1.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Editorial cartoon
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An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is a drawing containing a commentary expressing the artists opinion. An artist who writes and draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist and they typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills. The pictorial satire of William Hogarth has been credited as the precursor to the political cartoon and his pictures combined social criticism with sequential artistic scenes. A frequent target of his satire was the corruption of early-18th-century British politics and his art often had a strong moralizing element to it, such as in his masterpiece of 1719, A Rakes Progress. However, his work was only tangentially politicized and was regarded on its artistic merits. George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend produced some of the first overtly political cartoons, Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon. The times in which Gillray lived were peculiarly favourable to the growth of a school of caricature. Party warfare was carried on with vigour and not a little bitterness. Gillrays incomparable wit and humour, knowledge of life, fertility of resource, keen sense of the ludicrous, george Cruikshank became the leading cartoonist in the period following Gillray. His early career was renowned for his caricatures of English life for popular publications. He gained notoriety with his prints that attacked the royal family. His work included a personification of England named John Bull who was developed from about 1790 in conjunction with other British satirical artists such as James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson. The art of the cartoon was further developed with the publication of the periodical Punch in 1841, founded by Henry Mayhew. It was bought by Bradbury and Evans in 1842, who capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies to turn the magazine into a preeminent national institution. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 50s included John Leech, Richard Doyle, John Tenniel and Charles Keene. This group became known as The Punch Brotherhood, which also included Charles Dickens who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman, Punch authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week, created in response to Dickens departure from Household Words. For over five decades he was a steadfast social witness to the sweeping changes that occurred during this period alongside his fellow cartoonist John Leech. By the mid 19th century, major newspapers in many countries featured cartoons designed to express the publishers opinion on the politics of the day
4.
South Raub, Indiana
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South Raub is a small unincorporated community on the border of Randolph and Wea Townships in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. A post office was established at South Raub in 1878, South Raub is located at 40°18′05″ N, 86°54′49″ W along County Road 800 South half a mile west of US Route 231/State Road 43. A CSX rail line connecting the cities of Lafayette and Crawfordsville passes through the town and it has an elevation of approximately 711 feet. Wea Creek flows within half a mile of South Raub to the north and west. Lapham Feed and Grain, Inc. was started in 1956 by Richard and Eula Lapham who moved to South Raub from Decatur, Illinois, on November 24,1959, there was a 20-car coal train wreck which demolished the west side of the elevator. There were no injuries and the elevator was rebuilt
5.
Tippecanoe County, Indiana
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Tippecanoe County is a county located in the northwest quadrant of the U. S. state of Indiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 172,780 and it was created in 1826 from Wabash County. Tippecanoe County is part of the Lafayette, Indiana, Metropolitan Statistical Area, Tippecanoe County was formed March 1,1826, and named for the anglicization of Kethtippecanoogi, a Miami people term meaning place of the succor fish people. According to the 2010 census, the county has an area of 503.24 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.58 inches inches in February to 4.24 inches inches in June, interstate 65 U. S. Route 52 U. S. The county contains one airport, Purdue University Airport in West Lafayette. The county government is a body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana. County Council, The county council is the branch of the county government and controls all the spending. The county council and the board of commissioners share legislative authority, representatives are elected from county districts. The council members serve four-year terms and they are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council also has limited authority to local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes. Board of Commissioners, The executive body of the county is made of a board of commissioners, the commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered terms, and each serves a four-year term. One of the commissioners, typically the most senior, serves as president, the commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government. Court, The county maintains a small court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years, the judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state circuit court. County Officials, The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, each of these elected officers serves a term of four years and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations, in the 2008 Democratic primary, Tippecanoe County was one of 10 Indiana counties to give the majority of its votes to Barack Obama
6.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
7.
George Barr McCutcheon
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George Barr McCutcheon was an American popular novelist and playwright. His best known include the series of novels set in Graustark, a fictional East European country, and the novel Brewsters Millions. McCutcheon was born in Tippecanoe County, Indiana and his father, despite his own lack of formal education, stressed the value of literature and encouraged his sons to write. During McCutcheons childhood, his father had a number of jobs that required travel around the county, McCutcheon studied at Purdue University and was a roommate of future humorist George Ade. During his college years, he was editor of the Lafayette Daily Courier, although McCutcheon became famous for the Graustark series, he hated the characterization of being a Romantic and preferred to be identified with his playwriting. He was the brother of noted cartoonist John T. McCutcheon and died in Manhattan, New York City. McCutcheon, along with a number of other Indiana writers of the period, is considered to be part of the Golden Age of Indiana Literature
8.
Graustark
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Graustark is a fictional country in Eastern Europe used as a setting for several novels by George Barr McCutcheon. Graustarks neighbors, which figure in the stories, are Axphain to the north. Graustarks capital city, Edelweiss, is accessible by train from Vienna, the mountain town of Ganlook is near the border with Axphain, Graustarks traditional enemy. Graustark is ruled as a principality and its unit of currency is called the gavvo, Graustarkian is the native language of the people, although American English is universally spoken among the educated classes and is the everyday language of the royal family and court. The Graustark novels are stories of intrigue, royal disguise, and romance similar to Anthony Hopes 1894 novel, The Prisoner of Zenda. They were popular best-sellers at the time they were published and the editions are still readily available in used book shops. The two authors novels gave their name to a genre called either Ruritanian romance based on The Prisoner of Zenda. This genre contains tales of romance and intrigue usually featuring titled characters in small, the story, Feasts and Villains, was written by John Brandon. During the 1870s, Graustarks ruler, Prince Ganlook of Graustark, was killed in a war with neighboring Axphain, as part of the ensuing peace treaty, Graustark agreed to pay a large indemnity to Axphain, to be due, with interest, in fifteen years. But before the marriage could take place, Lorenz was murdered, the princesss true love, the American Grenfall Lorry, whom she had met while travelling in the United States appeared to be the murderer. With Lorenz dead and Gabriel imprisoned, Yetive instead married her true love, during Gabriels imprisonment, Dawsbergen was ruled by his younger half-brother, Prince Dantan, a popular figure among his own people and a staunch friend of Graustark as well. But after two years, Gabriel escaped from prison and, supported by the Dawsbergen army, returned to the throne, Dantan was forced to go into hiding in disguise in Graustark. For a time it appeared that Graustark might be forced into war with both Dawsbergen and Axphain, but this was averted when Gabriel was recaptured. Meanwhile, the disguised Prince Dantan had fallen in love with Beverly Calhoun, Yetive and her husband were tragically killed in a railway accident near Brussels, leaving their young son Prince Robin as ruler of Graustark. But the assassination attempt was foiled by the intervention of the American Truxton King, Graustark was still in financial difficulties by the time Prince Robin reached adulthood. William W. Blithers, a rich and very vulgar American. The two principals, however, had different ideas of their own about marriage. Robin eventually married Bevra, the Crown Princess of Dawsbergen, daughter of Dantan, Graustarks debts eventually ended up being held by Russia
9.
Shaw McCutcheon
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Howard Shaw McCutcheon was an American editorial cartoonist. McCutcheon was born in Chicago, Illinois in October 1921 and he graduated from Harvard University with a degree in mathematics. Military during World War II he returned to his study of art at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and he spent most of his career as editorial cartoonist for the Spokesman-Review. Examples of his work are in the permanent collection of the Northwest Museum of Art & Culture in Spokane and his father was Pulitzer Prize-winning Chicago Tribune editorial cartoonist John T. McCutcheon. He died on July 6,2016 in Spokane, Washington at age 94
10.
