1.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
2.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
3.
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
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Lincoln was the third American president to die in office, and the first to be murdered. An unsuccessful attempt had made on Andrew Jackson 30 years prior, in 1835. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the stage actor John Wilkes Booth. By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to disrupt the United States government. As the President was watching the play, Booth shot Lincoln from behind at a distance of three or four feet, hitting him in the back of the head. At 7,22 a. m. the following day, the rest of the conspirators plot failed, Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnsons would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled. Booth made an escape, resulting in a lengthy manhunt that ended in his death. Several other conspirators were tried and hanged. The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln was a period of extended national mourning, John Wilkes Booth, originally from Maryland, was a proud Southerner and an outspoken Confederate sympathizer. In late 1860, Booth was initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore, born into a family of well-known stage actors, Booth had become a famous actor and a nationally recognized celebrity in his own right by the time of the assassination. In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, the general of all the Unions armies. As harsh as it may have been on the prisoners of both sides, Grant realized the exchange was prolonging the war by returning soldiers to the outnumbered and manpower-starved South. John Wilkes Booth conceived a plan to kidnap President Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, Booth recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael OLaughlen, Lewis Powell, and John Surratt to help him. Surratts mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland and moved to a house in Washington, while Booth and Lincoln were not personally acquainted, Lincoln had seen Booth in The Marble Heart at Fords on November 9,1863. Subsequently Lincoln sent a invitation backstage inviting Booth to visit the White House, afterwards, actor Frank Mordaunt stated that Booth evaded multiple invitations from the president. Lincoln was an admirer of the man who assassinated him and that actor was John Wilkes Booth. Booth attended Lincolns second inauguration on March 4,1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain. Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, on March 17,1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, Still Waters Run Deep, at Campbell Military Hospital
4.
Mary Surratt
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Mary Elizabeth Jenkins Surratt was an American boarding house owner who was convicted of taking part in the conspiracy to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln. Sentenced to death, she was hanged, becoming the first woman executed by the United States federal government, Surratt was the mother of John H. Surratt, Jr. who was later tried but was not convicted of involvement in the assassination. Mary Elizabeth Jenkins was born to Archibald and Elizabeth Anne Jenkins on a plantation near the southern Maryland town of Waterloo. Sources differ as to whether she was born in 1820 or 1823, there is uncertainty as to the month as well, although most sources say May. She had two brothers, John Jenkins, born in 1822, and James Jenkins, born in 1825 and her father died in the fall of 1825 when Mary was either two or five years old, upon which Marys mother inherited their property. She was a first cousin, once removed, of novelist F. Scott Fitzgeralds father Edward Fitzgerald, Marys maternal aunt, Sarah Latham Webster, was a Catholic, which may have influenced where she was sent to school. Within two years, Mary converted to Roman Catholicism and adopted the name of Maria Eugenia. She stayed at the Academy for Young Ladies for four years, leaving in 1839 and she remained a devout Catholic for the rest of her life. Mary Jenkins met John Harrison Surratt in 1839, when she was 16 or 19 and his family had settled in Maryland in the late 1600s. An orphan, he was adopted by Richard and Sarah Neale of Washington, the Neales divided their farm among their children, and Surratt inherited a portion of it. His background was questionable at best, and he had fathered at least one out of wedlock. John Surratt converted to Roman Catholicism prior to the marriage, John Surratt purchased a mill in Oxon Hill, Maryland, and the couple moved there. The Surratts had three children over the few years, Isaac, Elizabeth Susanna, and John, Jr. In 1843, John Surratt purchased from his adoptive father 236 acres of land straddling the D. C. /Maryland border, Richard Neale died in September 1843, and a month later John purchased 119 acres of land adjoining Foxhall. John and Mary Surratt and their children moved back to Johns childhood home in the District of Columbia in 1845 to help Johns mother run the Neale farm. But Sarah Neale fell ill and died in August 1845, having shortly before her death deeded the remainder of the Neale farm to John. Mary Surratt became involved in raising funds to build St. Ignatius Church in Oxon Hill and his behavior deteriorated over the next few years. John Surratt drank heavily, often failed to pay his debts, in 1851, the Neale farmhouse burned to the ground
5.
Whig Party (United States)
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The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
6.
John Tyler
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John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States. He was also, briefly, the tenth Vice President, elected to office on the 1840 Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison. Tyler became president after Harrisons death in April 1841, only a month after the start of the new administration. Still, the circumstances of his rise to the presidency. A firm believer in manifest destiny, President Tyler sought to strengthen and preserve the Union through territorial expansion, Tyler, born to an eminent Virginia family, came to national prominence at a time of political upheaval. In the 1820s the nations only political party, the Democratic-Republicans, though initially a Democrat, his opposition to Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren led him to ally with the Whig Party. Tyler served as a Virginia state legislator, governor, U. S. representative and he was put on the ticket to attract states rights Southerners to what was then a Whig coalition to defeat Van Burens re-election bid. Harrisons death made Tyler the first vice president to succeed to the presidency without being elected to the office, because of the short duration of Harrisons one-month term, Tyler served longer than any president in U. S. history who was never elected to the office. A strict constructionist, Tyler found much of the Whig platform unconstitutional, believing that the president should set policy instead of deferring to Congress, he attempted to bypass the Whig establishment, most notably Kentucky Senator Henry Clay. Most of Tylers Cabinet resigned soon into his term, and the Whigs, dubbing him His Accidency, though Tyler was not the first president to veto bills, he was the first to see his veto overridden by Congress. Although he faced a stalemate on domestic policy, he had several achievements, including the Webster–Ashburton Treaty with Britain. He initially sought election to a term as president, but after failing to gain the support of either Whigs or Democrats. When the American Civil War began in 1861, Tyler sided with the Confederate government, although some have praised Tylers political resolve, his presidency is generally held in low esteem by historians. He is considered an obscure president, with presence in American cultural memory. John Tyler was born on March 29,1790, like his future running mate William Henry Harrison, he hailed from Charles City County, Virginia, both descended from aristocratic and politically entrenched families. The Tyler family traced its lineage to colonial Williamsburg in the 17th century, the elder Tyler served four years as Speaker of the House of Delegates before becoming a state court judge. He subsequently served as governor and as a judge on the U. S. District Court at Richmond and his wife, Mary Marot, was the daughter of a prominent plantation owner, Robert Booth Armistead. She died of a stroke when her son John was seven years old, with his two brothers and five sisters, Tyler was raised on Greenway Plantation, a 1, 200-acre estate with a six-room manor house his father had built
7.
Police
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A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the use of force. Law enforcement, however, constitutes part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, in some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree, the police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes. Alternative names for police force include constabulary, gendarmerie, police department, police service, crime prevention, protective services, law enforcement agency, members may be referred to as police officers, troopers, sheriffs, constables, rangers, peace officers or civic/civil guards. As police are often interacting with individuals, slang terms are numerous, many slang terms for police officers are decades or centuries old with lost etymology. One of the oldest, cop, has largely lost its slang connotations and this is derived from πόλις, city. Law enforcement in ancient China was carried out by prefects for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period, in Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. Under each prefect were subprefects who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area, some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. The concept of the system spread to other cultures such as Korea. In ancient Greece, publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police, in Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control, and also assisted with dealing with criminals, handling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves, in the Roman empire, the army, rather than a dedicated police organization, provided security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to some extra security. Magistrates such as fiscal and quaestors investigated crimes. There was no concept of public prosecution, so victims of crime or their families had to organize and their duties included apprehending thieves and robbers and capturing runaway slaves. The vigiles were supported by the Urban Cohorts who acted as a heavy-duty anti-riot force, in medieval Spain, Santa Hermandades, or holy brotherhoods, peacekeeping associations of armed individuals, were a characteristic of municipal life, especially in Castile. These organizations were intended to be temporary, but became a fixture of Spain
8.
Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
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Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, commercial, and entertainment district located in northwest Washington, D. C. situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district, Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871, when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act passed in 1895 specifically repealed Georgetowns remaining local ordinances, Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest unchanged building in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Kosovo, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine, situated on the fall line, Georgetown was the farthest point upstream that oceangoing boats could navigate the Potomac River. In 1632, English fur trader Henry Fleet documented a Native American village of the Nacotchtank people called Tohoga on the site of present-day Georgetown, the area was then part of the Province of Maryland, an English colony. George Gordon constructed a tobacco inspection house along the Potomac in approximately 1745, the site was already a tobacco trading post when the inspection house was built. Warehouses, wharves, and other buildings were constructed around the inspection house. It did not take long before Georgetown grew into a port, facilitating trade. In 1751, the legislature of the Province of Maryland authorized the purchase of 60 acres of land from Gordon, a survey of the town was completed in February 1752. Since Georgetown was founded during the reign of George II of Great Britain, another theory is that the town was named after its founders, George Gordon and George Beall. The Maryland Legislature formally issued a charter and incorporated the town in 1789, robert Peter, an early area merchant in the tobacco trade, became Georgetowns first mayor in 1790. Col. John Beatty established the first church in Georgetown, a Lutheran church on High Street, Stephen Bloomer Balch established a Presbyterian Church in 1784. In 1795, the Trinity Catholic Church was built, along with a parish school-house, construction of St. Johns Episcopal Church began in 1797, but paused for financial reasons until 1803, and the church was finally consecrated in 1809. Banks in Georgetown included the Farmers and Mechanics Bank, which was established in 1814, other banks included the Bank of Washington, Patriotic Bank, Bank of the Metropolis, and the Union and Central Banks of Georgetown. Newspapers in Georgetown included the Republican Weekly Ledger, which was the first paper, the Sentinel was first published in 1796 by Green, English & Co. Charles C. Fulton began publishing the Potomac Advocate, which was started by Thomas Turner. Other newspapers in Georgetown included the Georgetown Courier and the Federal Republican, magruder, the first postmaster, was appointed on February 16,1790, and in 1795, a custom house was established on Water Street. General James M. Lingan served as the first collector of the port, in the 1790s, City Tavern, the Union Tavern, and the Columbian Inn opened and were popular throughout the 19th century. Of these taverns, only the City Tavern remains today, as a social club located near the corner of Wisconsin Avenue
9.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
10.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
11.
Prince George's County, Maryland
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Prince George’s County, also known as P. G. County, is a county in the U. S. state of Maryland, bordering the eastern portion of Washington, D. C. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the population was 863,420 and its county seat is Upper Marlboro. Prince George’s County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, the official name of the county, as specified in the countys charter, is Prince George’s County, Maryland. The county is named after Prince George of Denmark, the husband of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the countys demonym is Prince Georgian and its motto is Semper Eadem, a phrase used by Queen Anne. Prince Georges County is frequently referred to as P. G. or P. G, County, an abbreviation viewed as pejorative by some residents. The Cretaceous Era brought dinosaurs to the area left a number of fossils. The site, which among other finds has yielded fossilized teeth from Astrodon and Priconodon species, has called the most prolific in the eastern United States. In the mid to late Holocene era, the area was occupied by Paleo-Native Americans and then later, when the first European settlers arrived, what is now Prince Georges County was inhabited by people of the Piscataway Indian Nation. Three branches of the tribe are living today, two of which are headquartered in Prince Georges County. Prince Georges County was created by the English Council of Maryland in the Province of Maryland in 1696 from portions of Charles, the county was divided into six districts referred to as Hundreds, Mattapany, Petuxant, Collington, Mount Calvert, Piscattoway and New Scotland. A portion was detached in 1748 to form Frederick County, during the War of 1812, the British marched through the county by way of Bladensburg to burn the White House. On their return, they kidnapped a prominent doctor, William Beanes, lawyer Francis Scott Key was asked to negotiate for his release, which resulted in his writing The Star-Spangled Banner. Since much of the part of the county was tobacco farms that were worked by enslaved Africans. After the Civil War, many African Americans attempted to become part of Maryland politics, in April 1865, John Wilkes Booth made his escape through Prince Georges County after shooting President Abraham Lincoln. He was on his way to Virginia, the population of African Americans declined during the first half of the 20th century, but was renewed to over 50% in the early 1990s when the county again became majority African American. The first African American County Executive was Wayne K. Curry and this was done after city residents voted to be under the sole jurisdiction of Montgomery County, and subsequent approval by both counties and the Maryland General Assembly. This was the first change in Prince Georges Countys boundaries since 1968, the county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places
12.
Clinton, Maryland
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Clinton is an affluent unincorporated census-designated place in Prince Georges County, Maryland, United States. Clinton was formerly known as Surrattsville until after the time of the American Civil War, the population of Clinton was 35,970 at the 2010 census. Clinton is historically known for its role in the American Civil War concerning the Abraham Lincoln assassination, Clinton is adjacent to Camp Springs, Rosaryville, Melwood, and Andrews Air Force Base. Clinton is located at 38°45′49″N 76°53′44″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 25.1 square miles, of which 25.0 square miles is land and 0.077 square miles, or 0. 31%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 26,064 people,8,605 households, the population density was 2,208.6 people per square mile. There were 8,962 housing units at a density of 759.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 20. 56% White,73. 69% Black,0. 47% Native American,2. 47% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 72% from other races, and 2. 08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 90% of the population,17. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the family size was 3.32. In the CDP, the population was out with 27. 2% under the age of 18,6. 7% from 18 to 24,30. 7% from 25 to 44,26. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $71,139, and the median income for a family was $75,036. Males had an income of $41,736 versus $39,545 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,949, about 2. 4% of families and 3. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 5% of those under age 18 and 10. 2% of those age 65 or over. Clinton was founded in the 1770s, the town, then named Surratts Villa, was actually a simple crossroads with a few buildings. In the 1800s, it known as Surrattsville. The main building served as the post office, an inn and tavern, and this main residence was one of two properties owned by the widowed Mary Surratt, the second property was in Washington, D. C. On 14 and 15 April 1865, John Wilkes Booth, who had two hours earlier assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, stopped by the Surrattsville tavern to pick up weapons and supplies
13.
Curing of tobacco
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It is necessary to cure tobacco after harvesting and before it can be consumed. Tobacco curing is also known as color curing, because tobacco leaves are cured with the intention of changing their color and reducing their chlorophyll content. Curing tobacco has always been a necessary to prepare the leaf for consumption because, in its raw, freshly picked state. In recent time, traditional curing barns in the U. S. are falling into disuse, temporary curing boxes are often found on location at tobacco farms. Curing and subsequent aging allow for the oxidation and degradation of carotenoids in the tobacco leaf. This produces various compounds in the leaves that give cured tobacco its sweet hay, tea, rose oil. Non-aged or low quality tobacco is often flavored with these otherwise naturally occurring compounds. Tobacco flavoring is a significant source of revenue for the international multimillion-dollar flavor, the aging process continues for a period of months and often extends into the post-curing harvest process. After tobacco is cured, it is moved from the barn into a storage area for processing. If whole plants were cut, the leaves are removed from the stalks in a process called stripping. For both cut and pulled tobacco, the leaves are sorted into different grades. In colonial times, the tobacco was then prized into hogsheads for transportation, in bright tobacco regions, prizing was replaced by stacking wrapped hands into loose piles to be sold at auction. Today, most cured tobacco is baled before sales are made under pre-sold contracts, cut plants or pulled leaves are immediately transferred to tobacco barns, where they will be cured. Curing methods vary with the type of tobacco grown, and tobacco barn design varies accordingly, air-cured tobacco is hung in well-ventilated barns and allowed to dry over a period of four to eight weeks. Air-cured tobacco is low in sugar, which gives the tobacco smoke a light, sweet flavor, cigar and burley tobaccos are air cured. Fire curing produces a low in sugar and high in nicotine. Pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuff are fire cured, flue-cured tobacco was originally strung onto tobacco sticks, which were hung from tier-poles in curing barns (Aus, kilns, also traditionally called oasts. These barns have flues run from externally fed fire boxes, heat-curing the tobacco without exposing it to smoke
14.
Wheelwright
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A wheelwright is a person who builds or repairs wooden wheels. The word is the combination of wheel and the word wright. This occupational name eventually became the English surname Wheelwright, why this should be so when the development of wheeled vehicles was nationwide, is unclear. The first known recording though is from the county of Essex and this was Walter Welwryhte, who appears in the Hundred Rolls for that county in the year 1273. This was during the first year of the reign of King Edward 1st of England, tradesmen made wheels for carts and wagons by first constructing the hub, the spokes and the rim/felloe segments and assembling them all into a unit working from the center of the wheel outwards. Most wheels were made from wood, but other materials have been used, such as bone and horn, for decorative or other purposes. After many centuries wheels evolved to be straked with iron, a method of nailing iron plates onto the felloes to protect against wear on the ground and to help bind the wheel together. During the industrial age, iron strakes were replaced by a solid iron tyre custom made by a blacksmith, tyre-bolts were less likely than tyre-nails to break off because they were flush finished and countersunk into the wheels outer surface also allowing for wear without wearing the bolt head away. During the second half of the 19th century, the use of pre-manufactured iron hubs and other wood, iron. Companies such as Henry Ford developed manufacturing processes that made the village wheelwright obsolete. With the onset of two wars, the trade soon went into decline and was very rare by the 1960s. However, owing to the efforts of organisations like the Worshipful Company of Wheelwrights, wheelwrights continue to operate in the UK. In modern times, wheelwrights continue to make and repair a wide variety of wheels, including those made from wood and banded by iron tyres. A modern wooden wheel generally consists of three parts, the Nave or hub at the centre of the wheel, the spokes radiating out from the centre. Generally the wheel would be bound by a steel or iron tyre depending on its historical period, sometimes Hickory is substituted for Oak and Ash as it is easier to bend for mass production and is quite springy for light wheels that require a bit of flexibility. The Elm is used for its grain, this prevents the nave from splitting with the force of the spokes being driven in tight. The Oak is used because it doesnt bend, compress or flex, the Ash is used for its flexibility and springy nature, this acts as a form of suspension and protects against shock damage. In the second half of the 20th century Wheelwright training faded away due to a lack of demand for new wooden wheels
15.
