1.
Grafton Manor
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Grafton Manor was established before the Norman Conquest. For a time, in the reign of Henry II to Edward I, the Lords of the Manor were influential figures in mediaeval and early modern Worcestershire, with a number becoming High Sheriffs or Members of Parliament for Worcestershire. A few were also national figures, especially the Talbots and Earls of Shrewsbury, Grafton was connected with Catholic worship in the County after the Reformation. The house is now a building containing a hotel and restaurant. The current L-shaped building dates to the early 1500s and was altered around 1567. A fire in 1710 destroyed parts, and restoration took place in 1860 by David Brandon. Above the parlour window, there is an inscription, Plenti, salaman saith there is none acorde when every man would be a lorde. Disputes are recorded over the inheritance of the revenues and the costs of maintenance took place between John de Grafton family and the sacrist of St Mary’s, eventually, the advowson was in the hands of the Stafford family at Grafton, and was passed to the Talbot family. The chapel was the “headquarters of a Roman Catholic mission” and there is a burial ground next to it. It was disused and ruined by the end of the 1700s, Members of the families holding the manor are frequently listed as holding positions as local MPs and as the High Sheriff of Worcestershire. The manor was held of Earl Edwin by five thegns who had to support the Lord of the Manor In 1086, edmund de Grafton is noted in 1315, followed by his son John. John’s son Roger granted the manor to Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick in 1350-51, by 1367–8 John de Hastings had the manor, passing it to his daughter Maud, who married Ralph Stafford. Edmund de Grafton represented the two member Worcestershire constituency in the early House of Commons of England four times, Ralph Stafford died in 1409-10, leaving the manor to his and Maud’s son Humphrey Stafford. His son John Stafford held the manor between 1419–22, and also inherited Upton Warren and he died fighting rebels in Kent and can be identified alongside his brother William as characters in Shakespeares play, Henry VI, Part 2. Sir Humphrey Stafford inherited Grafton and Upton Warren in 1449–50, after fighting at the Battle of Bosworth with Richard III, Sir Humphrey Stafford broke sanctuary and supported Viscount Lovell in a further rebellion. He was executed for treason on 8 July 1486 at Tyburn by Henry VII, the Staffords also represented Worcestershire in the House of Commons. Grafton and Upton Warren were given to a branch of the Talbot family close to the Earls of Shrewsbury, Sir Gilbert Talbot held them until he died in 1517, he also held a position as Keeper of Feckenham Forest. The manor passed to his sons Gilbert and then John, in 1618, George Talbot succeeded to the title Earl of Shrewsbury
2.
Recusant
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Recusancy was the state of those who refused to attend Anglican services during the history of England and Wales, these individuals were known as recusants. The Recusancy Acts began during the reign of Elizabeth I and were repealed in 1650 and they imposed various types of punishment on those who did not participate in Anglican religious activity, such as fines, property confiscation, and imprisonment. As far as the term is used in the present day, recusant applies to the descendants of Roman Catholic British gentry and peerage families. Catholicism was the majority religion in various pockets, notably in parts of Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cumbria, and in Scotland, in parts of the Highlands and the Southern Hebrides. The term recusant is also used generally to refer to non-compliance with a perceived innovation of questionable orthodoxy. Some traditional Catholics have used the term following Vatican II, particularly in defence of the Latin mass, Catholics formed a large proportion, if not a plurality, of recusants, and it was to Catholics that the term initially was applied. Non-Catholic groups composed of Reformed Christians or Protestant dissenters from the Church of England were later labelled recusants as well, the recusancy laws were in force from the reign of Elizabeth I to that of George III, but not always enforced with equal intensity. Other Acts targeted Catholic recusants, including statutes passed under James I and Charles I, recusants were subject to various civil disabilities and penalties under English penal laws, most of which were repealed during the Regency and the reign of George IV. The Nuttall Encyclopædia notes that Dissenters were largely forgiven by the Act of Toleration under William III, early recusants included Protestant dissenters, whose confessions derived from the Calvinistic Reformers or Radical Reformers. With the growth of these groups after the Restoration of Charles II. The recusant period reaped an extensive harvest of saints and martyrs, among the recusants were some high-profile Catholic aristocrats such as the Howards and, for a time, the Plantagenet-descended Beauforts. In the English-speaking world, the Douay-Rheims Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate by expatriate recusants in Rheims, France, in 1582 and in Douai and it was revised by Bishop Richard Challoner in the years 1749–52. The 1750 revision is still printed today, the Douay-Rheims Challoner Bible is still often preferred by more conservative or Traditionalist Catholics. Other members of the Howard family, the Earls of Carlisle, Effingham, Recusancy was historically focused in Northern England, particularly Cumbria, Lancashire and Yorkshire. The Acton family is another well-known recusant family, the will of a William Latewise who died in 1603 in Goosnargh – part of the parish of Kirkham – states he was of Culcheth in the parish of Winwick. One of those preparing his inventory in 1608 was John Sterrope, around this time the area around Goosnargh was home to several Catholic families – Beesley, Hesketh, Keighley, Marsden, and Threlfall. Records show that members of the Latewysse family were fined for recusancy. In Wales, the few recusant families include Mostyn, Herbert, Morgan and, most notably and they helped to provide a resurgent Catholic Church in England with financial support
3.
Elizabeth I of England
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Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeths birth. Annes marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate, edwards will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Marys reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels, in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers, led by William Cecil, one of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England and it was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir to continue the Tudor line. She never did, despite numerous courtships, as she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity. A cult grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, in government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. One of her mottoes was video et taceo, in religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the powers of France and Spain. She only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, by the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. Englands defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history, Elizabeths reign is known as the Elizabethan era. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Such was the case with Elizabeths rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, after the short reigns of Elizabeths half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace and was named after both her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard and she was the second child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henrys second wife, Anne Boleyn, at birth, Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the throne of England. She was baptised on 10 September, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, the Marquess of Exeter, the Duchess of Norfolk, Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536, four months after Catherine of Aragons death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession, eleven days after Anne Boleyns execution, Henry married Jane Seymour, who died shortly after the birth of their son, Prince Edward, in 1537
4.
James VI and I
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James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother Mary was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, in 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617 and he was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began, at 57 years and 246 days, Jamess reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. James himself was a scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie, The True Law of Free Monarchies. He sponsored the translation of the Bible that would later be named after him, Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed the wisest fool in Christendom, an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise Jamess reputation and treat him as a serious, James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of Henry VII of England through Margaret Tudor, Marys rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by Protestant noblemen. James was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son and heir apparent of the monarch automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and he was baptised Charles James or James Charles on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. His godparents were Charles IX of France, Elizabeth I of England, Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as a pocky priest, spit in the childs mouth, as was then the custom. The subsequent entertainment, devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, Jamess father, Darnley, was murdered on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzios death. James inherited his fathers titles of Duke of Albany and Earl of Ross, Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle and she was forced to abdicate on 24 July 1567 in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, as regent. The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought in the security of Stirling Castle
5.
