1.
Salisbury
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Salisbury is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England, and the only city within the county. It is the third-largest settlement in the county, after Swindon and Chippenham, with a population of 40,302, the city is located in the southeast of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. Its cathedral was located to the north at Old Sarum, following its relocation. The new town received its city charter in 1227 under the name New Sarum, which continued to be its name until 2009. It sits at the confluence of five rivers, the Nadder, Ebble, Wylye, and Bourne are tributary to the Hampshire Avon, which flows to the south coast and into the sea at Christchurch in Dorset. Salisbury railway station serves the city and is a regional interchange, Stonehenge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is about 8 miles northwest of Salisbury and greatly aids the local economy. The city itself, Old Sarum, the present cathedral and the ruins of the one also attract visitors. The first part of the name is of obscure origin, the form Sarum is a Latinization of Sar, a medieval abbreviation for Sarisberie. Salisbury appeared in the Welsh Chronicle of the Britons as Caer-Caradog, Caer-Gradawc, cair-Caratauc, one of the 28 British cities listed in the History of the Britons, has also been identified with Salisbury. The hilltop at Old Sarum lies near the Neolithic sites of Stonehenge and Avebury and it commanded a salient between the River Bourne and the Hampshire Avon near a crossroads of several early trade routes. During the Iron Age, a hillfort was constructed around it sometime between 600 and 300 BC, the Romans may have occupied the site or left it in the hands of an allied tribe. Amid the Saxon invasions, Old Sarum fell to King Cynric of Wessex in 552, preferring settlements in bottomland like nearby Wilton, the Saxons largely ignored Old Sarum until the Viking invasions led King Alfred to restore its fortifications. Along with Wilton, however, it was abandoned by its residents to be sacked and burned by the Dano-Norwegian king Sweyn Forkbeard in 1003 and it subsequently became the site of Wiltons mint. Following the Norman invasion, a castle was constructed by 1070. The castle was directly by the Norman kings, its castellan was generally also the sheriff of Wiltshire. Hermann and his successor Saint Osmund began the construction of the first Salisbury cathedral, the cathedral was consecrated on 5 April 1092 but suffered extensive damage in a storm, traditionally said to have occurred only five days later. Bishop Roger was an ally of Henry I who served as his viceroy during the kings absence to Normandy and directed the royal administration. He refurbished and expanded Old Sarums cathedral in the 1110s and began work on a palace during the 1130s
2.
Wiltshire
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Wiltshire is a county in South West England with an area of 3,485 km2. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, the county town was originally Wilton, after which the county is named, but Wiltshire Council is now based in the new county town of Trowbridge. Wiltshire is characterised by its high downland and wide valleys, Salisbury Plain is noted for being the location of the Stonehenge and Avebury stone circles and other ancient landmarks, and as a training area for the British Army. The city of Salisbury is notable for its mediaeval cathedral, important country houses open to the public include Longleat, near Warminster, and the National Trusts Stourhead, near Mere. The county, in the 9th century written as Wiltunscir, later Wiltonshire, is named after the county town of Wilton. Wiltshire is notable for its pre-Roman archaeology, the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age people that occupied southern Britain built settlements on the hills and downland that cover Wiltshire. Stonehenge and Avebury are perhaps the most famous Neolithic sites in the UK, in the 6th and 7th centuries Wiltshire was at the western edge of Saxon Britain, as Cranborne Chase and the Somerset Levels prevented the advance to the west. The Battle of Bedwyn was fought in 675 between Escuin, a West Saxon nobleman who had seized the throne of Queen Saxburga, in 878 the Danes invaded the county. Following the Norman Conquest, large areas of the country came into the possession of the crown, at the time of the Domesday Survey the industry of Wiltshire was largely agricultural,390 mills are mentioned, and vineyards at Tollard and Lacock. In the 17th century English Civil War Wiltshire was largely Parliamentarian, the Battle of Roundway Down, a Royalist victory, was fought near Devizes. The Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry currently lives on as Y Squadron, based in Swindon, around 1800 the Kennet and Avon Canal was built through Wiltshire, providing a route for transporting cargoes from Bristol to London until the development of the Great Western Railway. Information on the 261 civil parishes of Wiltshire is available on the Wiltshire Community History website, run by the Libraries and this site includes maps, demographic data, historic and modern pictures and short histories. The local nickname for Wiltshire natives is moonrakers and this originated from a story of smugglers who managed to foil the local Excise men by hiding their alcohol, possibly French brandy in barrels or kegs, in a village pond. The officials took them for simple yokels or mad and left them alone, many villages claim the tale for their own village pond, but the story is most commonly linked with The Crammer in Devizes. Two-thirds of Wiltshire, a rural county, lies on chalk. This chalk is part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England formed by the rocks of the Chalk Group, the largest area of chalk in Wiltshire is Salisbury Plain, which is used mainly for arable agriculture and by the British Army as training ranges. The highest point in the county is the Tan Hill–Milk Hill ridge in the Pewsey Vale, just to the north of Salisbury Plain, the chalk uplands run northeast into West Berkshire in the Marlborough Downs ridge, and southwest into Dorset as Cranborne Chase. Cranborne Chase, which straddles the border, has, like Salisbury Plain, yielded much Stone Age, the Marlborough Downs are part of the North Wessex Downs AONB, a 1,730 km2 conservation area
3.
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
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The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art is a drama school in London, England. It is one of the oldest drama schools in the United Kingdom, RADA is an affiliate school of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. Its higher education awards are validated by Kings College London and its students graduate alongside members of the departments which form the Kings Faculty of Arts & Humanities and it is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, close to the Senate House complex of the University of London. Undergraduate students are eligible for government student loan through the Conservatoire for Dance, RADA also has a significant scholarships and bursaries scheme, offering financial assistance to many students at the Academy. The current director of the academy is Edward Kemp, the president is Sir Kenneth Branagh, the chairman is Sir Stephen Waley-Cohen and its vice-chairman was Alan Rickman until his death in 2016. RADA was founded in 1904 by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, an actor manager, in 1905, RADA moved to 52 Gower Street, and a managing council was set up to oversee the school. Its members included George Bernard Shaw, who donated his royalties from his play Pygmalion to RADA. In 1920, RADA was granted a Royal Charter, and in 1921, the Prince of Wales opened the theatre. The Gower Street buildings were torn down in 1927, and replaced with a new building, financed by George Bernard Shaw, in 1923, John Gielgud studied at RADA for a year. He later became President of the academy, and its first honorary fellow, a number of famous actors took on leading roles at RADA, such as Richard Attenborough, Oliver Neville, Nicholas Barter, and Alan Rickman. Other 1924 saw RADAs first government subsidy, a grant of £500, in 2001, RADA joined forces with the London Contemporary dance School to create the UKs first Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. The Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance joined this Conservatoire in 2005, in 2000 the Academy founded RADA Enterprises Ltd, which includes RADA in Business, providing training in communications and teambuilding that uses drama training techniques in a business context. The profits are fed back into the Academy to fund students training, RADA is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London. The main RADA building is on Gower Street, with a second premises nearby in Chenies Street, the Goodge Street and Euston Square underground stations are both within walking distance. RADA has five theatres and a cinema, there is also a 150-seat cinema. In January 2012, RADA acquired the lease to the adjacent Drill Hall venue in Chenies Street, the Drill Hall is a Grade II listed building with a long performing arts history, and was where Nijinsky rehearsed with Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes in 1911. This venue has a 200-seat space, the Studio Theatre, and a 50-seat space, the RADA library contains around 30,000 items. The collection was started in 1904 with donations from actors and writers of the such as Sir Squire Bancroft, William Archer, Arthur Wing Pinero
4.
Gimli (Middle-earth)
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Gimli is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth legendarium, featured in The Lord of the Rings. A dwarf warrior, he is the son of Glóin, Gimli is chosen to represent the race of Dwarves in the Fellowship of the Ring. As such, he is one of the characters of the novel. In the course of the adventure, Gimli aids the Ring-bearer, participates in the War of the Ring, Gimli was a member of Durins Folk who volunteered to accompany Frodo Baggins as a member of the Fellowship of the Ring on the quest to destroy the One Ring. He was an honourable, wise, and stalwart warrior, Gimli became deeply enamoured upon meeting the elf-lady Galadriel, and he forged a friendship with the elf Legolas despite his original hostility. These relationships helped rehabilitate the long-troubled relationship between Elves and Dwarves of Middle-earth, Gimli was born in the Ered Luin in the year 2879 of the Third Age. His father was Glóin, one of the companions of the hobbit. Gimli had wanted to accompany his father and the others in the company of Thorin Oakenshield on their quest to reclaim Erebor in the year 2941, but at age 62 he was deemed too young. He was a descendant of Durin the Deathless, chief of the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves and ancestor to the Dwarven people to which Gimli belonged. Gimli was introduced in the first volume of The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, Gimli and his father were attending the Council to bring news of their home, Erebor, and to warn that the Dark Lord Sauron was searching for the One Ring. There they learned that Bilbos kinsman Frodo now owned the Ring, the Council decided to have it destroyed by casting it into the volcanic Mount Doom in Saurons domain of Mordor. Frodo volunteered for the task, and Elrond chose eight people of varying races to aid him in his task — including Gimli, thus, the Fellowship of the Ring was formed. However, Moria was still inhabited by a number of Orcs and several Cave Trolls, as well as a Balrog. The Fellowship found his tomb in the Chamber of Records, together with a chronicle of events, after their leader Gandalf the Wizard fell into a chasm during a heated battle with the Balrog, the Fellowship finally escaped the Mines. Aragorn, a Ranger, then led them to the forest of Lothlórien, Galadriel is so moved by his bold-yet-courteous request that she gave him not one, but three of her hairs. She also subsequently gave Gimli the name Lockbearer as a result, by the end of the sojourn in Lothlórien, Gimli had formed his unlikely friendship with Legolas. At Amon Hen, the company was sundered, for Boromir, son of the Steward of Gondor, tried to take the Ring from Frodo and use it for Gondor, Frodo fled at this and went ahead, accompanied only by his gardener Samwise Gamgee. Boromir was mortally wounded defending them, and it fell to Gimli, Aragorn and they decided to go after Merry and Pippin, for Frodos mission was out of their hands
5.
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
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The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, the films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. They were distributed by New Line Cinema, each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the general storyline, they do omit some of the novels plot elements and include some additions to. The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam and the treacherous Gollum. Meanwhile, Aragorn, heir in exile to the throne of Gondor, Legolas, Gimli, Merry, and Pippin, the series was a major financial success, with the films collectively being among the highest-grossing film series of all time. The films were acclaimed and heavily awarded, winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations. The series received praise for its innovative special and visual effects. Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshis 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings, Jackson enjoyed the film and wanted to know more. Afterwards, he read an edition of the book during a twelve-hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen. In 1995, Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project, with the new developments in computer-generated imagery following Jurassic Park, Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real. Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong, Weinstein was furious, and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit, United Artists, which was in the market, did. By April 1996, the question was still not resolved. It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began, but due to location problems, he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead. When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997, Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein, Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book. Two to three months later, they had written their treatment, Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond, Sam looks into Galadriels mirror, Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall. They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein, the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book and they agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million. During mid-1997, Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair, sinclairs partner, Philippa Boyens, was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment
6.