Louis J. Weichmann
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Louis J. Weichmann was one of the chief witnesses for the prosecution in the trial of the alleged conspirators involved in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. Previously, he had also a suspect in the conspiracy because of his association with Mary Surratts family. Weichmann was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of German immigrants, the family surname was originally Wiechmann, but as in the case of many who emigrated to the United States, the name underwent several phonetic spelling changes. His father Johann was a Lutheran, and his mother Maria was a Catholic, central High School records show Louis Weichmann was a member of the 36th graduating class. He was admitted July 1856 and left in Sept.1858 with a Partial Course Diploma, at the age of seventeen he entered the seminary at St. Charles College in Maryland. There he met and befriended a fellow seminarian, John Surratt and this friendship was to later have profound consequences for both of them. In 1862, a year after the outbreak of the American Civil War, Weichmann went to Washington, D. C. where he taught school for two years at St. Matthews Institute for Boys. After leaving this position in 1864, he became a clerk in the Department of War, John Surratt, Jr. had in the meantime become a courier and agent for the Confederacy, working out of Union territory. As a result of his friendship with John Surratt Jr. Weichmann took lodgings in the boarding house of Surratts mother, Mary Surratt. This brought him contact with the major conspirators involved in Abraham Lincolns assassination. He further testified that Mary Surratt met with John Wilkes Booth no fewer than three times on that fateful day and he, supposedly, was hoping to obtain a better job from the Confederate government at Richmond in exchange for his services, however, these accusations were never substantiated. In his later years Weichmann moved to Anderson, Indiana, where he opened a business school, one of his brothers, a Catholic priest, and two of his sisters had moved and settled there. Because of some lingering doubt as to the truth and motives of his testimony, Weichmann became a controversial and that Mary Surratt was the first woman tried and executed for a capital crime by the federal government caused a backlash against him. There also were strong anti-Catholic elements that attempted to link Lincolns death to a Catholic conspiracy, partially because of this, he swore out an affidavit, shortly before his death, reaffirming that all his testimony concerning Abraham Lincolns assassination was totally and completely true. He died a few days later in Anderson, and is buried there at St. Marys Cemetery. Despite his using the spelling Weichmann at the trial, in all his official correspondence and as the author of his book. A True History of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and of the Conspiracy of 1865 samuelmudd. com Louis J. Weichmann
16.
George Atzerodt
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George Andrew Atzerodt was a conspirator, with John Wilkes Booth, in the assassination of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln. Vice President Andrew Johnson, he lost his nerve and did not make an attempt and he was executed along with three other conspirators by hanging. Atzerodt was born in Dörna, today part of Anrode, Germany and he immigrated to the United States in 1843 at the age of eight. As an adult, he opened his own carriage repair business in Port Tobacco, in January 1865, some years after opening his failed carriage repair business, Atzerodt was introduced to John Wilkes Booth in Washington, D. C. by John Surratt. Atzerodt was willing to join in Booths earlier conspiracy to kidnap President Abraham Lincoln, as he admitted in his trial. According to the prosecution, Booth assigned Atzerodt to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson on April 14,1865, on that morning, Atzerodt booked room 126 at the Kirkwood House in Washington, where Johnson was staying. However, he could not muster the courage to kill Johnson so he began drinking at the hotel bar and he presumably got drunk and spent the night walking the streets of Washington. During his stay at the hotel, Atzerodt had asked the bartender about Johnsons whereabouts and that aroused suspicion the next day after Lincoln was assassinated. An employee of the hotel contacted the police regarding a suspicious looking man in a gray coat, the military police then conducted a search of Atzerodts room on April 15 and found that he had not slept in it the night before. Additionally, he had a revolver concealed under his pillow as well as a concealed Bowie knife. The police also found a book belonging to Booth in the room. Atzerodt was arrested on April 20 and he was apprehended at the house of his cousin, Hartman Richter, in Germantown, Maryland. However, that was to no avail, after the conviction Atzerodt offered a confession to Reverend Butler, a minister who came to his cell to offer him comfort. Butler said that Atzerodt admitted going to the meeting in March to help plan the kidnapping of Lincoln while he attended a play at a hospital, Atzerodt said he first heard about Booths plan to assassinate the President just two hours before the shooting. Atzerodt said that Booth really wanted David Herold to assassinate Vice President Johnson because he thought that Herold had more pluck than Atzerodt did, Atzerodt said Booth wanted him to back up Herold and give him more courage. Atzerodt and three other convicted conspirators were hanged in Washington, D. C. on July 7,1865, Atzerodts last words were May we all meet in the other world. He did not die instantly, his neck did not break upon impact, Atzerodt is interred in Glenwood Cemetery, located at 2219 Lincoln Road NE in Washington, D. C. Biography and Images of George Atzerodt, Assassination Conspirator, university of Missouri Kansas City School of Law
17.
Lewis Powell (conspirator)
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Lewis Thornton Powell, also known as Lewis Payne and Lewis Paine, was an American citizen who attempted to assassinate United States Secretary of State William H. Seward on April 14,1865. He was a conspirator with John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln the same night, Powell was a Confederate soldier wounded at Gettysburg. He later served in Mosbys Rangers before working with the Confederate Secret Service in Maryland and he met Booth and was recruited into an unsuccessful plot to kidnap Lincoln. On April 14,1865, Booth resolved to assassinate Lincoln, Seward, Powell was given the task of killing Seward. He was assisted by David Herold, who guided Powell to Sewards home, Powell severely injured Seward, and Herold fled before Powell could exit the Seward home. Powell lost his way in the city, and three days later arrived at a house run by Mary Surratt, mother of co-conspirator John Surratt. By chance, the police were searching the house at that moment, Powell and three others, including Mary Surratt, were sentenced to death by a military tribunal and were executed at the Washington Arsenal. Lewis Thornton Powell was born in Randolph County, Alabama, on April 22,1844, to George Cader and he was the youngest son in a family of eight children. About this time, Lewis father freed the three slaves he owned, Powell and his siblings were all educated by their father, who was the local schoolmaster. In his early years, Lewis was described as quiet and introverted and he enjoyed carving, fishing, singing, reading, and studying. He also loved attending church, Sunday school, and prayer meetings and he often nursed and cared for sick and stray animals, earning the nickname Doc from his sisters. But Lewis could also be stubborn, and the entire family was well known for their hot tempers. When Lewis was 13, he was kicked in the face by the family mule, the break healed in a manner that made the left side of his jaw more prominent. Lewis late teen years were spent on the move, George Powell co-signed a loan for a family friend, and when that friend defaulted in 1859 the Powells were forced to sell their farm to make good the debt. The Powells moved that year to the village of Belleville in Hamilton County. On May 30,1861, Lewis Powell left home and traveled to Jasper, Florida and he was accepted because he lied about his age. Powells unit fought in March and April 1862 in the Peninsula Campaign, Powell became a battle-hardened and effective soldier. He won praise from his officers, and claimed that when he shot his rifle he did so to kill
18.
