Navy during the 1980s to rebuild its fleet after cutbacks that followed the end of the Vietnam War. The actual number of ships peaked at 594 in 1987, before declining sharply after the end of the Cold War in 1989-1991, lehman, who became Reagans Secretary of the Navy, and Caspar Weinberger, Reagans Secretary of Defense. The idea behind the 600-ship Navy can be traced back to the Vietnam War, during the war, the armed services rapidly expanded to meet the demands placed on them. The Soviet Union, which had been supporting North Vietnam, began staging their naval vessels from former US ports in South Vietnam, building on this gain, Soviet vessels began to sail in all seven seas with increased vigor and even ventured into the Gulf of Mexico. Soviet forces also stepped up infantry, armor and air force deployments in Eastern Europe and it was against this backdrop in 1980 that the United States began an election year. Ronald Reagan continued this in 1984, releasing a commercial, A bear in the woods. Lehman attempted to front-load the program, by committing the Navy to the building program, the Navy saw the largest benefit of the rebuilding. Under the Reagan Administration, the first of the Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines was completed and this class was the largest submarine ever built in the US. The ship carried 24 Trident I nuclear-capable missiles, each one with a 4, construction of the Nimitz class of supercarriers and Los Angeles-class attack submarines was dramatically stepped up. The revolutionary new Aegis combat system was installed on the up-and-coming Ticonderoga-class ships, several aircraft carriers were put through Service Life Extension Programs aimed at keeping them in service longer. The first Harpoons, Tomahawks, and AGM-88 HARM missiles all debuted on the navys ships, Naval aviation was stepped up with the introduction of the F/A-18 Hornet, along with improved versions of the EA-6 Prowler electronic countermeasure aircraft, the A-6 Intruder, and the F-14 Tomcat. In addition, the nations strategic retaliatory arm was strengthened with advanced B-1B bombers, the initiative also included deployment of sophisticated Abrams main battle tanks and Bradley armored fighting vehicles. Weinberger clashed with Congress over the cuts, resigning in late 1987, lehmans successor as Navy Secretary, Jim Webb, remained a fierce proponent of the expanded fleet, and disagreed with Carlucci over how to cut the Navy budget in line with other services. Webb resigned rather than endorse Carluccis cut of 16 frigates, as revealed in The Reagan Diaries, Reagan reflected about Webbs resignation on 22 February 1988, Present Sec. Webb resigned over budget cuts. I dont think Navy was sorry to see him go, US bases across Europe and North America were slowly decommissioned and closed, others were mothballed through the Base Realignment and Closure process. In the Navy, this resulted in the retirement of older carriers, the decommissioning of all four of the Iowa-class battleships. Cold War Cold War Holland, W. J, United States Naval Institute Proceedings Vol.134, No.2 p.40 -42 Norman Friedman
17.
9/11 Commission
–
The commission was also mandated to provide recommendations designed to guard against future attacks. Chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, the commission consisted of five Democrats, the commission was created by Congressional legislation, with the bill signed into law by President George W. Bush. The commissions final report was lengthy and based on extensive interviews and its primary conclusion was that the failures of the U. S. After the publication of its report, the commission closed on August 21,2004. The commissions website was shut down, but has been archived, however, Kissinger resigned only weeks after being appointed, because he would have been obliged to disclose the clients of his private consulting business. Senator George Mitchell was originally appointed as the vice-chairman, but he stepped down on December 10,2002, on December 15,2002, Bush appointed former New Jersey governor Tom Kean to head the commission. By the spring of 2003, the commission was off to a start, needing additional funding to help it meet its target day for the final report. In late March, the Bush administration agreed to provide an additional $9 million for the commission, the first hearings were held from March 31 to April 1,2003, in New York City. Thomas Kean - Republican, former Governor of New Jersey Lee H. Hamilton - Democrat, resigned in December 2003, stating that the White House has played cover-up Fred F. Fielding - Republican, attorney and former White House Counsel member, jamie Gorelick - Democrat, former Deputy Attorney General in the Clinton Administration Slade Gorton - Republican, former U. S. Senator from Washington Bob Kerrey - Democrat, President of the New School University and he replaced Max Cleland as a Democratic Commissioner, after Clelands resignation. John F. Lehman - Republican, former Secretary of the Navy Timothy J. Roemer - Democrat, the session was not officially transcribed because the White House considered it a private meeting in which highly classified information would be discussed. Asked to limit the length of testimony to one hour, testimony took place in the Oval Office. Initially, Bush insisted that he testify only to the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the commission, dick Cheney - Vice President, testimony not under oath. The session was not officially transcribed because the White House considered it a meeting in which highly classified information would be discussed. Testimony took place in the Oval Office, George John Tenet - Director of Central Intelligence Agency Colin Powell - Secretary of State Donald H. Testimony was recorded and not limited in time, al Gore - former Vice President, testified in private separately from Bill Clinton. Testimony was recorded and not limited in time, President Bush and Vice President Cheney insisted on testifying together and not under oath, while Clinton and Gore met with the panel separately
18.
Center for Security Policy
–
The Center for Security Policy is a conservative, Washington, D. C. -based think tank. The organizations founder and current president is Frank Gaffney Jr, the Center has been accused of engaging in conspiracy theorizing by a range of individuals, media outlets and organizations. It has been described as not very respected by BBC News. In 2016, the Southern Poverty Law Center described the CSP as a group and a conspiracy-oriented mouthpiece for the growing anti-Muslim movement. In April 1987, during the Reagan Administration, Frank Gaffney and he served in that role for seven months, until was forced from his post in November of that year. If you don’t get your policy analysis in 30 minutes, you get money back. Gaffney founded the CSP in 1988, one of the Centers annual reports later echoed Perles words calling the CSP the Dominos Pizza of the policy business. Former CIA director James Woolsey has co-authored a report for CSP, in 2013, CSP received donations from Boeing, General Dynamics, Lockheed Martin, Northrup Grumman, Raytheon, and General Electric. The group has also received $1.4 million in donations from the Bradley Foundation, on March 16,2016, Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz announced he would appoint Frank Gaffney, founder of the Center for Security Policy, to be his National Security Advisor. Cruz also said his foreign policy team would include three other employees of Gaffneys think tank, Fred Fleitz, Clare Lopez, and Jim Hanson. Terri A. Johnson, executive director of the Center for New Community, the SPLC further criticizes CSPs investigative reports, saying that they are designed to reinforce Gaffneys delusions. One of the CSPs Occasional Papers accused Huma Abedin, then Hillary Clintons aide, in a separate report, the CSP declared that Susan Rice, Richard Haass, and Dennis Ross, were being secretly controlled by a covert Iran lobby. In March 1995, William M. Gaffney has also generated controversy for writing in 2010 that the logo of the U. S. Missile Defense Agency appears ominously to reflect a morphing of the Islamic crescent, official website InsideGov Profile from Graphiq Frank Gaffney Jr. and the Center for Security Policy
19.