Sallah
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He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride. Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator and he lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a family man with a wife named Fayah and nine children. Sallah is depicted as being jovial, good natured, and occasionally cowardly and he seems to be extremely strong, although he is apparently unaware of his enormous strength. He has a baritone voice and he seems to have an affinity for Gilbert. He is often seen singing tunes from H. M. S, pinafore when he is in a good mood. In Raiders of the Lost Ark he is seen wearing a turban. Sallah appears in Raiders of the Lost Ark, where he helps Jones decipher the inscription on the back of Marion Ravenwoods medallion by taking him to an old wise man and he reluctantly joins Jones in the snake-infested tomb, and they move the Ark to the surface. However, the Nazis discover the secret dig and capture the Ark and they also throw Marion into the tomb with Jones, and seal it shut. Jones and Marion escape, however, and he tells Sallah to secure some transportation back to England. He makes a deal with the captain of the Bantu Wind, a steamer, for bringing Jones, Marion. He reappeared in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, where he fails in stopping Marcus Brody being captured by the Nazis at İskenderun, Sallah later takes Jones and his father, Henry to the Nazi convoy near the location of the Holy Grail. He borrows his brother-in-laws car, which is destroyed in the battle between the Nazis and the Grails guardians. Indy tells Sallah no camels and Sallah takes horses from the guardians for the return trip. Sallah appeared in Marvel Comicss The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones, the 1990 novel Young Indiana Jones and the Tomb of Terror details his first encounter with Indiana in 1913, and his full name is given as Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir. The script specified Sallah as a thin 52 Bedouin, while Steven Spielberg envisioned him as a creature from the Star Wars cantina in an earthbound adventure film. He offered the role to Danny DeVito, who passed because of his commitment to Taxi, Spielberg saw John Rhys-Davies in Shōgun, and changed the role accordingly, advising the actor portray Sallah as a cross between his role in Shōgun and Falstaff. Kevork Malikyan, who played Kazim in Last Crusade, also expressed interest in the role, when Davies reprised his role for Last Crusade, he imagined Sallah had become richer since Raiders, leaving excavation in favor of selling antiques
7.
Indiana Jones (franchise)
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The Indiana Jones franchise is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Indiana Jones, Jr. a fictional archaeologist. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark, a prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, the series was created by George Lucas, the films star Harrison Ford and are directed by Steven Spielberg. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, a fifth film is planned for release on July 19,2019, with both Spielberg and Ford returning. Marvel Comics began publishing The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones in 1983, numerous Indiana Jones video games have been released since 1982. The first film, Raiders of the Lost Ark is set in 1936, Indiana Jones is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis. The Nazis have teams searching for artifacts, including the Ark. The Nazis are being helped by Indianas nemesis René Belloq, with the help of his old flame Marion Ravenwood and Sallah, Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt. The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion, Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark, but when they do so, they are all killed gruesomely by the Arks wrath. Indiana and Marion, who survived by closing their eyes, manage to get the Ark to the United States, the second film, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is set in 1935, a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark. Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer/actress Willie Scott, the trio crash-land in India, where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped. A destructive cult led by Mola Ram has also taken the holy Sankara Stones, Indiana manages to overcome Mola Rams evil power, rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place, overcoming his own mercenary nature. Indiana and his friend Marcus Brody are assigned by American businessman Walter Donovan to find the Holy Grail and they are teamed up with Dr. Elsa Schneider, following on from where Indianas estranged father Henry left off before he disappeared. It transpires that Donovan and Elsa are in league with the Nazis, however, Indiana recovers his fathers diary filled with his research, and manages to rescue him before finding the location of the Grail. Both Donovan and Elsa fall to the temptation of the Grail, while Indiana, the fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is set in 1957, nineteen years after The Last Crusade, thus acknowledging the real-life passing of years between films. Indiana is having a quiet life teaching before being thrust into a new adventure and he races against agents of the Soviet Union, led by Irina Spalko for a crystal skull. His journey takes him across Nevada, Connecticut, Peru, in 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith. Like Star Wars, it was an opportunity to create a version of the movie serials of the 1930s and 1940s
8.
The Untouchables (1993 TV series)
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The Untouchables is an American crime drama series that aired for two seasons in syndication, from January 1993 to May 1994. The series portrayed work of the real life Untouchables federal investigative squad in Prohibition-era Chicago, the series features Tom Amandes as Eliot Ness and William Forsythe as Al Capone, and was based on the 1959 series and 1987 film of the same name. Visual Entertainment has released the series on DVD in Region 1 on December 27,2016. Eliot Ness and the Untouchables, The Historical Reality and the Film, jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Company,2000. ISBN 0-7864-0772-7 The Untouchables at the Internet Movie Database The Untouchables at TV. com The Untouchables at epguides. com
9.
Sliders
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Sliders is an American science fiction and fantasy television series created by Robert K. Weiss and Tracy Tormé. It was broadcast for five seasons between 1995 and 2000, the series follows a group of travelers as they use a wormhole to slide between different parallel universes. Tormé, Weiss, Leslie Belzberg, John Landis, David Peckinpah, Bill Dial, for its first two seasons it was produced in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was filmed primarily in Los Angeles, California, USA in the last three seasons, since its debut on March 22,1995, the first three seasons were broadcast by the Fox network. After being canceled by Fox, the moved to Sci Fi Channel for its final two seasons. The last new episode first aired on December 29,1999 in the United Kingdom, the travelers have no control over what world they end up in, but continually look for means to find Earth Prime. As a result, the sliders lose the ability to return home, within the second season, the four encounter a humanoid species called the Kromaggs, who also have sliding technology but use it to ransack other Earths for slaves and resources. The network appointed crew members more amenable to their views, most notably executive producer David Peckinpah, during this time, Rhys-Davies expressed no interest in continuing his role, and eventually he was dismissed from the series by Fox. Within the show, Professor Arturo discovers he has acquired a disease, he not only informs Quinn. In a transitional episode, The Exodus, the Sliders arrive on an Earth about to be destroyed by a pulsar before their next slide window. They encounter a military operation, led by Colonel Angus Rickman and Captain Maggie Beckett, working to help Maggie locate a safe parallel Earth, Quinn happens upon their original Earth, but Maggie is unable to breathe there and Quinn is forced to return. Now Quinn has the coordinates for his home Earth in his timer, Maggie offers to join Quinn, Wade, and Rembrandt to chase down Rickman using the Sliders original timer, and recover the one with their Earths coordinates. In subsequent episodes, the group does catch up with Rickman, killing him, after obtaining the coordinates, Quinn sends Rembrandt and Wade through a vortex leading back to Earth Prime, opting to stay behind with Maggie. Maggie eventually offers to take a risk on her returning to their Earth. Tracy Tormé, the executive producer of the show, quit after this season. One example is the episode The Exodus described by Tormé as one of the worst pieces of television ever produced, Fox would cancel their run of the show after the third season. Starting with the season, the show was picked up by the Sci Fi Channel. Within the fourth-season premiere episode, Quinn and Maggie, after searching numerous alternate Earths for months and they soon discover Rembrandt, who reveals that Wade was taken to a Kromagg breeding camp in a parallel Earth, removing her character from the series
10.
Richard I of England
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Richard I was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes and he was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was known as Richard Cœur de Lion or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a military leader. He was also known in Occitan as Oc e No, because of his reputation for terseness, by the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father. Richard spoke both French and Occitan and he was born in England, where he spent his childhood, before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Following his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, most of his life as king was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France. Rather than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, nevertheless, he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects. He remains one of the few kings of England remembered by his epithet, rather than regnal number, Richard was born on 8 September 1157, probably at Beaumont Palace, in Oxford, England, son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was a brother of Count William IX of Poitiers, Henry the Young King. As the third son of King Henry II, he was not expected to ascend the throne. He was also a brother of Duke Geoffrey II of Brittany, Queen Eleanor of Castile, Queen Joan of Sicily, and Count John of Mortain. Richard was the younger maternal half-brother of Countess Marie of Champagne, the eldest son of Henry II and Eleanor, William, died in 1156, before Richards birth. Richard is often depicted as having been the son of his mother. His father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of William the Conqueror, contemporary historian Ralph of Diceto traced his familys lineage through Matilda of Scotland to the Anglo-Saxon kings of England and Alfred the Great, and from there linked them to Noah and Woden. According to Angevin legend, there was even infernal blood in the family, while his father visited his lands from Scotland to France, Richard probably spent his childhood in England. His first recorded visit to the European continent was in May 1165 and his wet nurse was Hodierna of St Albans, whom he gave a generous pension after he became king. Little is known about Richards education, during his captivity, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated way by his brother John to help destroy the authority of Richards chancellor, William Longchamp, who was a Norman. One of the charges laid against Longchamp, by Johns supporter Hugh
11.
Robin of Sherwood
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Robin of Sherwood is a British television series, based on the legend of Robin Hood. Created by Richard Carpenter, it was produced by HTV in association with Goldcrest, in America it was retitled Robin Hood and shown on the premium cable TV channel Showtime and, later, on PBS. The show starred Michael Praed and Jason Connery as two different incarnations of the title character, unlike previous adaptations of the Robin Hood legend, Robin of Sherwood combined a gritty, authentic production design with elements of real-life history, 20th century fiction, and pagan myth. The series is notable for its musical score by Clannad. There were three seasons, composed of an opening episode and 24 one-hour long episodes, although the pilot is sometimes screened as two one-hour episodes. The episodes comprising The Swords of Wayland were transmitted as one episode in the UK on their original screening, primary locations were the Blaise Castle Estate in North Bristol and Vassals Park to the south. Michael Praed played Robin of Loxley in the first two seasons and his Merry Men consisted of Will Scarlet, Little John, Friar Tuck, Much, the Saracen Nasir and Lady Marian. He is also assisted by Herne the Hunter, as in the legend, Robin is opposed by the Sheriff of Nottingham and Guy of Gisburne, as well as the Sheriffs brother Abbot Hugo. At the end of the season, Robin of Loxley is killed. During the course of the season, the new Robin discovers that he is the half-brother of his nemesis Guy of Gisburne. This particular story arc was never resolved, as the shows intended fourth season was never made, the sudden cancellation also broke off Robin and Marions intended marriage and left Marion at Halstead Abbey as a novice. At the conclusion of Season Three, Goldcrest was forced to out of the venture. The series was expensive to produce, HTV could not afford to finance it alone, Robin of Loxley Born the son of Anglo-Saxon nobleman Ailric of Loxley, Robin was raised by his uncle, the local miller, after Ailric was murdered. As an adult, Robin accepts the charge of Herne the Hunter and becomes the prophesied Hooded Man, hiding in Sherwood Forest, he assembles a number of friends and fights for freedom and justice. He is killed at the end of Season Two by Norman crossbowmen, Much Son of the miller who raised Robin, he admires Robin as his big brother. He is dubbed the half-wit by Guy of Gisburne, but he is more uneducated and he matures more after the first Robins death. Will Scarlet Originally called Will Scathlock, when his wife, Elena, is raped and trampled to death with horses by mercenaries, he changes his name after slaying several of her killers. Hot-headed and filled with hatred of all things Norman, he is contrasted with the more collected Robin and he has a brother who owns an inn in Lichfield
12.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
13.