Purdue University
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Purdue University is a public research university located in West Lafayette, Indiana and is the main campus of the Purdue University system. The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science, technology, the first classes were held on September 16,1874, with six instructors and 39 students. The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates, over 70 master’s and doctoral programs, in addition, Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations. In 1865, the Indiana General Assembly voted to take advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862, communities throughout the state offered their facilities and money to bid for the location of the new college. Popular proposals included the addition of a department at Indiana State University or at what is now Butler University. By 1869, Tippecanoe County’s offer included $150,000 from Lafayette business leader and philanthropist John Purdue, $50,000 from the county, and 100 acres of land from local residents. On May 6,1869, the General Assembly established the institution in Tippecanoe County as Purdue University, classes began at Purdue on September 16,1874, with six instructors and 39 students. Professor John S. Hougham was Purdue’s first faculty member and served as acting president between the administrations of presidents Shortridge and White, a campus of five buildings was completed by the end of 1874. Purdue issued its first degree, a Bachelor of Science in chemistry, in 1875, emerson E. White, the university’s president from 1876 to 1883, followed a strict interpretation of the Morrill Act. He intended not only to students for industrial work, but also to prepare them to be good citizens. Part of White’s plan to distinguish Purdue from classical universities included an attempt to ban fraternities. This ban was overturned by the Indiana Supreme Court and led to White’s resignation. The next president, James H. Smart, is remembered for his call in 1894 to rebuild the original Heavilon Hall one brick higher after it had destroyed by a fire. Purdue’s engineering laboratories included testing facilities for a locomotive and a Corliss steam engine, one of the most efficient engines of the time. The School of Agriculture was sharing its research with farmers throughout the state with its cooperative extension services, programs in education and home economics were soon established, as well as a short-lived school of medicine. By 1925 Purdue had the largest undergraduate engineering enrollment in the country, President Edward C. Elliott oversaw a campus building program between the world wars. Inventor, alumnus, and trustee David E. Ross coordinated several fundraisers, donated lands to the university, ross’s gifts and fundraisers supported such projects as Ross–Ade Stadium, the Memorial Union, a civil engineering surveying camp, and Purdue University Airport. Purdue Airport was the country’s first university-owned airport and the site of the country’s first college-credit flight training courses, amelia Earhart joined the Purdue faculty in 1935 as a consultant for these flight courses and as a counselor on women’s careers
11.
Sigma Chi
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Sigma Chi is a social fraternity in North America. The fraternity has 244 active chapters across the United States and Canada and has initiated more than 300,000 members, the fraternity was founded on June 28,1855 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio by members who split from the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Sigma Chi is divided into five entities, the Sigma Chi Fraternity, the Sigma Chi Foundation. Like all fraternities, Sigma Chi has its own colors, insignia, according to the fraternitys constitution, the purpose of this fraternity shall be to cultivate and maintain the high ideals of friendship, justice, and learning upon which Sigma Chi was founded. Sigma Chi was founded in 1855 by Benjamin Piatt Runkle, Thomas Cowan Bell, William Lewis Lockwood, several members of Miami Universitys Delta Kappa Epsilon chapter were also members of the Erodelphian Literary Society. In the fall of 1854 the literary society was to elect its Poet and he was supported by five of his brothers, but four others supported another man who was not a member of the fraternity. Although Thomas Bell and Daniel Cooper were not members of Erodelphian they had aligned themselves with the four dissenting members, the chapter had twelve members total and were evenly divided on the issue. Both sides saw this as a matter of principle and over the few months their friendships became distanced. In February 1855 Runkle and his companions planned a dinner for their brothers in an attempt to seal the rift, whitelaw Reid, one of the other brothers who supported the Delta Kappa Epsilon member as poet, was the only one to arrive. Reid brought a Delta Kappa Epsilon alumnus named Minor Millikin from a nearby town, Reid had told Millikin his side of the dispute and they had arrived to punish the group for not supporting their Delta Kappa Epsilon brother. The leaders of the rebellion, Runkle and Scobey, were to be expelled from the fraternity, the other four would be allowed to stay in the fraternity. Runkle resigned, and after the parent chapter at Yale University was contacted, the six men decided to form their own fraternity along with William Lewis Lockwood, a student from New York who had not joined a fraternity. On June 28,1855, the organization was founded under the name Sigma Phi Fraternity, Lockwood used his business training to help organize the fraternity in its early years. The eventual theft of Sigma Phis constitution, rituals, seals and it is possible this action could have been forced upon the group as there was already a Sigma Phi Society. Much of Sigma Chis heraldry was inspired by the story of the Emperor Constantine from the Battle of Milvian Bridge against Maxentius. The White Cross and the motto In Hoc Signo Vinces are examples of the Constantine link, although many of the symbols of Sigma Chi relate to Christianity, Sigma Chi is not a Christian fraternity. Benjamin Piatt Runkle was born in West Liberty, Ohio, Runkle helped design the badge of Sigma Chi based on the story of Constantine and the vision of the Cross. Runkle was known for having a fierce pride and was suspended from Miami University when he fought a member of Beta Theta Pi for sneering at his badge, when the Civil War began Runkle joined the Union Army
12.
Bruce Rogers (typographer)
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Bruce Rogers was an American typographer and type designer, acclaimed by some as among the greatest book designers of the twentieth century. His books now fetch high sums at auction, born Albert Bruce Rogers in Linwood, Indiana, he never used the name Albert and was known to associates as BR. Rogers received a B. S. from Purdue University in 1890. He enrolled at age 16, and was recognized in his studies of illustration, allowing him to work with University catalogs, lettering for the yearbook. At Purdue, he worked with political cartoonist John T. McCutcheon on the student newspaper, after graduation Rogers worked as both an artist for the Indianapolis News and as office boy for a railroad. After seeing several Kelmscott Press editions, Rogers became interested in producing books, and so moved to Boston, then a center of publishing. In 1895 he took a position designing books for Riverside Press in Cambridge, Massachusetts where he worked on trade books, in 1900 a Department of Special Bookmaking for the production of fine editions was created with Mr. Rogers its head. More than sixty of these Riverside Press Editions were designed by Rogers, decorated with illustrations and ornament largely by him, and printed on handmade, damped paper. It was there, in 1901, that he cut his first typeface, Montaigne, a Venetian style face named for the first book it appeared in, a 1903 limited edition of The Essays of Montaigne. In 1912 Rogers moved to New York City, where he worked both as an independent designer and as house designer for the Metropolitan Museum of Art and it was for the Museums 1915 limited edition of Maurice de Guérins The Centaur that he designed his most famous type-face, Centaur. Like Montaigne it was based on the Venetian faces of Nicolas Jenson, in 1916 Rogers left for England to work with Emery Walker, hoping to establish a press for fine editions. However, because of conditions, only one book was produced. He found conditions at the press to be poor, and his report to the syndics of the resulted in many reforms. After returning to the U. S. Rogers met William Edwin Rudge, in 1928 Rogers left for England in hopes of producing an edition of Homers Odyssey translated by T. E. Lawrence. Despite Rogerss being very bookish, he became close, lifelong friends with the dashing Lawrence of Arabia. The project took four years and the book was printed in Centaur types, on gray handmade paper. Rogers also became engaged to produce the renowned Oxford Lectern Bible for Oxford University Press and this project took six years, requiring annual trips to Oxford to oversee its completion in 1935. Joseph Blumenthal called this The most important and notable achievement of the twentieth century. To produce the Bible, a complement to Centaur was needed
13.
