1.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Editorial cartoon
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An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is a drawing containing a commentary expressing the artists opinion. An artist who writes and draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist and they typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills. The pictorial satire of William Hogarth has been credited as the precursor to the political cartoon and his pictures combined social criticism with sequential artistic scenes. A frequent target of his satire was the corruption of early-18th-century British politics and his art often had a strong moralizing element to it, such as in his masterpiece of 1719, A Rakes Progress. However, his work was only tangentially politicized and was regarded on its artistic merits. George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend produced some of the first overtly political cartoons, Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon. The times in which Gillray lived were peculiarly favourable to the growth of a school of caricature. Party warfare was carried on with vigour and not a little bitterness. Gillrays incomparable wit and humour, knowledge of life, fertility of resource, keen sense of the ludicrous, george Cruikshank became the leading cartoonist in the period following Gillray. His early career was renowned for his caricatures of English life for popular publications. He gained notoriety with his prints that attacked the royal family. His work included a personification of England named John Bull who was developed from about 1790 in conjunction with other British satirical artists such as James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson. The art of the cartoon was further developed with the publication of the periodical Punch in 1841, founded by Henry Mayhew. It was bought by Bradbury and Evans in 1842, who capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies to turn the magazine into a preeminent national institution. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 50s included John Leech, Richard Doyle, John Tenniel and Charles Keene. This group became known as The Punch Brotherhood, which also included Charles Dickens who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman, Punch authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week, created in response to Dickens departure from Household Words. For over five decades he was a steadfast social witness to the sweeping changes that occurred during this period alongside his fellow cartoonist John Leech. By the mid 19th century, major newspapers in many countries featured cartoons designed to express the publishers opinion on the politics of the day
4.
South Raub, Indiana
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South Raub is a small unincorporated community on the border of Randolph and Wea Townships in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. A post office was established at South Raub in 1878, South Raub is located at 40°18′05″ N, 86°54′49″ W along County Road 800 South half a mile west of US Route 231/State Road 43. A CSX rail line connecting the cities of Lafayette and Crawfordsville passes through the town and it has an elevation of approximately 711 feet. Wea Creek flows within half a mile of South Raub to the north and west. Lapham Feed and Grain, Inc. was started in 1956 by Richard and Eula Lapham who moved to South Raub from Decatur, Illinois, on November 24,1959, there was a 20-car coal train wreck which demolished the west side of the elevator. There were no injuries and the elevator was rebuilt
5.
Tippecanoe County, Indiana
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Tippecanoe County is a county located in the northwest quadrant of the U. S. state of Indiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 172,780 and it was created in 1826 from Wabash County. Tippecanoe County is part of the Lafayette, Indiana, Metropolitan Statistical Area, Tippecanoe County was formed March 1,1826, and named for the anglicization of Kethtippecanoogi, a Miami people term meaning place of the succor fish people. According to the 2010 census, the county has an area of 503.24 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.58 inches inches in February to 4.24 inches inches in June, interstate 65 U. S. Route 52 U. S. The county contains one airport, Purdue University Airport in West Lafayette. The county government is a body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana. County Council, The county council is the branch of the county government and controls all the spending. The county council and the board of commissioners share legislative authority, representatives are elected from county districts. The council members serve four-year terms and they are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council also has limited authority to local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes. Board of Commissioners, The executive body of the county is made of a board of commissioners, the commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered terms, and each serves a four-year term. One of the commissioners, typically the most senior, serves as president, the commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government. Court, The county maintains a small court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years, the judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state circuit court. County Officials, The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, each of these elected officers serves a term of four years and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations, in the 2008 Democratic primary, Tippecanoe County was one of 10 Indiana counties to give the majority of its votes to Barack Obama
6.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
7.
George Barr McCutcheon
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George Barr McCutcheon was an American popular novelist and playwright. His best known include the series of novels set in Graustark, a fictional East European country, and the novel Brewsters Millions. McCutcheon was born in Tippecanoe County, Indiana and his father, despite his own lack of formal education, stressed the value of literature and encouraged his sons to write. During McCutcheons childhood, his father had a number of jobs that required travel around the county, McCutcheon studied at Purdue University and was a roommate of future humorist George Ade. During his college years, he was editor of the Lafayette Daily Courier, although McCutcheon became famous for the Graustark series, he hated the characterization of being a Romantic and preferred to be identified with his playwriting. He was the brother of noted cartoonist John T. McCutcheon and died in Manhattan, New York City. McCutcheon, along with a number of other Indiana writers of the period, is considered to be part of the Golden Age of Indiana Literature
8.
Graustark
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Graustark is a fictional country in Eastern Europe used as a setting for several novels by George Barr McCutcheon. Graustarks neighbors, which figure in the stories, are Axphain to the north. Graustarks capital city, Edelweiss, is accessible by train from Vienna, the mountain town of Ganlook is near the border with Axphain, Graustarks traditional enemy. Graustark is ruled as a principality and its unit of currency is called the gavvo, Graustarkian is the native language of the people, although American English is universally spoken among the educated classes and is the everyday language of the royal family and court. The Graustark novels are stories of intrigue, royal disguise, and romance similar to Anthony Hopes 1894 novel, The Prisoner of Zenda. They were popular best-sellers at the time they were published and the editions are still readily available in used book shops. The two authors novels gave their name to a genre called either Ruritanian romance based on The Prisoner of Zenda. This genre contains tales of romance and intrigue usually featuring titled characters in small, the story, Feasts and Villains, was written by John Brandon. During the 1870s, Graustarks ruler, Prince Ganlook of Graustark, was killed in a war with neighboring Axphain, as part of the ensuing peace treaty, Graustark agreed to pay a large indemnity to Axphain, to be due, with interest, in fifteen years. But before the marriage could take place, Lorenz was murdered, the princesss true love, the American Grenfall Lorry, whom she had met while travelling in the United States appeared to be the murderer. With Lorenz dead and Gabriel imprisoned, Yetive instead married her true love, during Gabriels imprisonment, Dawsbergen was ruled by his younger half-brother, Prince Dantan, a popular figure among his own people and a staunch friend of Graustark as well. But after two years, Gabriel escaped from prison and, supported by the Dawsbergen army, returned to the throne, Dantan was forced to go into hiding in disguise in Graustark. For a time it appeared that Graustark might be forced into war with both Dawsbergen and Axphain, but this was averted when Gabriel was recaptured. Meanwhile, the disguised Prince Dantan had fallen in love with Beverly Calhoun, Yetive and her husband were tragically killed in a railway accident near Brussels, leaving their young son Prince Robin as ruler of Graustark. But the assassination attempt was foiled by the intervention of the American Truxton King, Graustark was still in financial difficulties by the time Prince Robin reached adulthood. William W. Blithers, a rich and very vulgar American. The two principals, however, had different ideas of their own about marriage. Robin eventually married Bevra, the Crown Princess of Dawsbergen, daughter of Dantan, Graustarks debts eventually ended up being held by Russia
9.
Shaw McCutcheon
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Howard Shaw McCutcheon was an American editorial cartoonist. McCutcheon was born in Chicago, Illinois in October 1921 and he graduated from Harvard University with a degree in mathematics. Military during World War II he returned to his study of art at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and he spent most of his career as editorial cartoonist for the Spokesman-Review. Examples of his work are in the permanent collection of the Northwest Museum of Art & Culture in Spokane and his father was Pulitzer Prize-winning Chicago Tribune editorial cartoonist John T. McCutcheon. He died on July 6,2016 in Spokane, Washington at age 94