John Wilkes Booth
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John Wilkes Booth was an American actor and assassin, who murdered President Abraham Lincoln at Fords Theatre in Washington, D. C. on April 14,1865. Booth was a member of the prominent 19th-century Booth theatrical family from Maryland and and he was also a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and strongly opposed to the abolition of slavery in the United States. Of the conspirators, only Booth was completely successful in carrying out his part of the plot and he shot Lincoln once in the back of the head, and the President died the next morning. Seward was severely wounded but recovered, and Vice-President Johnson was never attacked at all, following the assassination, Booth fled on horseback to southern Maryland, eventually making his way to a farm in rural northern Virginia 12 days later, where he was tracked down. Booths companion gave himself up, but Booth refused and was shot by Boston Corbett, eight other conspirators or suspects were tried and convicted, and four were hanged shortly thereafter. Booths parents were noted British Shakespearean actor Junius Brutus Booth and his mistress Mary Ann Holmes and they purchased a 150-acre farm near Bel Air, Maryland, where John Wilkes Booth was born in a four-room log house on May 10,1838, the ninth of ten children. He was named after English radical politician John Wilkes, a distant relative, Junius wife Adelaide Delannoy Booth was granted a divorce in 1851 on grounds of adultery, and Holmes legally wed Junius on May 10,1851, the youths 13th birthday. As a boy, Booth was athletic and popular, and he became skilled at horsemanship, each day he rode back and forth from farm to school, taking more interest in what happened along the way than in reaching his classes on time. At the Milton school, students recited classical works by authors as Cicero, Herodotus. Students at St. Timothys wore military uniforms and were subject to a regimen of daily formation drills, Booth left school at 14, after his fathers death. His sister recalled that Booth wrote down the palm-readers prediction, showed it to his family and others, Booth aspired to follow in the footsteps of his father and his actor brothers Edwin and Junius Brutus, Jr. He began practicing elocution daily in the woods around Tudor Hall, the editors introduction of the 1874 memoir of Booths sister Asia Booth Clarke states that no individual church was preeminent in the Booth household during her childhood. Booths mother was Episcopalian, and his father was described as a spirit who was open to the great teachings of all religions. On January 23,1853, the 14-year-old Booth was baptized at St. Timothys Protestant Episcopal Church, the Booth family had traditionally been Episcopalian. Clergyman Charles Chiniquy, however, stated that Booth was really a convert to Roman Catholicism later in life, historian Constance Head also declared that Booth was of this religion. Testimony given at the trial of John Surratt showed that at his death, Booth had a Catholic medal on his person, Court evidence showed his attending a Roman Catholic church service on at least two occasions. Like his sister Asia, he received education at a school established by an official of the Catholic Church, Constance Head states, In any case, it seems certain that Booth did not publicize his conversion during his lifetime. Booth made his debut at age 17 on August 14,1855 in the supporting role of the Earl of Richmond in Richard III at Baltimores Charles Street Theatre
19.
Ford's Theatre
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Fords Theatre is a theater in Washington, D. C. used for various stage performances beginning in the 1860s. It is also the site of the assassination of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14,1865, after being shot, the mortally wounded president was carried across the street to the Petersen House, where he died the next morning. The theater was used as a warehouse and office building. It was renovated and re-opened as a theater in 1968, during the 2000s, it was renovated again, opening on February 12,2009, in commemoration of the bicentennial of Lincolns birth. A related Center for Education and Leadership museum experience opened February 12,2012 next to Petersen House, Fords Theatre is located at 511 10th Street, NW. The site was originally a house of worship, constructed in 1833 as the meeting house of the First Baptist Church of Washington. In 1861, after the congregation moved to a built structure. Ford bought the church and renovated it into a theater. He first called it Fords Athenaeum, the famous actor John Wilkes Booth, desperate to aid the dying Confederacy, stepped into the box where the presidential party was sitting and shot Lincoln. Booth then jumped onto the stage, and cried out Sic semper tyrannis just before escaping through the back of the theater, between 1866 and 1887, the theater was taken over by the U. S. In 1887, the building became a clerks office for the War Department. On June 9,1893, the front part of the building collapsed, killing 22 clerks and this led some people to believe that the former church turned theater and storeroom was cursed. The building was repaired and used as a government warehouse until 1911, in 1928, the building was turned over from the War Department Office to the Office of Public Buildings and Parks of the National Capital. A Lincoln museum opened on the first floor of the building on February 12. In 1933, the building was transferred to the National Park Service, hildreth first suggested to Young the need for its restoration in 1945. Through extensive lobbying of Congress, a bill was passed in 1955 to prepare a study for the reconstruction of the building. In 1964 Congress approved funds for its restoration, which began that year and was completed in 1968, on January 21,1968, Vice President Hubert Humphrey and 500 others dedicated the restored theater. The theater reopened on January 30,1968, with a gala performance, the theater was again renovated during the 2000s
20.
David Herold
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David Edgar Herold was an accomplice of John Wilkes Booth in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14,1865. After the shooting, Herold accompanied Booth to the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd, the two men then continued their escape through Maryland and into Virginia, and Herold remained with Booth until the authorities cornered them in a barn. Herold surrendered but Booth was shot and died a few hours later, Herold was sentenced to death and hanged with three other conspirators at Washington Arsenal. David E. Herold was born in Maryland, the sixth of eleven children of Adam George Herold, Adam and Mary were married on November 9,1828 in Washington, D. C. David was their only son to survive to adulthood. His father Adam was the Chief Clerk of the Naval Storehouse at the Washington Navy Yard for over 20 years. Herolds family was financially and lived in a large brick house at 636 Eighth Street S. E. in Washington. David attended Gonzaga College High School, Georgetown College, Charlotte Hall Military Academy, in 1860 Herold received a certificate in pharmacy from Georgetown College. He then worked as an assistant and as a clerk for a doctor. He became acquainted with John Surratt while attending classes at Charlotte Hall Military Academy in the late 1850s, a few years later, in December 1864, Surratt introduced him to John Wilkes Booth. Years later, Tumblety would be named as one of the Jack the Ripper suspects, on the night of April 14,1865, Herold guided Lewis Powell to Seward’s house. Inside, Powell attempted to kill Seward, severely wounding him, the ensuing commotion frightened Herold and he rode off, leaving Powell to fend for himself. He then met with Booth outside of Washington, D. C. and they proceeded to Surrattsville, another conspirator, George Atzerodt, was supposed to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson, but never made the attempt. It was at point that John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Fords Theater. When Booth jumped onto the stage of the Fords theater, he broke his fibula. When Booth was first across the bridge into Maryland and they retrieved their weapons cache and proceeded to the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd, who set Booths leg. Herold remained with Booth and continually aided him until Union cavalry caught up with them, Herold and Booth were trapped by authorities on April 26,1865, after taking refuge in a barn on the property of Richard Henry Garrett. Herold surrendered, but Booth refused to lay down his arms and was shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett through a crack in the barn wall and he died a few hours later. Corbett was ratified in his actions, as orders to hold fire had not been given, Herold was tried before a military tribunal. His defense being unsuccessful, Herold was convicted and sentenced to death and he was hanged in Washington City on July 7,1865
21.
Spencer repeating rifle
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The Spencer repeating rifle was a manually operated lever-action, seven shot repeating rifle produced in the United States by three manufacturers between 1860 and 1869. Designed by Christopher Spencer, it was fed with cartridges from a magazine in the rifles buttstock. The Spencer carbine was a shorter and lighter version, the design for a magazine-fed, lever-operated rifle chambered for the. 56-56 Spencer rimfire cartridge was completed by Christopher Spencer in 1860. Called the Spencer Repeating Rifle, it was fired by cocking a lever to extract a used case, like most firearms of the time, the hammer had to be manually cocked in a separate action before the weapon could be fired. The weapon used copper rimfire cartridges based on the 1854 Smith & Wesson patent stored in a tube magazine. A spring in the tube enabled the rounds to be fired one after another, when empty, the spring had to be released and removed before dropping in fresh cartridges, then replaced before resuming firing. Cartridges were loaded with 45 grains of powder, and were also available as. 56-52. 56-50, and a wildcat. 56-46. The fact that several Springfield rifle-muskets could be purchased for the cost of a single Spencer carbine also influenced thinking. Lincoln was impressed with the weapon, and ordered Gen. James Wolfe Ripley to adopt it for production, after which Ripley disobeyed him and stuck with the single-shot rifles. The Spencer repeating rifle was first adopted by the United States Navy, and subsequently adopted by the United States Army, and used during the American Civil War, where it was a popular weapon. As the war progressed, Spencers were carried by a number of Union cavalry and mounted infantry regiments, president Lincolns assassin John Wilkes Booth was armed with a Spencer carbine at the time he was captured and killed. The Spencer showed itself to be reliable under combat conditions. Compared to standard muzzle-loaders, with a rate of fire of 2–3 rounds per minute, however, effective tactics had yet to be developed to take advantage of the higher rate of fire. Similarly, the chain was not equipped to carry the extra ammunition. One of the advantages of the Spencer was that its ammunition was waterproof and hardy, the story goes that every round of paper and linen Sharps ammunition carried in the supply wagons was found useless after long storage in supply wagons. Spencer ammunition had no such problem, in the late 1860s, the Spencer company was sold to the Fogerty Rifle Company and ultimately to Winchester. Many Spencer carbines were sold as surplus to France where they were used during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Even though the Spencer company went out of business in 1869, later, many rifles and carbines were converted to centerfire, which could fire cartridges made from the centerfire. 50-70 brass
22.