Baby New Year
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The Baby New Year is a personification of the start of the New Year commonly seen in editorial cartoons. He symbolizes the birth of the year and the passing of the prior year, in other words. Baby New Years purpose varies by myth, but he performs some sort of ceremonial duty over the course of his year such as chronicling the years events or presiding over the year as a symbol. The myth most associated with him is that he is a baby at the beginning of his year, very rarely is the Baby New Year depicted as any age other than a baby or as a very old man. Some stories, especially those with depictions of years past, will have him bear a likeness to key events in his time. At this point, he hands over his duties to the next Baby New Year, while he dies or remains in this state. The stereotypical representation of Baby New Year is as a boy wearing nothing more than a diaper, a top hat. He is sometimes depicted holding or associated with an hourglass, a noisemaker, or other item either pertaining to time or New Years Day festivities. Often, he is not a complete newborn but instead more closely resembles a toddler, because he is shown standing on his own, crawling or barely walking. In addition to being a figure, the title of Baby New Year is sometimes given to living people. The first baby born in any village or city in a year may be honored by being labeled as the official Baby New Year for that year. The official Baby New Year can be male or female, even though the mythical Baby New Year is nearly always male. Attempts to name an official Baby New Year for a country have sometimes been made. There has however been a deal of several who have come close. Numerous hospitals no longer make a Baby New Year public due to concerns that the infant will become a target for criminals, Baby New Year is featured in the TV special Rudolphs Shiny New Year. Happy ran away due to being laughed at because of his big ears which he wears under his top hat, rudolph shows Happy his nose and tells him his own story of being shunned because of his nonconformity before asking Happy to let him see his ears. After Happys ears played a part in defeating Aeon the Terrible, a parody of Baby New Year, given the name Big Fat Baby, appears in the animated series Histeria
14.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
15.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
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Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
17.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
18.
Blue Lagoon Island
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Blue Lagoon Island is a private island located 5 km from Nassau, Bahamas and serves as a local tourist attraction. Prior to the late 19th century the islands lagoon was a marsh and was referred to legally as Salt Cay. In 1875, Charles King-Harman, an Englishman who was knighted and became Governor of Cyprus. He owned it for 11 years, until he sold it to a Bahamian, Sir Augustus John Adderley, Adderley kept it for six years. Two Americans who wanted to cultivate corn and vegetables offered him 145 Pounds, the farming effort failed and in 1902 they sold it to Abraham Van Winkle for a ten Pounds loss. Van Winkle hired hundreds of laborers to dredge out the marsh and blasted a cut into the lagoon from the sea, planted 5,000 palm trees. He later imported a zoo of monkeys, peacocks, turkeys, pheasants, parrots and he shared the island with the public by bringing guests over on his boat at a rate of $1 per person. From 1916 to 1979 the island was owned by the McCutcheon family, John T. McCutcheon was The Chief Foreign Correspondent of the Chicago Tribune, a Pulitzer Prize winner, and political cartoonist. He purchased the island by mail sight unseen for $17,500 from the estate of Van Winkle and he called it Treasure Island and for decades it was known under that name in The Bahamas. Part of the charm of the used to be the primitive living conditions. Explosives and depth charges were blown up regularly around the island and it was thought that the concussions weakened the cliff so much that it caused the small fort to collapse. In October 1979, L. A. Meister purchased the island, in 1991, a storm cut the island in two at the northwestern corner of the lagoon where the current bridge is located. On a sunny, clear, windless day, the island experienced 9 metre swells generated by the storm over 2,000 km away, in 1993, Dolphin Encounters, a marine mammal facility, began educational and commercial programs on Blue Lagoon Island. A Family Island - A Short History of Salt Cay, Bahamas
19.
Howard Van Doren Shaw
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Howard Van Doren Shaw AIA was an American architect. He became one of the architects of his generation in the Chicago. Shaw was considered a leader in the American Craftsman movement, best exemplified in his 1900 remodel of Second Presbyterian Church in Chicago and he designed Marktown, Clayton Marks planned worker community in Northwest Indiana. Howard Van Doren Shaw was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 7,1869 and his father Theodore was a successful dry goods businessman and was part of the planning committee for the Worlds Columbian Exposition. His mother Sarah was a painter and a member of the Bohemian Club. Howard had one brother, Theodore, Jr and his family resided at 2124 Calumet Avenue, then a part of the Prairie Avenue district, the heart of the social fabric of the city. Prairie Avenue was also the site of Chicagos most modern residential architecture, howard Shaw met Frances Wells, his future wife, in the districts Bouniques dancing school. Wells was the daughter of Moses D. Wells, wholesaler of boots, Shaw studied at the Harvard School for Boys in Hyde Park Township. He was accepted to Yale University, graduating with a bachelor of arts in 1890, while at Yale, Shaw was the lead editor of The Yale Record, the worlds oldest humor magazine. He was admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology later that year, MIT was one of the few architectural schools in the country at that time, closely following the rules set forth by the École des Beaux-Arts. Shaw completed the program in one year. Shaw would use the elements of Georgian, Tudor, and neoclassical design he learned from MIT in most of his later works, after returning to Chicago in June 1891, he joined the Jenney & Mundie firm. William Le Baron Jenney was emerging as a designer, creating the first skyscrapers. His firm was already gaining a reputation as a ground for new architects, such as Daniel Burnham. Shaw worked directly with emerging architects James Gamble Rogers, Alfred Hoyt Granger, Shaw received his first commission from his wifes parents, who desired a new house in Lakeville, Connecticut. After the completion of the Wells house, he traveled to Europe to study the endemic architecture and he visited Spain, southern France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and England. Shaw spent two months in England before returning to Chicago and he rejoined Jenney & Mundie in early 1893, and on April 20, he married Francis Wells. Chicago architecture was receiving new recognition thanks to the success of the White City at the Worlds Columbian Exposition, Shaw worked on one last commission for the firm, the Snitzler house, in 1894
20.