The Living Daylights
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The Living Daylights is the fifteenth entry in the James Bond film series and the first to star Timothy Dalton as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by John Glen, the title is taken from Ian Flemings short story The Living Daylights. It was the last film to use the title of an Ian Fleming story until the 2006 instalment Casino Royale, the film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli, his stepson Michael G. Wilson, and his daughter, Barbara Broccoli. The Living Daylights was generally received by most critics and was also a financial success. James Bond is assigned to aid the defection of a KGB officer, General Georgi Koskov, covering his escape from a hall in Bratislava. During the mission, Bond notices that the KGB sniper assigned to prevent Koskovs escape is a female cellist from the orchestra. Disobeying his orders to kill the sniper, he shoots the rifle from her hands, then uses the Trans-Siberian Pipeline to smuggle Koskov across the border into Austria. In his post-defection debriefing, Koskov informs MI6 that the KGBs old policy of Smiert Spionam, meaning Death to Spies, has been revived by General Leonid Pushkin, Koskov is later abducted from the safe-house and assumed to have been taken back to Moscow. Bond is directed to track down Pushkin in Tangier and kill him to forestall further killings of agents, Bond agrees to carry out the mission when he learns that the assassin who killed 004 left a note bearing the same message, Smiert Spionam. Bond returns to Bratislava to track down the cellist, Kara Milovy and he determines that Koskovs entire defection was staged, and that Kara is actually Koskovs girlfriend. Bond convinces Kara that he is a friend of Koskovs and persuades her to him to Vienna. They escape Bratislava while being pursued by the KGB, crossing over the border into Austria, meanwhile, Pushkin meets with arms dealer Brad Whitaker in Tangier, informing him that the KGB is cancelling an arms deal previously arranged between Koskov and Whitaker. During his brief tryst with Milovy in Vienna, Bond visits the Prater to meet his MI6 ally, Saunders, as he leaves their meeting, Saunders is killed by Koskovs henchman Necros, who again leaves the message Smiert Spionam. Bond and Kara promptly leave for Tangier, where Bond confronts Pushkin, Pushkin disavows any knowledge of Smiert Spionam, and reveals that Koskov is evading arrest for embezzlement of government funds. Bond and Pushkin then join forces and Bond fakes Pushkins assassination, inducing Whitaker, meanwhile, Kara contacts Koskov, who tells her that Bond is actually a KGB agent and convinces her to drug him so he can be captured. Koskov, Necros, Kara, and the captive Bond fly to a Soviet air base in Afghanistan, the pair escape and in doing so free a condemned prisoner, Kamran Shah, leader of the local Mujahideen. With the Mujahideens help, Bond plants a bomb aboard the plane carrying the opium. Meanwhile, the Mujahideen attack the air base on horseback and engage the Soviets in a gun battle, during the battle, Milovy drives a jeep into the back of the plane as Bond takes off, and Necros also leaps aboard at the last second
14.
I, Claudius (TV series)
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I, Claudius is a 1976 BBC Television adaptation of Robert Graves I, Claudius and Claudius the God. Among many other productions and adaptations, Gravess Claudius novels have also adapted for BBC Radio 4 broadcast. I, Claudius follows the history of the early Roman Empire, narrated by the elderly Emperor Claudius, from the year 24 BC to his death in AD54. The series opens with Augustus, the first Emperor of Rome, attempting to find an heir, an expert poisoner, Livia uses the covert assassination and betrayal of all rivals to achieve her aims, beginning with the death in 22 BC of Marcellus. Claudius enlightened reign is marred by the betrayals of his adulterous wife Messalina, the series was produced by Joan Sullivan and Martin Lisemore, and directed by Herbert Wise in the studios at BBC Television Centre. Production was delayed because of negotiations between the BBC and the copyright holders of Alexander Kordas aborted 1937 film version. This did, however, give the scriptwriter Jack Pulman more time to fine-tune his script, filming was studio based, for artistic rather than budgetary reasons. I, Claudius was made at a low cost of £60,000 for an hour of broadcast material. Considering pound sterling inflation, the show would have cost £3,960,000 in 2013. As discussed in the 2002 documentary I, Claudius, A Television Epic, the deleted shot was only shown twice in 1976 and is now lost since the BBC no longer has a copy of it. Jacobi explained that he secured the role after another prominent British actor who had taken the part proved to be unsuitable. Brian Blessed originally auditioned for the role of Tiberius, but was persuaded to play Augustus instead. He recounted some of director Herbert Wises key pieces of advice on how to play Augustus - Wise told Blessed that he should. Be as you are - full of flannel. and that he should always play Augustus as an ordinary person, john Hurt revealed that he declined the role of Caligula when it was first offered to him. Wilfred Josephs wrote the title music, david Wulstan and the Clerkes of Oxenford ensemble provided the music for most episodes. During its original airing in 1976, the BBC estimated that I, Claudius had an audience of 2,500,000 viewers per episode. Among other awards, the series won three BAFTAs in 1977, director Herbert Wise won Outstanding Contribution Award at BAFTAs in 1978. In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, I, the series was subsequently broadcast in the United States as part of PBSs Masterpiece Theatre series, where it received critical acclaim
15.
Aladdin and the King of Thieves
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Aladdin and the King of Thieves is a 1996 animated film that is the second direct-to-video sequel to the Disney animated feature Aladdin. People from near and far are arriving in Agrabah to celebrate the wedding of Aladdin and Princess Jasmine. However, the Sultan cannot find Aladdin during the preparations—he has returned to his old hovel to recover a dagger, his only memento of his lost father, who had died in Aladdins early childhood. Aladdin reveals to Genie that he is worried as to what kind of father he will be since his father was absent, but Genie reassures him and they head to the palace for the wedding. Meanwhile, unknown to the guests or guards, the legendary Forty Thieves and their leader, the ceremony begins as planned and Aladdin and Jasmine are about to say their vows, but the Forty Thieves soon interrupt and steal treasures from all the guests. While Jasmine, Abu, Carpet and Genie fight off the thieves, Aladdin faces the King of Thieves, the Forty Thieves and their leader soon escape without the scepter. Aladdin, Jasmine and company soon discover that this is no ordinary gift, when Iago accidentally asks her why the thieves want the staff so badly, she says that they were looking for the ultimate treasure. Learning of the Oracles power, Aladdin becomes curious about his past and she hints to him that those questions can be answered by his father, who is still alive, much to Aladdins shock. Later on, Aladdin is at his hovel reflecting over his fathers survival and he wonders if he should seek the man who left him as a child, and decides with Jasmines encouragement to track him down. Aladdin asks the oracle about his fathers whereabouts, the oracle reveals that his father is with the Forty Thieves, trapped within their world. Aladdin, Abu, Iago and the Carpet track the Thieves down and infiltrate their hideout, Mount Sesame, though Aladdin shares a brief, heartfelt reunion with Cassim, Cassims subordinate Saluk tries to punish Aladdin for entering the hideout. Cassim, instead suggests that Aladdin instead face the Challenge—an initiation ritual—where he must defeat one of the Forty Thieves. Saluk fights Aladdin, but the latter manages to prevail by throwing his opponent off a cliff into the sea. Aladdin is welcomed into the band, and Cassim reveals to Aladdin why he had left his wife and son, to find the Hand of Midas, Aladdin convinces Cassim to return with him to Agrabah to live an honest life. Initially reluctant, Cassim eventually agrees when Iago inadvertently reveals that Aladdins wedding may be his chance to get the Oracle. For a while, Cassim is happy to spend quality time with his son, Cassim meets with Genie, Jasmine and the Sultan, and they immediately take a liking to Aladdins father. Cassim decides to carry on his original scheme with Iago as his new henchman, meanwhile, Saluk makes his way to Agrabah. He reveals himself to Razoul and sells out his fellow thieves by telling Razoul the password to their hideout in exchange for immunity from prosecution
16.
Gargoyles (TV series)
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Gargoyles is an American animated series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Buena Vista Television, and originally aired from October 24,1994 to February 15,1997. The series features a species of creatures known as gargoyles that turn to stone during the day. After spending a thousand years in a petrified state, the gargoyles are reawakened in modern-day New York City. Gargoyles was noted for its dark tone, complex story arcs. The series also received comparisons to Batman, The Animated Series. A video game adaptation and a comic series were released in 1995. The shows storyline continued from 2006 to 2009 in a book series of the same title. The series features a species of creatures known as gargoyles that turn to stone during the day. In the year 994, the lives in a castle in Scotland. Most are betrayed and killed by humans and the remainder are magically cursed to sleep—i. e, be frozen in stone form—until the castle rises above the clouds. While trying to adjust to their new world, they are aided by a female police officer, Elisa Maza. In addition to dealing with the attempts to adjust to modern New York City. A total of 78 half-hour episodes were produced, the first two seasons aired in the Disney Afternoon programming block. The first season consisted of 13 episodes, including a five-part opening story and this seasons episodes were almost entirely written by Michael Reaves and Brynne Chandler Reaves. The writing staff was expanded for season two. The controversial third and final aired on Disneys One Saturday Morning format on ABC as Gargoyles. Behind the scenes, the producers and writers had almost completely changed from seasons one. The voice cast featured several actors who are alumni of the Star Trek franchise, including Marina Sirtis and Jonathan Frakes, the series bears no creator credit
17.
Man Ray (SpongeBob SquarePants character)
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The characters in SpongeBob SquarePants were created by artist, animator, and former marine biologist Stephen Hillenburg. In addition to the main cast, various celebrities have voiced roles in SpongeBob SquarePants. Notably, Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway voice the roles of recurring characters Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy respectively, Stephen Hillenburg conceived the characters for SpongeBob SquarePants in 1984, while he was teaching and studying marine biology at what is now the Orange County Ocean Institute. In 1987, Hillenburg left the institute to pursue his dream of becoming an animator, SpongeBob SquarePants is the series title character and protagonist. He is a yellow anthropomorphic sea sponge who physically resembles an artificial, rectangular, kitchen-type cleaning sponge clad in short pants, a white shirt. He lives in a house and is employed as a fry cook at a fast food restaurant called the Krusty Krab. He attends Mrs. Puffs Boating School but has never passed, green and purple were early color choices for the character before yellow was chosen. He is usually seen as weak and fragile, and he first appears in Help Wanted, Patrick Star is a starfish who lives under a rock, and whose most prominent character trait is his extremely low intelligence. He is best friends with SpongeBob and often encourages activities that get the two into trouble, especially when Squidward Tentacles is involved, while typically unemployed throughout the course of the series, Patrick holds various short-term jobs as the storyline of each episode requires. He is generally good-natured and is the one of the two who is often called to fight SpongeBobs battles for him. Patrick is shown to have a mean temper in certain episodes and he first appears in Help Wanted. Squidward Tentacles is an octopus with a large nose and he is SpongeBob and Patricks ill-tempered neighbor with a dry, sarcastic sense of humor. He has no artistic or musical ability but believes himself to be extremely talented and he plays the clarinet and loves to paint self-portraits in different artistic styles, which he hangs up around the walls of his moai-shaped house. He loathes SpongeBob and Patrick as well as his current occupation at the Krusty Krab and he regularly acts condescendingly toward customers and is often seen sleeping on the job. Sandy Cheeks is a squirrel from Texas and she has a number of athletic interests, such as sand-boarding and karate, and is a rodeo champion. She also works as a scientist, explorer, and inventor, being from the surface, she lives in a tree inside a glass dome so she can breathe. To survive underwater, she wears a suit and helmet to travel outside of her treedome. Whenever any aquatic creatures enter her air-filled dome, they must wear helmets filled with water to breathe, Mr. Krabs is a red crab who owns and operates the Krusty Krab restaurant where SpongeBob works
18.