Gunpowder Plot
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Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing greater religious tolerance under King James had faded, leaving many English Catholics disappointed. Fawkes, who had 10 years of experience fighting in the Spanish Netherlands in suppression of the Dutch Revolt, was given charge of the explosives. The plot was revealed to the authorities in a letter sent to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle. During a search of the House of Lords at about midnight on 4 November 1605, most of the conspirators fled from London as they learned of the plots discovery, trying to enlist support along the way. Several made a stand against the pursuing Sheriff of Worcester and his men at Holbeche House, in the battle, Catesby was one of those shot. At their trial on 27 January 1606, eight of the survivors, including Fawkes, were convicted and sentenced to be hanged, drawn, details of the assassination attempt were allegedly known by the principal Jesuit of England, Father Henry Garnet. Although he was convicted of treason and sentenced to death, doubt has been cast on how much he knew of the plot. As its existence was revealed to him through confession, Garnet was prevented from informing the authorities by the absolute confidentiality of the confessional, although anti-Catholic legislation was introduced soon after the plots discovery, many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during King James Is reign. Between 1533 and 1540, the Tudor King Henry VIII took control of the English Church from Rome, English Catholics struggled in a society dominated by the newly separate and increasingly Protestant Church of England. The penalties for refusal were severe, fines were imposed for recusancy, Catholicism became marginalised, but despite the threat of torture or execution, priests continued to practise their faith in secret. Queen Elizabeth, unmarried and childless, steadfastly refused to name an heir, many Catholics believed that her Catholic cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, was the legitimate heir to the English throne, but she was executed for treason in 1587. In the months before Elizabeths death on 24 March 1603, Cecil prepared the way for James to succeed her, some exiled Catholics favoured Philip II of Spains daughter, Infanta Isabella, as Elizabeths successor. More moderate Catholics looked to Jamess and Elizabeths cousin Arbella Stuart, despite competing claims to the English throne, the transition of power following Elizabeths death went smoothly. Jamess succession was announced by a proclamation from Cecil on 24 March, leading papists, rather than causing trouble as anticipated, reacted to the news by offering their enthusiastic support for the new monarch. Jesuit priests, whose presence in England was punishable by death, also demonstrated their support for James, for decades, the English had lived under a monarch who refused to provide an heir, but James arrived with a family and a future line of succession. His wife, Anne of Denmark, was the daughter of a king, Jamess attitude towards Catholics was more moderate than that of his predecessor, perhaps even tolerant. During the late 16th century, Catholics made several assassination attempts against Protestant rulers in Europe and in England, including plans to poison Elizabeth I. Much of the rather nervous James Is political writing was concerned with the threat of Catholic assassination and refutation of the argument that faith did not need to be kept with heretics
6.
Cornelius Johnson (artist)
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Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen was an English painter of portraits of Dutch or Flemish parentage. He was active in England, at least from 1618 to 1643 and he moved to Middelburg in the Netherlands in 1643. Between 1646 and 1652 he lived in Amsterdam, before settling in Utrecht, Janssens painted many portraits of emerging new English gentry. His early portraits were panel paintings with fictive oval frames and his style varied considerably over his career, and he was able to assimilate new influences into his own style without any discordant effect. He was particularly accurate and detailed in depiction of clothing, Janssens van Ceulen was born to Dutch or Flemish parents in London – his father had been a religious refugee from Antwerp, and the family had originated in Cologne. He was baptised at the Dutch Church at Austin Friars much used by the Netherlandish community in London and he was the son of Johanna le Grand and Cornelius Johnson. He may have trained in the Netherlands, possibly under Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt. He was certainly influenced by artists from the Netherlands, and his early works follow the design. He had returned to England by 1619 when he was a witness at the baptism of his nephew and he was active in England, from then until 1643. He married Elizabeth Beke of Colchester on 16 July 1622 at the Dutch church in London and their son James was baptised on 30 September 1623 at St Annes Church. Another son Cornelius Janssens, junior who became a painter, was baptised on 15 August 1634. Janssens wished to be regarded as an English gentleman, registering his pedigree with the College of Arms and his arms were three gold parrots on a gold background, and had a crest of a silver Catherine wheel with two parrot wings behind it. Apparently winged crests are common in German heraldry which may show the previously used by the family. Janssens moved to Canterbury in the mid-1630s, living with Sir Arnold Braems and he was given parliamentary permission to travel. And to cary with him such pictures and colours, bedding, household stuff, pewter, between 1646 and 1652 he lived in Amsterdam, before settling in Utrecht, where he was buried. For painting a portrait, Janssens liked to charge £5 compared with a typical figure of 10s – 20s. However, this was not as expensive as better known such as Van Dyck or Peter Lely. Karen Hearn’s ODNB entry for Johnson notes that in 1638 Sir Thomas Pelham of Halland House, Sussex, there are hundreds of portraits of the emerging new gentry by Janssens, including Lady Rose MacDonnell of Antrim
7.