The John B. Sails
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Sails is a Bahamian folk song from Nassau. A transcription by Richard Le Gallienne was published in 1916, the song was transcribed by Richard Le Gallienne, with five verses and the chorus published in his article “Coral Islands and Mangrove-Trees” in the December 1916 issue of Harper’s Monthly Magazine. The first two verses and chorus were also published in Chapter IV of Gallienne’s 1917 novel Pieces of Eight, Carl Sandburg included the first three verses and chorus of The John B. Sails in his 1927 collection of folksongs, The American Songbag and he states that he collected it from John T. McCutcheon and his wife, Evelyn Shaw McCutcheon, who at the time owned Blue Lagoon Island, a Cay off of Nassau. The McCutcheons told him, Time and usage have given this song almost the dignity of an anthem around Nassau. These relics are now preserved and built into the Watch Tower, designed by Mr. Howard Shaw, Sandburgs version of The John B. Sails is the one most often recorded and it is perhaps from the remarks by the McCutcheons, which Sandburg attached to the song, that a frequent title—Wreck of the John B—is derived, since no lyrics report a wreck. Alan Lomax included the song in his 1935 collection, Deep River of Song, as Histe Up The John B Sail, sung by the Cleveland Simmons Group, Old Bight, Cat Island, Bahamas, July 1935. In 1950, the Weavers released Wreck of the John B, bringing the song wider notice and it also charted highly throughout the world, becoming one of the groups most popular recordings. According to music archivist Joseph Murrells it was the fastest Beach Boys seller to date, bill Mumy as Will Robinson and Marta Kristen as Judy Robinson, sang a version of this song in the Castles in Space episode of the TV series Lost in Space. During the BBC programme Three Men in Another Boat with Griff Rhys Jones, Dara Ó Briain, a choral arrangement was performed in episode 3 of the BBC Drama All the Small Things. It was arranged by Colin Hanson-Orr and Chris OHara, in the 2002 film Glory Glory, the piano player in the bar is playing Sloop John B as the main characters are flirting with the posse. In the 2003 film Calendar Girls, the track is used as the press swoops down on the little village of Knapely after the calendar comes out. In the 2007 film Full of It, the main character Sam, in Sarah Vowells book Assassination Vacation, the author sings it while experiencing severe seasickness traveling to the Dry Tortugas by boat. In many Jewish communities, the poem ”Dror Yikra” by Dunash ben Labrat is sometimes sung to the tune of ”Sloop John B” because of its similar meter. The 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street prominently features the cover of Sloop John B by Me First and it is the traditional closing song by Jonathan Coulton and fellow performers on the annual JoCo Cruise. It has been popular amongst English football fans since the mid-2000s and it was adopted by the supporters of English non-league team F. C. United of Manchester as a club anthem in 2007. It was perhaps most famously sung by Phil Brown, the manager of Hull City FC, the tune from the songs chorus is often sung with alternative lyrics, particularly He scores when he wants, You know what you are and We know what we are
21.
Brookfield Zoo
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Brookfield Zoo, also known as the Chicago Zoological Park, is a zoo located in the Chicago suburb of Brookfield, Illinois. It houses around 450 species of animals in an area of 216 acres and it opened on July 1,1934, and quickly gained international recognition for using moats and ditches instead of cages to separate animals from visitors and from other animals. The zoo was also the first in America to exhibit giant pandas, one of which has been taxidermied, the Brookfield Zoo is owned by the Cook County Forest Preserve District and managed by the Chicago Zoological Society. The society sponsors numerous research and conservation efforts globally, in 1919, Edith Rockefeller McCormick donated land she had received from her father as a wedding gift to the Cook County Forest Preserve District for development as a zoological garden. The district added 98 acres to that plot and in 1921, serious construction did not begin until 1926, after a zoo tax was approved. Construction slowed during the Great Depression, but regained momentum by late 1931, construction went on at an increased pace and the zoo opened on July 1,1934. By the end of September 1934, over one million people had visited the new zoo, the 1950s saw the addition of a veterinary hospital, a childrens zoo, and the famous central fountain. Tropic World, the then-largest indoor zoo exhibit in the world, was designed by French architect Pierre Venoa and opened in three phases between 1982 and 1984. During the zoos early decades, a mini-railroad existed, which carried guests around the perimeter of the park from the North Gate to the old seven seas dolphin habitat on the parks south end. Great Bear Wilderness, a new, sprawling habitat, opened in 2010, the childrens zoo was dismantled in early 2013, along with the abandoned bear grottos, for future development projects. The building dates back to 1934 and currently houses only rhinoceroses, tapirs, the Brookfield Zoo is also known for its majestic fountain named after the 26th president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt. On some days, the fountains spouting water can reach up to 60 feet high, dolphins The Seven Seas at CZS or Brookfield Zoo currently has eight Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. Allie, Tapeko, Spree, Noelani, Allison, Merlin, Magic, Ziggy Ziggy was a 6.5 ton male elephant that was kept in an indoor enclosure for nearly thirty years after it attacked its trainer George Slim Lewis in 1941. During the 1960s and 1970s, Ziggy attained a following in the Chicago area. Unfortunately, the elephant fell into his exhibits moat in March 1975, Olga Olga was an Atlantic walrus and a favorite to thousands of visitors between 1962 and 1988, entertaining them with her antics. She is remembered by a bronze statue in the current sea mammal exhibit. Binti Jua Binti Jua is a western lowland gorilla. On August 16,1996, a young boy, visiting the zoo with his parents
22.
Lake Forest, Illinois
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Lake Forest is a city located in Lake County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,375, the city is along the shore of Lake Michigan, and is a part of the Chicago metropolitan area and the North Shore. Lake Forest was founded around Lake Forest College and was out as a town in 1857 as a stop for travelers making their way south to Chicago. The Lake Forest City Hall, designed by Charles Sumner Frost, was completed in 1898 and originally housed the department, the Lake Forest Library. Lake Forest is located in the North Shore area of Chicago, according to the 2010 census, Lake Forest has a total area of 17.246 square miles, of which 17.18 square miles is land and 0.066 square miles is water. The Potawatomi inhabited Lake County before money and violence pushed them away in 1836, landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Jens Jensen also designed projects in Lake Forest. Market Square, designed by Howard Van Doren Shaw, was completed in 1916 as a center for Lake Forest. The secluded style of Lake Forest was no accident, indeed, country clubs became important centers of social activity in Lake Forests early years, and the Onwentsia Club was, in the words of one writer, the premiere social and sporting club in the Midwest. After-dinner entertainment included a minstrel show, one of Lake Forests most notable features is its virgin prairies and other nature preserves. In 1967, a group of 12 long-time residents of Lake Forest formed a conservation organization. In the next 38 years, the managed to acquire over 700 acres within the city limits. Preserved in perpetuity are wetlands, original pre-1830 prairie, woodland, the Ragdale Foundation, an artists community and residence, is located in Lake Forest. Formerly Howard Van Doren Shaws summer retreat and built in 1897, in 1992, Lake Forest gained national attention when it attempted to ban the sale of offensive music to anyone under the age of 18. City council members used existing ordinances against obscenity—defined in the codes as morbid interest in nudity, mayor Charles Clarke stated, If they sell an obscene tape to somebody underage, we will prosecute. The person who came up most frequently in discussions of obscene content was Ice-T, Lake Forest has been named a Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation in recognition of its commitment to community forest. As of 2006, Lake Forest had received this honor for 26 years. The actor Mr. T notably angered the town by cutting more than 100 oak trees on his estate. Commercial development in Lake Forest is focused in three areas, two of which have railway stations
23.
