1.
New Zealand Order of Merit
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The New Zealand Order of Merit is an order of chivalry in New Zealands honours system. The number of Knights and Dames Grand Companion is limited to 30 living people, additionally, new appointments are limited to 15 Knight Companions,40 Companions,80 Officers and 140 Members per year. As well as the five grades, there are three types of membership, ordinary membership is limited to citizens of New Zealand or a Commonwealth realm. Additional members, appointed on special occasions, are not counted in the numerical limits, people who are not citizens of a Commonwealth realm are given Honorary membership, if they subsequently adopt citizenship of a Commonwealth realm they are eligible for Additional membership. The Collar, worn only by the Sovereign and Chancellor, comprises links of the medallion of the badge and S-shaped Koru. Hanging from the Coat of Arms is the badge of the Order, the Star is an eight-pointed star with each arm bearing a representation of a fern frond, with the Orders badge superimposed in the centre. Grand Companions wear a star and Knight Companions wear a silver star. The badge for Officers and Members is similar, but in silver-gilt, Grand Companions wear the badge on a sash over the right shoulder, Knight Companions and Companions wear the badge on a neck ribbon or a bow on the left shoulder. Officers and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the lapel or a bow on the left shoulder. The ribbon and sash are plain red ochre, Knight/Dames Grand Companion and Knight/Dames Companion are entitled to use the style Sir for males and Dame for females. The orders statutes grant heraldic privileges to members of the first and second level, Grand Companions are also entitled to heraldic supporters. The Chancellor is entitled to supporters and a representation of the Collar of the Order around his/her shield, the majority of those affected chose the aforereferenced appellations. A change to non-titular honours was a recommendation contained within the report of the 1995 honours committee which prompted the creation of the New Zealand Order of Merit. Titular honours were incorporated into the new system before its implementation in 1996 after the National Party caucus, there has long been debate in New Zealand regarding the appropriateness of titles. Some feel it is no longer appropriate as New Zealand has not been a colony since 1907, others feel that titles carry both domestic and international recognition, and that awarded on the basis of merit they remain an appropriate recognition of excellence. In April 2000 the then new Labour Prime Minister, Helen Clark, announced that knighthoods and damehoods had been abolished, a National Business Review poll in February 2000 revealed that 54% of New Zealanders thought the titles should be scrapped. The issue of titular honours would appear whenever honours were mentioned, in 2009, Prime Minister John Key restored the honours to their pre-April 2000 state. Principal Companions and Distinguished Companions were given the option to convert their awards into Knighthoods or Damehoods, the restoration was welcomed by Monarchy New Zealand
2.
Companion of the Queen's Service Order
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This order was created after a review of New Zealands honours system in 1974. The Queens Service Order replaced the Imperial Service Order in New Zealand, recipients of this award are entitled to use the post-nominal letters QSO, and are styled companion. Members of the Royal Family can be named extra companions, before 2005, awards were distinguished between those made for public and community service. The ribbon has a traditional Māori Poutama motif of black, white, the insignia is worn on the left lapel of the coat for men or from a ribbon tied in a bow at the left shoulder for women. The Governor-General of New Zealand additionally wears the badge on a gold chain. There is also a related Queens Service Medal, which is a circular medal bearing the effigy of the reigning monarch on the obverse. The ribbon or bow pattern is the same as the Queens Service Order, the medal, before 2005, was also awarded for public and community service. British and Commonwealth orders and decorations New Zealand Honours System Official Site, has images of the various insignia, changes to QSO and QSM Honours affect Gov Gen, New Zealand Government press release. Warrant under the Orders seal reconstiuting the Order
3.
New Zealand Parliament
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The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative branch of New Zealand, consisting of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives. Before 1951, there was a chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning parliaments in the world, the House of Representatives is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. It usually consists of 120 MPs, though sometimes due to overhang seats. 70 MPs are elected directly in electorate seats and the remainder are filled by list MPs based on each partys share of the party vote, Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. New Zealand does not allow sentenced prisoners to vote, the Parliament is closely linked to the executive branch. The House of Representatives has met in the Parliament Buildings located in Wellington, Parliament funds the broadcast of its proceedings through Parliament TV, AM Network and Parliament Today. It was based on the Westminster model and had a house, called the House of Representatives. The members of the House of Representatives were elected under the first-past-the-post voting system, originally Councillors were appointed for life, but later their terms were fixed at seven years. In 1951, the Council was abolished altogether, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral, under the Constitution Act, legislative power was also conferred on New Zealands provinces, each of which had its own elected Legislative Council. These provincial legislatures were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects, over a twenty-year period, political power was progressively centralised, and the provinces were abolished altogether in 1876. Four Māori electorates were created in 1867 during the term of the 4th Parliament, originally the New Zealand Parliament remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. One historical speciality of the New Zealand Parliament was the country quota, from 1889 on, districts were weighted according to their urban/rural split. The country quota was in effect until it was abolished in 1945 by a mostly urban-elected Labour government, the New Zealand Parliament is sovereign with no institution able to over-ride its decisions. The ability of Parliament to act is, legally, unimpeded, for example, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 is a normal piece of legislation, it is not superior law as codified constitutions are in some other countries. The only thing Parliament is limited in its power are on some entrenched issues relating to elections and these issues require either 75% of all MPs to support the bill or a referendum on the issue. The Queen of New Zealand is one of the components of Parliament—formally called the Queen-in-Parliament and this results from the role of the monarch to sign into law the bills that have been passed by the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives was established as a house and has been the Parliaments sole chamber since 1951
4.