Binoculars
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Binoculars or field glasses are two telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models. Almost from the invention of the telescope in the 17th century the advantages of mounting two of them side by side for binocular vision seems to have been explored, most early binoculars used Galilean optics, that is, they used a convex objective and a concave eyepiece lens. The Galilean design has the advantage of presenting an image but has a narrow field of view and is not capable of very high magnification. This type of construction is used in very cheap models. They also have large exit pupils making centering less critical and the field of view works well in those applications. These are typically mounted on a frame or custom-fit onto eyeglasses. An improved image and higher magnification is achieved in binoculars employing Keplerian optics, since the Keplerian configuration produces an inverted image, different methods were used to turn the image right way up. In aprismatic binoculars with Keplerian optics each tube has one or two additional lenses between the objective and the ocular and these lenses are used to erect the image. The binoculars with erecting lenses have a disadvantage, their length is too long. Such binoculars were popular in the 1800s, but became obsolete shortly after the Karl Zeiss company introduced improved prism binoculars in the 1890s, Optical prisms added to the design are another way to turn the image right way up, usually in a Porro prism or roof-prisms design. Porro prism binoculars are named after Italian optician Ignazio Porro who patented this image erecting system in 1854, Binoculars of this type use a Porro prism in a double prism Z-shaped configuration to erect the image. This feature results in binoculars that are wide, with lenses that are well separated. Thus, the size of binoculars is reduced, Binoculars using roof prisms may have appeared as early as the 1870s in a design by Achille Victor Emile Daubresse. Most roof prism binoculars use either the Abbe-Koenig prism or the Schmidt-Pechan prism designs to erect the image and they have objective lenses that are approximately in line with the eyepieces. Roof-prisms designs create an instrument that is narrower and more compact than Porro prisms, there is also a difference in image brightness. Roof-prisms designs also require tighter tolerances for alignment of their optical elements and this adds to their expense since the design requires them to use fixed elements that need to be set at a high degree of collimation at the factory. Porro prisms binoculars occasionally need their prism sets to be re-aligned to bring them into collimation, the fixed alignment in roof-prism designs means the binoculars normally will not need re-collimation
23.
Charles County, Maryland
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Charles County is a county located in the southern central portion of the U. S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 146,551, the county seat is La Plata. The county was named for Charles Calvert, third Baron Baltimore, Charles County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Southern Maryland region. Charles County was created in 1658 by an Order in Council, there was also an earlier Charles County from 1650 to 1653, sometimes referred to in historic documents as Old Charles County. In April 1865, John Wilkes Booth made his escape through Charles County after shooting President Abraham Lincoln and he was on his way to Virginia. On April 28,2002, a cut through the County. The county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places, among which, are the distinguished Green Park and the historical Pleasant Hill, home of the Green and Spalding Families. On December 4,2004, an arson took place in the development of Hunters Brooke which is located a few miles southeast of Indian Head and it later became the largest residential arson in the history of the state of Maryland. Charles County is reliably Democratic, although not as overwhelmingly so as other parts of Marylands Washington, Charles County is governed by county commissioners, the traditional form of county government in Maryland. As of 2015, they are, Charles County is entirely located within the 5th Congressional District, which also includes Calvert, St. Marys, the current representative is Democratic House Minority Whip Steny H. Hoyer. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 643 square miles. In its western wing, along the southernmost bend in Maryland Route 224, Charles County contains an instance where the traveler is due north, east, south. Thomas Stone National Historic Site As of the census of 2000, there were 120,546 people,41,668 households, the population density was 262 people per square mile. There were 43,903 housing units at a density of 95 per square mile. 2. 26% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,11. 6% were of German,10. 8% Irish,10. 2% English,9. 3% American and 5. 3% Italian ancestry. 17. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.21. In the county, the population was out with 28. 70% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,33. 20% from 25 to 44,22. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 95.50 males
24.
United States Secretary of War
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The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. A similar position, called either Secretary at War or Secretary of War, had appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position, when Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving. The Secretary of War was the head of the War Department, at first, he was responsible for all military affairs, including naval affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was created by statute, from 1886 onward, the Secretary of War was third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the Vice President of the United States and the Secretary of State. The office of Secretary at War was modelled upon Great Britains Secretary at War, the office of Secretary at War was meant replaced both the Commander-in-Chief and the Board of War, and like the President of the Board, the Secretary wore no special insignia. The Inspector General, Quartermaster General, Commissary General, and Adjutant General served on the Secretarys staff, however, the Army itself under Secretary Henry Knox only consisted of 700 men. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Confederate States Secretary of War Bell, commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits and Biographical Sketches. United States Army Center of Military History, encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet 1789-2010. Charlottesville, Virginia, The Judge Advocate Generals School, U. S. Army
25.
Edwin Stanton
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Edwin McMasters Stanton was an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stantons management helped organize the military resources of the North. He also organized the manhunt for Lincolns killer, John Wilkes Booth, however, he was criticized by many Union generals for perceived over-cautiousness and micromanagement. After Lincolns assassination, Stanton remained as the Secretary of War under the new President Andrew Johnson during the first years of Reconstruction and he opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnsons attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to President Johnson being impeached by the Radical Republicans in the House of Representatives, before the American Revolution, Stantons paternal ancestors, the Stantons and the Macys, both of whom were Quakers, moved from Massachusetts to North Carolina. In 1774, Stantons grandfather, Benjamin Stanton, married Abigail Macy and that year, Benjamins widow moved to the Northwest Territory, accompanied by much of her family. Soon, Ohio was admitted to the Union, and Macy proved to be one of the developers of the new state. She bought a tract of land at Mount Pleasant, Ohio from the government, one of her sons, David, became a physician in Steubenville, and married Lucy Norman, the daughter of a Virginia planter. Their marriage was met with the ire of Ohios Quaker community, as Lucy was a Methodist and this forced David Stanton to abandon the Quaker sect. The first of David and Lucy Stantons four children, Edwin McMasters, was born to them on December 19,1814 in Steubenville, the Stantons later had two daughters, Oella and Pamphilia, and another son, Darwin. In his youth, Edwin was physically delicate, grave and studious, as well as frank, eloquent and empathetic, edwins early formal education consisted of a private school and a seminary behind the Stantons residence, called Old Academy. When he was ten, he was transferred to a school taught by a Presbyterian minister and it was also at ten that Edwin experienced his first asthma attack, a malady that would haunt him for life, making him convulse at times. His asthma assured him that he would be unable to partake in physical activities. Edwin was a reader of books and poetry. He even formed a library of sorts among him and his friends. Edwin attended Methodist church services and Sunday school regularly, at the age of thirteen, Stanton become a full member of the Methodist church. David Stantons medical practice afforded him and his family a decent, when David Stanton suddenly died in December 1827 at his residence, Edwin and family were left destitute. Edwins mother opened a store in the front room of their residence, selling the medical supplies her husband left her, along with books, stationery, the youthful Edwin was removed from school, and employed at the store of a local bookseller, James Turnbull
26.
John Surratt
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John Harrison Surratt, Jr. was accused of plotting with John Wilkes Booth to kidnap U. S. president Abraham Lincoln and suspected of involvement in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. His mother, Mary Surratt, was convicted of conspiracy and hanged by the United States Federal Government and she owned the boarding house where Booth and fellow conspirators planned the scheme. John Harrison Surratt, Jr. avoided arrest immediately after the assassination by fleeing the country and he served briefly as a Papal Zouave before his later arrest and extradition from Egypt. By the time he returned to the United States the statute of limitations had expired on most of the potential charges and he was not convicted. John Harrison Surratt, Jr. was born in 1844, to John Harrison Surratt, Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Jenkins Surratt and his baptism took place in 1844 at St. Peters Church, Washington, D. C. In 1861, Surratt was enrolled at St. Charles College, when his father suddenly died in 1862, John Jr. was appointed the postmaster for Surrattsville, Maryland. His distant cousin on her mothers side is Elizabeth Lail, Surratt served as a Confederate Secret Service courier and spy and had been carrying dispatches about Union troop movements across the Potomac River for some time. Dr. Samuel Mudd introduced Surratt to John Wilkes Booth on December 23,1864, the meeting took place at the National Hotel, where Booth lived in Washington, D. C. Booths plan was to seize Lincoln, take him to Richmond, Virginia, on March 17,1865, Surratt and Booth, along with their comrades, waited in ambush for Lincolns carriage to leave the Campbell General Hospital and return to Washington. However, Lincoln had changed his mind and remained in Washington, following Lincolns assassination on April 14,1865, Surratt denied any involvement with the murder plot, claiming at that time he was in Elmira, New York. Surratt did not take part in the assassination, but he was one of the first people suspected of the attack on Secretary of State William H. Seward, however, it was soon discovered that Lewis Powell had tried to kill Seward. When he learned of the assassination, Surratt fled to Canada and he reached Montreal on April 17,1865. He then went to St. Liboire, where a Catholic priest, Father Charles Boucher, Surratt remained there while his mother was arrested, tried and hanged for conspiracy in the United States. Surrat would later serve for a time in the Ninth Company of the Pontifical Zouave in the Papal States, an old friend, Henri Beaumont de Sainte-Marie, recognized Surratt and notified papal officials and Rufus King, U. S. minister in Rome. On November 7,1866, John Surratt was arrested and sent to Velletri prison and he escaped and lived with the Garibaldians, who gave him safe passage. Surratt traveled to the Kingdom of Italy, posing as a Canadian citizen named Walters and he booked passage to Alexandria, Egypt, but was arrested there by U. S. officials on November 23,1866, still in his Pontifical Zouaves uniform. He returned to the United States on the USS Swatara to the Washington Navy Yard in early 1867. Eighteen months after his mother was hanged, Surratt was tried in a court of the State of Maryland, not before a military commission, as his mother
27.