Foreign Policy Research Institute
–
The Foreign Policy Research Institute is an American think tank based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By its own description it is devoted to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U. S. national interests and it publishes a quarterly journal, Orbis, as well as a series of monographs and books. It has many publications that are released on a basis, E-Notes, FootNotes, Geopoliticus, The FPRI Blog, The Philadelphia Papers. FPRI was founded by Ambassador Robert Strausz-Hupé, a native of Vienna, Strausz-Hupé immigrated to the United States in 1923 to work as an investment banker. In 1957 publication commenced of the Institutes quarterly, Orbis, among FPRIs notable early scholars were Hans Kohn, William Kintner, Henry Kissinger, James Schlesinger, and Lawrence Krause. For most of its history, FPRI was deeply immersed in the prosecution of the Cold War. It urged the Western world to unite under the leadership of the U. S. to combat the Soviet Union, in doing so, however, it drew increasing criticism—notably, by name from U. S. Senator William Fulbright—and became increasingly marginalized from academia, it became independent of Penn in 1970, ironically, it would also be the start of Strausz-Hupés twenty-year career as a diplomat, when President Richard Nixon appointed him Ambassador to Ceylon. The U. S. -led War on Terrorism is a topic of FPRI research. In March 2003, it received a grant from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to study sources of potential terrorist threats to the state, past speakers have included such notaries as Henry Kissinger, Robert Zoellick, and Walter Russell Mead. On February 1,2012, it named a new President, Alan Luxenberg, a long-time employee and formerly Vice President of the Institute. Chair of the FPRI’s Program on National Security is John Lehman, Director of Research and Director of the Program on National Security at the Foreign Policy Research Institute is Michael P. Noonan. The former US Captain, is focusing his research on civil-military relations, the roles and missions of the U. S. military. Emphasizing on East Asia, including China and Taiwan, the Asia Program allows for analysis of important developments in Asia and promotes debate. The Program on the Middle East focuses on the current developments and new trends on the Middle East and North Africa, working together with emerging scholars from the academic, military, and policy worlds, the program tries to provide policy assessments and recommendations. In the areas on the Arab uprisings, and due to its effects on the region, Director of this program is Tally Helfont. Launched in 2005, the Project on Democratic Transitions focused primarily on the transitions of Central and Eastern Europe. Its goal was to understand the successes and failures of democratization attempts in post-communist countries
20.
Project for the New American Century
–
The Project for the New American Century was a neoconservative think tank based in Washington, D. C. that focused on United States foreign policy. It was established as an educational organization in 1997, and founded by William Kristol. PNACs stated goal was to promote American global leadership, the organization stated that American leadership is good both for America and for the world, and sought to build support for a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity. Academics such as Inderjeet Parmar, Phillip Hammond, and Donald E. Abelson have said PNACs influence on the George W. Bush administration has been exaggerated. The Project for the New American Century ceased to function in 2006, it was replaced by a new think-tank named the Foreign Policy Initiative, co-founded by Kristol and Kagan in 2009. During the summer of 1996, Kristol and Kagan co-authored an article in Foreign Affairs titled Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy - referring to the policy of President Ronald Reagan. According to Maria Ryan, the individuals who signed the PNACs statements and letters were not employees or members of the group, PNACs first public act was to release a Statement of Principles on June 3,1997. The statement had 25 signers, including members and outside supporters. It described the United States as the worlds pre-eminent power, and said that the nation faced a challenge to shape a new century favorable to American principles and interests. In order to achieve this goal, the statements signers called for significant increases in defense spending, Kristol and Kagan advocated regime change in Iraq throughout the Iraq disarmament crisis. In February 1998, some of the individuals who had signed the PNAC letter in January also signed a similar letter to Clinton, from the bipartisan Committee for Peace. In January 1999, the PNAC circulated a memo that criticized the December 1998 bombing of Iraq in Operation Desert Fox as ineffective. The memo questioned the viability of Iraqi democratic opposition, which the U. S. was supporting through the Iraq Liberation Act, and referred to any containment policy as an illusion. Shortly after the September 11,2001 attacks, the PNAC sent a letter to President George W. Bush, advocating a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq, or regime change. The letter warned that allowing Hussein to remain in power would be an early, some political scientists, historians, and other academics have been critical of many of these claims. One of the PNACs most influential publications was a 90-page report titled Rebuilding Americas Defenses, Strategies, Forces, the reports primary author was Thomas Donnelly, and Donald Kagan and Gary Schmitt are credited as project chairmen. The report warned that no moment in international politics can be frozen in time, according to the report, current levels of defense spending were insufficient, forcing policymakers to try ineffectually to “manage” increasingly large risks. All of these, the report asserted, were bad choices and false economies, journalist John Pilger pointed to this passage when he argued that Bush administration had used the events of September 11 as an opportunity to capitalize on long-desired plans
21.
Mitt Romney
–
Raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, by his parents George and Lenore Romney, he spent 2½ years in France as a Mormon missionary, starting in 1966. He married Ann Davies in 1969, and they have five sons, by 1971, he had participated in the political campaigns of both parents. He earned a BA at Brigham Young University in 1971 and a joint JD–MBA at Harvard University in 1975, Romney entered the management consulting industry, and in 1977 secured a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Bains chief executive officer, he helped lead the company out of a financial crisis, in 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital, a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served during his business career as the bishop of his ward and then stake president in his home area near Boston. After stepping down from Bain Capital and his leadership role in the LDS Church. Upon losing to longtime incumbent Ted Kennedy, he resumed his position at Bain Capital, years later, a successful stint as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics led to a relaunch of his political career. He also presided over the elimination of a projected $1. 2–1.5 billion deficit through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and the closure of corporate tax loopholes. He did not seek re-election in 2006, instead focusing on his campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2008 U. S. presidential election and he won several primaries and caucuses, however, he lost to the eventual nominee, Senator John McCain. His considerable net worth, estimated in 2012 at $190–250 million, following his term as Governor of Massachusetts in 2007, Romney was the Republican Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He won the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, becoming the first Mormon to be a major party presidential nominee and he was defeated by incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama in the November 2012 general election, losing by 332–206 electoral college votes. The popular vote margin was 51–47 percent in Obamas favor, following the election, he initially kept a low profile, and later became more visible politically. Willard Mitt Romney was born on March 12,1947, at Harper University Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, one of four born to automobile executive George W. Romney. His mother was a native of Logan, Utah, and his father was born to American parents in a Mormon colony in Chihuahua, of primarily English descent, he also has Scottish and German ancestry. Another great-great-grandfather, Parley P. Pratt, helped lead the early Church, Romney has three elder siblings, Margo, Jane, and Scott. His parents named him after a friend, businessman J. Willard Marriott, and his fathers cousin, Milton Mitt Romney. Romney was referred to as Billy until kindergarten, when he indicated a preference for Mitt, in 1953, the family moved from Detroit to the affluent suburb of Bloomfield Hills. His father became the chairman and CEO of American Motors the following year, soon helping the company avoid bankruptcy, by 1959, his father had become a nationally known figure in print and on television, and the youngster idolized him
22.
La Salle College High School
–
The school is staffed by a lay faculty and the Christian Brothers. Its sports teams compete in the Philadelphia Catholic League and now also participate in the PIAA, La Salle was founded in 1858 as St. Michaels School at Second and Jefferson Streets. It then became the Christian Brothers Academy, in 1863 it became the preparatory school to La Salle College. The prep school and college shared the campus up until the 1960s. In 1982 they formally became two separate institutions
23.
International relations
–
International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State. As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides, in practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary. The history of international relations based on sovereign states is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, the centuries of roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of the independent, sovereign states, the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. The French Revolution added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy, such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state. The term republic increasingly became its synonym, the same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism, the contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War. While the nation-state system is considered modern, many states have not incorporated the system and are termed pre-modern, further, a handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered post-modern. The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of different types of states is disputed. What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I, IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the I and R in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, in the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism, Marxism has been a foundation of international relations. International relations as a field of study began in Britain. IR emerged as an academic discipline in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship. Georgetown Universitys Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States and this was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US and in Geneva, Switzerland. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE, furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed a focus on the history of IR in the early modern, colonial and Cold War periods. The first university dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International Studies. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 2012, Ramon Llull University initiated the first International Relations degree in Barcelona, fully in English
24.