New Zealand general election, 1987
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The 1987 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the 42nd sitting of the New Zealand Parliament. The governing New Zealand Labour Party, led by Prime Minister David Lange, was re-elected for a second term, the election also saw the elimination of the Democratic Party from Parliament, leaving Labour and National as the only parties represented. Before the election, the Labour Party held 56 seats, giving it a majority in Parliament. The National Party held 37 seats, the Democrats, a small party devoted to the principles of Social Credit, held two seats. Of particular importance in the election were the reforms being undertaken by Roger Douglas. These reforms, sometimes known as Rogernomics, involved monetarist approaches to controlling inflation, corporatisation of government departments, all these things were strongly opposed by many traditional Labour supporters, who saw them as a betrayal of the partys left-wing principles. Many commentators believed that anger over Rogernomics could cost the government the election. Another matter of importance, and perhaps one which enabled Labour to survive public dissatisfaction, was the nuclear issue, the National Party intended to revoke the ban, but the New Zealand public were supportive of it. Labours support for the ban is often considered to be an important factor in the partys re-election, National was also bitterly divided, with some supporting the Rogernomics reforms, but MPs such as former Prime Minister Robert Muldoon bitterly opposed. Muldoon had undermined his successor as party leader, Jim McLay, Bolger was more centrist, but National still struggled to be seen as an alternative government. In the South Island, the shift of population to Christchurch had continued, overall, three electorates were newly created, three electorates were recreated, and four electorates were abolished. All of those electorates were in the North Island, changes in the South Island were restricted to boundary changes. The election was held on 15 August, and 2,114,656 people were registered to vote, turnout was 89. 1%, somewhat lower than the 1984 election. The election saw the Labour Party win 57 seats, enough for it to retain its outright majority, Labour held two more seats than after the previous election. The National Party won 40 seats, an increase of three and it was possible for both parties to increase their number of seats partly due to the disappearance of the Democrats and partly due to the increase in the total number of seats. Although Labour emerged from the election with a 17-seat lead over National, labours share of the vote was 48. 0%, while Nationals was 44. 0%. While Labour did retain its lead, the gap between Labour and National closed by a larger extent than the count would indicate. The Democrats, despite winning 5. 7% of the vote, did not win any electorates
5.
New Zealand general election, 1996
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The 1996 New Zealand general election was held on 12 October 1996 to determine the composition of the 45th New Zealand Parliament. It was notable for being the first election to be held under the new proportional electoral system. It saw the National Party, led by Jim Bolger, retain its position in government, New Zealand Firsts position as kingmaker, able to place either of the two major parties into government, was a significant election outcome. In the 1993 election, the National Party and the Labour Party had won 50 and 45 seats, the Alliance and the New Zealand First party had each won two seats. In the approach to MMP, however, there had been considerable rearrangement in parliament, as such, the situation just before the 1996 election was markedly different from the situation that had been established at the 1993 election. The 1996 election was notable for the significant change of electorate boundaries, because of the introduction of the MMP electoral system, the number of electorates had to be reduced, leading to significant changes. Many electorates were abolished, with their territories being incorporated into completely new electoral districts, more than half of the electorates contested in 1996 were newly constituted, and most of the remainder had seen significant boundary changes. In total,73 electorates were abolished,29 electorates were newly created, South Island Since the 1967 electoral redistribution, the South Island had its number of general electorates fixed at 25. For the 1996 election and onwards, the number of South Island electorates is fixed at 16. The number of electors on the roll of the South Island divided by 16 gives the target size for North Island and Māori electorates. North Island Based on the described above, the target size for North Island electorates resulted in 44 of them being required. Māori electorates All four existing Māori electorates were abolished, the calculation described above resulted in five Māori electorates being required, these were Te Puku O Te Whenua, Te Tai Hauauru, Te Tai Rawhiti, Te Tai Tokerau, and Te Tai Tonga. List seats The House of Representatives was to have 120 seats and this left 55 list seats to be filled. An outcome of the election was that no overhang seats were required, of the 2,418,587 people registered to vote,88. 3% turned out to vote. The turnout was an improvement on the previous two elections, but still slightly lower than what would have been expected during the 1980s. While the number of general electorates decreased from 95 to 60, in the election 842 candidates stood, and there were 21 registered parties with party lists. Of the candidates,459 were electorate and list,152 were electorate only, 73% of candidates were male and 27% female. The 1996 election eventually saw a victory for the governing National Party, the opposition Labour Party won slightly less
6.
New Zealand general election, 1999
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The 1999 New Zealand general election was held on 27 November 1999 to determine the composition of the 46th New Zealand Parliament. The governing National Party, led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clarks Labour Party, before the election, the National Party had an unstable hold on power. After the 1996 election National had formed a coalition with the populist New Zealand First party and its controversial leader, NZ Firsts support crashed, though this was also partly caused by scandals and by mid-1997, NZ First was polling at as low as 2%. National also polled badly, and Jim Bolger was replaced as Prime Minister with Jenny Shipley, gradually, however, the relationship between the two parties deteriorated, and Peters took his party out of the coalition. A number of New Zealand First MPs deserted Peters, establishing themselves as independents or as members of established parties. By forming agreements with these MPs, National was able to keep itself in office, the polls were still initially close, but without NZ First support, Nationals chances of forming a government were slim. Eventually, Labour Party gained a lead over National. The Labour Party, which had been in Opposition since losing the 1990 election, presented a strong challenge, the two had not previously enjoyed good relations, primarily due to the presence of the NewLabour Party as one of the Alliances key members. NewLabour had been established by Jim Anderton, a former Labour MP who quit the party in protest over the reforms of Roger Douglas. This agreement was deemed a necessary step towards building an alternative to the National Party. This election was the first in New Zealands history where both parties were led by women. The election took place on 27 November, less than 84. 1% of the 2,509,365 people registered to vote turned out for the election. This was the lowest turnout for some time, although it would drop further in the 2002 elections, a total of 679 candidates stood for electorate seats, representing 36 parties. Party lists comprised 760 candidates from 22 parties, the new government was sworn in on 10 December. In the election 965 candidates stood, and there were 22 registered parties with party lists, of the candidates,482 were electorate and list,197 were electorate only, and 286 were list only. 67% of candidates were male and 33% female, Labour Party won 49 seats in parliament. When combined with the ten seats won by the Alliance, the coalition was two short of an absolute majority. It was able to form a new government with support from the Green Party, Helen Clark openly encouraged Labour supporters in the Coromandel to give their constituency vote to Green Party co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimons and their party vote to Labour
7.