SpongeBob SquarePants
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SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character, the series popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most distributed property of MTV Networks. As of 2015, the franchise has generated $12 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. Many of the ideas for the series originated in an educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy. Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1,1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17,1999 and it has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19,2004, on July 21,2012, the series was renewed and aired its ninth season, beginning with the episode Extreme Spots. The series has won a variety of awards, including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, in 2011, a newly described species of fungi, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was named after the cartoons title character. The series revolves around its title character and his various friends, SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge who lives in a sea pineapple and loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He has a pet snail, Gary, who meows like a cat, living two houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who lives under a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick still sees himself as intelligent, Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBobs next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab. Squidward is an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai and he enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits, but hates his job as a cashier. Another close friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas and she is a scientist and an expert in karate. She lives in an oak tree entrapped in a glass dome locked by an airtight. When outside of her dwelling, she wears an astronaut-like suit because she cannot breathe underwater, Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed with money, is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBobs boss. Krabs has a teenage daughter named Pearl, whom he values equally with his riches. His rival, Plankton, is a small green copepod who owns a low-rank fast-food restaurant called the Chum Bucket, located across the street from the Krusty Krab. Plankton spends most of his time planning to steal the recipe for Mr. Krabss popular Krabby Patty burgers, so as to gain the upper hand
19.
Justice League (TV series)
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Justice League is an American animated television series which ran from 2001 to 2004 on Cartoon Network. It is part of the DC animated universe, the show was produced by Warner Bros. It is based on the Justice League of America and associated comic book published by DC Comics. After the second season, the series was replaced by Justice League Unlimited, animator Bruce Timm, who co-produced Batman, The Animated Series and Superman, The Animated Series in the 1990s, became executive producer on an animated series focusing on the Justice League. The roster consisted of Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, The Flash, Martian Manhunter, according to audio commentary on the DVD release of Season 2, the second season finale Starcrossed was expected to be the final episode of the series. However, in February 2004, Cartoon Network announced a series, Justice League Unlimited. Kevin Conroy reprised his role as Batman from Batman, The Animated Series, The New Batman Adventures. Batmans costume was redesigned, but this time, his costume was a combination of his last three costumes. Tim Daly, who voiced Superman in Superman, The Animated Series was initially involved but was unable to continue his role due to involvement with The Fugitive, and was replaced by George Newbern. As an in-joke, Supermans season one facial designs are used for an older Jor-El in the Justice League Unlimited episode For the Man Who Has Everything, most of the characters retained their general comic book origins and continuity, with Wonder Woman being the notable exception. In an interview segment on the Season One DVD, Bruce Timm stated that he ran into some legal issues in using the Wonder Woman character. Major changes were made to the Hawkgirl character. The character of Hawkgirl became romantically involved with the John Stewart Green Lantern as the series progressed, a romantic relationship between Batman and Wonder Woman was also shown by the shows creators, who disliked pairing Wonder Woman with Superman despite fan requests. Robin is not paired with Batman in this animated series like he was on Super Friends, although the series itself is animated in traditional 2-dimensional style, the opening credits are rendered in 3D with toon shading. The intro is a stock intro used throughout the series until Justice League Unlimited premieres, kevin Conroy – Batman George Newbern – Superman, D. J. It contained all 91 episodes of Justice League and Justice League Unlimited on a 15 disc set with the 15th disc containing a bonus documentary, individual releases A 4-disc soundtrack of musical highlights from both seasons of Justice League was released by La-La Land Records in July 2016. It is an edition of 3000 units and can be ordered at the La-La Land Records website. The set includes tracks from fan-favorite episodes like A Better World, Hereafter, Wild Cards, a second Justice League volume may also follow if fans support the existing release
20.
Freelancer (video game)
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Freelancer is a space trading and combat simulation video game developed by Digital Anvil and published by Microsoft Game Studios. It is a sequel to Digital Anvils Starlancer, a combat flight simulator released in 2000. The game was announced by Chris Roberts in 1999, and following many production schedule mishaps. In the game, players take on the roles of spacecraft pilots and these characters fly single-seater ships, exploring the planets and space stations of 48 known star systems. They also engage in dogfights with other pilots to protect traders or engage in piracy themselves, other player activities include bounty-hunting and commodity trading. The single-player mode puts the player in the role of Edison Trent, in multiplayer mode, players are free to take on any role and to explore anywhere from the start. Players take up the roles of pilots who fly single-seat spacecraft, trading with merchants on space stations and planets, starting with a small spacecraft in a star system, the players character explores the region, opening up new systems for further adventures. Each system provides opportunities to increase the wealth, aside from taking on jobs to ferry goods and hunting for bounties. The player characters primary goal in the game is to money, so as to buy more advanced weaponry. The game is played primarily through pointing and clicking with the mouse and this system is also used to control the spacecraft, a breakaway from the traditional use of joysticks for space flight simulators. Observing their spacecraft from the rear, players fly their ships by moving the mouse in the direction they want the vessels to go, clicking the mouse button shoots the ships weapons at the location of the cursor. The interface has no display, the location of objects not shown on the screen are indicated by pointers at the screens edges. Targeting, communications, and navigation data are displayed in boxes that can be minimized. After the pilot docks with a station or lands on a planet. The player moves the pilot to different locations and interacts with objects, such as reading a bulletin board and talking to other characters. Freelancers economy consists of buying and selling spacecraft, their armaments and components, certain goods are considered contraband in some systems, and they have to be smuggled past police patrols to their buyers. Computer-controlled characters in certain locations on the planets or stations offer quests, Freelancer features a multiplayer mode, allowing up to 128 players to play together in a game. Multiplayer games are hosted on servers, personal computers that meet the requirements for the game can act as a server
21.
Tanganyika
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The new state changed its name to the United Republic of Tanzania within a year. It was situated between the Indian Ocean and the African Great Lakes of Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa and Lake Tanganyika, the other parts of German East Africa were taken into Belgian trusteeship, eventually becoming present-day Rwanda and Burundi. The Tanganyika Independence Act 1961 transformed the United Nations trust territory into the independent sovereign Commonwealth realm of Tanganyika, the British monarch Elizabeth II remained head of state and Tanganyika shared the Sovereign with the other Commonwealth realms. The monarchs constitutional roles were delegated to the Governor-General of Tanganyika. The royal succession was governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, Tanganyika then became a republic within the Commonwealth. After the Union of Zanzibar and Tanganyika, an interim Constitution amended from the 1962 Constitution became the governing document, although meant to be temporary, the Constitutions remained effective until 1977. Postage stamps and postal history of Tanganyika Tanganyika laughter epidemic
22.
Ammanford
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Ammanford is a town and community in the county of Carmarthenshire, Wales, with a population 5,293 according to the Office for National Statistics, increasing to 5,411 at the 2011 census. Located at the end of the Amman Valley, Ammanford is a coal mining town. According to the 2001 census,75. 88% of the population are competent in the Welsh language, compared to roughly 61% in Carmarthenshire as a whole and 21. 8% in Wales as a whole. Ammanford is served by the A483 and A474 roads and Ammanford local railway station is a stop on the Heart of Wales Line with trains to Llanelli and Swansea to the south, Ammanford is twinned with Breuillet, Essonne. Ammanford took its current name on 20 November 1880, the community that existed then and now known as Ammanford dates back to around the early 19th century. At that time the main highways went through the area, not to it, the north-south road from Llandeilo and Llandybïe went to Betws, and the east-west road from the Amman Valley went to Penybanc and Tycroes, and further afield, both converging at a crossroads. This in turn led to the development of coaching inns or staging inns and taverns catering for the needs of the traveller, the area eventually became identified by the name of one of these hostelries — Cross Inn. The community of Cross Inn centred on the activity of the cross road, Betws was a larger hamlet with the parish church, St Davids, as its focal point. All the area to the west of the River Amman fell within the parish of Llandybïe and this rapid growth appeared to have been the reason for changing the name of the village, as there was already another village in Carmarthenshire called Cross Inn. There is still an engraved stone in the grounds of the chapel, now called Gellimanwydd or the Christian Temple, baron, who owns the place, Dynevor. By adopting a new name, it is hoped to get rid of all previous annoyances, and also, from later press reports, it seems that there was by no means unanimity in the selection of the new name. Several public meetings followed and eventually it was decided to refer the choice of a new name to a group of prominent local dignitaries, on 20 November, the nominated committee met at the Ivorites Hall. After a long discussion it was proposed by Mr. A. A. Morris of Wernolau, and seconded by Mr. W. Jones of the Cross Inn Hotel, that from this time forth, the village should be known as Ammanford. The proposal was accepted unanimously, there being no other name before the meeting, after the vote was taken, the chairman of the meeting, Watkin Hezekiah Williams, a local schoolmaster, could not resist announcing that Cross Inn had finally been crossed out. The Industrial Revolution created a demand for coal, a source of power to operate the boilers of steam engines. Coal attracted investment which led to companies, one of which was the Llanelly Railway and Dock Company. The first railway was opened in 1840, linking Llanelli with Ammanford, reaching Brynamman by 1842 and later extending northwards to Llandeilo, coal could not be mined without manpower, and so an influx of workers began. People needed houses, services, entertainment, and schools, within a relatively short period of time, what was once a quiet and tranquil agricultural community changed to a bustling town, hungry to absorb the land of old established farmsteads
23.
Dar es Salaam
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Dar es Salaam is the largest city of Tanzania and the largest city in eastern Africa by population, as well as a regionally important economic centre. It is Tanzanias most prominent city in arts, fashion, media, music, film and it is Tanzanias leading financial centre with the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange being the countrys first and most important stock exchange market. Dar es Salaam is the largest and most populous Swahili-speaking city in the world, the city is the leading arrival and departure point for most tourists who visit tourism areas in Tanzania like the national parks for safaris and the islands of Zanzibar. The region had a population of 4,364,541 as of the official 2012 census, although Dar es Salaam lost its status as the nations capital to Dodoma in 1974, it remains the focus of the permanent central government bureaucracy. In the 19th century, Mzizima was a fishing village on the periphery of Indian Ocean trade routes. In 1865 or 1866, Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar began building a new city very close to Mzizima, the name is commonly translated as abode/home of peace, based on the Arabic dar, and the Arabic es salaam. Dar es Salaam fell into decline after Majids death in 1870, German East Africa was captured by the British during World War I and became Tanganyika, with Dar es Salaam the administrative and commercial centre. Under British indirect rule, separate European and African areas developed at a distance from the city centre, the citys population also included a large number of south Asians. After World War II, Dar es Salaam experienced a period of rapid growth, political developments, including the formation and growth of the Tanganyika African National Union, led to Tanganyika attaining independence from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to serve as its capital, even when in 1964 Tanganyika, in 1973, however, provisions were made to relocate the capital to Dodoma, a more centrally located city in the interior. The relocation process has not yet completed, and Dar es Salaam remains Tanzanias primary city. In 1967, the Tanzanian government declared the Ujamaa policy, that set Tanzania into a socialist path, the move slowed down the potential growth of the city as the government encouraged people not to move in cities but stay in Ujamaa socialist villages. But by 1980s the Ujamaa policy proved to be a failure into combating increasing poverty, hunger and this led to the 1980s liberalization policy that virtually ended socialism and its spirit within the Tanzanias government. The move led to increasing migration of rural dwellers from rural areas into cities with Dar es Salaam becoming the city in receiving migrants from rural areas. Until the late 1990s, Dar es Salaam was not put into the category as Africas leading cities like Nairobi, Johannesburg, Lagos. The CBD skyline hosts tall buildings, among them the 35-floor PSPF Tower, finished in 2015, Dar es Salaam is located at 6°48 South, 39°17 East, on a natural harbour on the eastern coast of Africa, with sandy beaches in some areas. Administratively, the Dar es Salaam region is divided into five districts, Ilala, Kinondoni, Ubungo, Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania. With a population increase of 5.6 percent per year from 2002 to 2012, the city is the third fastest growing in Africa, after Bamako and Lagos
24.