Grace Kelly
–
Grace Patricia Kelly was an American actress who became Princess of Monaco after marrying Prince Rainier III, in April 1956. In October 1953, she gained stardom from her performance in the film Mogambo, which won her a Golden Globe Award, subsequently, she had leading roles in five films, including The Country Girl, for which her deglamorized performance earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress. Kelly retired from acting at the age of 26 to marry Rainier and they had three children, Caroline, Albert II, and Stéphanie. Kelly retained her American roots, maintaining dual U. S. and she died on September 14,1982, a day after suffering a stroke while driving her car, which caused a crash. Kelly was born on November 12,1929, at Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to an affluent and influential family. Her father, Irish-American John B. Kelly Sr. had won three Olympic gold medals for sculling and owned a successful brickwork contracting company that was well-known on the East Coast. A registered Democrat, he was nominated to be mayor of Philadelphia for the 1935 election, in later years, he served on the Fairmount Park Commission and, during World War II, was appointed by President Roosevelt as National Director of Physical Fitness. Kellys mother was Philadelphia native Margaret Katherine Majer, the daughter of German immigrants, Margaret had taught physical education at the University of Pennsylvania and had been the first woman to coach womens athletics at the institution. She was noted for her beauty and modeled for a time in her youth, after marrying John B. Kelly in 1924, Margaret focused on being a housewife until all her children were of school age, following which she began actively participating in various civic organizations. Kelly had two siblings, Margaret and John Jr. and a younger sister, Elizabeth. The children were raised in the Roman Catholic faith, while attending Ravenhill Academy, a prestigious Catholic girls school, Kelly modeled fashions at local social events with her mother and sisters. In 1942, at the age of 12, she played the lead in Dont Feed the Animals, before graduating in May 1947 from Stevens School, a socially prominent private institution on Walnut Lane in the Northwest Philadelphia neighborhood of Germantown, she acted and danced. Her graduation yearbook listed her favorite actress as Ingrid Bergman and her favorite actor as Joseph Cotten, written in the Stevens Prophecy section was, Miss Grace P. Kelly – a famous star of stage and screen. Owing to her low mathematics scores, Kelly was rejected by Bennington College in July 1947, despite her parents initial disapproval, Kelly decided to pursue her dreams of being an actress. John was particularly displeased with her decision, he viewed acting as a cut above streetwalker. To start her career, she auditioned for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, although the school had already met its semester quota, she obtained an interview with the admission officer, Emile Diestel, and was admitted through the influence of George. She began her first term the following October, while at school, she lived in Manhattans Barbizon Hotel for Women, a prestigious establishment which barred men from entering after 10 pm, and she worked as a model to support her studies. Kelly worked diligently and practiced her speech by using a tape recorder and her early acting pursuits led her to the stage, most notably a Broadway debut in Strindbergs The Father alongside Raymond Massey
25.
Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
–
Rainier III ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest ruling monarchs in European history. Gambling accounts for approximately three percent of the nations annual revenue today, when Rainier ascended the throne in 1949. As of 2017, he was the last European monarch to have died on the throne. Rainier was born at Princes Palace in Monaco, the son of Prince Pierre of Monaco, Duke of Valentinois and his wife. Rainier was the first native-born hereditary prince of Monaco since Honore IV in 1758, Rainiers father was a half-French, half-Mexican who adopted his wifes surname, Grimaldi, upon marriage and was made a prince of Monaco by Prince Louis, his father-in-law. Rainier had one sibling, Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy, Rainiers early education was conducted in England, at the prestigious public schools of Summerfields in St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, and later at Stowe, in Buckinghamshire. In 1944, upon his 21st birthday, Rainiers mother renounced her right to the Monegasque throne and Rainier became Prince Louiss direct heir. In World War II Rainier joined the Free French Army in September 1944, and serving under General de Monsabert as a second lieutenant and he received the French Croix de Guerre with bronze star and was given the rank of Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor in 1947. Following his decommission from the French Army, he was promoted by the French government as a captain in April 1949, Rainiers sister, Princess Antoinette, wishing her own son to ascend the throne, spread rumours that Pascal was infertile. The rumours combined with a snobbery over Pascals family origins ultimately ended the relationship, Rainier became the Sovereign Prince of Monaco on the death of Louis II on 9 May 1949. After ascending the throne, Rainier worked assiduously to recoup Monacos lustre, according to numerous obituaries, the prince was faced upon his ascension with a treasury that was practically empty. The small nations traditional gambling clientele, largely European aristocrats, found themselves with reduced funds after World War II, other gambling centers had opened to compete with Monaco, many of them successfully. To compensate for loss of income, Rainier decided to promote Monaco as a tax haven, commercial center, real-estate development opportunity. Prince Rainier regained control of SBM in 1964, effectively ensuring that his vision of Monaco would be implemented, as Prince of Monaco, Rainier was also responsible for the principalitys new constitution in 1962 which significantly reduced the power of the sovereign. The changes ended autocratic rule, placing power with the prince, at the time of his death, he was the worlds second longest-serving living head of state, ranking just below the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej. After a year-long courtship described as containing a good deal of rational appraisal on both sides, Prince Rainier married Oscar-winning American actress Grace Kelly in 1956, the ceremonies in Monaco were on 18 April 1956 and 19 April 1956. In 1979, Prince Rainier made his debut alongside his wife Grace in a 33-minute independent film called Rearranged, produced in Monaco. According to co-star Edward Meeks, after premiering it in Monaco, Grace showed it to ABC TV executives in New York in 1982, however, Grace died in a car crash caused by a stroke in 1982, making it impossible to expand the film for American release
26.
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
–
Bucks County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 625,249, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania, the county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. Bucks County is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located immediately northeast of Philadelphia and forms part of the southern tip of the eastern state border. Bucks County is one of the three counties created by colonial proprietor William Penn in 1682. Penn named the county after Buckinghamshire, the county where he lived in England and he built a country estate called Pennsbury Manor in Falls Township, Bucks County. Bucks County was originally larger than it is today. Northampton County was formed in 1752 from part of Bucks County, general George Washington and his troops camped in Bucks County as they prepared to cross the Delaware River to take Trenton, New Jersey, by surprise on the morning of December 26,1776. Their successful attack on Britains Hessian forces was a point in the American War of Independence. The town of Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania and Washington Crossing Historic Park were named to commemorate the event. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 622 square miles. Bucks County shares a border with Montgomery County, and also borders Philadelphia to the southwest. From north to south, it is linked to Warren, Hunterdon, Mercer, tohickon Creek and Neshaminy Creek are the largest tributaries of the Delaware in Bucks County. Tohickon Creek empties into the river at Point Pleasant and Neshaminy at Croydon, the population density was 1,034.7 people per square mile. 4. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 218,725 households, and 160,981 families residing in the county. There were 225,498 housing units at a density of 371 per square mile. 20. 1% were of German,19. 1% Irish,14. 0% Italian,7. 5% English and 5. 9% Polish ancestry, according to Census 2000. 21. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.17. In the county, the population was out with 25. 70% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,30. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 30% from 45 to 64
27.