New Zealand National Party
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The New Zealand National Party is a centre-right political party in New Zealand. It is one of two parties in contemporary New Zealand politics, alongside its historic rival, the New Zealand Labour Party. The party originated in 1936 with the merger of the United and Reform parties, National is the nations second-oldest extant political party. National governed for four periods in the course of the 20th century and it has favoured economic liberal policies since the 1990s. Since November 2008, National has been the largest party in minority governments with support from the centrist United Future, the liberal ACT Party, Bill English has been the party leader and Prime Minister of New Zealand since 12 December 2016. The New Zealand National Party has been characterised as conservative and liberal, with outlying populist, the partys principles, last revised in 2003, seek a safe, prosperous and successful New Zealand that creates opportunities for all New Zealanders to reach their personal goals and dreams. It supports a limited welfare state but says that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment, historically, the party has supported a higher degree of protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. The last major interventionist policy was Prime Minister Robert Muldoons massive infrastructure projects designed to ensure New Zealands energy independence after the 1973 oil shock, Think Big. The Fourth National Government mostly carried on the sweeping reforms of the Fourth Labour Government known as Rogernomics. Following a moderate Fifth Labour Government, the Fifth National Government of New Zealand took power in 2008 under John Key. For instance they extended free general practitioner visits to children under 13 as part of their 2014 election package, in the most recent general election, in 2014, the National Party ran a campaign focusing on stability. They promised to limit new spending every year, to not introduce any new taxes and they also campaigned on the possibility of moderate tax cuts within the next few years and are generally in favour of free-trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The National Party was formed in May 1936, but its roots go further back. The party came about as the result of a merger between the United Party and the Reform Party, historically, the Liberal and Reform parties had competed against each other, but from 1931 until 1935 a United-Reform Coalition held power in New Zealand. The coalition went into the 1935 election under the title of the National Political Federation, the two parties were cut down to 19 seats between them. Another factor was a party, the Democrat Party formed by Albert Davy. The new party split the vote and aided Labours victory. In hopes of countering Labours rise, United and Reform decided to turn their alliance into a single party and this party, the New Zealand National Party, was formed at a meeting held in Wellington on 13 and 14 May 1936
8.
New Zealand general election, 2002
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The 2002 New Zealand general election was held on 27 July 2002 to determine the composition of the 47th New Zealand Parliament. It saw the reelection of Helen Clarks Labour Party government, as well as the performance by the opposition National Party. Arguably the most controversial issue in the campaign was the end of a moratorium on genetic engineering. The release of Nicky Hagers book Seeds of Distrust prior to the election also sparked much debate, the book examined how the government handled the contamination of a shipment of imported corn with genetically modified seeds. Helen Clark called the Greens goths and anarcho-feminists during the campaign, on 12 June the government announced that the country would have a general election on 27 July. This was several months earlier than was required, a fact which caused considerable comment, the Prime Minister, Helen Clark, claimed that an early poll was necessary due to the collapse of her junior coalition partner, the Alliance. Critics, however, claimed that Clark could have continued to govern, some commentators believe that a mixture of these factors was responsible. Before the election, the Labour Party held 49 seats in parliament and it governed in coalition with the smaller Alliance, which had 10 seats. It also relied on support from the Greens, but this was an informal arrangement. Opposing Labour were the National Party, New Zealand First, ACT New Zealand, many opinion polls, indicated that Labour was popular enough to conceivably win an absolute majority, leaving it able to govern without the support of smaller parties. Labours dominance over National was such that for people, the question was not whether Labour would win. There were 2,670,030 registered voters, the highest number for any election in New Zealand, however, only 77% of these registered voters chose to cast a vote, a considerable drop from previous elections. Many commentators cited Labours dominance in the polls as a reason for lack of voting. Many people saw the outcome as inevitable, and so did not bother to vote at all, in the election 683 candidates stood, and there were 14 registered parties with party lists. Of the candidates,433 were electorate and list,160 were electorate only, 71% of candidates were male and 29% female. As most people expected, Labour was victorious and it did not, however, receive an absolute majority, gaining only 52 seats. Labours former coalition partner, the Alliance, was not returned to parliament, however, the new Progressive Coalition started by former Alliance leader Jim Anderton won two seats, and remained allied with Labour. The Greens, who were now distanced from Labour over the genetic engineering controversy, in general, it was a bad election for the parties of the right
9.
Morrinsville
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Morrinsville is a provincial town in the Waikato region of New Zealands North Island, with a population of approximately 7,000. The town is located at the base of the Pakaroa Range. Morrinsville is around 33 kilometres east of Hamilton and 22 kilometres west of Te Aroha, the town is bordered by the Piako River to the east and the Waitakaruru Stream to the south. First recorded contact with European settlers occurred around 1850, with John Johnson trading with the Māori from 1852, in May 1874 Morrin purchases two further blocks, Motumaoho No.1 and No.2, and his estate now totaled over 30,000 acres. Morrin hired Irish navvies from the fields to dig a network of drains to dry the land, enabling it to be used for agriculture. In 1882 Morrin surveyed the land for the site of the town proper, the Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Company began the construction of a railway line from Morrinsville to Rotorua in 1879, and on 1 October 1884, the line from Hamilton to Morrinsville was opened. With construction progressing towards Paeroa and the line to Te Aroha opening on 1 March 1886, Morrinsville is one of three towns, along with Te Aroha and Matamata, that serves one of New Zealands most prosperous dairy farming areas. The area around Morrinsville is sometimes described as being the most intensively dairy-farmed areas in the world and it is from the dairy industry that the town gets its slogan of cream of the country. Dairy processing has been an industry in Morrinsville, most notably through the Morrinsville Dairy Company since 1922. The dairy company retained the Scottish link through prominently using the name Lockerbie, today, after a series of mergers, the dairy factory is now operated by the Fonterra Dairy Co-operative. During the late 1920s a company was formed to develop the industry on the extensive low-lying areas west of Morrinsville. Several thousand acres were acquired for the planting and milling of New Zealand flax, during the towns formative years the area also contained a number of commercial sawmills, most of which closed by the 1930s as more and more land was cleared for farming. Meadow Mushrooms, one of Morrinsvilles biggest employers, ceased its operations and relocated to Canterbury in 2010. There is also a plant producing hydrogen peroxide, fertiliser and other agri-nutrients located on the southern outskirts of the town. Historically, Morrinsville was the junction of the Auckland–Thames and Auckland–Rotorua lines, which subsequently became the Thames Branch. Morrinsville Railway Station was opened on October 1,1884, to the east off Studholme Street, a footbridge over the track was opened in 1913, connecting the station with the town from the end of Canada Street. There are also large goods and engine sheds, and cattle loading yards, five workmens cottages adjoin the station, and the Bank of New Zealand Estates Company has a large building connected with the siding for seed-cleaning and storage purposes. The original station building was demolished in 1984 and a building was erected approximately 300 metres to the west off Marshall Street
10.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
11.