George Ade
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George Ade was an American writer, newspaper columnist, and playwright. George Ade was born in Kentland, Indiana, one of seven children raised by John, while attending Purdue University, he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He also met and started a friendship with fellow cartoonist and Sigma Chi brother John T. McCutcheon. In 1890 Ade joined the Chicago Morning News, which became the Chicago Record. He wrote the column, Stories of the Streets and of the Town, in the column, which McCutcheon illustrated, George Ade illustrated Chicago life. It featured characters like Artie, a boy, Doc Horne, a gentlemanly liar, and Pink Marsh. Ades well-known fables in slang also made their first appearance in this popular column and he was a practicing realist during the Age of Howells and a local colorist of Chicago and the Midwest. His work constitutes a vast comedy of Midwestern manners and, indeed, in 1915, Sir Walter Raleigh, Oxford professor and man of letters, while on a lecture tour in America, called George Ade the greatest living American writer. Ades fiction dealt consistently with the man, the common, undistinguished, average American. Ade followed in the footsteps of his idol Mark Twain by making use of the American language. In his unique Fables in Slang, which purveyed not so much slang as the American colloquial vernacular, Ades regular practice in the best fables is to present a little drama incorporating concrete, specific evidence with which he implicitly indicts the object of his satire—always a type. The fables actual moral is nearly always implicit, though he liked to tack on a mock, as a subtle moralist all too aware of the ironies of the modern world, George Ade was perhaps the first modern American humorist. Through the values implicit in the fables, Ade manifested an ambivalence between the traditional virtues, in which he was raised, and the craftiness he saw all around him in booming Chicago. The United States, in Ades lifetime, underwent a population shift. Many felt the nation suffered the even more agonizing process of shifting values toward philistinism, greed, Ades prevalent practice is to record the pragmatic efforts of the little man to get along in such a world. Ade propounds a golden mean, satirizing both hidebound adherence to standards and too-easy adjustment to new ones. A striking and unique feature of Ades essays was the creative, here is an example, Ade was a playwright as well as an author, penning such stage works as Artie, The Sultan of Sulu, The College Widow, The Fair Co-ed, and The County Chairman. He wrote the first American play about football, after twelve years in Chicago, he built a home near the town of Brook, Indiana
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
University of Missouri
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The University of Missouri is a public land-grant research university located in Columbia, Missouri, U. S. It was founded in 1839 as the first public institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, as the largest university in the state, it enrolled 32,777 students in 2016, offering over 300 degree programs in 19 academic colleges in the 2014–2015 school year. It is the campus of the University of Missouri System, which also maintains campuses in Kansas City, Rolla. MU is one of the nations top-tier R1 institutions and one of the 34 public universities to be members of the Association of American Universities, there are more than 300,000 MU alumni living worldwide with over one half continuing to reside in Missouri. The university was ranked 103rd among national universities in the 2016 U. S. News & World Report rankings, starting in December 1953, it boasts the countrys only university-owned TV network affiliate, operated by the Missouri School of Journalism. In 1908, the worlds first school of journalism was founded by Walter Williams as the Missouri School of Journalism, the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the worlds most powerful university research reactor. MU is one of six public universities in the United States with a school of medicine, veterinary medicine, engineering, agriculture. The university also owns the University of Missouri Health Care system, the only athletic program that operates a NCAA Division I FBS football team in Missouri is known as the Missouri Tigers and competes as a member of the Southeastern Conference. The schools mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after Missourian, according to the NCAA, the American tradition of homecoming was established at the university in 1911, the tradition has since been adopted nationwide. In 1839, the Missouri Legislature passed the Geyer Act to establish funds for a state university and it would be the first public university west of the Mississippi River. To secure the university, the citizens of Columbia and Boone County pledged $117,921 in cash, the land on which the university was eventually constructed was just south of Columbias downtown and owned by James S. Rollins. He was later called the Father of the University, as the first public university in the Louisiana Purchase, the school was shaped by Thomas Jeffersons ideas about public education. In 1862 the American Civil War forced the university to close for much of the year, residents of Columbia formed a home guard militia that became known as the Fighting Tigers of Columbia. They were given the name for their readiness to protect the city and university, in 1890, the universitys newly formed football team took the name the Tigers after the Civil War militia. In 1870 the institution was granted land-grant college status under the Morrill Act of 1862, the act led to the founding of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy as an offshoot of the main campus in Columbia. It developed as the present-day Missouri University of Science and Technology, in 1888 the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station opened. This grew to encompass ten centers and research farms around Missouri, by 1890 the university encompassed a normal college, engineering college, arts and science college, school of agriculture and mechanical arts. School of medicine, and school of law, on January 9,1892, Academic Hall, the institutions main building, burned in a fire that completely gutted the building, leaving little more standing than six stone Ionic columns
26.
The Newberry Library
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The Newberry Library is an independent research library, specializing in the humanities and located in Chicago, Illinois, that has been free and open to the public since 1887. Its collections encompass a variety of related to the history and cultural production of Western Europe. Additional public services are offered through exhibitions, meet-the-author lectures, adult education seminars, Newberry died at sea in 1868, while on a trip to France. He included in his will a provision of funds for the creation of a public library should his daughters die without heirs. Without much direction and without its founders personal collection as a foundation, the Newberrys first librarian, William Frederick Poole, was a major figure in the library world when he came to the Newberry. Poole saw the Newberry as a canvas on which he could project his ideas. In 1887-88 it was located at 90 La Salle Street, in 1889-90 at 338 Ontario Street, the present building, designed by Poole and architect Henry Ives Cobb, opened in 1893. It is located at 60 West Walton Street, across from Washington Square and it is a structure in the Spanish Romanesque architectural style, built of Connecticut granite. Poole and Cobb feuded bitterly over their different visions for the library building, pooles influence with the librarys trustees coerced Cobb to temper the grand staircase he had envisioned and to accommodate open shelving. Over time, however, the open shelving would put too much strain on the Newberrys staff and the security of its collections, Poole served as Newberry librarian until his death in 1894. Under his leadership, the library built broad reference collections that would be useful to many different Chicagoans, especially professionals, the Newberrys medical department, created in 1890, is an example of this emphasis. Poole also steered the Newberry toward the acquisition of materials for use by professional scholars. As a consequence, the Newberry came to specialize in the humanities, the Newberry immediately transferred its holdings in this area, including its copy of Audubons Birds of America. The Newberrys medical department was transferred to the Crerar in 1906, under Pargellis, a fellowship program was inaugurated and academic conferences were held at the Newberry, out of which emerged new scholarship using the librarys collections. Pargellis also expanded the scope of the collection, since this acquisition, in 1943, the Newberry would continue to add to its CB&Q archives, while collecting the records of other major corporations of the Midwest. Between 1962 and 1986, the library was expanded under the leadership of president Lawrence William Bill Towner. During this time, the Newberry acquired many important collections, a building dedicated to the storage of collection items was constructed. The research centers continue to support and produce important scholarship in their fields, david Spadafora has been the president of the Newberry since 2005
27.
Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library, most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, as of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection. The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional, Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence, Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the universitys Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with an unlimited amount of computer time. Hart has said he wanted to back this gift by doing something that could be considered to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and this particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed that computers would one day be accessible to the general public and he used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution, by the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort, all of the text was entered manually until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more widely available, which made book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenbergs finances, as the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the projects day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role, the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in best of the Web listings, Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64. In 2000, a corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundations first CEO, also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders, which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet
28.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
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Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning
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The Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartoon is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner, in its first 92 years to 2013, the Editorial Cartooning Pulitzer was awarded 87 times, none was given in five years and it was never split. Many cartoonists won it more than once. 1935, Ross A. Lewis, Milwaukee Journal, for Sure, Ill Work for Both Sides 1936, no award given 1937, C. D. Batchelor, New York Daily News, for Come on in, Ill treat you right. Berryman, Evening Star, for Where Is the Boat Going, goldberg, New York Sun, for Peace Today 1949, Lute Pease, Newark Evening News, for Who Me. The award is given for distinguished body of the work of Mr. Fitzpatrick in both 1954 and his entire career. Mauldin, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, for I won the Nobel Prize for Literature, oliphant, The Denver Post, for They Wont Get Us To The Conference Table. 2016, Jack Ohman of The Sacramento Bee for cartoons that convey wry, rueful perspectives through sophisticated style that combines bold line work with subtle colors, through 2013, seventeen people have won the Editorial Cartooning Pulitzer twice and five of them have won it three times. Nelson Harding won the prize consecutively in 1927 and 1928 and this book chronologically states the awards, displays the artwork, and then describes the cartoon, Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. Political Caricatures on Global Issues, Pulitzer Prize Winning Editorial Cartoons
30.