Tanzania
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Tanzania /ˌtænzəˈniːə/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, Africas highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. Tanzanias population of 51.82 million is diverse, composed of ethnic, linguistic. Dar es Salaam, the capital, retains most government offices and is the countrys largest city, principal port. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power, from its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015, the CCM holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly. Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. These movements took place at about the time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania, European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction, following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located, three of Africas Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africas largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibars largest marine protected area, over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africas language families, Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, Swahili and English are Tanzanias official languages. In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili, approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language. Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a language, many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English
25.
Truro School
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Truro School is a coeducational independent day and boarding school in the city of Truro, Cornwall, England, UK. It is the largest coeducational independent school in Cornwall with over 1050 pupils from pre-prep to sixth form and it is a member School of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference of Leading Independent Schools. Membership of the HMC is often considered to be what defines a school as a school in England. Truro Wesleyan Middle Class College was founded by Wesleyan Methodists in November 1879, the present site was completed in 1882. The school was founded as an alternative to the Church of Englands ancient Truro Grammar School. The name Truro College was changed to Truro School in 1931 when it was considered that it was pretentious. to claim the style of College if its pupils are for the most part below the age of 18, the preparatory department was opened in 1936. Girls were admitted into the form in 1976, and it became fully co-educational in 1990. In 2005, a history of the school entitled High on the Hill was produced by Joanna Wood to commemorate its 125th anniversary. Current fees range from £2,850 per term at the Prep School for Nursery, Headmaster Paul Smith said that the school had acted unwittingly. Systematic exchange of information as to intended fee increases was anti-competitive and resulted in parents being charged higher fees than would otherwise be the case. The senior school is almost entirely situated on a hill and is adapted for disabled students. The school uses the traditional numbering system for year groups, the lower school – years 1 to 5, and this is equivalent to years 7 to 13 in modern state schools. Years 1 to 3 are split into forms for most lessons although Maths, for the GCSE forms are sub-divided into smaller sets for most subjects. This continues into the sixth form, Former Deputy Head Anita Firth introduced non-sporting events such as the Top House competition, an inter-house quiz along the lines of University Challenge, and the House Song Competition. The shield is presented annually on Speech Day by the Headmaster to the captains of the house accruing the most number of points across the disciplines and they are family-run communities with married resident house staff and other teachers who live on site. Temporary and flexi-boarding are also available, Truro School has its own feeder co-ed school for the age group 3–11. Originally named Treliske School, it was founded in 1936 and is situated within the grounds of Truro Golf Course, there have only been five headteachers since inception, Tommy Stratton, Alan Ayres, Russell Hollins, Matthew Lovett and Sarah Patterson since 2016. It was recently renamed Truro School Preparatory School, or TruroPrep, originally a boys school, it became co-educational in 1989
26.
University of East Anglia
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The University of East Anglia is an English public research university located in the city of Norwich. Established in 1963, the university comprises four faculties and 26 schools of study, situated to the south-west of the city of Norwich, the university campus is approximately 320 acres in size. In national league tables the university has most recently been ranked 15th in the UK by The Times and Sunday Times, the university also ranks among the top 3 for student satisfaction in the National Student Survey, when considering mainstream English universities. It is the institution to rank in the top 5 since the survey began. The university also ranks in the world top 1% according to the Times Higher Education World Rankings, attempts had been made to establish a university in Norwich in 1919 and 1947, but due to a lack of government funding on both occasions the plans had to be postponed. The University of East Anglia was eventually given the light in April 1960. Initially, teaching took place in the temporary University Village, the vice-chancellor and administration were based in nearby Earlham Hall. The site chosen was on the edge of the city. The land, formerly part of the Earlham Hall estate was at that time occupied by a golf course. Lasdun unveiled a model and a plan at a press conference in April 1963, but it took another year to produce detailed plans. The first buildings did not open until late 1966, lasdun put all the teaching and research functions into the teaching wall, a single block 460 metres long following the contour of the site. Alongside this he built a walkway, giving access to the entrances of the wall. Attached to the other, southern, side of the walkway he added the groups of terraced residences that became known as Ziggurats and they would later become Grade II* listed status, reflecting the importance of the architecture and the history of the campus. In 1964 Arthur Millers The Crucible became the first drama production to be staged at UEA with John Rhys Davies, in the same decade, in 1965, Benjamin Britten was appointed music adviser for UEA. In 1967 he conducted the UEA Choir in a performance of his War Requiem, in 1968 there were two royal visits from Princess Margaret and the Queen who each came to tour the new university for the first time. In this decade Malcolm Bradbury and Angus Wilson help establish the first creative writing course in the UK. The School of Literature, Drama, and Creative Writing would later go on to produce successful authors including Kazuo Ishiguro, Ian McEwan, Rose Tremain, John Boyne, in the same decade UEA, TV, under the name of Nexus, was formed and created student-made television. It operated for two hours a day over lunchtime, Concrete, the student newspaper was first officially launched in 1973, replacing Mandate which launched in 1965
27.
Watton, Norfolk
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Watton is a market town in the district of Breckland within the English county of Norfolk. The A1075 Dereham-Thetford road and the B1108 Brandon-Norwich Road meet at a crossroads here, where the town developed, about 25 miles west of Norwich. The civil parish covers an area of 7.2 km2 with about 6,800 inhabitants in 3,000 households, the Domesday Book records that Watton featured a church, manor house and Anglo-Saxon settlement. In 1984 Watton was twinned with the Lower Rhine town of Weeze, Germany, a market is held every Wednesday, between 9. 00am and 1. 00pm, although stalls are often kept open on the high street well after this time. Like many Norfolk markets, Watton market always has a variety of fresh sea produce available. It often has available such regional delicacies as samphire and fresh water crayfish, the Lord of Watton Hall, John de Vaux, obtained a charter for a market to be held on Fridays. But, the people of nearby Saham Toney complained to the King that the market was harming their own held on the same day and their complaints were upheld and the charter was withdrawn. John de Vaux conveyed the manor to his brother Oliver, who was evidently on better terms with the King since he immediately obtained a new charter for a Wednesday market. The market centred on Market Square in front of Wayland Hall, a market cross stood in the square supported by eight oak pillars. This cross was demolished in 1820 and replaced by a showing the distances to neighbouring towns. The nearby Wayland Wood is the setting of the old English ballad Babes in the Wood, first published in 1595, it tells the tale of two Norfolk children abandoned and left to die in the woods by their uncle. The legend is depicted on the town sign, which occupies a prominent position in High Street in front of the clock tower. Wayland wood is a dog walking and relaxation spot. The wood is now a nature reserve owned by the Norfolk Wildlife Trust, the clock tower of Watton was built in 1679 by Christopher Hey, a wealthy mercer. The tower was built to hold a fire warning bell following the Great Fire of Watton that destroyed more than sixty properties in 1674 and this early warning bell, known as Ting-Tang, is hung in an ornate cupola on top of the tower. The brick tower was rendered with cement and a new clock, to commemorate the silver jubilee of King George V and Queen Mary in 1935, a new clock face was installed. The clock is working in the 21st century. The building is now home to a tourist and local information centre, Watton hosted a large RAF station for many years, namely RAF Watton, which stimulated the towns economy
28.
Adam Faith
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Terence Terry Nelhams-Wright, known as Adam Faith, was a British teen idol, singer, actor and financial journalist. He was one of the most charted acts of the 1960s and he became the first UK artist to lodge his initial seven hits in the Top 5. He was also one of the first UK acts to record original songs regularly, terence Nelhams-Wright was born at 4 Churchfield Road, Acton, London, England. Known as Terry Nelhams, he was unaware his surname was Nelhams-Wright until he applied for a passport, the third in a family of five children, Nelhams grew up in a council house in a working class area of London, where he attended John Perryn Junior School. He started work at 12, delivering and selling newspapers while still at school and his first full-time job was odd-job boy for a silk screen printer. Faith became one of Britains significant early pop stars, at the time, he was distinctive for his hiccupping glottal stops and exaggerated pronunciation. Faith began his career in 1957, while working as a film cutter in London in the hope of becoming an actor, singing with and managing a skiffle group. The group played in Soho coffee bars after work, and became the resident band at the 2is Coffee Bar, the producer, Jack Good, was impressed by the singer and arranged a solo recording contract with HMV under the name Adam Faith. His debut record Heartsick Feeling and Brother Heartache and Sister Tears, in January 1958, Good gave him a part in the stage show of Six-Five Special, along with the John Barry Seven but the show folded after four performances. His second release later that year was a cover of Jerry Lee Lewiss High School Confidential, backed with the Burt Bacharach and Hal David penned Country Music Holiday, but this also failed. Faith returned to work as a cutter at National Studios at Elstree until March 1959. The producer, Stewart Morris, gave him a contract for three shows, extended to the full 22-week run and his contract with HMV had ended, and he sang one track, I Vibrate, on a six-track EP released by the Fontana record label. Despite the failure, Faith was becoming popular through television appearances and he became an actor by taking drama and elocution lessons, and appeared in the film Beat Girl. The script called for Faith to sing songs and as Barry was arranging Faiths recordings and live Drumbeat material and this was the beginning of Barrys career in film music. Faiths success on Drumbeat enabled another recording contract, with Parlophone and his next record in 1959, What Do You Want. Written by Les Vandyke and produced by Barry and John Burgess, received reviews in the NME and other papers. This became his first number one hit in the UK Singles Chart, what Do You Want. was the first number one hit for Parlophone, Faith the only pop act on the label. With songs like Poor Me, Someone Elses Baby and Dont That Beat All, a UK variety tour was followed by a 12-week season at Blackpool Hippodrome and an appearance on the Royal Variety Show
29.