Massey University
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Massey University is a university based in Раlmеrstоn Nоrth, Nеw Zеаlаnd, with significant campuses in Аlbаny and Wellington. Research is undertaken on all three campuses, and more than 3,000 international students from over 100 countries study at the university, Massey University is the only university in New Zealand offering degrees in aviation, dispute resolution, veterinary medicine, and nanoscience. Masseys veterinary school is accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association and is recognised in the United States, Australia, Canada and its agriculture programme is the highest-ranked in New Zealand, and 19th in Quacquarelli Symonds world university subject rankings. It drew from the departments of Victoria University College in Wellington. In 1927 the college was renamed Massey Agricultural College after former New Zealand Prime Minister William Fergusson Massey who died in 1925 and had been vigorous in land reform efforts. The Massey Agricultural College Committee first met on 1 February 1927, the college was officially opened for tuition on 20 March 1928 by O. J. Hawkin. Women were admitted from 1932, with Enid Hills being the first, with the demise of the UNZ in 1961, it became Massey College, part of Victoria University of Wellington. In 1960 a branch of VUW was established in Palmerston North to teach students by distance education, inaugurated in 1993, classes began at Masseys Albany campus in 1994. In December 2010 Massey announced that the Wellington campus would close its School of Engineering, in December 2016, the Chancellor of the University, Chris Kelly, caused outrage by making several comments in a rural newspaper regarding the gender of those in the veterinarian profession. Whereas men find out about booze and all sorts of things during their first year. That’s fine, but the problem is one woman graduate is equivalent to two-fifths of a full-time equivalent vet throughout her life because she married and has a family. These remarks caused outrage, with Kellys apology via Twitter. Kelly resigned as Chancellor on 14 December 2016, and was replaced promptly by then Pro Chancellor Michael Ahie, Massey University has campuses in the Manawatu at Palmerston North, at Wellington and on Aucklands North Shore at Albany. In addition, Massey offers most of its degrees extramurally within New Zealand and it has the nations largest business college. Research is undertaken on all three campuses, New Zealands first satellite, KiwiSAT is currently being designed and built by New Zealand Radio Amateurs with the support of Massey, especially in space environment testing. The Manawatu campus in Palmerston North is based at the Turitea site, the campus has around 9,000 students. The Turitea site houses the administrative units of Massey University as well as the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, the College of Sciences. The Turitea site is home to the only Veterinary School in New Zealand, in 2013 the College of Education became the Institute of Education and is part of College of Humanities and Social Sciences
12.
Treaty of Waitangi
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The Treaty of Waitangi is a treaty first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and various Māori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand. It resulted in the declaration of British sovereignty over New Zealand by Lieutenant Governor William Hobson in May 1840, the Treaty established a British Governor of New Zealand, recognised Māori ownership of their lands, forests and other properties, and gave the Māori the rights of British subjects. In return the Māori people ceded New Zealand to Queen Victoria, the English and Māori versions of the Treaty differed significantly, so there is no consensus as to exactly what was agreed. From the British point of view, the Treaty gave Britain sovereignty over New Zealand, Māori believed they ceded to the Crown a right of governance in return for protection, without giving up their authority to manage their own affairs. After the initial signing at Waitangi, copies of the Treaty were taken around New Zealand, in total there are nine copies of the Treaty of Waitangi including the original signed on 6 February 1840. Around 530 to 540 Māori, at least 13 of them women, in the 1970s the treaty gained prominence amid greater awareness of Maori issues and grievances, particularly with regard to land claims. Māori have looked to the Treaty for rights and remedies for land loss and unequal treatment by the state, from the late 1960s Māori began drawing attention to breaches of the Treaty, and subsequent histories have emphasised problems with its translation. In 1975, the Waitangi Tribunal was established as a permanent commission of inquiry tasked with researching breaches of the Treaty by the British Crown or its agents, the move showed that the original document was not a firm foundation for the construction of a State. Today the Treaty is generally considered the document of New Zealand as a nation. Despite this, it is often the subject of heated debate, many Māori feel that the Crown did not fulfil its obligations under the Treaty, and have presented evidence of this before sittings of the Waitangi Tribunal. Some non-Māori New Zealanders have suggested that Māori may be abusing the Treaty in order to claim special privileges. The Crown, in most cases, is not obliged to act on the recommendations of the Tribunal but nonetheless in many instances has accepted that it breached the Treaty and its principles. Settlements for Treaty breaches to date have consisted of hundreds of millions of dollars of reparations in cash and assets, the date of the signing has been a national holiday, now called Waitangi Day, since 1974. Between 1795 and 1830 a steady flow of sealing and then whaling ships visited New Zealand, mainly stopping at the Bay of Islands for food supplies, many of the ships came from Sydney. Trade between Sydney and New Zealand increased as traders sought kauri timber and flax and missionaries purchased large areas of land in the Bay of Islands. The purchase of muskets by Ngāpuhi in Sydney began a devastation of the Māori population in a series of as many as 3000 tribal battles known as the Musket Wars between 1807 and 1845. In 1831, thirteen chiefly rangatira from the far north of the country met at Kerikeri to compose a letter to King William IV asking for help to guard their lands. Specifically, the chiefs sought protection from the French, the tribe of Marion, in response, the British government sent James Busby in 1832 to be the British Resident in New Zealand
13.