Rollin Kirby
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Rollin Kirby was an American political cartoonist. In 1922 he was chronologically the first winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning, Kirby worked as a cartoonist at the New York Mail, New York World and the New York Post. His Pulitzer Prizes were for cartoons On the Road to Moscow, News from the Outside World, websters Biographical Dictionary, G. & C. Media related to Rollin Kirby at Wikimedia Commons Rollin Kirby posters, hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries Digital Collections Works by or about Rollin Kirby at Internet Archive
31.
Ding Darling
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Jay Norwood Darling, better known as Ding Darling, was an American cartoonist who won two Pulitzer Prizes. Darling was born in Norwood, Michigan, where his parents, Marcellus, in 1886, the family moved to Sioux City, Iowa. Darling began college in 1894 at Yankton College in South Dakota, there he became art editor of the yearbook and began signing his work with a contraction of his last name, Ding, a nickname that stuck. In 1900, Ding became a reporter for the Sioux City Journal, following his marriage to Genevieve Pendleton in 1906, he began work with the Des Moines Register and Leader. In 1911, he moved to New York and worked with the New York Globe, three years later, in 1916, he returned to New York and accepted a position with the New York Herald Tribune. By 1919, Darling returned a final time to Des Moines where he continued his career as a cartoonist, winning the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1924 and his cartoons were published from 1917 to 1949 in the New York Herald Tribune. Darling penned some conservation cartoons and he was an important figure in the conservation movement, Darling initiated the Federal Duck Stamp program and designed the first stamp. Roosevelt appointed him as head of the U. S, biological Survey, forerunner of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The J. N. Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge on Sanibel Island in southwest Florida is named for him, Lake Darling, a 9, 600-acre lake at the Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge is also named his in honor. More recently a lodge at the National Conservation Training Center near Shepherdstown, Darling was elected as a member of the Boone and Crockett Club, a wildlife conservation organization, on December 13,1934. In 1960, the National Audubon Society awarded Darling the Audubon Medal for his conservation achievements
32.
Daniel R. Fitzpatrick
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Daniel Robert Fitzpatrick was a two-time Pulitzer Prize winner and an editorial cartoonist for the St. Louis Dispatch from 1913 to 1958. Fitzpatrick was born in Superior, Wisconsin and he studied at the Art Institute of Chicago. From 1911 to 1912 he worked as a staff artist and cartoonist at the Chicago Daily News, joining the St. Louis Post Dispatch in 1913, Fitzpatrick served as its editorial cartoonist until 1958. His work and actions received criticism, in 1940 the cartoonist and several other Post Dispatch staff members were cited with contempt of court because they criticized the dismissal of an extortion suit against a State Representative. Fitzpatrick received a sentence and a $100 fine. During his lifetime, Fitzpatrick saw cartoons exhibited at the St. Louis Art Museum as well as the Moscow Museum of Modern Western Painting, in the spring of 1941 the New York Citys Associated American Artists Gallery held its second exhibition of Fitzpatricks cartoons. Washington University, in St. Louis, presented Fitzpatrick the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters in 1949, daniel Robert Fitzpatrick died on May 18,1969. His papers are held at the State Historical Society of Missouri and this particular cartoon was about the French and possible U. S. involvement in Indochina. 1958 Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism As I saw it, a review of our times with 311 cartoons and notes, Simon and Schuster,1953
33.
Nelson Harding
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Nelson Harding was an American editorial cartoonist for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in both 1927 and 1928, and as of 2013 was the only cartoonist so honored in consecutive years. The particular cartoon cited in 1928, May His Shadow Never Grow Less, was a tribute drawn at the end of the 1927 calendar year to flier Charles Lindbergh, Harding was born in New York City. His work was often politically conservative by the standards of his day and he took a leading role in opposition to what some New Yorkers considered to be a threat from Bolshevism in the late 1910s, during the so-called First Red Scare. His cartoons portrayed political radicals as bomb-throwers and terrorists, media related to Nelson Harding at Wikimedia Commons Works by Nelson Harding at the Library of Congress
34.
Edmund Duffy
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Edmund Duffy, was an American editorial cartoonist. He grew up in Jersey City, New Jersey, eventually moving to metropolitan areas. Duffy did not attend school, but instead went into the Art Students League of New York. Duffy’s career took him London, Paris, New York, throughout his career Duffy won three Pulitzer Prizes for Editorial Cartooning in 1931,1934, and the last one in 1940. Duffy began to work for the Baltimore Sun in 1924, when he was only about 25 years old, Duffy first came into the journalism field with his submission of a page of sketches for Armistice Day. The sketches were put into the New York Tribune, under the Sunday section, Duffy then worked on a variety of assignments in order to save up money, and then he began his European career. He moved to London and worked for the London Evening News, following London, Duffy worked in Paris for a few years, and finally returned to the United States in 1922. He worked for two years both the New York Leader and the Brooklyn Eagle. The longest period of his career began in 1924 when he began working for The Baltimore Sun, Duffy worked there until 1948, in order to work a less tiring job, working for the Saturday Evening Post. During his career, Duffy drew numerous noteworthy cartoons and also approached major issues and incidents, such as lynching and the Ku Klux Klan, Duffy was known for his daring nature in relation to his work. H. L. Mencken saw promise in his work and “Duffy with his sometimes savage artwork, did the kind of thing that delighted Mencken, Duffy was not afraid to please Mencken, and held nothing back. He was one of the few people of his time that would approach the topic of racism. He blatantly condemned lynching and the actions of the KKK and this was one of his main issues that he approached during his career. During the time period that Duffy worked it was not popular to advocate against racism, harrison, a late professor of Communication at the University of Miami, wrote that Duffy “displayed uncommon vigor in attacking the Ku Klux Klan”. Just a year after Duffy began working for The Baltimore Sun,1925, Scopes decided that the students should learn evolution, even if it went against the teachings of the bible. Since the trial was popular and a topic, Mencken took a staff from The Sun, including Duffy. “ graphic artwork played a significant role in the perception of the trial proceedings reported in the pages of The Sun. The man is standing on top of the book of knowledge, Duffy knew that this powerful cartoon would cause a great response, but that is exactly what Mencken wanted and expected from him
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C. D. Batchelor
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Clarence Daniel Batchelor, better known as C. D. Bachelor, was an American editorial cartoonist who was also noted for painting and sculpture. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1937, Batchelor was born in Osage City, Kansas. His journalistic career began in 1911 as a staff artist for the Kansas City Star, from 1914 to 1918 he worked as a free-lance artist, returning to newspapers in 1923 when he worked as a cartoonist in the New York Post for the Ledger Syndicate until 1931. He then found his permanent niche at the New York Daily News, batchelors most famous editorial, published in 1936 in Liberty magazine, reflected the newspapers isolationist stance and won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. It depicted a prototypical Any European Youth greeted by a skull-faced harlot representing War, captioned Come on in, I used to know your Daddy. Sympathetic to womens suffrage, he contributed cartoons to Womans Journal and he also contributed his art to the causes of public health and public safety. Batchelor is also known for having executed a bronze bust of Joseph Medill Patterson, the founder of the Daily News and co-founder of Liberty, clarence Batchelor at Spartacus Educational The Cartoon Collection of C. D. Batchelor C
36.