Old Capitol Prison
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The Old Brick Capitol in Washington, D. C. served as temporary Capitol of the United States from 1815 to 1819. The building was a school, a boarding house, and, during the American Civil War. Razed in 1929, its site is now occupied by the U. S. Supreme Court building, the site, as with most of Capitol Hill, was part of Jenkins Hill and was acquired from the Carroll family to accommodate the U. S. Capitol. Located at 1st and A streets NE in Washington, D. C. on the slope of Capitol Hill. It was part of a neighborhood of rooming houses catering to the U. S. Congress, in August 1814, during the War of 1812, the British burned the nearby United States Capitol building. Congress then occupied the capitol from December 8,1815, until 1819. The inauguration of President James Monroe took place at the capitol on March 4,1817. The investors wanted to prevent their land values from decreasing by keeping the government in Washington, the building acquired the title Old Brick Capitol in 1819 when Congress and the Supreme Court returned to the restored U. S. Capitol Building. Until the time of the Civil War, the building was used as a private school, south Carolina Senator and former Vice President of the United States John C. Calhoun, who had been a member of the Fourteenth Congress when it met in the Old Brick Capitol. Many people arrested following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln were also held here and these included Dr. Samuel Mudd, Mary Surratt, Louis Weichmann, and John T. Ford, owner of Fords Theater, where Lincoln was shot. The adjoining row of houses, Duff Greens Row, was used as part of the prison. Famous inmates of the prison included Rose Greenhow, Belle Boyd, John Mosby, and Henry Wirz, who was hanged in the yard of the prison. The government sold the Old Capitol Prison in 1867 to George T. Brown, then sergeant-at-arms of the U. S. Senate, in the 20th century, they were used as the headquarters of the National Womans Party. In 1929, the site was acquired by eminent domain and the building was razed to clear the site for the U. S. Supreme Court building
28.
Louis Weichmann
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Louis J. Weichmann was one of the chief witnesses for the prosecution in the trial of the alleged conspirators involved in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. Previously, he had also a suspect in the conspiracy because of his association with Mary Surratts family. Weichmann was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of German immigrants, the family surname was originally Wiechmann, but as in the case of many who emigrated to the United States, the name underwent several phonetic spelling changes. His father Johann was a Lutheran, and his mother Maria was a Catholic, central High School records show Louis Weichmann was a member of the 36th graduating class. He was admitted July 1856 and left in Sept.1858 with a Partial Course Diploma, at the age of seventeen he entered the seminary at St. Charles College in Maryland. There he met and befriended a fellow seminarian, John Surratt and this friendship was to later have profound consequences for both of them. In 1862, a year after the outbreak of the American Civil War, Weichmann went to Washington, D. C. where he taught school for two years at St. Matthews Institute for Boys. After leaving this position in 1864, he became a clerk in the Department of War, John Surratt, Jr. had in the meantime become a courier and agent for the Confederacy, working out of Union territory. As a result of his friendship with John Surratt Jr. Weichmann took lodgings in the boarding house of Surratts mother, Mary Surratt. This brought him contact with the major conspirators involved in Abraham Lincolns assassination. He further testified that Mary Surratt met with John Wilkes Booth no fewer than three times on that fateful day and he, supposedly, was hoping to obtain a better job from the Confederate government at Richmond in exchange for his services, however, these accusations were never substantiated. In his later years Weichmann moved to Anderson, Indiana, where he opened a business school, one of his brothers, a Catholic priest, and two of his sisters had moved and settled there. Because of some lingering doubt as to the truth and motives of his testimony, Weichmann became a controversial and that Mary Surratt was the first woman tried and executed for a capital crime by the federal government caused a backlash against him. There also were strong anti-Catholic elements that attempted to link Lincolns death to a Catholic conspiracy, partially because of this, he swore out an affidavit, shortly before his death, reaffirming that all his testimony concerning Abraham Lincolns assassination was totally and completely true. He died a few days later in Anderson, and is buried there at St. Marys Cemetery. Despite his using the spelling Weichmann at the trial, in all his official correspondence and as the author of his book. A True History of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and of the Conspiracy of 1865 samuelmudd. com Louis J. Weichmann
29.
Reverdy Johnson
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Reverdy Johnson was a statesman and jurist from Maryland. A former Whig, he was a supporter of the Union war effort. At first he opposed efforts to abolish slavery until 1864. Born in Annapolis, Johnson was the son of a distinguished Maryland lawyer and politician and he graduated from St. Johns College in 1812 and then studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1815, and then moved to Baltimore, from 1821 until 1825 he served in the Maryland State Senate and then returned to practice law for two decades. Reverdy Johnson, along with Judge John Glenn and Evan Ellicott were responsible for exacerbating the Baltimore bank crisis of 1835. Mobs of angry depositors attacked and damaged his home facing Battle Monument Square on the northwest corner of North Calvert and East Fayette Streets, just south of the Baltimore City Courthouse. Following the collapse of the Union Bank of Maryland, Johnson obstructed efforts to obtain a fair and he falsely accused Evan Poultney and Thomas Ellicott of misconduct in order to create a smokescreen to obscure his own misconduct. From 1845 to 1849, he represented Maryland in the United States Senate as a Whig and he resigned that position soon after Millard Fillmore took office. A conservative Democrat, he supported Stephen A. Douglas in the election of 1860. He represented the defendant in the controversial 1857 case Dred Scott v. Sandford. He was personally opposed to slavery and was a key figure in the effort to keep Maryland from seceding from the Union during the American Civil War. He served as a Maryland delegate to the Peace Convention of 1861, during this time he represented Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter at his court-martial, arguing that Porters distinguished record of service ought to put him beyond question. The officers on the court-martial, all handpicked by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, after the war, reflecting the diverse points of view held by his fellow statesmen, Johnson argued for a gentler Reconstruction effort than that advocated by the Radical Republicans. In 1863 he again took a seat in the United States Senate, the antislavery amendment caught Johnsons eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery. In 1865, he defended Mary Surratt before a military tribunal, Surratt was convicted and executed for plotting and aiding Lincolns assassination. In 1866, he was a delegate to the National Union Convention which attempted to support for President Johnson. Senator Johnsons report on the proceedings of the convention was entered into the record of President Johnsons impeachment trial
30.
Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863
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The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act,12 Stat. The Senate amended the Houses bill, and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to qualify the indemnity, Abraham Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3,1863, and suspended habeas corpus under the authority it granted him six months later. The suspension was lifted with the issuance of Proclamation 148 by Andrew Johnson. The military situation made it dangerous to call Congress into session, Abraham Lincoln, the president of the United States, therefore authorized his military commanders to suspend the writ of habeas corpus between Washington, D. C. and Philadelphia. Numerous individuals were arrested, including John Merryman and a number of Baltimore police commissioners, the Presidents advisers said the circuit courts ruling was invalid and it was ignored. When Congress was called into session, July 4,1861. Early in the session, Sen. Sen, on July 17,1861, Sen. Trumbull introduced a bill to suppress insurrection and sedition which included a suspension of the writ of habeas corpus upon Congresss authority. He was imprisoned in Fort McHenry, which, as he noted, was the fort where the Star Spangled Banner had been waving oer the land of the free in his grandfathers song. In early 1862 Lincoln took a back from the suspension of habeas corpus controversy. On February 14, he ordered all political prisoners released, with exceptions and offered them amnesty for past treason or disloyalty. Mays bill passed the House in summer 1862, and it would later be included in the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, which would require actual indictments for suspected traitors. He also said, I approved them then, and I approve them now, and this bill passed the House over relatively weak opposition on December 8,1862. When it came time for the Senate to consider Rep. Stevens indemnity bill, however, unlike Stevens bill, it did not suggest that the presidents suspension of habeas corpus upon his own authority had been legal. The Senate passed its version of the bill on January 28,1863, the House appointed Thaddeus Stevens, John Bingham, and George H. Pendleton to the conference committee. The Senate agreed to a conference the day and appointed Lyman Trumbull, Jacob Collamer. Stevens, Bingham, Trumbull, and Collamer were all Republicans, Willey was a Unionist, on February 27, the conference committee issued its report. The result was a new bill authorizing the explicit suspension of habeas corpus. In the House, several members left, depriving the chamber of a quorum, the Sergeant-at-Arms was dispatched to compel attendance and several representatives were fined for their absence
31.