Waikato River
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The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, running for 425 kilometres through the North Island. It rises in the slopes of Mount Ruapehu, joining the Tongariro River system and flowing through Lake Taupo. It then drains Taupo at the northeastern edge, creates the Huka Falls. It empties into the Tasman Sea south of Auckland, at Port Waikato and it gives its name to the Waikato Region that surrounds the Waikato Plains. The present course of the river was formed about 17,000 years ago. Contributing factors were climate warming, forest being reestablished in the river headwaters, the channel was gradually eroded as far up river as Piarere, leaving the old Hinuera channel high and dry. The remains of the old river path can be seen at Hinuera where the cliffs mark the ancient river edges. The rivers main tributary is the Waipa River, which has its confluence with the Waikato at Ngaruawahia, the name Waikato comes from the Māori language and translates as flowing water. The Waikato River has spiritual meaning for various local Māori tribes, including the large Tainui, the widely respected marae of Turangawaewae is close to its banks at Ngaruawahia. The Tainui iwi was advised not to bring a case for the river before the Waitangi Tribunal as they would not win, waikato-Tainui now have joint management of the river with Environment Waikato. It is possible that the flowed through the Waikato Basin about a million years ago before returning to its Hinuera course. After the huge Oruanui eruption 27,000 years ago pumice was showered all over the North Island to a thickness of 200 metres, a new lake was formed—Lake Taupo. The water built up until a new outlet was forced 120 metres above the present level near Waihora Bay, over the next few thousand years the bed of the river was raised by large amounts of eruption debris. The water level dropped quickly and the river stayed in this new course through the Maungatautari gorge, deposits show that the Waikato River was already in the Waikato Basin 21,800 years ago. The river starts as small streams on the eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu. The Mangatoetoenui Glacier is one of the principal sources, the southernmost tributary is called the Upper Waikato Stream. The Waipakihi River joins the Waikato from the Kaimanawa Mountains to the west, from the point where the river meets the Waihohonu Stream, down to Lake Taupo, it has been formally named the Tongariro River since 1945. The Pouto River joins from Lake Rotoaira to the east, the Tongariro flows northward, with State Highway 1 in parallel, through the town of Turangi, and into the southern side of Lake Taupo
14.
Hamilton Boys' High School
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Hamilton Boys High School is a boys secondary school in Hamilton, New Zealand and is the largest secondary school in the Waikato region. The school was established as Hamilton High School in 1911 but was split into separate boys and girls schools Hamilton Girls High School. The school crest features a lion, sash and star, the school colours are black and red. Most of the schools approximately 2300 students are day boys from Hamilton and surrounding townships such as Cambridge, Te Awamutu, around 130 boys are housed in an onsite boarding hostel, Argyle House, which forms one of the six houses into which the school is divided. In doing so the school one of the first boys schools in New Zealand to appoint a female headmaster. The school offers both the state run NCEA and external Cambridge International Examinations for students to undertake, Hamilton Boys High School currently has six houses. All of the day boy houses are named after former headmasters of the school, tait - Red Taylor - Green Wilson - Blue Steel - Grey Baigent - Yellow Argyle - Black After every House competition, the new scores will be added to the previous scores. The House with the highest amount of points at the end of the year gets to have its House name on the yearly House win list, like all previously selective state schools, Hamilton Boys High School operates an enrolment scheme. Enrolment was traditionally by academic examination followed by an interview, alternatively a student might be enrolled if he had a family connection to the school. The school still examines new students but only for the purposes of streaming students, john Luxton - Cabinet Minister 1990-1999 Craig Baird - Multiple New Zealand and Australian motorsport champion Aled de Malmanche - Former Chiefs, Waikato Rugby Union, and NZ All Black. Now playing for Stade Français in France. School. nz – Official website Education Review Office reports for Hamilton Boys High School
15.
42nd New Zealand Parliament
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The 42nd New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1987 elections, and it sat until the 1990 elections, the 42nd Parliament was the second term of the controversial fourth Labour Party government. Initially, the other party in the 42nd Parliament was the National Party. Later, a dissident Labour MP, Jim Anderton, would found the NewLabour Party in 1989, due to internal disputes within the Labour Party, there were three Prime Ministers during the 42nd Parliament, David Lange, Geoffrey Palmer, and Mike Moore. The 42nd Parliament consisted of ninety-seven representatives, at the time, this was the highest number of representatives that Parliament had had, although it would later be exceeded. All of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including four special Māori electorates. Jim Anderton, the Labour MP for Sydenham, quit the Labour Party in protest in 1989 over the reforms, known as Rogernomics, of Roger Douglas. The First 50 Years, A History of the New Zealand National Party
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New Zealand general election, 1990
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The 1990 New Zealand general election was held on 27 October to determine the composition of the 43rd New Zealand parliament. The governing Labour Party was defeated, ending its controversial two terms in office, the National Party, led by Jim Bolger, won a landslide victory and formed the new government. The Labour Party had taken office after defeating the National Party under Robert Muldoon in the 1984 election, David Lange became Prime Minister and Roger Douglas became Minister of Finance. This internal dissent was off-set somewhat by new legislation and a strong stance against nuclear weapons. Labour was re-elected in the 1987 election with its parliamentary majority untouched, eventually Lange forced Douglas to resign in December 1988, but the crisis had weakened Langes position such that he resigned eight months later. He was replaced as Prime Minister by Geoffrey Palmer, but Palmer failed to revive Labours falling popularity, several months before the election, Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore. The National Party was performing strongly — its leader, Jim Bolger, spoke repeatedly of the Decent Society, the government was also being challenged by the NewLabour Party, founded by renegade MP Jim Anderton. The date for the 1990 election was 27 October,2,202,157 people were registered to vote, and 85. 2% of these people turned out. The number of seats being contested was 97 — this was the same as in the previous election, the 1990 election eventually saw a victory for the National Party, then in opposition. National won nearly half of the vote and 67 of the seats and this was the highest number of seats the party had ever won, either in absolute terms or as a percentage. Four new National MPs, were called the brat pack by Sir Robert Muldoon, the new Green Party gained the third-highest number of votes, but won no seats. The NewLabour Party won a seat, due to Jim Anderton retaining the Sydenham seat he originally won as a Labour candidate. The governing Labour Party, by contrast, suffered its worst-ever electoral defeat since it first won power in the 1935 election, winning only 29 of the seats and 35% of the vote, and losing 27 seats. Initially it appeared that twelve ministers and the Speaker had lost their seats, many of Labours talented class of 84 were sent away, though four of them, Annette King, Jim Sutton, Trevor Mallard and Judy Keall, returned in 1993. The result was due to intense anger at Labour and its policies rather than love of National. Six of these were one-term gains, recaptured by Labour in 1993, seats transferred from departing MPs to new MPs, The seats of North Shore, Papakura, Tarawera, Waitotara and Wallace, all held by departing National MPs, were won by new National candidates. The seats of Christchurch Central, Dunedin North, Eastern Hutt, Manurewa, Nelson, Palmerston North and Panmure, working with David, Inside the Lange Cabinet. The 1990 General Election, Perspectives on Political Change in New Zealand, Occasional Publications No 3,1990 Parliamentary Candidates for the New Zealand National Party