Lord of the manor
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In Anglo-Irish history, the lordship of a manor is a lordship emanating from the feudal system of manorialism. The origins of the lordship of manors arose in the Anglo-Saxon system of manorialism, following the Norman conquest, land at the manorial level was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. The title cannot nowadays be subdivided, Lord Denning, in Corpus Christi College Oxford v Gloucestershire County Council QB360, described the manor thus, In medieval times the manor was the nucleus of English rural life. It was a unit of an extensive area of land. The whole of it was owned originally by the lord of the manor and he lived in the big house called the manor house. Attached to it were many acres of grassland and woodlands called the park and these were the “demesne lands” which were for the personal use of the lord of the manor. Dotted all round were the homes and land occupied by the “tenants of the manor”. The owner of a lordship of the manor can be described as, Lord/Lady of the Manor of, in modern times any person may choose to use a name that is not the property of another. Under English common law a person may choose to be known by any name he sees fit as long as it is not done to commit fraud or evade an obligation, a manorial lordship is not a noble title, but a semi-extinct form of landed property. Lordship in this sense is a synonym for ownership, although this ownership involved a legal jurisdiction in the form of the court baron. Technically, lords of manors are barons, or freemen, however, the style Lord of the Manor of X or Lord of X is, in this sense, more of a description than a title, somewhat similar to the term Laird in Scotland. Fellows of Kings College, Cambridge have given the view that the term indicated wealth and privilege, since 1965 Lords of the Manor have been entitled to compensation in the event of compulsory purchase. Before the Land Registration Act 2002 it was possible for manors to be registered with HM Land Registry. Manorial incidents, which are the rights that a lord of the manor may exercise over other peoples land and this is a separate issue to the registration of lordships of manors, since both registered and unregistered lordships will continue to exist after that date. This issue does not affect the existence of the title of lord of the manor, there have been cases where manors have been sold and the seller has unknowingly parted with rights to unregistered land in England and Wales. In England in the Middle Ages, land was held of the English monarch or ruler by a local supporter. The people who had sworn homage to the lord were known as vassals, vassals were nobles who served loyalty for the king, in return for being given the use of land. The person who held feudal land directly from the king was known as a tenant-in-chief, military service was based upon units of ten knights
8.
Albrighton, Bridgnorth
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Albrighton is a large village, and civil parish in Shropshire, England. It is located 7.5 miles northwest of Wolverhampton and is best described as a village for the city. It is 11.3 miles from Bridgnorth and used to be within the now defunct Bridgnorth district, the village has a railway station, which is on the Shrewsbury to Wolverhampton Line. Very close by is RAF Cosford and the M54 motorway, the village is the most easterly settlement in Shropshire. Immediately to the north is the hamlet and parish of Donington separated from Albrighton by Humphreston Brook, mentioned in the Domesday Book as Albricston or the home/farm of Albric/Aethelbeorht, it received its charter in 1303, which was renewed in 1662 for rather unusual reasons. The parish church, dedicated to St Mary Magdalene was completed around 1181 and it is built of red sandstone in the Norman style. The church contains a monument to Sir Craig Wilson, as well as the Albrighton Mace donated to the village in 1663. The east window of the dates from the 14th century. The church is separated from the extremely close parish church of St Cuthbert by Humphreston Brook, the story is that two sisters disagreed about the nature of the architecture of the church and so resolved to build their own churches right next to each other. Blakeway refers to the pond as being called Hall Pool as it was adjacent to Hall Orchard, the High Street has not been altered too much over the years. The half timbered inns, Georgian facades and lime trees still make the street picturesque, some sources say the lime trees were planted in the 19th century by a Dr Orson Bidwell, others say a former Earl of Shrewsbury was responsible. In all probability both of them planted trees and so may many other people if a tree was damaged or failed, the diary of John Howell, tenant farmer of Beamish and House Farm gives the year of planting as 1832. For most of the 14th century and into the 15th the manor of Albrighton, the Carles were connected by marriage to the Lestranges and the Talbots. Albrighton left the control of family with the marriage of an heiress to a member of the Corbet family in the reign of Henry VI. The Earl of Shrewsbury is the premier Earl of England and and they were originally the Talbot family, many of whom are buried in Albrighton Church. George Talbot, 9th Earl of Shrewsbury was a Catholic priest and he died in 1630 aged sixty-three and was buried in the family tomb at the parish church of Albrighton. Early in the 17th century, Albrighton was noted for making buttons, by 1880 it was bricks, but by and large, agriculture was the main industry before the building of the railways. Albrighton was granted Borough status in 1303 on account of its remoteness from Shrewsbury and that was renewed in 1662 but it seemed to lapse again by the 19th century
9.