Vaughn Shoemaker
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Vaughn Richard Shoemaker was an American editorial cartoonist. He won the 1938 and 1947 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning, Shoemaker started his career at the Chicago Daily News and spent 22 years there. His 1938 Pulitzer cartoon for the paper was The Road Back, the 1947 winning cartoon for the paper was Still Racing His Shadow, featuring new wage demands of workers trying to outrun his shadow cost of living. He went on to work for the New York Herald Tribune, the Chicago American, by his 1972 retirement he had drawn over 14,000 cartoons. He lived in Carol Stream, Illinois and died of cancer at the age of 89
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Jacob Burck
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Jacob Jake Burck was a Polish-born American painter, sculptor, and Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonist. Jacob Burck was born Yankel Bochkowsky on January 10,1907, near Białystok, Poland, Burck lived in Cleveland until 1924. He attended the Cleveland School of Art on a scholarship after he was discovered on a Cleveland sidewalk sketching instead of attending elementary school, thereafter, Burck moved to New York City where he studied at the Art Students League of New York under Albert Sterner and Boardman Robinson. It was there that he met and married fellow art student Esther Kriger, Burck first worked professionally as an artist as a portrait painter, an occupation which he pursued full-time for one year. Nevertheless, Burck continued his practice, including portraiture. In 1927 or 1928, Burck began to draw editorial cartoons for the Communist Partys daily newspaper, The Daily Worker, as well as its monthly artistic-literary magazine. He went on staff at The Daily Worker full-time as cartoonist in 1929, Burck was close friends with Alexander Calder, Whittaker Chambers, Langston Hughes, Meyer Schapiro, and many other figures in the New York art and progressive scene. During the mid-1930s, Burck was an editor of Labor Defender, monthly magazine of the Communist Partys legal defense organization. He also contributed work to the organ of the partys social and fraternal organization. In 1935, Burck traveled to Moscow with Kriger and their first son to complete and install a set of murals commissioned by Intourist, Inc. A New York Times review of studies for the stated, Mr. Burck has arranged his figures with uncommon skill. The couple returned without completing the mural and this episode seems to have marked the end of Burcks connection with the Communist movement. After returning from the USSR, Burck went to work as an editorial cartoonist for the St. Louis Post Dispatch, Burcks incisive and biting style led to his daily cartoons being syndicated by Field Newspaper Syndicate of Field Enterprises in more than 200 newspapers across the United States. Burcks signature style, with India ink with brush, grease pencil, or lithograph crayon, was adopted by Bill Mauldin. Burck won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning while at the Chicago Times in 1941 for a cartoon titled, in 1942, he received the inaugural Society of Professional Journalists prize for editorial cartooning, the Sigma Delta Chi Award. Burcks continued style and criticism through cartooning of politicians, hypocrisy, senator Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee investigated his early, radical associations. In 1953, they attempted to have the bohemian Burck deported, the Government claimed that Burck had joined the Communist Party in 1934 and remained a member at least through 1936. Burck denied ever joining the Party, claiming membership had been pressed on him by his employer, Burcks defense was able to demonstrate a long record of anti-communism
38.
Herblock
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Herbert Lawrence Block, commonly known as Herblock, was an American editorial cartoonist and author best known for his commentaries on national domestic and foreign policy. Block was the youngest of three born in Chicago to a Catholic mother, Theresa Lupe Block, and a father of Jewish descent, David Julian Block. He began taking classes at the Art Institute of Chicago when he was eleven, after graduating in 1927, he attended Lake Forest College for almost two years. Block moved to Cleveland in 1933 to become the staff cartoonist for Newspaper Enterprise Association and he won his first Pulitzer Prize in 1942, then spent two years in the Army doing cartoons and press releases. Upon discharge Block became chief editorial cartoonist for The Washington Post, blocks cartoons were syndicated to newspapers around the world by Creators Syndicate from 1987 until his death in 2001. He never married, and, in the Posts employee index and his first cartoon for the Chicago Daily News advocated conservation of Americas forests. Herblock said that his family was conservative and that his father voted for Herbert Hoover in 1928, but with the onset of the Great Depression, he became a supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. He pointed out the dangers of Soviet aggression, the growing Nazi menace, while he criticized Stalin and other Communist figures, he also believed that the United States was overreacting to the danger of communism. In the early 1950s, Senator Joseph McCarthy was a target of Herblocks cartoons. He won a second Pulitzer Prize in 1954, the Washington Post officially endorsed Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election. Because Herblock supported Adlai Stevenson, the Post pulled his cartoons and he always insisted on total editorial independence, regardless of whether or not his cartoons agreed with the Posts stance on political issues. He focused most of his attacks on public figures in power, often on Republican figures. As an example—despite being an ardent admirer of Franklin Roosevelt—he found it necessary to attack the presidents 1937 court-packing scheme, during the 1950s, Herblock criticized Eisenhower mainly for insufficient action on civil rights and for not curbing the abuses of Senator McCarthy. In the following decade, he attacked the US war effort in Vietnam, the cartoonist would eventually be awarded this honor by Bill Clinton in 1994. Some of Herblocks finest cartoons were those attacking the Nixon Administration during the Watergate Scandal, Nixon canceled his subscription to the Post after Herblock drew him crawling out of an open sewer in 1954. He had once used the motif for Senator McCarthy. He also ended up on the presidents infamous enemies list, the tobacco industry was a favorite target of Herblock, who had smoked at one time. He gave it up and had criticized cigarette companies even before that, stating that he never got tired of his work, Herblock continued as the 21st century began by lampooning newly elected president George W. Bush
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Clifford K. Berryman
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Clifford Kennedy Berryman was a Pulitzer Prize–winning cartoonist with the Washington Star newspaper from 1907 to 1949. He was previously a cartoonist for The Washington Post from 1891 to 1907, during his career, Berryman drew thousands of cartoons commenting on American presidents and politics. Political figures he lampooned included former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt and he is particularly known for his cartoons Remember the Maine and Drawing the Line in Mississippi. Berryman was a prominent figure in Washington, D. C. and President Harry S. Truman once told him, Presidents, senators and even Supreme Court justices come and go, but the Monument and Berryman stand. Berrymans cartoons can be found at the Library of Congress, the National Archives, Berryman was born on April 2,1869, in Clifton, Kentucky, to James Thomas Berryman and Sallie Church Berryman. Berrymans father often entertained friends and neighbors with drawings of hillbillies from their hometown, Berryman was appointed draftsman to the United States Patent Office in Washington, D. C. from 1886 to 1891. During his tenure, Berryman submitted sketches to The Washington Post, after Coffin died in 1896, Berryman took over the Posts cartoonist position. In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, The Post printed Berrymans classic illustration Remember the Maine and his November 16,1902, cartoon, Drawing the Line in Mississippi, depicted President Theodore Roosevelt showing compassion for a small bear cub. The cartoon inspired New York store owner Morris Michtom to create a new toy, Berryman worked at the Post until 1907, at which time he was hired by the Washington Star. Berryman was the first cartoonist member of the Gridiron Club and served as the president in 1926 and he drew political cartoons for the Star until his death in 1949. Berryman married Kate Geddes Durfee in July,1893, and they had three children, Mary Belle, Florence Seville, and James Thomas, Berryman was a Presbyterian and an active member of the Washington Heights Presbyterian Church. He died December 11,1949, from a heart ailment, in 1944, Berryman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for his drawing Where is the Boat Going. The cartoon depicted President Franklin D. Roosevelt and other government officials trying to steer the USS Mississippi in several different directions, since 1989 the National Press Foundation has presented the Clifford K. and James T. Berryman Award for Editorial Cartooning annually. Previous winners include Chip Bok, Jim Morin, Kevin Kallaugher, Rex Babin, Steve Sack, Matt Wuerker, Nick Anderson, Adam Zyglis, and Clay Bennett
40.