Air Force Reserve Command
–
The Air Force Reserve Command is a Major Command of the United States Air Force, with its headquarters at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia. It is the federally controlled Air Reserve Component of the U. S. Air Force, consisting of duly appointed commissioned officers, AFRC supports the Air Force mission to defend the United States through the control and exploitation of air and space by supporting Global Engagement. AFRC also plays an role in the day-to-day Air Force mission and is not strictly a force held in reserve for possible war or contingency operations. The inventory, both AFRC-controlled and active duty Regular Air Force-controlled, includes the latest, most capable models of aircraft that are assigned to the U. S. Air Force. On any given day,99 percent of AFRCs aircraft are mission-ready, in addition to flying units, AFRC has numerous ground organizations ranging from medical units to civil engineers, intelligence and space operations, and security forces, just to name a few. In combination with the Air National Guard, the Air Force Reserve comprises half of what is known as the Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force, AFRC forces are under the administrative control of the Commander, Air Force Reserve Command. The Air Force Reserve also contains other specialized capabilities not found in active duty Air Force units. A third unique mission set in the Air Force Reserve, Aerial Firefighting, is conducted in tandem with the Air National Guard, there are several categories of service for personnel in the Air Force Reserve. However, many Air Force Reservists, especially those in a flying status, serve well in excess of this minimum duty requirement. A smaller but equally important category of TR is the Individual Mobilization Augmentee and their job is to bring Air Force Reserve expertise to the planning and decision-making processes at senior levels within the Air Force, other services, and the Unified Combatant Commands. Like the Air National Guard, the Air Force Reserve Command also requires two categories of personnel to perform functions that require full-time manning. These full-time positions are filled via the two programs as employed by the Air National Guard, the Active Guard and Reserve program. Air Force Reservists who become members of the Active Guard and Reserve receive full active duty pay, the majority of AGRs are former TRs and they serve four-year controlled tours of special duty that can be renewed. S. Air Force, on the staffs of Unified Combatant Commands, on the Joint Staff, AFRC Recruiting is another field that employs AGR personnel. AGRs also have the option with good performance to serve 20 or more years on duty and receive a retirement after 20 or more years. Another category of Air Force Reservists serving full-time are those in the Air Reserve Technician Program, ARTs are accessed from either the active duty Regular Air Force, the AGR program, Traditional Guardsmen in the Air National Guard, or TRs in the Air Force Reserve. This category also includes all full-time ART personnel and they are predominantly assigned to the Unit Program or as IMAs. Standby Reserve Includes Reservists whose civilian jobs are considered key to defense or who have temporary disability or personal hardship
28.
United States Navy Reserve
–
The United States Navy Reserve, known as the United States Naval Reserve from 1915 to 2005, is the Reserve Component of the United States Navy. Members of the Navy Reserve, called Reservists, are enrolled in the Selected Reserve, the Individual Ready Reserve, the size of these centers varies greatly, depending on the number of assigned. They are intended mostly to administrative functions and classroom style training. However, some NOSCs have more training facilities, including damage control trainers. Because of this, NOSCs outside the concentration areas are also heavily tasked to provide personnel. This service provided to the community is one of the NOSCs top two priority missions. FTS, previously known as TAR, serve in all year round and provide administrative support to SELRES. Army Reserve and the Army National Guard, the IRR do not typically drill or train regularly, but can be recalled to service in a full mobilization. These personnel will drill for points but no pay and are not eligible for Annual Training with pay, however, they remain eligible for other forms of active duty with pay and mobilization. Reservists are called to duty, or mobilized, as needed and are required to sign paperwork acknowledging this possibility upon enrollment in the reserve program. After the September 11 attacks of 2001, Reservists were mobilized to combat operations. The War on Terrorism has even seen the activation of a Reserve squadron, the VFA-201 Hunters, flying F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, which deployed on board the USS Theodore Roosevelt. Additionally, more than 52,000 Navy Reservists have been mobilized and deployed to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Reserve consists of 108,718 officers and enlisted personnel who serve in every state and territory as well as overseas as of September 2012. S. Following the American Revolution, the expense of maintaining a navy was deemed too great. However, attacks by Barbary pirates against American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea prompted a change in course in 1794, a navy that helped give birth to the nation was now deemed essential to preserving its security, which faced its most serious threat during the War of 1812. Though overwhelmed by a superior in numbers, these men, most recruited from Baltimore, continued to wage war on land, joining in the defense of Washington. Having fought against a power, naval reservists faced a much different struggle with the outbreak of the Civil War, which divided a navy. By wars end the Navy had grown from a force numbering 9,942 in 1860 to one manned by 58,296 sailors, the latter action resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to six reserve enlisted men
29.
Ensign (rank)
–
Ensign is a junior rank of a commissioned officer in the armed forces of some countries, normally in the infantry or navy. As the junior officer in a regiment was traditionally the carrier of the ensign flag. This rank has generally replaced in army ranks by second lieutenant. Ensigns were generally the lowest ranking commissioned officer, except where the rank of subaltern existed. In contrast, the Arab rank of ensign, لواء, liwa, derives from the command of units with an ensign, not the carrier of such a units ensign, and is today the equivalent of a major general. Ensign is enseigne in French, and chorąży in Polish, each of which derives from a term for a flag, the Spanish alférez and Portuguese alferes is a junior officer rank below lieutenant associated with carrying the flag, and so is often translated as ensign. Unlike the rank in other languages, its etymology has nothing to do with flags, in the German Landsknecht armies, the equivalent rank of a Cornet existed for those men who carried the troop standard. It is still used in the artillery and cavalry divisions of the Netherlands, the NATO rank code is OF-1. In Argentina, the rank of ensign is used by both the air force and the gendarmerie and it is, however, used differently in the two services. The air force uses the rank for newly qualified officers, while the gendarmerie uses ensign ranks as an equivalent for the armys lieutenant ranks, the other armed forces of Argentina have ranks equivalent to ensign, subteniente in the army and guardiamarina in the navy. In the army, the most junior sublieutenant in a regiment is also the flag carrier, during the Ancien Régime in France, as in other countries, the ensign was the banner of an infantry regiment. As in other countries, the name began to be used for the officers who carried the ensign and it was renamed sub-lieutenant at the end of the 18th century. The Navy used a rank of ensign, which was the first officer rank. It was briefly renamed ship-of-the-line sub-lieutenant in the end of the 18th century, nowadays, the rank is still used in the Marine Nationale, Ship-of-the-line ensign is the name of the two lowest officer ranks Both ranks of ensign use the style lieutenant. However, French-Canadian sub-lieutenants use the form of enseigne instead of lieutenant. The rank ensign is used to refer to second lieutenants in household regiments of the Canadian Army. Fähnrich which has a parallel etymology to ensign, containing the corresponding German word stem of flag in it, is a German, the word Fähnrich comes from an older German military title, Fahnenträger, and first became a distinct military rank on 1 January 1899. The German Fähnrich is a non-commissioned officer promoted from the rank of Fahnenjunker or Seekadett, Fähnrich is equivalent to Feldwebel, but with additional responsibilities as an officer cadet
30.
Commander (United States)
–
In the United States, commander is a military rank that is also sometimes used as a military billet title, depending on the branch of service. It is also used as a rank or title in some organizations outside the military, particularly in police, the commander rank started out as Master and Commander in 1674 within the British Navy for the officer responsible for sailing a ship under the Captain and some times second-in-command. Sub-captain, under-captain, rector and master-commanding was also used for the same position, with the Master and Commander also serving as captain of smaller ships, the British Navy subsumed as the third and lowest of three grades of captain given the various sizes of ships. The American Continental Navy adopted the tri-graded captain ranks, Captain 2nd Grade, or Master Commandant, became Commander in 1838. Commander ranks above lieutenant commander and below captain, Commander is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the other uniformed services. Notably, it is the first rank at which the holder wears an embellished cap, whereas officers of the other services are entitled to embellishment at O-4 rank. A commander in the U. S. Navy may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or small shore activity, or may serve on a staff afloat or ashore, or a larger vessel afloat. An officer in the rank of commander who commands a vessel may also be referred to as captain as a courtesy title, commanding officers of aviation squadrons and shore activities may also be informally referred to as skipper but never as captain. Although it exists largely as a training organization, the U. S. Maritime Service also has the grade of commander. The commission is appointed by the President via the Secretary of Transportation, for example, the senior officer in a U. S. Navy aviation squadron is the commanding officer because he or she is in command of that singular unit. That officers immediate superior in command will likely be an air group or air wing commander and this is in keeping with the naval tradition of commanding officers commanding single units, but commanders commanding multiple units. The Los Angeles Police Department was one of the first American police departments to use this rank, a commander is the third-highest rank in the force, above the rank of captain and below deputy chief. Duties are as commanding officer of Community Affairs, Internal Affairs, Governmental Liaison, Narcotics, Organized Crime and Vice, Criminal Intelligence, Detective Services, the San Francisco Police Department also has a Commander rank. Like the LAPD, it is above Captain and below Deputy Chief, the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia uses the rank of commander. The rank falls between those of inspector and assistant chief, the Rochester Police Department uses the rank of commander. Higher than captain and below deputy chief, the rank is achieved by appointment, Commander is the rank held by the two patrol division heads and other commanders fill various administrative roles. The Saint Paul Police Department is another force that uses the rank of commander. In the Saint Paul Police Department, commanders serve as the chief of the district/unit that they oversee, many police departments in the Midwest use the rank of commander
31.