Budgie (TV series)
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Budgie is a popular British television series starring former popstar Adam Faith which was produced by ITV company London Weekend Television and broadcast on the ITV network between 1971 and 1972. The series was created by Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall, the show was produced by Verity Lambert, Rex Firkin was the Executive producer. The show had two theme songs- the first was The Loner by The Milton Hunter Orchestra, and the theme was Nobodys Fool written by Ray Davies. Each episode was a story, usually depicting Budgies involvement in some harebrained scheme to make money. However he was continually the victim of circumstance, or of the sharper, plots included, Trying to unload thousands of stolen ballpoint pens he has unwisely bought from one fence, paying too much in the process. He finds that the pens are all stamped with a logo, possibly Her Majestys Government, apparently these were the classic trading commodity, the only object being to sell them to another sucker. Charlie offers to take them off Budgies hands for next to nothing in exchange for a favour or two, and promptly unloads them to another villain, accidentally stealing a van load of pornographic magazines from the police and then having to destroy the evidence. The wind blows the pages from the bonfire Budgie and his pal have made, eventually all his friends desert him and he winds up back in jail, ironically for something he had nothing to do with. Series two begins with Budgie being released from the open nick and staying with his wife for a few days, Budgie carried on pretty much as he did in the first series, which also started with him being released from the same open prison from a previous sentence. The second series ended with him being beaten up by both his boss and one of his henchmen and this is where the series ended and nothing more was heard of Budgie. The title role, a chirpy cockney petty criminal newly out of prison, was played by pop singer Adam Faith and was his first starring role for television. His name in the series was Ronald Budgie Bird, after the birds sometimes kept as pets in England. June Lewis played his silent wife Mrs Endell, during the late 1970s, Scottish Television produced a short-lived spin-off series, Charles Endell Esquire. The only other member of the cast was Lynn Dalby as Budgies girlfriend, Hazel Fletcher, Stella Tanner had a semi regular role as her mother. Rio Fanning appeared three times as Budgies gullible criminal Irish pal, Grogan, guest Stars included Georgina Hale as his wife, Jean, Adrienne Posta as a stripper and George Tovey as his father, Jack Bird. John Rhys-Davies has a semi regular role as a corpulent gangster working for Endell. Two series, each of 13 episodes, were made, although colour equipment had been introduced two years earlier the first four episodes were made in monochrome because of industrial action. A further series may have planned for 1973 although this coincided with Adam Faith being seriously injured in a car crash
30.
Praetorian Guard
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In Ancient Rome, the Imperial Praetorian Guard or Praetorian Guard were a unit of the Imperial Roman Army formed of elite soldiers initially recruited in Italy. They were first, hand-picked veterans of the Roman Army in charge of providing close protection security details to the Emperor and they also served as secret police protecting the civic administrations and rule of law imposed by the Senate and the Emperor. The title designation was used during the Roman Republic for the guards of Roman generals since the rise to prominence of the Scipio family around year 275 BC. The Imperial Guard was dissolved by Emperor Constantine I in the 4th century and they were distinct from the Imperial Germanic bodyguard which provided close personal protection for the late Western Roman emperors. During the Roman Republic, there was no permanent guard charged with the protection of general officers. However, certain military officers chose to surround themselves with guards to ensure their security, in the event of battle, these cohorts would intervene as a final standing reserve. The consuls were ordinarily protected by the lictors, who would remain around their tents in the army, at the end of the year 40 BC, Octavian and his rival Mark Antony both operated a number of Praetorian units organized individually. According to Appian, amongst them were veterans forming cohorts, Mark Antony commanded three cohorts in the Orient and in 32 BC, he issued coins in honor of his Praetorians. According to Paul Orose, Octavian commanded five cohorts at Actium, following his victory at Actium, Octavian merged his forces with those of his adversary in a symbolic reunification of the Army of Julius Caesar. The Praetorians constituted a guard and a military reserve of the Emperor. Through the machinations of their ambitious prefect, Lucius Aelius Sejanus, in 23, Sejanus convinced Tiberius to have the Castra Praetoria built just outside of Rome. One of these held the daily guard at the imperial palace switching roles in between patrols. Henceforth the entire Guard was at the disposal of the emperors, the reality of this was seen in 31 when Tiberius was forced to rely upon his own cohors praetoria against partisans of Sejanus. Although the Praetorian Guard proved faithful to the aging Tiberius, their political power had been made clear. At the siege of Numance, Scipio Aemilianus formed a troop of 500 men for his personal protection and this usage was then emulated and spread, as Roman generals occupied their positions for longer periods of time. Accordingly, this guard was referred to as Cohors Prætoria and they benefited from several advantages due their close proximity with the emperor, the Praetorians were the only ones admitted while bearing arms in the center of sacred Rome - the Pomerium. Under Nero, the pay of a Praetorian was three and a half times that of a legionary, augmented by prime additions of donativum, granted by the new emperors. This additional pay was the equivalent of years of pay, renewed during important events of the empire, or events that touched the imperial family, birthdays, births
31.
James Clavell
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James Clavell, born Charles Edmund Dumaresq Clavell, was an Australian-born British novelist, screenwriter, director, and World War II veteran and prisoner of war. Clavell is best known for his epic Asian Saga series of novels and their adaptations, along with such films as The Great Escape and To Sir. Clavell also wrote an episode of a science fiction TV series Men Into Space in 1959. Born in Australia, Clavell was the son of Commander Richard Charles Clavell and he was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School. In 1940, aged 19, Clavell joined the Royal Artillery, wounded by machine gun fire, he was eventually captured and sent to a Japanese prisoner of war camp on Java. Later he was transferred to Changi Prison in Singapore, Clavell suffered greatly at the hands of his Japanese captors. According to the introduction to Clavells novel King Rat, over 90% of the prisoners who entered Changi never walked out, Clavell was reportedly saved, along with an entire battalion, by an American prisoner of war who later became the model for The King in King Rat. By 1946, Clavell had risen to the rank of captain and he enrolled at the University of Birmingham, where he met April Stride, an actress, whom he married in 1949. Peter Marlowe is a character in the Clavell novels King Rat and Noble House, featured most prominently in King Rat, Marlowe is an English FEPOW in Changi prison during World War II. In Noble House, set two decades later, he is a novelist researching a book about Hong Kong, marlowes ancestors are also mentioned in other Clavell novels. The character Marlowe the novelist is a reference to Clavell, in Noble House he is mentioned as having written a novel about Changi which. When asked which character was based on him, Marlowe answers, Perhaps Im not there at all, although in a scene, he admits he was the hero. In 1953, Clavell and his wife immigrated to the United States, Clavell scripted the science-fiction horror film The Fly and wrote a war film, Five Gates to Hell. Clavell was nominated for a Writers Guild Award for the The Great Escape and he also screenwrote, directed, and produced the box office hit, To Sir, With Love, starring Sidney Poitier and based on E. R. Braithwaites semi-autobiographical 1959 book. Clavells daughter Michaela appeared briefly as Penelope Smallbone, Moneypennys would-be successor, the character, however, did not catch on and was dropped after the film. The Fly Watusi Five Gates to Hell Walk Like a Dragon The Great Escape 633 Squadron The Satan Bug King Rat To Sir, with Love The Sweet and the Bitter Wheres Jack. The Last Valley Shōgun—miniseries Tai-Pan Noble House—miniseries Clavells first novel, King Rat, was an account of his prison experiences at Changi. When the book was published it became an immediate best-seller, and his next novel, Tai-Pan, was a fictional account of Jardine Mathesons rise to prominence in Hong Kong, as told via the character who was to become Clavells heroic archetype, Dirk Struan
32.
Indiana Jones
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Henry Indiana Jones Jr. is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise. George Lucas created the character in homage to the heroes of 1930s film serials. The character is featured in novels, comics, video games. Jones is also featured in the Disney theme park attraction, Indiana Jones Adventure at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea, the character is distinguished by his appearance, sense of humor, deep knowledge of many ancient civilizations and languages, and fear of snakes. Since his first appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones has become one of cinemas most famous characters, in 2003, the American Film Institute ranked him the second greatest film hero of all time. He was also named the 6th Greatest Movie Character by Empire magazine, Entertainment Weekly ranked Indy 2nd on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture. Premiere magazine also placed Indy at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time, Indiana Jones is featured at several Walt Disney theme park attractions. The Indiana Jones Adventure attractions at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries and these two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through in World War II troop transports. The attractions, some of the most expensive of their kind at the time, opened in 1995 and 2001, respectively, however, the Indiana Jones featured in the DisneySea version does use Harrison Fords likeness but uses Japanese audio for all of his speaking parts. In 2010, some of the Indy audio-animatronics at the Disneyland version were replaced with ones resembling Ford, Disneyland Paris also features an Indiana Jones-titled ride where people speed off through ancient ruins in a runaway mine wagon similar to that found in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril is a roller coaster engineered by Intamin, designed by Walt Disney Imagineering. The 25-minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a film production. Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of the Raiders of the Lost Ark films, stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the popular show. Also at Disneys Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction and he also attended the University of Chicago. In this first adventure, he is pitted against the Nazis, in consequence, Dr Jones travels the world to prevent them from recovering the Ark of the Covenant. He is aided by Marion Ravenwood and Sallah, the Nazis are led by Joness archrival, a Nazi-sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq, and Arnold Toht, a sinister Gestapo agent. In the 1984 prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, set in 1935, Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and he is aided by Short Round, a young boy, and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott. The film was a movie of sorts, teaming Jones with his father
33.
Noble House (miniseries)
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Noble House is an American television miniseries that was produced and broadcast by NBC in 1988. Based on the novel Noble House by James Clavell, it features a large cast headlined by Pierce Brosnan as business tycoon Ian Dunross and was directed by Gary Nelson, however, due to time restrictions, several of the many subplots from the book were removed. This is NBCs second miniseries adaptation of a Clavell novel, the first being 1980s Shōgun, both take place in the same fictional universe with Noble House featuring connections to Shōgun and another Clavell work, Tai-Pan. For the miniseries, the timeframe of the novel was changed, Clavells original novel takes place in the early 1960s, the building prominently displayed and used as Struans is Jardine House. Despite its impressive history and its reputation, the trading company Struans is in trouble. Overextended by the management, new Tai-Pan Ian Dunross has had to issue public stock to improve the companys financial standing. Even this, however, has not given him the capital he needs, as a result, he is courting a private investor, American billionaire Linc Bartlett. Bartlett decides secretly to back Dunross arch enemy, Quillian Gornt, when Dunross realises that Gornt is suddenly strong enough to ruin the Noble House, he must urgently forge new alliances or reshape ancient ones. He romances Bartletts second-in-command, Casey Tcholok, a subplot involves the missing half of an ancient coin. Whoever possesses it may ask any favor of the Tai-Pan, half the coin is acquired by crime lord Four Finger Wu, who aims to ask the Tai-Pan to help him smuggle opium. Wu and Bartlett are killed in a natural disaster, wus son redeems his fathers stolen half-coin for a highly paid position in Noble House. Dunross gains access to the Bank of China, whose funding allows him to foil Gornts scheme, Tcholok becomes head of Bartletts company, allying the organization with Struans. Many of the subplots from the novel were left out of the miniseries to simplify the plot, a significant story arc involving KGB espionage in Hong Kong was deleted as the mini-series aired near the close of the Cold War. A further story line involving visiting UK Members of Parliament was removed, as was another involving a prisoner of war. In the miniseries, Tip Tok-Toh was changed from a mysterious, several subplots involving Ian Dunross family were removed. In the mini-series, Dunross is a widower and no members are mentioned. The bank runs depicted in the mini-series are significantly smaller in scope, finally, in the novel, Struans is bailed out by the fictional First Central Bank of New York. Although First Central and its vice-president, Dave Murtagh, a significant character in the novel, are mentioned in the mini-series, the Bank of China assumes this role in return for Dunross arranging the release of captured Chinese police mole, Brian Kwok
34.
Reilly, Ace of Spies
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Reilly, Ace of Spies is a 1983 television miniseries dramatizing the life of Sidney Reilly, a Russian Jew who became one of the greatest spies ever to work for the British. Among his exploits, in the early 20th century, were the infiltration of the German General Staff in 1917 and his reputation with women was as legendary as his genius for espionage. The mini series is written by Troy Kennedy Martin, and based on the 1967 book Ace of Spies by Robin Bruce Lockhart, sam Neill stars as the title character. The theme music is the Romance movement from Dmitri Shostakovich’s The Gadfly Suite, there are twelve episodes, each approximately 50 minutes in length. Sam Neill as Sidney Reilly Peter Egan as Major Charles Fothergill Ian Charleson as R. H. Reilly, Reilly, Ace of Spies - BFI Screenonline
35.