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43rd New Zealand Parliament
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The 43rd New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1990 elections, and it sat until the 1993 elections, the 43rd Parliament saw the beginning of the fourth National Party government, with the Labour Party failing to win a third term in office. The 43rd Parliament was heavily dominated by National, which controlled nearly seventy percent of the seats, only one minor party, Jim Andertons NewLabour, was present at the beginning of the 43rd Parliament. Later, NewLabour would join with several unrepresented parties to form the Alliance, another National MP, Winston Peters, would also break away from his party, becoming an independent. The 43rd Parliament consisted of representatives, the same as the previous Parliament. All of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including four special Māori electorates. Jim Anderton, the sole MP for the NewLabour Party, merged his party with several others to form the Alliance in 1991, Anderton was thereafter recorded as an Alliance MP rather than a NewLabour MP. Robert Muldoon, the National Party MP for Tamaki and a former Prime Minister of New Zealand and his departure prompted a by-election in Tamaki early the following year — it was won by Clem Simich, also of the National Party. Gilbert Myles and Hamish MacIntyre, the National Party MPs for Roskill and Manawatu, respectively and they established a small group Liberal Party, which they eventually merged into the Alliance. Fran Wilde, the Labour Party MP for Wellington Central, quit Parliament in 1992 to become Mayor of Wellington and her departure prompted a by-election in Wellington Central in December — it was won by Chris Laidlaw, also of the Labour Party. Cam Campion, the National Party MP for Wanganui, announced his resignation from the party on 3 March 1993 and he accused the party of attempting to rig the reselection process against him. Campion remained an independent for the remainder of the term, Winston Peters, the National Party MP for Tauranga, resigned from both his party and his seat on 18 March 1993. His departure prompted a by-election in Tauranga in April — Peters contested, later, he would found the New Zealand First party. Working with David, Inside the Lange Cabinet
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New Zealand general election, 1993
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The 1993 New Zealand general election was held on 6 November 1993 to determine the composition of the 44th New Zealand Parliament. It saw the governing National Party, led by Jim Bolger, win a term in office. The new Alliance and New Zealand First parties gained significant shares of the vote, the election was New Zealands last to date under the non-proportional first past the post electoral system. Before the election, the National Party governed with 64 seats, the 1990 election had been a major victory for the National Party, with the unpopular Fourth Labour Government being decisively defeated. The Labour Party had become unpopular for its economic reforms, which were based around liberalisation, privatisation. The National Party was somewhat divided as to the merits of the reforms, with conservatives generally opposed and neoliberals generally in favour. Once in government, however, the key Minister of Finance role was not by a moderate but by Ruth Richardson, who wished to expand, not end. Many of the voters who had felt betrayed by Labours reforms now felt betrayed by the National Party as well, a fact which contributed to the rise of minor parties. The Alliance, the largest third party, was a coalition of five smaller groups - the NewLabour Party, the Democrats, the Greens, Mana Motuhake. In its first electoral test, the 1992 by-election in Tamaki, another smaller group was New Zealand First, a party established by former National MP Winston Peters. Peters had broken with his party after a number of disputes with its leadership. After being overwhelmingly re-elected, Peters established the New Zealand First party to promote his views, Peters was the partys sole MP. Another consequence of dissatisfaction with both parties was the referendum conducted alongside the 1993 election. It asked voters to choose whether to keep the existing FPP system or change to MMP, while National and Labour usually stood candidates in every seat, National was one candidate short as their Southern Maori candidate apparently did not apply in time. The election was held on 6 November,2,321,664 people were registered to vote, and 85. 2% turned out. This turnout was almost exactly the same as for the previous election, preliminary results based on election night counts saw the country facing its first hung parliament since 1931, with no party gaining the 50 seats required for a majority. The National Party won 49 seats, a drop of 15 from before the election, and Labour had won 46 seats, with the balance of power held with the Alliance and New Zealand First, which won two seats each. This led to Jim Bolger saying on public television, bugger the pollsters as he had led to expect a comfortable National victory by the polls showing that National would win easily
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44th New Zealand Parliament
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The 44th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1993 elections, and it sat until the 1996 elections, the 44th Parliament was the last to be elected under the old FPP electoral system, with voters approving a change to MMP at the same time as they voted in the 1993 elections. The National Party, which had begun the term with a majority, was forced by the end of the term to form a coalition to remain in power. Despite the various maneuverings, however, the National Party remained in government for the duration of the 44th Parliament, the other three parties present at the start of the 44th Parliament, being the Labour Party, the Alliance, and New Zealand First, all remained in opposition. The 44th Parliament consisted of representatives, two more than the previous Parliament. All of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including four special Māori electorates. Ruth Richardson, the National Party MP for Selwyn, quit Parliament in August 1994 and her departure prompted a by-election in Selwyn, which was won by David Carter of the National Party. Peter Dunne, the Labour Party MP for Onslow, left his party in October 1994 and he was an independent for a time before founding the small Future New Zealand party. He would later join with United, Ross Meurant, the National Party MP for Hobson, left his party in September 1994, having clashed on a number of issues with the partys leadership. He eventually established the Right of Centre party, graeme Lee, the National Party MP for Matakana, left his party in 1994, partly due to policy disputes with its leadership and partly due to having lost his Cabinet post in a reshuffle. He founded a new party which became the Christian Democrat Party. Trevor Rogers, the National Party MP for Howick, left his party in June 1995 and he joined Ross Meurants new party. A group of centrist MPs from both the National Party and the Labour Party, along with Peter Dunne and his Future New Zealand party, established a centrist party named United New Zealand in June 1995. The MPs who founded United were Margaret Austin, Bruce Cliffe, Peter Dunne, Clive Matthewson, Pauline Gardiner, Peter Hilt, and John Robertson. Ross Meurant, founder of Right of Centre, came into conflict with his own party in February 1996, trevor Rogers, the sole remaining MP, became leader. Michael Laws, the New Zealand First MP for Hawkes Bay, temple’s Guide to the 44th New Zealand Parliament. Part 1, Votes recorded at each polling place
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45th New Zealand Parliament