Naval flight officer
–
A naval flight officer is a commissioned officer in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps who specializes in airborne weapons and sensor systems. NFOs are not pilots per se, but they may perform many co-pilot functions, until 1966, their duties were performed by both commissioned officer and senior enlisted naval aviation observers. NFOs in the US Navy all begin their careers as unrestricted line officers, eligible for command at sea and ashore in the various naval aviation aircraft type/model/series communities. Such officers are graduates of the U. S. Naval Test Pilot School and/or the U. S. Naval Postgraduate School with advanced academic degrees in aerospace engineering or similar disciplines. The counterpart to the NFO in the United States Air Force is the combat systems officer, encompassing the previous roles of navigator, weapon systems officer and electronic warfare officer. The United States Coast Guard had a short-lived NFO community in the 1980s and 1990s when it temporarily operated E-2C Hawkeye aircraft on loan from the Navy. Training for Student NFOs starts starts out the same as for Student Naval Aviators, with the academic requirements. The only real distinction is in physical requirements, where SNFOs may have less than 20/20 uncorrected distant vision, in fact, it is this 20/20 distant visual acuity requirement that typically routes prospective Naval Aviators into the Naval Flight Officer training track. Both SNAs and SNFOs go through the same introductory flight screening, the SNFO program has continued to evolve since the 1960s. Upon graduation from their respective advanced squadron, students receive their wings of gold and are designated as Naval Flight Officers. After winging, students conduct training at their respective fleet replacement squadron. All SNFOs and SNAs start their training with introductory flight screening. IFS consists of 2 phases, ground school and flight training, the ground school portion lasts about two weeks and culminates with the student completing the FAA private pilot exam. Afterwards, every student enrolls in one of several flight schools located near NAS Pensacola. Students complete approximately 14 hours of training in a single engine aircraft. IFS is normally waived for students entering training with a pilot license. SNFOs will train with Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard SNAs along with NATO and allied students in the SNA and SNFO tracks, aviation preflight indoctrination consists of academic instruction, hands-on interaction and aviation physiology, water survival, and land survival skills. Students selected for land-based platforms will continue on to the advanced maritime command and those that select carrier aviation will continue to Primary 2 training and remain at VT-10
32.
Grumman A-6 Intruder
–
The Grumman A-6 Intruder was an American, twin jet-engine, mid-wing all-weather attack aircraft built by Grumman Aerospace. In service with the United States Navy and Marine Corps between 1963 and 1997, the Intruder was designed as a medium attack aircraft to replace the piston-engined Douglas A-1 Skyraider. As the A-6E was slated for retirement, its precision strike mission was taken over by the Grumman F-14 Tomcat equipped with a LANTIRN pod, from the A-6, a specialized electronic warfare derivative, the EA-6, was developed. Following the good showing of the propeller-driven AD-6/7 Skyraider in the Korean War, the U. S. Navy published an operational requirement document for it in October 1956. It released a request for proposals in February 1957, proposals were submitted by Bell, Boeing, Douglas, Grumman, Lockheed, Martin, North American, and Vought. Following evaluation of the bids, the U. S. Navy announced the selection of Grumman on 2 January 1958, the company was awarded a contract for the development of the A2F-1 in February 1958. The A-6s design team was led by Lawrence Mead, Jr and he later played a lead role in the design of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and the Lunar Excursion Module. The first prototype YA2F-1, lacking radar and the navigational and attack avionics, made the Intruders first flight on 19 April 1960, in general, development flying went well, with the major problem encountered being handling problems associated with the aircrafts air brakes mounted on the rear fuselage. Early production aircraft were fitted with both the fuselage and wingtip air brakes, although the items were soon bolted shut. The jet nozzles were originally designed to swivel downwards for shorter takeoffs and this feature was included on prototype aircraft, but was removed from the design during flight testing. The cockpit used an unusual double pane windscreen and side-by-side seating arrangement in which the pilot sat in the seat, while the bombardier/navigator sat to the right. The wing was designed to provide good maneuverability with a sizable bomb load. A very similar wing would be put on pivots on Grummans later supersonic swing-wing Grumman F-14 Tomcat, as well as similar landing gear. The Intruder was also equipped with the Deceleron, a type of airbrake on the wings with two panels that opened in opposite directions, in case, one panel went up. For its day, the Intruder had surprisingly sophisticated avionics, with a degree of integration. It was felt that this could lead to maintenance requirements, to identify. Hence, the aircraft was provided with automatic systems, some of the earliest computer-based analytic equipment developed for aircraft. These were known as Basic Automated Checkout Equipment, or BACE and this equipment was manufactured by Litton Industries
33.
United States National Security Council
–
Since its inception under Harry S. Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The Council has counterparts in the national security councils of other nations. The National Security Council was created in 1947 by the National Security Act and it was created because policymakers felt that the diplomacy of the State Department was no longer adequate to contain the USSR in light of the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. On May 26,2009, President Barack Obama merged the White House staff supporting the Homeland Security Council, the HSC and NSC each continue to exist by statute as bodies supporting the President. The name of the organization was changed back to National Security Council Staff in 2014. On April 5,2017, President Trump removed Steve Bannon from the Security Council, however, Chief of Staff Reince Priebus clarified the next day that they still are invited to attend meetings. The reorganization also placed the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development as a permanent member of the Deputies Committee, later in 1949, as part of the Reorganization Plan, the Council was placed in the Executive Office of the President. The High Value Detainee Interrogation Group also reports to the NSC, a secret National Security Council panel pursues the killing of an individual, including American citizens, who has been called a suspected terrorist. In this case, no record of this decision or any operation to kill the suspect will be made available. Reuters has reported that Anwar al-Awlaki, an American citizen, was on such a kill list and was killed accordingly, the National Security Council is chaired by the President. Its members are the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Energy, the National Security Advisor, and the Secretary of the Treasury. The Chief of Staff to the President, Counsel to the President, the Attorney General, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency are invited to attend meetings pertaining to their responsibilities. The heads of executive departments and agencies, as well as other senior officials, are invited to attend meetings of the NSC when appropriate. The Principals Committee of the National Security Council is the Cabinet-level senior interagency forum consideration of security policy issues. The Principals Committee is convened and chaired by the National Security Advisor, the National Security Council Deputies Committee is the senior sub-Cabinet interagency forum for consideration of national security policy issues. The Deputies Committee is also responsible for reviewing and monitoring the national security process including for establishing and directing the Policy Coordination Committees. The Deputies Committee is convened and chaired by the Deputy National Security Advisor or the Deputy Homeland Security Advisor, the Executive Secretary and the Deputy White House Counsel also attend
34.