Star Trek: Voyager
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Star Trek, Voyager was an American science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe. The series takes place during the years 2371 to 2378 and it follows the adventures of the Starfleet vessel USS Voyager, which becomes stranded in the Delta Quadrant while searching for a renegade Maquis ship. Voyager has to make the estimated 75-year journey home, Voyager was produced for seven seasons, from 1995 to 2001, and is the first and only Star Trek TV series with a female captain, Kathryn Janeway, as the lead character. Berman served as executive producer in charge of the overall production for the series during its entire run. He was assisted by a second in command executive producer who generally functioned as the day-to-day showrunner, four were used throughout the series run, Michael Piller, Jeri Taylor, Brannon Braga, and Kenneth Biller. Star Trek, Voyager aired on UPN and was the networks second-longest running series, some streaming services also show the pilot as a single episode rather than splitting it up into two parts. As Star Trek, The Next Generation ended, Paramount Pictures wanted to continue to have a second Star Trek TV series to accompany Star Trek, the studio also planned to start a new television network, and wanted the new series to help it succeed. This was reminiscent of Paramounts earlier plans to launch its own network by showcasing Star Trek, Phase II in 1977. Initial work on Star Trek, Voyager began in 1993, when the seventh and final season of Star Trek, The Next Generation, Voyager was shot on the stages The Next Generation had used, and where the Voyager pilot Caretaker was shot in September 1994. Costume designer Robert Blackman decided that the uniforms of Voyagers crew would be the same as those on Deep Space Nine, Star Trek, Voyager was the first Star Trek series to use computer-generated imagery, rather than models, for exterior space shots. SeaQuest DSV and Babylon 5 had previously used CGI to avoid the expense of models, amblin Imaging won an Emmy for Voyagers opening CGI title visuals, but the weekly episode exteriors were captured with hand-built miniatures of Voyager, its shuttlecraft, and other ships. This changed when Voyager went fully CGI for certain types of shots midway through season three, Foundation Imaging was the studio responsible for special effects during Babylon 5s first three seasons. Season threes The Swarm was the first episode to use Foundations effects exclusively, Star Trek, Deep Space Nine began using Foundation Imaging in conjunction with Digital Muse one year later. In its later seasons, Voyager featured visual effects from Foundation Imaging, the digital effects were produced at television resolution and therefore the series cannot be re-released in HD format without re-creating the special effects. In the pilot episode, Caretaker, USS Voyager departs the Deep Space Nine space station on a mission into the treacherous Badlands. They are searching for a ship piloted by a team of Maquis rebels, which Voyagers security officer. There, Voyager finds the Maquis ship, and eventually the two reluctantly agree to join forces to survive their journey home. Chakotay, leader of the Maquis group, becomes Voyagers first officer, BElanna Torres, a half-human/half-Klingon Maquis, becomes chief engineer
36.
Holodeck
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The holodeck, and holographic technology in general, is a plot device used in stories set within the Star Trek universe. It is used to stories with locations and characters that could not otherwise exist in the Star Trek setting. Although Star Treks conception of technology is fictional, some scientists have predicted that virtual reality tools similar to the holodeck will become a consumer-ready product by 2024. Most holodeck programs shown in the run in first person subjective mode, in which the user actively interacts with the program. Writer Phil Farrand has often pointed out how in many episodes matter from the holodeck that gets on a person still exists when the real person exits the holodeck. In Encounter at Farpoint, Wesley Crusher falls into a holodeck stream, in The Big Goodbye, Picard has lipstick on his cheek after encountering a holodeck simulation of a 20th-century woman. In Elementary, Dear Data, Data and Geordi La Forge exit the holodeck with a piece of paper that originated in the holodeck and this could be explained using replicated rather than holographic matter. In most episodes, the holodeck is controlled by voice commands and they also include safety protocols to protect the users. Some users may develop an addiction to the holodeck, leading to them spending unhealthy amounts of time there and this was demonstrated by the Starfleet human character Reginald Barclay in the Voyager episode Pathfinder and The Next Generation episode Hollow Pursuits. In the timeline of the universe, the concept of a holodeck was first shown to humans in an encounter with the Xyrillian race in the Star Trek. In real-time, the holodeck is first presented as a called the Rec room within the Star Trek animated series (released in 1974. During the episode The Practical Joker, Dr McCoy, Sulu, Holodeck variations of being by the sea, in a forest, falling down a pit and being trapped in a snow-storm all having physical characteristics place the lives of McCoy, Sulu and Uhura at risk. When they were running from the Borg on his starship they hid in the holodeck, the Star Trek Holodeck was inspired by New York inventor and holographer, Gene Dolgoff, who is also the inventor of the digital projector. His holography laboratory, built in 1964, was the first holography lab in New York City, in 1973, Dolgoff was giving a technical paper on his holographic model of the human brain at a conference in Prague. There he met Melanie Toyofuku, also based in New York, Dolgoff had won 4th prize in the student paper contest in 1968 in which he described how such a holographic TV system could work. Roddenberry wrote the concept into Star Trek, The Next Generation, however, the concept had already been tested in 1974 in Star Trek, the Animated Series. Starfleet personnel use holodecks for training, diagnostics and recreation, the Emergency Medical Hologram on ships such as USS Voyager applies holodeck technology to present a single character within the otherwise natural environment of the ships sick bay. An example of the holodecks recreational functions are the holosuites that are owned and rented out—often for sexual purposes—by Quark on Deep Space Nine, writing stories and plotlines for the holodeck is an activity pursued by people known as holonovelists
37.
Leonardo da Vinci
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He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time. Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter and tank, many historians and scholars regard Leonardo as the prime exemplar of the Universal Genius or Renaissance Man, an individual of unquenchable curiosity and feverishly inventive imagination. Much of his working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice, and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded to him by Francis I of France, Leonardo was, and is, renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait, Leonardos drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon, being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin, textbooks, and T-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived, Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised flying machines, a type of armoured fighting vehicle, concentrated power, an adding machine. Some of his inventions, however, such as an automated bobbin winder. A number of Leonardos most practical inventions are nowadays displayed as working models at the Museum of Vinci. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, geology, optics, and hydrodynamics, today, Leonardo is widely considered one of the most diversely talented individuals ever to have lived. Leonardo was born on 15 April 1452 at the hour of the night in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci. He was the son of the wealthy Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine legal notary, and Caterina. Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense – da Vinci simply meaning of Vinci, his birth name was Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci, meaning Leonardo. The inclusion of the title ser indicated that Leonardos father was a gentleman, little is known about Leonardos early life. He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano in the home of his mother and his father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera Amadori, who loved Leonardo but died young in 1465 without children. When Leonardo was sixteen, his father married again to twenty-year-old Francesca Lanfredini, pieros legitimate heirs were born from his third wife Margherita di Guglielmo and his fourth and final wife, Lucrezia Cortigiani. Leonardo received an education in Latin, geometry and mathematics. In later life, Leonardo recorded only two childhood incidents, one, which he regarded as an omen, was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle, its tail feathers brushing his face
38.
One Night with the King
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One Night with the King is a historical epic film that was released in 2006 in the United States. The movie was produced by Matt Crouch and Laurie Crouch of Gener8Xion Entertainment and it was ninth on the list of highest-grossing motion pictures during the week it was released. This film received a 2007 CAMIE Award, as Luke Goss did for his portrayal of King Xerxes, the movie is set in Susa, Persia. King Xerxes holds a great feast for all the people to attend, Hadassah longs to go to Jerusalem to see the Holy Land and prepares to leave with the caravan along with her friend, Jesse. They stop by the Kings feast before he goes marching to war to avenge his father’s death, Hadassah and Jesse witness the King summoning Queen Vashti. Queen Vashti was opposed to the war, desiring King Xerxes to enhance his kingdom instead and she holds her own feast in protest to the war. When the king summons her to his own feast, she refuses to come stating, I am queen, or shame my crown by wearing it before your drunk, and thinly veiled war council. Because of this, King Xerxes is advised to banish her, all beautiful virgin women in the stronghold of Susa are brought in so Xerxes could leave behind a queen to keep the kingdom unified. Under the command of her foster-father, Uncle Mordecai, Hadassah does not reveal her nationality or family and she is taken in with the rest of the selected women and given cosmetics, perfumes, and treatments under the care of Hegai, the king’s royal eunuch. Through her quick wit, intelligence, and integrity, she becomes Hegais favorite contestant, on their night with the king, each contestant is allowed to bring along whatever she wishes from the harem. She goes in the evening and returns in the morning to a second harem to another royal eunuch who is custodian to the concubines and she will not be able to return to the king unless she pleases him and he summons her by name. During their preparation, Hegai discovers Esther can read and listens to her reading to the other contestants, late into the night, he brings her to King Xerxes to read to him. She starts reading from the scroll and then begins telling the love story of Jacob. He is amused and intrigued and dismisses her, saying she would read to him again, from this interaction, Esther falls in love with the King. When it is Esthers turn for her one night with the king and she wins the kings favor by revealing her heart to him. He chooses her and crowns her queen, simultaneously, Haman the Agagite is promoted to the highest-ranking official. He has all the servants at the royal gate to kneel before him. Mordecai refuses, declaring he will only kneel before God and the king and he announces himself before Haman to be a son of Abraham, a Jew
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La Femme Musketeer
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La Femme Musketeer is a made for television movie produced by Hallmark Entertainment and Larry Levinson Productions, filmed on Draguć in Croatia. It originally premiered on June 20,2004 on Hallmark Channel, the legend of Jacques DArtagnan gets a gender-bending update in this swashbuckling adventure. Though legendary swordsman Jacques DArtagnans best days may be well behind him, now its time for Valentine to strike out on her own. With her fathers sword and a letter of introduction to Commander Finot, the eager young novice sets out to seek her fortune in Paris
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Cutscene
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A cutscene or event scene is a sequence in a video game that is not interactive, breaking up the gameplay. Cutscenes often feature on the fly rendering, using the graphics to create scripted events. Cutscenes can also be pre-rendered computer graphics streamed from a video file, pre-made videos used in video games are referred to as full motion videos or FMVs. Cutscenes can also appear in forms, such as a series of images or as plain text. The 1984 game Karateka helped introduce the use of cut scenes to home computers, since then, cutscenes have been part of many video games, especially in action-adventure and role-playing video games. The term cutscene was first coined by Ron Gilbert, when describing events in Maniac Mansion that the player has no control over, live-action cutscenes have many similarities to films. For example, the cutscenes in Wing Commander IV used both fully constructed sets, and well known such as Mark Hamill and Malcolm McDowell for the portrayal of characters. Some movie tie-in games, such as Electronic Arts The Lord of the Rings and Star Wars games, have extensively used film footage. Another movie tie-in, Enter the Matrix, used footage shot concurrently with The Matrix Reloaded that was also directed by the films directors. Pre-rendered cutscenes are animated and rendered by the developers, and take advantage of the full array of techniques of CGI. Like live-action shoots, pre-rendered cutscenes are presented in full motion video. Real time cutscenes are rendered using the same game engine as the graphics during gameplay. This technique is known as Machinima. Real time cutscenes are generally of much detail and visual quality than pre-rendered cutscenes. For example, some allow the player character to wear several different outfits. It is also possible to give the control over camera movement during real time cutscenes, as seen in Dungeon Siege, Metal Gear Solid 2, Sons of Liberty, Halo, Reach. Many games use both pre-rendered and real time cutscenes as the developer feels is appropriate for each scene, during the 1990s in particular, it was common for the techniques of live action, pre-rendering, and real time rendering to be combined in a single cutscene. For example, popular games such as Myst, Wing Commander III, though Final Fantasy VII primarily uses real-time cutscenes, it has several scenes in which real-time graphics are combined with pre-rendered full motion video