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The 45th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1996 elections, and it sat until the 1999 elections, the 45th Parliament was notable in that it was the first to be elected under the new MMP electoral system, a form of proportional representation. It was also notable for the fact that it was the first New Zealand Parliament to have an Asian person, Pansy Wong, in the end, New Zealand First opted for a coalition with the National Party, which had governed in the previous Parliament. The Labour Party continued in Opposition, the 45th Parliament consisted of one hundred and twenty representatives. Sixty-five of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including five special Maori electorates, the remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system. There was one held during the term of the 45th Parliament. Jim Gerard, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in April 1997 to take up a post as High Commissioner in Ottawa and he was replaced by Annabel Young, the next candidate on Nationals list. Alamein Kopu, an Alliance list MP, resigned from her party in July 1997 and she eventually formed her own party, Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata. Jim Bolger, having been replaced as Prime Minister by Jenny Shipley in 1997 and this caused a by-election in his Taranaki-King Country seat, won by Shane Ardern of the National Party. Neil Kirton, a New Zealand First list MP, resigned from his party in July 1998 after ongoing conflict with its leadership, Kirton opposed his partys coalition with the National Party, and believed that the National Party was too dominant in the agreement. After the collapse of the coalition between the National Party and New Zealand First, the partner, New Zealand First. Eight MPs remained with the party, and eight MPs resigned, the MPs who resigned did not remain united, and eventually split four ways. Batten, Elder, Henare, Morgan, and Waitai established the Mauri Pacific party, delamere joined the Te Tawharau party. She was replaced by Gilbert Myles, the candidate on her former partys list. Myles remained attached to New Zealand First, jill White, a Labour Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1998 to become Mayor of Palmerston North. She was replaced by Helen Duncan, the candidate on Labours list. Paul East, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1999 to take up a post as High Commissioner in London and he was replaced by Alec Neill, the next candidate on Nationals list. Frank Grover, an Alliance list MP, resigned from his party on 11 June 1999 and he joined the Christian Heritage Party
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46th New Zealand Parliament
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The 46th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. Its composition was determined by the 1999 election, and it sat until the 2002 election, the 46th Parliament marked a change of government, with a coalition of the Labour Party and the Alliance taking office. Helen Clark replaced Jenny Shipley as Prime Minister, the National Party, which had formed a minority government for the last part of the 45th Parliament, became the largest opposition party, eventually emerging under a new leader, Bill English. Other parties in Parliament were ACT, the Greens, New Zealand First, several parties represented at the end of the previous Parliament, such as Mauri Pacific, were wiped out, failing to retain any of their seats. The 46th Parliament consisted of one hundred and twenty representatives, sixty-seven of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including six Māori electorates. The remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the Mixed Member Proportional electoral system, the table below shows the results of the 1999 general election, Key Table footnotes, There were no by-elections held during the term of the 46th Parliament. Don McKinnon, a National Party list MP, left Parliament in March 2000 to become Secretary-General of the Commonwealth and he was replaced by Arthur Anae, the next candidate on the National Party list. Simon Upton, a National Party list MP, left Parliament in January 2001 and he was replaced by Alec Neill, the next candidate on the National Party list
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New Zealand general election, 1966
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The 1966 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliaments 35th term. It saw the governing National Party win a consecutive term in office. It was also the first time since the 1943 elections that a party won a seat in Parliament. The National Party had established its second administration following the 1960 elections, Labour remained disunited, however, with ongoing leadership problems undermining Kirks position. Disagreement between unionists and non-unionists regarding economic policy also weakened the party, one significant issue that divided National and Labour in the 1966 elections was the question of New Zealands participation in the Vietnam War. Under National, New Zealand contributed a number of troops. Labour, by contrast, made the recall of one of its key policies. The date for the main 1966 elections was 26 November,1,409,600 people were registered to vote. Turnout was 86. 0%, a relatively low for the time. The number of seats being contested was 80, a number which had been fixed since 1902 and it was, however, the last election in which the number of seats was set at this level. The 1966 election saw the governing National Party retain office by an eight-seat margin and it had previously held office by a ten-seat margin — the drop was a result of losing the Hobson seat to Social Credits Vernon Cracknell. National won a total of forty-four seats, while the Labour Party remained static on thirty-five, in the popular vote, the parties were closer — National won 43. 6% to Labours 41. 4%. The Social Credit Party won 14. 5% of the vote, the table below shows the results of the 1966 general election, Key National Labour Social Credit Gustafson, Barry. The First 50 Years, A History of the New Zealand National Party, New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946-1987, Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science
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Jim Bolger
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James Brendan Bolger ONZ PC, commonly known as Jim Bolger, was the 35th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1990 to 1997. Bolger was elected on the promise of delivering a Decent Society following the previous Labour governments economic reforms, shortly after taking office, his government was forced to bail out the Bank of New Zealand and as a result reneged on a number of promises made during the election campaign. His term in office saw the introduction of the MMP electoral system in 1996, Bolger was born in 1935 in Opunake in Taranaki. He was one of five born to Daniel and Cecilia Bolger who emigrated together from Gorey, County Wexford. He left Opunake High School at age 15 to work on the family farm, in 1963 he married Joan Riddell, and they moved to their own sheep and beef farm in Te Kuiti two years later. During this time Bolger became involved in local farmer politics, in the late 1960s he was asked to accompany the then Minister of Finance Robert Muldoon to see for himself the difficulties faced by farmers in the area. As Bolger travelled around the district, he experienced with Muldoons adversarial style. Bolger entered politics in 1972 as the New Zealand National Party Member of Parliament for King Country and this electorate is traditional National territory, and Bolger won easily. He represented this electorate, renamed Taranaki-King Country in 1996, until his retirement in 1998, after the defeat of National at the 1984 general elections, Bolger and deputy leader Jim McLay challenged Muldoon for the leadership of the party. McLay succeeded and named Bolger as deputy leader, however, in 1986 Bolger successfully challenged McLays leadership. Following an unsuccessful election in 1987, National under Bolger capitalised on public anger at the Labour governments neoliberal reforms to win Nationals biggest ever majority in 1990, as a result, Bolger became Prime Minister at the age of 55. Three days after being sworn in as Prime Minister, Bolgers government needed to out the Bank of New Zealand. The cost of the out was $380 million, but after rewriting its budget. This had an impact on Bolgers direction in government, with the first budget of his premiership being dubbed the Mother of All Budgets. During the campaign, Bolger had criticised the Labour governments reform package, the first budget specifically reversed Nationals election promise to remove the tax surcharge on superannuation. Following the close 1993 general election Bolger demoted Richardson to the benches and appointed Bill Birch. During Birchs tenure, spending on areas such as health. His government passed the Fiscal Responsibility Act 1994 and his government also introduced the Building Act 1991, which is seen by some as the most crucial factor leading to the leaky homes crisis in the decade following its introduction