Fort Lesley J. McNair
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Fort Lesley J. McNair is a United States Army post located on the tip of Greenleaf Point, the peninsula that lies at the confluence of the Potomac River and the Anacostia River in Washington, D. C. To the peninsulas west is the Washington Channel, while the Anacostia River is on its south side, the military reservation was established in 1791 on about 28 acres at the tip of Greenleaf Point. Major Pierre Charles LEnfant included it in his plans for Washington, an arsenal first occupied the site and defenses were built in 1794. The fortifications did not halt the invading British in 1814, soldiers at the arsenal evacuated north with as much gunpowder as they could carry, hiding the rest in a well as the British soldiers came up the Potomac from burning the capitol. About 47 British soldiers found the powder magazines theyd come to destroy empty, someone threw a match into the well and a tremendous explosion ensued, a doctor at the scene reported, whereby the officers and about 30 of the men were killed and the rest most shockingly mangled. The remaining soldiers destroyed the buildings, but the facilities were rebuilt after the war. Land was purchased north of the arsenal in 1826 for the first federal penitentiary, among those hanged was Mary Surratt, the first woman ever executed under federal orders. Grant Hall is the location of the 1865 military tribunal of the conspirators of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, each quarter the Hall is open to the public where people can visit the courtroom and learn more about the trials. A hospital was next to the penitentiary in 1857. The arsenal was closed in 1881, and the post transferred to the Quartermaster Corps, a general hospital, predecessor to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, was located at the post from 1898 until 1909. Maj. Walter Reed found the areas marshlands an excellent site for his research on malaria, reeds work contributed to the discovery of the cause of yellow fever. The major died of peritonitis after an appendectomy at the post in 1902, the post dispensary and the visiting officers quarters now occupy the buildings where Reed worked and died. About 90 percent of the present buildings on the posts 100 acres were built and its first classes were conducted in 1904 in Roosevelt Hall, the iconic building designed by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White. The Army Industrial College was founded at McNair in 1924 to prepare officers for high level posts in Army supply organizations and it evolved into the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. The post was renamed as Fort Humphreys in 1935, the Army War College was reorganized as the Army-Navy Staff College in 1943, and became the National War College in 1946. The two colleges became the National Defense University in 1976, the post was renamed in 1948 to honor Lt. Gen. Lesley J. Fort McNair has been the headquarters of the U. S. Army Military District of Washington since 1966. The National Defense University represents a significant concentration of the communitys intellectual resources. The Joint Forces Staff College, established under the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1946, prepares selected officers for joint, in 1990, the iCollege was formed as the capstone institution for Defense Information Resource Management education
32.
Scaffolding
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Bamboo scaffolding is a type of scaffolding made from bamboo and widely used in construction work for centuries. Many famous landmarks, notably The Great Wall of China, were built using bamboo scaffolding and it was first introduced into the building industry in Hong Kong immediately after colonization in the 1800s. It was widely used in the building of houses and multi-story buildings prior to the development of metal scaffolding and it was also useful for short-term construction projects, such as framework for temporary sheds for Cantonese Opera performances. There is three types of scaffolding in Hong Kong,1, in 2013, there were 1,751 registered bamboo scaffolders and roughly 200 scaffolding companies in Hong Kong. The use of scaffolding is diminishing due to shortages in labor. Despite the lack of force and material, recently the safety problem has become another serious concern. The labor shortage may be due to the reluctance of younger generations to become scaffolders, “They even think that it’s a dirty and dangerous job. “They refuse to step in, although we give them high pay. Young generations do not like jobs that involve hard work. ”Another reason fewer people are becoming scaffolders is that new recruits need to undergo training with the Hong Kong Construction Industry Council in order to acquire a license. Older scaffolders generally learned in apprenticeships, and may have been able to gather more hands-on experience, material shortages are also a contributing factor to the decline. The bamboo scaffolding material was imported from mainland China, bamboo—which matures after three years to the wide diameter and thick skin perfect for scaffolding—came from the Shaoxing area in Guangdong. Over the past two decades, firms have had to look to Guangxi instead, the industrys fear is that one day supplies will be blocked due to export embargoes and environmental concerns. Attempts to import bamboo from Thailand, or switch to synthetic or plastic bamboo, have so far proved unsuccessful, in many African countries, notably Nigeria, bamboo scaffolding is still used in small scale construction in urban areas. In rural areas, the use of scaffolding for construction is common. Some of the structures in relaxation and recreation centres both in urban and rural areas of Nigeria are put in place using bamboo materials and this is not for reasons of poverty but to add more aesthetics to these centres. Bamboo materials are used in the construction of some bukas in rural areas. Content about specifications Double-row Scaffold Only double-row bamboo scaffold is allowed to use for working at height, nylon Mesh The perimeter of bamboo scaffold shall be covered by nylon mesh against falling objects. The lapping of nylon mesh should be at least 100mm wide, access and Egress Suitable means of access shall be provided from the building or ground level to the scaffold such as gangway, stairs and ladder etc
33.
Mount Olivet Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
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Mount Olivet Cemetery is an historic cemetery located at 1300 Bladensburg Road, NE in Washington, D. C. It is maintained by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington, the largest Catholic burial ground in the District of Columbia, it was one of the first in the city to be racially integrated. Existing Catholic cemeteries at St. Matthews Church, St. Patrick Catholic Church, a number of new cemeteries were therefore established in the rural areas in and around Washington, Columbian Harmony Cemetery in D. C. Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Silver Spring, Maryland, Glenwood Cemetery in D. C. white, the 51-year-old priest who had led St. St. Matthews Roman Catholic Church since 1857, was the individual most responsible for the creation of Mt. Olivet. The cemetery was created in 1858, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore, which then covered the District of Columbia, purchased 40 acres of Fenwick Farm for the cemetery. A gray stone lodge was built to mark the entrance, Mount Auburn Cemetery, a rural cemetery near Boston, Massachusetts, was the model for Mount Olivet. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mount Olivet was known as one of the big five cemeteries in Washington, from the start, Mount Olivet was racially integrated. Most cemeteries in the city were not, more than 7,700 African Americans were buried at Mount Olivet between 1800 and 1919. In comparison,24,000 Caucasians were buried there during the same period, Mount Olivet remains the only racially integrated cemetery from the 19th century to remain active as of 1989. Robert Emmet Odlum, first person to jump from Brooklyn Bridge Francisco Pizarro Martínez, thomas Devin Reilly, Irish nationalist involved in Young Ireland Movement Charlie Ross, Harry S. Bergheim, Laura. The Washington Historical Atlas, Who Did What, When and Where in the Nations Capital, the Memory of the Community, A Photographic Album of Congressional Cemetery. Footnote Washington, Tracking the Engaging, Humorous, and Surprising Bypaths of Capital History, the Burial Grounds of Black Washington, 1880–1919. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, a Guide to the Nations Capital. Catholic Cemeteries of the Archdiocese of Washington, Mount Olivet
34.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
35.