Henry Kissinger
–
Henry Alfred Kissinger is an American diplomat and political scientist. Born in Germany, Kissinger was a Jewish refugee who fled the Nazi regime with his family in 1938 and he became National Security Advisor and later concurrently United States Secretary of State in the administrations of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. For his actions negotiating a ceasefire in Vietnam, Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial circumstances, Kissinger later sought, unsuccessfully, to return the prize after the ceasefire failed. After his term, his advice has been sought by world leaders including subsequent U. S. presidents, a proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. Kissinger has also associated with such controversial policies as CIA involvement in Chile and U. S. support for Pakistan. He is the founder and chairman of Kissinger Associates, a consulting firm. Kissinger has been an author of books on diplomatic history. General opinion of Henry Kissinger is strongly divided, several scholars have ranked him as the most effective U. S. Secretary of State since 1965, while some journalists, activists, and human rights lawyers have condemned him as a war criminal. Kissinger was born Heinz Alfred Kissinger in Fürth, Bavaria, Germany, in 1923 during the Weimar Republic and his father, Louis Kissinger, was a schoolteacher. His mother, Paula Kissinger, from Leutershausen, was a homemaker, Kissinger has a younger brother, Walter Kissinger. The surname Kissinger was adopted in 1817 by his great-great-grandfather Meyer Löb, as a youth, Heinz enjoyed playing soccer, and played for the youth wing of his favorite club, SpVgg Fürth, which was one of the nations best clubs at the time. In 1938, fleeing Nazi persecution, his family moved to London, England, Kissinger spent his high school years in the Washington Heights section of upper Manhattan as part of the German Jewish immigrant community that resided there at the time. Although Kissinger assimilated quickly into American culture, he never lost his pronounced Frankish accent, following his first year at George Washington High School, he began attending school at night and worked in a shaving brush factory during the day. Following high school, Kissinger enrolled in the City College of New York and he excelled academically as a part-time student, continuing to work while enrolled. His studies were interrupted in early 1943, when he was drafted into the U. S. Army, Kissinger underwent basic training at Camp Croft in Spartanburg, South Carolina. On June 19,1943, while stationed in South Carolina, at the age of 20 years, the army sent him to study engineering at Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, but the program was cancelled, and Kissinger was reassigned to the 84th Infantry Division. Kissinger saw combat with the division, and volunteered for hazardous intelligence duties during the Battle of the Bulge, within eight days he had established a civilian administration. Kissinger was then reassigned to the Counter Intelligence Corps, with the rank of sergeant and he was given charge of a team in Hanover assigned to tracking down Gestapo officers and other saboteurs, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star
35.
UBS
–
UBS AG is a Swiss global financial services company, incorporated in the Canton of Zurich, and co-headquartered in Zürich and Basel. In Switzerland, these services are offered to retail clients. The name UBS was originally an abbreviation for the Union Bank of Switzerland, the company traces its origins to 1856, when the earliest of its predecessor banks was founded. UBS has over CHF2.2 trillion in invested assets and its assets under management amounted in 2014 to US$1,966.9 billion, representing a 15. 4% increase in AuM compared to the equivalent data of 2013. It is the biggest bank in Switzerland, operating in more than 50 countries with about 60,000 employees around the world, as of 2014. In comparison to other European banks, UBS suffered among the largest losses during the mortgage crisis. The bank received a US$9.7 billion capital injection in 2007 from the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, UBS also received capital from the Swiss government, further complemented by a series of equity offerings in 2007,2008, and 2009. UBS is a joint-stock company pursuant to Swiss laws and its shares are listed at the SIX Swiss Exchange, and the New York Stock Exchange. As of February 2015, UBS is present in all major financial centers worldwide, having offices in more than 50 countries, with about 35% of its approx. 60,000 employees working in the Americas, 36% in Switzerland, 17% in Europe, the bank has its major presence in the United States. The companys global business groups are wealth management, investment banking, additionally, UBS is the leading provider of retail banking and commercial banking services in Switzerland, as established already in 2009. Overall invested assets are CHF2.689 trillion, shareholders equity is CHF55.313 billion, in November 2014, the shares in UBS Group AG were listed and started trading as a new holding company on the NYSE and SIX Swiss Exchange. Upon application and with the effect as of 14 January 2015, the shares of the USB AG, Corporate Center focuses on the Group’s control functions, which are mainly finance, risk control and legal. All logistics and support services are located with this division and include operations, information technology, human resources, communications, physical security. UBSs wealth management division offers high-net-worth individuals around the world a range of advisory and investment products, as of the end of 2014, UBS Wealth Managements invested assets totaled CHF947 billion. More than 60% of total invested assets in UBS Wealth Management belong to individuals with a net-worth of CHF10 million or more, UBS offers brokerage services and products as well as asset management and other investment advisory and portfolio management products and services. The business is divided geographically with separate businesses focused on the U. S. Two-thirds of the total invested assets come from Europe and Switzerland with the final one-third coming mainly from the Asia-Pacific region, with its headquarters in Switzerland, UBS Wealth Management is present in nearly 50 countries with approximately 230 offices
36.
Northrop Corporation
–
Northrop Corporation was a leading United States aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1939 until its 1994 merger with Grumman to form Northrop Grumman. The company is known for its development of the wing design. Jack Northrop founded three companies using his name, the first was the Avion Corporation in 1927, which was absorbed in 1929 by the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation as a subsidiary named Northrop Aviation Corporation. However, labor difficulties led to the dissolution of the corporation by Douglas in 1937, Northrop still sought his own company, and so in 1939 he established the Northrop Corporation in nearby Hawthorne, California, a site located by co-founder Moye Stephens. The corporation ranked 100th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts, the F-5 was so successful that Northrop spent much of the 1970s and 1980s attempting to duplicate its success with similar lightweight designs. Their first attempt to improve the F-5 was the N-300, which featured more powerful engines. The P-530 also included radar and other systems considered necessary on modern aircraft, nevertheless, the YF-17 Cobra was modified with help from McDonnell Douglas to become the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet in order to fill a similar lightweight design competition for the US Navy. Northrop intended to sell a version as the F-18L, but the basic F-18A continued to outsell it, leading to a long. This garnered little interest in the market, and the project was dropped, in 1985, Northrop bought northrop. com, the sixth. com domain created. Based on the experimentation with flying wings the company developed the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber of the 1990s
37.
Hedrick Smith
–
Hedrick Smith is a journalist who has been a reporter and editor for The New York Times, a producer/correspondent for the PBS show Frontline, and author of several books. He was educated at The Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut and at Williams College, after graduating from Williams College he did graduate work as a Fulbright Scholar at Oxford University. He was a reporter for the New York Times from 1962 to 1988. During his career with The New York Times, he covered such as the Martin Luther King Jr. and civil rights struggle, the Vietnam war. In 1971, Smith worked as diplomatic correspondent. Smith has worked for PBS since 1989 where he created 26 prime-time specials and his work focused on topics such as terrorism, Wall Street, Soviet perestroika, Wal-Mart, Enron, tax evasion, educational reform, health care, the environment, and Washingtons power game. He appeared on television and radio news programs, the former Times Washington Bureau Chief has gone on to publish five books and produced more than 50 hours of long-form documentary television. His most recent book, Who Stole the American Dream, which came out in September 2012, landed on The New York Times national bestseller’s list, while remaining a best seller in a number of cities. Another highly successful book of his was The Russians, based on his years as The New York Times Moscow Bureau Chief from 1971–74 and it has since been translated into 16 languages and has been widely used in university and college courses. Two of his Frontline programs, The Wall Street Fix and Can You Afford to Retire. won Emmys, in addition to the George Polk, George Peabody and Sidney Hillman awards for reporting excellence, his programs have won two national public service awards. In 1971, he was a member of the team won the Pulitzer Prize for its work on the Pentagon Papers. He won the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1974 for stories from Russia, Smith has also won many television awards. His Frontline shows, The Wall Street Fix and Can You Afford to Retire. won Emmies and he has won or shared the Columbia-Dupont Gold Baton for the year’s best public affairs program on U. S. television twice. He has also won the George Polk, George Peabody and Hillman awards for his excellence in reporting along with two public service awards. Smith has been a Nieman Fellow, Frontline, After Gorbachevs USSR Frontline, Bigger than Enron Frontline, Can You Afford to Retire. Frontline, Dr. Solomons Dilemma Frontline, Guns, Tanks, mr. Smith goes to Washington, Saigon, Cairo, and Moscow, by Bill Lucey. NewspaperAlum. com, January 14,2013 Hedrick Smith Productions Appearances on C-SPAN LibraryThing author profile Biography Radio interview WSLR w/Doug Miles on YouTube
38.