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Prime Minister of New Zealand
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The Prime Minister of New Zealand is the head of government of New Zealand. The current prime minister is Bill English of the National Party, the prime minister is the most senior government minister, and chairs cabinet meetings. The office exists by a convention, which originated in New Zealands former colonial power. The convention stipulates that the Governor-General of New Zealand must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Representatives and this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber. The title prime minister had made its first formal appearance in the 1873 Schedule of the Civil List Act and this was changed in 1869 to premier. That title remained in use for more than 30 years, being changed by Richard Seddon to prime minister in 1901 during his tenure in office. Following the declaration of New Zealand as a dominion in 1907, the office of prime minister is not defined by codified laws, but by unwritten customs known as constitutional conventions which developed in Britain and were replicated in New Zealand. The Prime Minister is leader of the cabinet, and takes a coordinating role, the Cabinet Manual 2008 provides an outline of the prime ministers powers and responsibilities. The post of minister is, like other ministerial positions. However, the convention has long since established that the prime minister must have. Historically, this has meant that the prime minister is the parliamentary leader of the largest political party in the House of Representatives. By constitutional convention, the minister holds formal power to advise the sovereign. As head of government, the prime minister alone has the right to advise the governor-general to, Appoint, dismiss, call elections by advising the governor-general to dissolve parliament. The governor-general may reject the advice to dissolve parliament if the minister has recently lost a vote of confidence. The prime minister is regarded by convention as first among equals and they do hold the most senior post in government, but are also required to adhere to any decisions taken by cabinet, as per the convention of cabinet collective responsibility. The ability to appoint and dismiss ministers, furthermore, the MMP electoral system has complicated this, as the prime minister may have to consult with another party leader. The influence a prime minister is likely to have as leader of the dominant party and these powers may give more direct control over subordinates than is attached to the prime ministers role. The power gained simply from being central to most significant decision-making, in addition, like all other ministers and members of parliament, the prime minister receives annual allowances for travel and lodging, as do the prime ministers spouse and children
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Cabinet of New Zealand
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The Cabinet of New Zealand is a council of senior Government ministers, responsible to the New Zealand Parliament. Cabinet meetings, chaired by the Prime Minister, occur once a week where vital issues are discussed, the Cabinet has significant power in the New Zealand political system and nearly all bills proposed by the Cabinet in Parliament are enacted. All Cabinet ministers also serve as members of the Executive Council, outside the Cabinet, there is an outer ministry and also a number of non-Cabinet ministers, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister. No legislative act established the Cabinet, rather, it exists purely by constitutional convention and this convention carries sufficient weight for many official declarations and regulations to refer to the Cabinet, and a government department exists with responsibility for supporting it. Although Cabinet lacks any direct legislative framework for its existence, the Cabinet Manual has become the official document which governs its functions, the structure of Cabinet has as its basis the formal institution known as the Executive Council. Most Ministers hold membership of both bodies, but some Executive Councillors – known as ministers outside Cabinet – do not have Cabinet positions, the convention of members of the Executive Council meeting separately from the Governor began during Edward Staffords first tenure as Premier. Stafford, an advocate of responsible government in New Zealand, believed the colonial government should have full control over all its affairs. Because the Governor chaired the Executive Council, Stafford intentionally met with his ministers without the Governor present, all ministers have the style of The Honourable, except for the Prime Minister, who is styled The Right Honourable. The lack of legislation establishing Cabinet leaves the powers of its members only loosely defined. The Cabinet generally directs and controls policy and is responsible to Parliament and it also has significant influence over lawmaking. Convention regarding the Cabinets authority has considerable force, and generally strong enough to bind its participants. Theoretically, each minister operates independently, having received a ministerial warrant over a field from the Crown. But the Governor-General can dismiss a minister at any time, conventionally on the advice of the Prime Minister, Cabinet itself acts as the accepted forum for establishing this framework. This has become known as the doctrine of collective responsibility, problems arise when the Prime Minister breaches collective responsibility. On the other hand, a Prime Minister who tries to act against concerted opposition from his Cabinet risks losing the confidence of his party colleagues. An example is former Prime Minister David Lange, who spoke against a tax reform package which was sponsored by then-Finance Minister Roger Douglas. Lange dismissed Douglas, but when the Cabinet supported Douglas against Lange, Lange himself resigned as Prime Minister, the Cabinet typically meets weekly in the Beehive, where it discusses important political issues. The Prime Minister usually chairs the meeting and sets the agenda, a Cabinet Committee comprises a subset of the larger Cabinet, consisting of a number of ministers who have responsibility in related areas of policy
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Queen's Service Order
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This order was created after a review of New Zealands honours system in 1974. The Queens Service Order replaced the Imperial Service Order in New Zealand, recipients of this award are entitled to use the post-nominal letters QSO, and are styled companion. Members of the Royal Family can be named extra companions, before 2005, awards were distinguished between those made for public and community service. The ribbon has a traditional Māori Poutama motif of black, white, the insignia is worn on the left lapel of the coat for men or from a ribbon tied in a bow at the left shoulder for women. The Governor-General of New Zealand additionally wears the badge on a gold chain. There is also a related Queens Service Medal, which is a circular medal bearing the effigy of the reigning monarch on the obverse. The ribbon or bow pattern is the same as the Queens Service Order, the medal, before 2005, was also awarded for public and community service. British and Commonwealth orders and decorations New Zealand Honours System Official Site, has images of the various insignia, changes to QSO and QSM Honours affect Gov Gen, New Zealand Government press release. Warrant under the Orders seal reconstiuting the Order
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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