Bill Mauldin
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William Henry Bill Mauldin was an American editorial cartoonist who won two Pulitzer Prizes for his work. His cartoons were popular with soldiers throughout Europe, and with civilians in the United States as well, Mauldin was born in Mountain Park, New Mexico into a family with a tradition of military service. His father served as an artilleryman in World War I, after growing up there and in Phoenix, Arizona, Mauldin took courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts under the tutoring of Ruth VanSickle Ford. While in Chicago, Mauldin met Will Lang Jr. and became fast friends with him, Lang Jr. later became a journalist and a bureau head for Life magazine. Mauldin entered the US Army in 1940 via the Arizona National Guard, while in the 45th Infantry Division, Mauldin volunteered to work for the units newspaper, drawing cartoons about regular soldiers or dogfaces. Eventually he created two cartoon infantrymen, Willie and Joe, who represented the average American GI. During July 1943, Mauldins cartoon work continued when, as a sergeant of the 45th Divisions press corps, he landed with the division in the invasion of Sicily and later in the Italian campaign. Mauldin began working for Stars and Stripes, the American soldiers newspaper, as well as the 45th Division News, until he was transferred to the Stars. By March 1944, he was given his own jeep, in which he roamed the front and he published six cartoons a week. His cartoons were viewed by soldiers throughout Europe during World War II, the War Office supported their syndication, not only because they helped publicize the ground forces but also to show the grim side of war, which helped show that victory would not be easy. While in Europe, Mauldin befriended a fellow soldier-cartoonist, Gregor Duncan, Mauldin was not without his detractors. His images—which often parodied the Armys spit-shine and obedience-to-orders-without-question policy—offended some officers, general Dwight Eisenhower, Pattons superior, told Patton to leave Mauldin alone, he felt the cartoons gave the soldiers an outlet for their frustrations. Stars and Stripes is the paper, he told him. In a 1989 interview, Mauldin said, I always admired Patton, oh, sure, the stupid bastard was crazy. He thought he was living in the Dark Ages, I didnt like that attitude, but I certainly respected his theories and the techniques he used to get his men out of their foxholes. Mauldins cartoons made him a hero to the common soldier, gIs often credited him with helping them to get through the rigors of the war. His credibility with the common soldier increased in September 1943, when he was wounded in the shoulder by a German mortar while visiting a machine gun crew near Monte Cassino, by the end of the war he received the Armys Legion of Merit for his cartoons. Mauldin wanted Willie and Joe to be killed on the last day of combat, the first civilian compilation of his work, Up Front, a collection of his cartoons interwoven with his observations of war, topped the best-seller list in 1945
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Bruce Russell (cartoonist)
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Bruce Alexander Russell was an American editorial cartoonist. After studying at the Southern branch of the University of California and he also drew a nationally syndicated cartoon, Rollo Rollingstone, during the early 1930s. In 1934 he became the lead cartoonist for the Times, a position he held until his death of a heart attack, Russell won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1946. His winning cartoon, entitled Time to Bridge that Gulch, shows an American eagle and his papers are held at University of California, Los Angeles. Bruce Russell at Library of Congress Authorities, with 0 catalog records
42.
Rube Goldberg
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Reuben Garrett Lucius Rube Goldberg was an American cartoonist, sculptor, author, engineer, and inventor. Goldberg received many honors in his lifetime, including a Pulitzer Prize for his political cartooning in 1948 and the Banshees Silver Lady Award in 1959. Goldberg was a member and the first president of the National Cartoonists Society, and he is the namesake of the Reuben Award. He is the inspiration for various competitions, known as Rube Goldberg Machine Contests. Goldberg was born July 4,1883, in San Francisco, California, to Jewish parents Max and he was the third of seven children, three of whom died as children. Goldberg began tracing illustrations when he was four years old, Goldberg married Irma Seeman on October 17,1916. They lived at 98 Central Park West in New York City and had two sons named Thomas and George, during World War II Goldbergs sons changed their surname, at Goldbergs insistence, because of the amount of hatred towards him stemming from the political nature of his cartoons. Thomas chose the surname of George for his brother, and George, wanting to keep a sense of family cohesiveness, Thomas and Georges children now run a company called RGI to maintain the Goldberg name. John George is assisted by his cousin Jennifer George and Johns son Joshua George to keep the name alive. Goldbergs father was a San Francisco police and fire commissioner, who encouraged the young Reuben to pursue a career in engineering. Rube graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1904 with a degree in Engineering and was hired by the city of San Francisco as an engineer for the Water and Sewers Department. After six months he resigned his position with the city to join the San Francisco Chronicle where he became a sports cartoonist. The following year, he took a job with the San Francisco Bulletin, rather than lose Goldberg to Hearst, the New York Evening Mail matched the salary offer and formed the Evening Mail Syndicate to syndicate Goldbergs cartoons nationally. Goldberg was syndicated by the McNaught Syndicate from 1922 until 1934, the cartoons that brought him lasting fame involved a character named Professor Lucifer Gorgonzola Butts. In that series, Goldberg drew labeled schematics of the inventions that would later bear his name. The popularity of Goldbergs cartoons was such that the term Goldbergian was in use in print by 1915, Rube Goldberg appeared in the Random House Dictionary of the English Language in 1966 meaning having a fantastically complicated improvised appearance, or deviously complex and impractical. The corresponding term in the UK was, and still is, Heath Robinson, after the English illustrator with a devotion to odd machinery. Rube Goldberg wrote a film featuring his machines and sculptures called Soup to Nuts, which was released in 1930 and starred Ted Healy
43.
Lute Pease
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Lucius Curtis Lute Pease Jr. was an American editorial cartoonist and journalist. From the age of five he was raised by grandparents in Charlotte, Vermont and he took part in the Klondike Gold Rush, and was an occasional correspondent for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer between 1897 and 1901. He joined The Pacific Monthly as assistant editor in 1906, becoming editor in 1907, in 1912, Pease married artist Nell Christmas McMullin, and joined the Newark Evening News in 1914. He received the Pulitzer Prize for a 1948 cartoon commenting on nationwide coal strikes by John L. Lewis, Pease was also a painter, and his portrait of artist Henry Rankin Poore was displayed at the National Academy of Design. He retired from work in 1954 and continued painting. He died in Maplewood, New Jersey on August 16,1963 and his papers are on file at the Huntington Library. Lute Pease of the Pacific Monthly, gary Scharnhorst, ed. Mark Twain Talks