United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
–
The Deputy Secretary of Defense is a statutory office and the second-highest-ranking official in the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Deputy Secretary is the civilian deputy to the Secretary of Defense. The Deputy Secretary of Defense position is held by Robert O. Work. Former Assistant to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Stephen Early, public Law 92-596, October 27,1972, established a Second Deputy Secretary of Defense position, with both deputies performing duties as prescribed by the Secretary of Defense. The second deputy position was not filled until December 1975, Robert F. Ellsworth, serving from December 23,1975 until 10 January 1977, was the only one to ever hold that office. Public Law 95-140,21 October 1977, the law establishing two Under Secretaries of Defense, abolished the second deputy position, the Deputy Secretary is first in the line of succession to the office of Secretary of Defense. Traditionally, the Deputy Secretary has been the civilian official guiding the process of the Quadrennial Defense Review.1, Functions of the Department of Defense, Department of Defense Key Officials 1947–2015. Washington DC, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office, Deputy Secretary of Defense position profile at Prunes Online defense. gov
39.
W. Paul Thayer
–
William Paul Thayer was a test pilot, aviation executive, and United States Deputy Secretary of Defense during the Reagan Administration. W. Paul Thayer was born November 23,1919, in Henryetta, Oklahoma and attended school in Wichita. During his time in college, he enrolled in the Civilian Pilot Training Program in order to train as a pilot, after college, Thayer entered the Naval Aviation Cadet Program in mid-1941, earning his wings as a naval aviator in March 1942. His posting in the United States Navy during World War II was with Fighter Squadron 26, Thayer flew a F4F Wildcat and became a flying ace, with six confirmed and four probable aerial victories, and nine further Japanese Air Force aircraft destroyed on the ground. He also participated in the sinking of a Japanese destroyer, Thayer honorably resigned from the Navy as a lieutenant commander following the end of World War II. Immediately after leaving the Navy, Thayer worked as a pilot for Trans World Airlines for two years. He then joined the Chance Vought Aircraft Company as a test pilot in 1948, there, he rose rapidly through the ranks, becoming Chief Test Pilot in 1949, Flight Test Director, Vice President of Sales in 1951, and finally Company President in 1961. In 1968, he was awarded the James H. Doolittle Award, in 1965, the company was reorganized as Ling-Temco-Vought, and Thayer became president of LTV. In 1970, LTV Aerospace was in financial distress and Thayer took over as chief executive officer of LTV. Thayer managed to turn the company around. Thayer was deeply involved in the community in the 1970s, serving as president of the United States Chamber of Commerce. On December 6,1982, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Thayer to be United States Deputy Secretary of Defense, after confirmation by the United States Senate, he was sworn in on January 12,1983. In June 1985, Thayer was sentenced to four years in prison for the obstructing justice during the insider trading case, Paul Thayer died on May 6,2010. He is the father of actress Brynn Thayer, press release announcing President Reagans nomination of Thayer as Deputy Secretary of Defense Biography from Vought website
40.
White House
–
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
41.
USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)
–
USS Abraham Lincoln is the fifth Nimitz-class aircraft carrier in the United States Navy. It is the second Navy ship to have named after former President Abraham Lincoln. Its home port is Norfolk, Virginia, and it is a member of the United States Atlantic Fleet. It is administratively responsible to Commander, Naval Air Forces Atlantic and it is currently undergoing a four-year Refueling and Complex Overhaul process. Abraham Lincolns contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982, its keel was laid 3 November 1984 at Newport News, the ship was launched on 13 February 1988 and commissioned on 11 November 1989. It cost $4.726 billion in 2010 dollars, Abraham Lincoln was transferred to the Pacific in September 1990 performing Gringo-Gaucho with the Argentine Naval Aviation during its transit. From 4 October, Abraham Lincoln formed CTG24.8 in company with USS Doyle,6 October transit with USS Pawcatuck and its maiden Western Pacific deployment came unexpectedly on 28 May 1991 in response to Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. The ship had the staffs of Commander, Carrier Group Three, Rear Admiral Timothy W. Wright and it was accompanied by a seven-ship battle group. While heading towards the Indian Ocean, the ship was diverted to support operations after Mount Pinatubo erupted on Luzon Island in the Philippines. In support of Operation Fiery Vigil, Abraham Lincoln led a 23-ship armada that moved over 45,000 people from the Subic Bay Naval Station to the port of Cebu in the Visayas and it was the largest peacetime evacuation of active military personnel and their families in history. After Fiery Vigil, Abraham Lincoln steamed toward the Persian Gulf, to run reconnaissance and combat air patrols in Iraq and Kuwait, assisting allied, in early 1992, the ship was at Naval Air Station Alameda on Ships Restricted Availability for minor maintenance and refitting. From June 1993 Abraham Lincoln was the flagship of Commander, Carrier Group Three, in October 1993, the carrier was ordered to the coast of Somalia to assist UN humanitarian operations. For four weeks, Abraham Lincoln flew air patrols over Mogadishu in support of Operation Restore Hope, Abraham Lincoln was to be the first Pacific Fleet carrier to integrate female aviators into the crew after the Combat Exclusion Laws were lifted on 28 April 1993. The ship left San Diego on 24 October 1994, to begin refresher training, the next day, Lieutenant Kara Spears Hultgreen, first female F-14 Tomcat pilot, died when her plane crashed into the sea. Her plane lost hydraulic control as she made her final approach and she aborted her landing to the best of her ability in an effort to prevent a collision into the aft end of the ship and the plane inverted and went into the ocean. Radar intercept officer Lieutenant Matthew Klemish ejected safely from the plane and was rescued from the water minutes later, but Hultgreen, who ejected seconds after Klemish, fell straight into the ocean and was killed. Her body, still strapped in the seat, was discovered 19 days later. Abraham Lincolns third deployment began in April 1995 when Abraham Lincoln was sent to the Persian Gulf, Abraham Lincoln was able to continue on with its mission while Sacramento had to dock at Jebel Ali, U. A. E. for several weeks for repair
42.
USS George Washington (CVN-73)
–
She was built by Newport News Shipbuilding and was commissioned on 4 July 1992. George Washington is 1,092 ft long,257 ft wide and 244 feet high, with a combat load, GW displaces almost 97,000 long tons and can accommodate 6,250 crewmembers. Her four distilling units can make 400,000 U. S. gallons of water a day. There are over 2,500 compartments on board requiring 2,520 refrigeration tons of air conditioning capacity, the warship uses two Mark II stockless anchors that weigh 30 tons each, with each link of the anchor chain weighing 360 pounds. It is currently equipped with two 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts and two Sea Sparrow SAM launchers, one CIWS and one Sea Sparrow mount were removed to make way for two RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers, installed during the 2005 Drydocking Planned Incremental Availability. Since then, all U. S. carriers have followed suit, general Washington had long been a proponent of a strong Navy. On 15 November 1781 he wrote, Without a decisive Naval force, and with it, everything honourable and decisive. These words are engraved on a plaque on the ships quarterdeck, the ship can reach speeds of over 30 knots and is powered by two Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors that turn four 5-bladed screws of 66,220 pounds each. George Washington can travel more than 3,000,000 nautical miles before needing refueling, the contract for George Washington was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982. The keel was laid on 25 August 1986, the ship was christened on 21 July 1990 by First Lady Barbara Bush, and was commissioned at Naval Station Norfolk on 4 July 1992. In 1993, following a reorganization, the Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2 staff went aboard a new flagship. In 1994 the group was under the command of Rear Admiral Alexander Krekich, the group participated in the 2000 NATO Exercise Destined Glory, Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Southern Watch, and Operation Vigilant Resolve. After 2001 the group took part in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, in 1997 Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2, Rear Admiral Michael Mullen, led the group on deployment from George Washington. On 20 February Washington entered the Gulf of Aden, and a week later was conducting operations in the Persian Gulf, on 28 January 2005 the ship entered shipyard for Drydocking Planned Incremental Availability. Many ships systems were upgraded and maintenance was done to the hull, the ships four jet blast deflectors were removed and upgraded to handle the increased heat generated by the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. One defensive Phalanx CIWS mount and one Sea Sparrow launcher were replaced by two Rolling Airframe Missile launchers, during the 11 months the ship was drydocked, the crew contributed 20,000 hours of volunteer community service to the city of Newport News, Virginia. The work was completed on schedule, and George Washington returned to her Norfolk home port on 17 December 2005, in an attempt to explain the carriers mission to the Japanese public, the U. S. Navy printed a manga about life aboard GW, titled CVN-73. GW and CVW-17 left Norfolk on 4 April for a scheduled deployment to operate as part of SOUTHCOMs Partnership of the Americas
43.