Emerson Preparatory School
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Emerson Preparatory School is a small private high school in Northwest Washington, D. C. founded in 1852 as the Emerson Institute. It is Washingtons oldest co-ed college preparatory school, following World War II, in 1946, Emerson adopted its current academic program providing classes on a term system in which classes are completed in full during each 4 1⁄2-month term. Following graduation, 95% of graduates attend a college and 5% attend a two-year college or take a gap year before attending college. Emerson offers an intellectually stimulating array of courses in an informal, the school serves high school students from Maryland, DC, and Virginia. The school is located at 1324 18th Street NW, near Dupont Circle, most students ride the Metro to and from school. Emerson has occupied its present location since 1937, Emerson was founded in the District of Columbia in 1852 by Charles Bedford Young, Ph. D. as a school to prepare Washington area boys for entrance to Harvard. It was named for George Barrell Emerson, a noted New England educator, author, after the Civil War the schools graduates began to attend other colleges and universities, and, in 1920, became Washingtons first coeducational preparatory school. Judge John Maximum John Sirica of Watergate fame attended Emerson circa 1920, buck and Jesse Root Grant, the sons of President Ulysses S. Grant, attended Emerson Institute during his White House years, 1869-1877. Medal of Honor recipient James Madison Cutts, Jr. graduated from Emerson Institute around 1854 and he went on to graduate from Brown University and Harvard Law School. Emersons school seal features an image of the U. S. Capitol dome, the school mascot is the owl, symbolizing wisdom. Emersons model places emphasis on small class sizes, typically never larger than ten students. The school requires student applicants to submit three letters of recommendation, participate in an interview, and take two placement exams, one in English and one in mathematics. The schools academic year is modeled after the British System and has two terms per year rather than two semesters, courses are completed in full during each 4 1⁄2-month term. An optional summer session is offered from late June through early August, each terms schedule of classes includes four ninety-minute class periods per day, five days per week. There is a lunch period, from 11,20 a. m. to 12,20 p. m. Emerson students have the privilege of off campus lunch, the students are allowed to leave the school grounds in order to purchase their lunch from the many restaurants and carry outs located in the Dupont Circle area. Emerson has approximately ten to fifteen teachers, a typical classload for an instructor is two to three 90-minute classes per day. Apart from the curriculum, private tutorials can be arranged for advanced level courses
36.
University-preparatory school
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A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school is a type of secondary school. The term can refer to public, private independent or parochial schools primarily designed to prepare students for higher education, in the United States, there are public, private, and charter college preparatory schools and they can be either parochial or secular. Admission is sometimes based on selection criteria, usually academic. Fewer than 1% of students enrolled in school in the United States attend an independent, private school, compared to 9% who attend parochial schools. Public and charter college prep schools are connected to a local school district. The term prep school in the U. S. is usually associated with private, elite institutions that have very selective admission criteria, prep schools can be day schools, boarding schools, or both, and may be co-educational or single-sex. Currently day schools are more common than boarding, and since the 1970s co-educational schools are more common than single-sex, unlike the public schools which are free, they charge tuition Some prep schools are affiliated with a particular religious denomination. Unlike parochial schools, independent preparatory schools are not governed by a religious organization, in most parts of Europe, such as Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Scandinavia, there are state-funded secondary schools specializing in university-preparatory education. These go by many names depending on the country but may be called gymnasia, athenaea, unlike American prep schools then, they begin after high-school graduation. The most famous French classes préparatoires are exceptionally intensive and selective, taking only the very best students graduating from high schools, nevertheless, there exist many less prestigious classes préparatoires. As a result, 90% of the students in the scientific classes préparatoires eventually become engineers or scientists, a Gymnasium is a particular type of school in Germany and other countries in Europe, with the goal to prepare its pupils to enter a university. The γυμνάσιον of Ancient Greece was a place for physical and eventually also intellectual education of young men, the later meaning of intellectual education persisted in German and other languages, whereas in English, the older meaning of physical education was retained. The German Gymnasien are selective and competitive schools and they enroll students after completing 4th or 6th grade and prepare them for college. The vast majority of Gymnasien is public and does not charge tuition fees, article 7, Paragraph 4 of the German constitution, forbids segregation of students according to the means of their parents. Therefore, most private Gymnasien have rather low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, every child will be able to enter the lottery, no matter how he or she performed in primary school. It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of lower, a total of zero percent was in favour of the lottery. Germanys oldest Gymnasien include Gymnasium Paulinum, Gymnasium Theodorianum and Gymnasium Carolinum, in Italy, there are several kinds of high schools, both public and private, whose curriculum has as a primary aim the preparation for university. These are called Liceo, plural Licei, the name comes from Lyceum, the Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek Λύκειον, the name of a gymnasium in Classical Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus
37.
Samuel Mudd
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Samuel Alexander Mudd was an American physician who was imprisoned for conspiring with John Wilkes Booth in the assassination of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln. While working as a doctor in Southern Maryland, Mudd also employed slaves on his tobacco farm, the Civil War seriously damaged his business, especially when Maryland abolished slavery in 1864. At this time, he first met Booth, who was planning to kidnap Lincoln, but his part in the plot, if any, remains unclear. Some time that day, Mudd must have learned of the assassination and this appeared to link him to the crime, as did his various changes of story under interrogation, and on April 26, he was arrested. A military commission found him guilty of aiding and conspiring in a murder, Mudd was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and released from prison in 1869. Despite repeated attempts by members and others to have it expunged. Born in Charles County, Maryland, Mudd was the fourth of 10 children of Henry Lowe and Sarah Ann Reeves Mudd. He grew up on Oak Hill, his fathers plantation of several hundred acres, which was located 30 miles southeast of downtown Washington, D. C. At the age of 15, after years of home tutoring, Mudd went off to boarding school at St. Johns Literary Institute now known as Saint Johns Catholic Prep School in Frederick. Two years later, he enrolled at Georgetown College in Washington and he then studied medicine at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, writing his thesis on dysentery. Upon graduation in 1856, Mudd returned to Charles County to practice medicine, marrying his childhood sweetheart, as a wedding present, Mudds father gave the couple 218 acres of his best farmland and a new house named St. Catherine. While the house was under construction, the young Mudds lived with Frankies bachelor brother, Jeremiah Dyer and they had nine children in all, four before Mudds arrest and five after his release from prison. To supplement his income from his practice, Mudd became a small scale tobacco grower. Mudd believed that slavery was ordained, writing a letter to the theologian Orestes Brownson to that effect. With the advent of the American Civil War in 1861, the Southern Maryland slave system, in 1863, the Union Army established Camp Stanton just 10 miles from the Mudd farm to enlist black freedmen and run-away slaves. Six regiments totaling over 8,700 black soldiers, many from Southern Maryland, were trained there, in 1864, Maryland, which was exempt from Lincolns 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, abolished slavery, making it difficult for growers like Mudd to operate their plantations. As a result, Mudd considered selling his farm and depending on his medical practice, as Mudd pondered his alternatives, he was introduced to someone who said he might be interested in buying his property, the 26-year-old actor John Wilkes Booth. Many historians agree that President Abraham Lincolns future assassin, John Wilkes Booth, visited Bryantown, Maryland, in November and December 1864, Bryantown is about 25 miles from Washington, D. C. and about 5 miles from Mudds farm
38.
John F. Hartranft
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John Frederick Hartranft was a politician, the 17th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1873 to 1879. He had served during the American Civil War, reaching the rank of Union major general, Hartranft was born in Fagleysville, a village in New Hanover Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, near Pottstown, the son of ethnic German Americans Mary Lydia and Samuel Engle Hartranft. His paternal immigrant ancestor was Abraham Hartranft, born in Silesia, Hartranft had some local schooling in Norristown, where his family moved when he was a boy. He attended Marshall College in Mercersburg—a forerunner of Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster and he moved to New York, where he completed his degree in civil engineering in 1853 from Union College in Schenectady. He briefly worked for two railroads in eastern Pennsylvania before returning home to Norristown to assist his father in the real estate, in 1854, the young man was appointed deputy sheriff of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. That same year, he married Sallie Douglas Sebring and they had six children, but three died in infancy. Hartranft was active in the Norristown fire company and the local Freemason lodge, after reading the law as an apprentice with an established firm, Hartranft was admitted to the bar in 1860. He entered the Pennsylvania Militia, being promoted to the rank of colonel, in April 1861, Hartranft raised a Montgomery County regiment of 90-day volunteers in Norristown, serving as colonel of the 4th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. When their term of enlistment was up, the regiment returned to Pennsylvania, although it was the eve of the First Battle of Bull Run, Hartranft was humiliated by his mens decision to go home. He stayed to fight with the Army on July 21,1861 and this act earned him the Medal of Honor on August 21,1886, for volunteering his services to fellow Pennsylvanian Col. William B. Hartranft raised a regiment, the 51st Pennsylvania Infantry. They first served on the North Carolina coast in the Burnside Expedition, Hartranft led them in battle at Roanoke Island and New Bern. In July 1862, Hartranfts men proceeded to Newport News, Virginia, to part of Burnsides IX Corps, with whom they fought in the Second Battle of Bull Run. They also fought at the Battle of Antietam, where Hartranft led the charge across Burnsides Bridge. They also participated in the Battle of Fredericksburg and he commanded the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, of the IX Corps in the 1864 Overland Campaign, participating in the fighting at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania. He was promoted to general as of May 12,1864. He continued in operations against Richmond and Petersburg and his brigade distinguished itself in the Battle of Peebles Farm. When the IX Corps was reorganized, Hartranft was given command of a new 3rd Division, Hartranft was brevetted major general by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for defeating Confederate General Robert E. Lees last offensive at the Battle of Fort Stedman
39.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