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Ripper (video game)
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Ripper is an interactive movie point-and-click adventure game developed and published by Take-Two Interactive for Microsoft Windows. The game has a cast that includes such as Christopher Walken, Paul Giamatti, Karen Allen, Burgess Meredith. It also featured the Blue Öyster Cult song The Reaper, there is no definite canonical answer on who the villain of the game is, since this is decided by the game at random, out of four main characters. A limited number of the clues and puzzles, plus a line of dialogue in the ending. In 1996 home ports for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation were announced, Ripper takes place in New York City in the year 2040. It opens with the investigation of the recent murder of Renee Stein, the player assumes the role of Jake Quinlan, a reporter for the Virtual Herald, whom The Ripper sends messages to detailing his murders. Along with the police, Quinlan is seeking The Rippers true identity, Quinlan manages to find Powell still alive, but in a coma deeper than anyone thought possible. He provides this through investigating into what Powell was on to in her investigation, in order to transmit this information into Powells brain directly, he enlists the help of Joey Falconetti, a hacker who specializes in interfacing directly with the human brain. The last session of this game somehow caused one of the players to die in real life, the player that died happened to be Catherine Powells mother. The Ripper can be one of four suspects, Joey Falconetti, Claire Burton, Vincent Magnotta. However, the changes in the story and puzzles are limited to the games third act- after Farleys death. Christopher Walken as Detective Vince Magnotta, a violent police officer with a romantic interest in Clare Burton, when Catherines mother died during their last Ripper game, Magnotta arrested Falconetti for the murder. Magnotta is convinced that Falconetti is the Ripper, but his obsession may simply be a ruse to cover the fact that Magnotta himself is the Ripper, Magnotta may also be eager to frame Falconetti as the Ripper so that he can collect a large bounty for solving the case. Burgess Meredith as Hamilton Wofford / Covington Wofford, two brothers live on the outskirts of New York City. Hamilton was a Cyber-Architect who built virtual worlds based on historic locations, Hamilton was hired by the Ripper to build a replica of Whitechapel. Hamilton is murdered prior to the start of the game, covington- in his brothers absence- is a recluse and seems to have gradually lost his grip on sanity. Karen Allen as Doctor Clare Burton, a brilliant, but seemingly cold, Burton is the object of affection of both Magnotta and Falconetti, both of whom have made Burtons life chaotic. Burton arouses suspicion of being the Ripper when she appears to stall treating Catherine- the only surviving Ripper victim and it is later revealed that Burton invented the weapon that the Ripper uses in his murders
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Dune 2000
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Dune 2000 is a real-time strategy video game, developed by Intelligent Games and released by Westwood Studios in 1998 for Microsoft Windows. It was later ported to the PlayStation in 1999 and it is a partial remake of Dune II, which is loosely based on Frank Herberts Dune universe. The story of the game is similar to Dune II, and is continued in Emperor, the game uses a similar game engine to Westwoods Command & Conquer, Red Alert. The story is told with full motion video, according to Elara, they saw many visions of the commander dying —and only in one vision does the commander live and even rise to control massive armies and bring peace to Arrakis. As in Dune II, the three playable factions are House Atreides, House Harkonnen and House Ordos. There are also four non-playable subfactions, House Corrino, the Fremen, the Mercenaries, House Atreides Hailing from the water-planet of Caladan, the Atreides have a strict loyalty to their Duke and follow him with zeal. The Dukes famous Mentat, Noree Moneo, advises and resides over the Dukes forces on Arrakis, the Houses fleets of ornithopters ensure their superior air power backed by Sonic Tanks to humanely destroy enemies. The Duke also wishes to develop an alliance with the Fremen, House Harkonnen The Harkonnens are ruled by the wicked Baron and come from the volcanic waste-planet of Giedi Prime. The Barons Mentat, Hayt De Vries, was born from the flesh of a man in the Tleilaxu Flesh Vats. House Ordos The Ordos originate from a frigid, ice covered planet unnamed in Dune 2000 but later called Sigma Draconis IV in Emperor, Battle for Dune. As they import their goods from nearby systems, House Ordos relies on their skills as merchants to make their profits, however. Unlike the other two houses, House Ordos is not mentioned in any of Frank Herberts Dune novels, in Dune 2000, the player commands of one of the three Houses and must fight for control of the spice melange on the planet Arrakis, or Dune. The player harvests spice for solaris, the currency. The game uses an engine as Command and Conquer, Red Alert, however, unlike Dune II. Like most real-time strategy games, the game map initially starts with a fog of war covering the entire map, like Dune II, the player may construct concrete before placing buildings. In Dune II, all buildings would deteriorate regardless, but the concrete foundations slowed the process, however, in Dune 2000, the buildings do not deteriorate over time when built in their entirety on concrete. Houses Harkonnen and Atreides share the Trike, while House Ordos has an upgraded version, like many games of the Westwood franchise, a player can gain access to other Houses special units by capturing an enemy building that can manufacture the desired units. House Ordos can obtain the Missile Tank by ordering it from the Starport when it would otherwise be inaccessible, after patch 1.06, the Harkonnens can eventually train the Sardaukar, which are soldier-fanatics loyal to the Corrino Emperor
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Wing Commander (franchise)
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The franchise originated in 1990 with the release of Wing Commander. Set in the 27th century, the games tell the story of war against the Kilrathi. The Kilrathi are native to the planet Kilrah with their society depicted as an empire, physically they are bipeds who strongly resemble big cats, they have leonine manes, but also have markings which distinguish their clan of origin. The species is featured in game, with later games revealing more complex characters than just a faceless enemy. The player represents the Terran Confederation, the human government in the Wing Commander series. The Terran Confederation is an alliance of systems and regional governments which provide unified protection, launching from carrier ships, the player fulfills various missions in space fighter aircraft. The games were all notable for their storytelling through extensive cutscenes, the Wing Commander game series began in 1990 with Wing Commander. The newest addition to the series, Wing Commander Arena, was released for the Xbox Live Arcade service on July 25,2007, the player begins his tour of duty as a young Christopher Blair, the main protagonist of the franchise, on the carrier TCS Tigers Claw. Through his heroic efforts, the Confederation is able to destroy the Kilrathis sector headquarters, through the course of the Vega campaign, the player can gain numerous promotions and medals and fly in various squadrons, each featuring a different fighter. In-game cinematics in newsreel format reflected the success or failure of the player, originally announced as Squadron, the name was changed to Wingleader shortly into development, however, trademark issues forced a name change to Wing Commander at the last moment. The development teams nickname for the otherwise-unnamed protagonist was Bluehair, due to his unusual shade of hair, in the Sega CD port which added voice acting, the player character was given the callsign of HotShot to allow him to be addressed by voice. Perhaps in a nod to this little in-joke, when the character was given a name in later installments, Origin chose Blair. Wing Commander was ported to the Amiga, FM Towns, SNES, Mega-CD, Amiga CD32, 3DO, Mac OS, and PlayStation Portable systems, in 1991, Wing Commander won the Origins Award for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Computer Game of 1990. A new Kilrathi secret weapon destroys the Terran colony of Goddard, in retribution, the Confederation plans a daring raid, Operation Thors Hammer. Tigers Claw must follow the Kilrathi deep into their own territory and destroy their new super weapon, the Secret Missions was ported to the FM Towns, SNES, Sony PSP, and was included with Wing Commander on the 3DO and Macintosh as part of Super Wing Commander. Concerned, but massively outnumbered, the Confederation ships must retreat, the Confederation soon develops a plan to disrupt that ceremony to deliver a blow to enemy morale and it is up to the pilots of Tigers Claw to ensure the success of the mission. The Secret Missions 2, Crusade was ported to the FM Towns, in 1994, a revamped version of the original Wing Commander, entitled Super Wing Commander, was released for the 3DO. It featured new graphics, full speech and included a Secret Missions 1.5 campaign with a follow up to Thors Hammer in which the Claw destroys the Kilrathi shipyards that constructed the Sivar
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Intelligent design
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Intelligent design is a creationist religious argument for the existence of God, presented by its proponents as an evidence-based scientific theory about lifes origins but found to be pseudoscience. Proponents claim that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, the leading proponents of ID are associated with the Discovery Institute, a politically conservative think tank based in the United States. Although they state that ID is not creationism and deliberately avoid assigning a personality to the designer, both irreducible complexity and specified complexity present detailed negative assertions that certain features are too complex to be the result of natural processes. Proponents then conclude by analogy that these features are evidence of design, from the mid-1990s, the intelligent design movement, supported by the Discovery Institute, advocated inclusion of intelligent design in public school biology curricula. This led to the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial in which U. S. District Judge John E. Teaching of evolution was effectively suspended in U. S. Young Earth creationists promoted creation science as a scientific explanation of the world in which we live. This frequently invoked the argument from design to explain complexity in nature as demonstrating the existence of God, the argument from design, the teleological argument or argument from intelligent design, has been advanced in theology for centuries. It can be summarised briefly as Wherever complex design exists, there must have been a designer, nature is complex, Thomas Aquinas presented it in his fifth proof of Gods existence as a syllogism. In 1802, William Paleys Natural Theology presented examples of intricate purpose in organisms, Creation science prefigured the intelligent design arguments of irreducible complexity, even featuring the bacterial flagellum. In the United States, attempts to introduce creation science in schools led to court rulings that it is religious in nature, and thus cannot be taught in public school science classrooms. Barbara Forrest writes that the intelligent design movement began in 1984 with the book The Mystery of Lifes Origin, Reassessing Current Theories, Thaxton, a chemist, with two other authors, and published by Jon A. Buells Foundation for Thought and Ethics. Thaxton held a conference in 1988, Sources of Information Content in DNA, in November of that year, Thaxton described his reasoning as a more sophisticated form of Paleys argument from design. At the Sources of Information Content in DNA conference in 1988, Intelligent design avoids identifying or naming the intelligent designer—it merely states that one must exist—but leaders of the movement have said the designer is the Christian God. The Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District court ruling held the latter to be the case, variations on the phrase appeared in YEC publications, a 1967 book co-written by Percival Davis referred to design according to which basic organisms were created. The first systematic use of the term, defined in a glossary and claimed to be other than creationism, was in Of Pandas and People, co-authored by Davis, a Discovery Institute report says that Charles B. Thaxton, editor of Pandas, had picked the phrase up from a NASA scientist, Stephen C. Meyer was at the conference, and later recalled that The term intelligent design came up. It thus represents the start of the intelligent design movement. Intelligent design was the most prominent of around fifteen new terms it introduced as a new lexicon of creationist terminology to oppose evolution without using religious language, although presented as a scientific textbook, philosopher of science Michael Ruse considers the contents worthless and dishonest