Hyman G. Rickover
–
Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, U. S. Navy, directed the original development of naval nuclear propulsion and controlled its operations for three decades as director of Naval Reactors. In addition, he oversaw the development of the Shippingport Atomic Power Station, a naval officer who served in a flag rank for nearly 30 years – from 1953 to 1982 – Rickover was promoted to four-star admiral after 51 years of commissioned service. Vessels are now decommissioned and others are under construction, Rickover is the only person who has ever been awarded two Congressional Gold Medals. Rickover was born Chaim Godalia Rickover, to Abraham Rickover and Rachel Rickover and his parents later changed his name to Hyman, which, like Chaim, is derived from Chayyim, meaning life. He did not use his name, Godalia, but when required to list one for the Naval Academy oath. The family name Rickover is derived from the village and the estate of Ryki, located within 100 kilometres of Warsaw, decades later, the entire remaining Jewish communities of Ryki and Maków Mazowiecki were killed or otherwise perished during the Holocaust. Rickover took his first paid job at nine years of age and he graduated from grammar school at 14. While attending John Marshall High School in Chicago, Rickover held a job as a telegraph boy delivering Western Union telegrams. Congressman Adolph J. Sabath, himself a Czech Jewish immigrant, through the intervention of a family friend, Sabath nominated Rickover for appointment to the United States Naval Academy. Rickover was only an alternate for appointment, but through disciplined self-directed study and good fortune. Rickovers active duty career began in 1918, during a time when attending military academies was considered active duty service. On 2 June 1922, Rickover graduated 107th out of 540 midshipmen and was commissioned as an ensign and he joined the destroyer La Vallette on 5 September 1922. Rickover impressed his commanding officer with his work and efficiency. At Columbia, he met Ruth D. Masters, a Christian and graduate student in international law, shortly after marrying, Rickover wrote to his parents of his decision to become an Episcopalian, remaining so for the remainder of his life. Columbia was the first institution that encouraged me to think rather than memorize and my teachers were notable in that many had gained practical engineering experience outside the university and were able to share their experience with their students. I am grateful, among others, to Professors Morecroft, Hehre, much of what I have subsequently learned and accomplished in engineering is based on the solid foundation of principles I learned from them. I am therefore especially gratified by your invitation to return and speak this evening, Rickover preferred life on smaller ships, and he also knew that young officers in the submarine service were advancing quickly, so he went to Washington and volunteered for submarine duty. His application was turned down due to his age, at that time 29 years, fortunately for Rickover, he ran into his former commanding officer from Nevada while leaving the building, who interceded successfully on his behalf
44.
Captain (United States O-6)
–
The predecessors of the NOAA Corps, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps, also used the rank. In the United States Navy, captain is an officer rank. It ranks above commander and below rear admiral and it is equivalent to the rank of colonel in the other uniformed services. Promotion to captain is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 or its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act, Navy captains with sea commands in the surface warfare officer community generally command ships of cruiser size or larger. The more senior the officer, the larger the ship, others may hold command as commodores of destroyer squadrons consisting of multiple destroyers and frigates. Surface Warfare Officers may also command large amphibious warfare ships or combat support ships. Today, like their surface warfare counterparts, captains in the community may serve as commodores of submarine squadrons. A smaller cohort outside of sea and shore commands may also serve as astronauts on loan to the National Aeronautics, in the Naval Special Warfare Sea Air Land community, captains with sea commands are typically commodores in command of Naval Special Warfare Groups. In addition, in the strike group, the Marine Expeditionary Unit commanding officer will always be a Marine Corps colonel. Adding to the confusion, all commanding officers of commissioned U. S. Navy warships and submarines are called captain regardless of actual rank. The United States Coast Guard also uses the same rank system for its commissioned officers as the U. S. Navy, with a Coast Guard captain ranking above a commander. The sleeve and shoulder board insignia are similar to the Navy insignia, the Coast Guard has no staff corps officers. Like the U. S. Navy, all commanding officers of commissioned cutters are addressed as captain regardless of their actual rank, seagoing NOAA captains command certain National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ships, while NOAA aviators command NOAA flight operations activities. USPHS rapid deployment force teams, containing 105 USPHS physicians, nurses, although it exists largely as a maritime training organization, the United States Maritime Service also uses the rank of captain. Captain DA Pamphlet 600–3, Commissioned Officer Professional Development and Career Management
45.
Equity (finance)
–
In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
46.
Hawaii Superferry
–
Hawaii Superferry was a Hawaii-based transportation company that provided passenger and vehicle transportation between Honolulu Harbor on the island of Oʻahu and Kahului Harbor on Maui. The company had hoped to return service to Nawiliwili Harbor on Kauaʻi, the company went bankrupt as a result of these actions preventing service in Hawaii. The United States Navy eventually purchased the craft for a total of $35M, the vessel used by Hawaii Superferry was an aluminum-hulled catamaran with drive-on / drive-off vehicle capability or fast ferry service. It is designed and built in the United States by Austal USA and it was capable of transporting up to 866 passengers and 282 subcompact cars. The first ship, Alakai, arrived in Honolulu Harbor on June 30,2007, as of 2017 there is only passenger ferry service between Lanai and Maui. The concept of the Superferry was founded in 2001 and first announced by founders Timothy Dick, John Garibaldi, the company claimed fares for a family trip to be similar to the equivalent airfare, car rental, and parking. In January 2004, the company formed a partnership with Austal to build two high-speed catamarans, construction on the first ship began in June 2004. Environmental concerns - These can generally be divided into concerns for marine life, concern for the environmental impacts were threatened by the virtually unrestricted inter-island transport of vehicles, particularly by Oahu residents engaged in recreational activities. The unrestricted inter-island transport of vehicles also threatened the spread of species between islands. The eggs of a frog, an invasive pest on the big island. The introduction of invasive species further jeopardizes endemic endangered species, Superferry then announced that it would accelerate its launch to August 26,2007, two days earlier than its originally scheduled launch date. Service began with inaugural $5 fares, the inaugural voyages were sold out. The voyage to Maui was smooth and uneventful with a few environmental protesters observing peacefully at Kahului Harbor, however, about a dozen protesters on surfboards blockaded the ferry at Nawiliwili Harbor on Kauaʻi. The Coast Guard cleared the path after 90 minutes. Upon docking, protesters confronted passengers, including Kauaʻi residents, on August 27,2007, Judge Cardoza issued a temporary restraining order barring the Superferry from accessing Kahului Harbor, causing Maui service to be suspended. Meanwhile, the Superferry was forced to back from its second trip to Kauaʻi after protestors again blockaded the Nawiliwili Harbor resulting in several more arrests. Superferry passengers were forced to remain on board for 9 hours, the company subsequently suspended services to Kauaʻi. Describing their meeting, Hanabusa commented that they would have staying power for a month—outside, a month, Superferry officials, while declining to elaborate, did not dispute this