Lincoln's Inn
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The Honourable Society of Lincolns Inn is one of the four Inns of Court in London to which barristers of England and Wales belong and where they are called to the Bar. It is recognised to be one of the worlds most prestigious professional bodies of judges and it is the largest Inn and it covers 11 acres. The other three are Middle Temple, Inner Temple and Grays Inn, the Inn is believed to be named after Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. The Inn is also known for its large garden and library. The nearest tube station is Holborn tube station or Chancery Lane, Lincolns Inn does not declare a specific foundation date, as there is a tradition that none of the Inns of Court regards itself to be any older than the others. The Inn was home to influential people, including Prime Ministers, Chief Judges. During the 12th and 13th century, the law was taught in the City of London primarily by the clergy, as a result, the system of legal education fell apart. The common lawyers migrated to the hamlet of Holborn, the nearest place to the law courts at Westminster Hall that was outside the City, as with the other Inns of Court, the precise date of founding of Lincolns Inn is unknown. The third Earl of Lincoln had encouraged lawyers to move to Holborn and it is felt that Lincolns Inn became a formally organised Inn of Court soon after the Earls death in 1310. At some point before 1422, the part of Lincolns Inn, as they had become known, after the Earl, moved to the estate of Ralph Neville. They retained Thavies and Furnivals Inn, using them as training houses for young lawyers, in 1537, the land Lincolns Inn sat on was sold by Bishop Richard Sampson to a Bencher named William Suliard, and his son sold the land to Lincolns Inn in 1580. The Inn became formally organised as a place of legal education thanks to a decree in 1464, during the 15th century, the Inn was not a particularly prosperous one, and the Benchers, particularly John Fortescue, are credited with fixing this situation. Lincolns Inn had no constitution or fundamental form of governance, admissions were recorded in the black books and divided into two categories, Clerks who were admitted to Clerks Commons, and Fellows Socii who were admitted to Fellows Commons. By 1466, the Fellows were divided into Benchers, those at the Bar, by 1502, the extra barram Fellows were being referred to as inner barristers, in contrast to the utter or outer barristers. A Bencher, Benchsitter or Master of the Bench is a member of the Council, the term originally referred to one who sat on the benches in the main hall of the Inn, which were used for dining and during moots, and the term originally had no significance. In Lincolns Inn, the idea of a Bencher was believed to have far earlier than elsewhere, there are records of four Benchers being sworn in 1440. William Holdsworth and the editor of the Black Books both concluded that Benchers were, from the earliest times, the governors of the Inn, the Governors were elected to serve a year-long term, with between four and six sitting at any one time. By the late 15th century, the group were the Governors with assistance and advice from the other masters of the Bench
10.
Droitwich (UK Parliament constituency)
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It was a parliamentary borough in Worcestershire, represented by two Members of Parliament until 1832, and by one member from 1832 to 1885. The name was transferred to a county constituency electing one MP from 1885 until 1918. The borough consisted of three parishes and parts of two others in the town of Droitwich, a town which for many centuries depended on the salt trade for its prosperity. Although these details of the franchise were unique to Droitwich, in practice it in many ways resembled a burgage borough, and like most of those came under the influence of a local magnate. There was no contested election between 1747 and 1832, and by the time of the Reform Act it was estimated that only 28 men had the right to vote, in 1831, the population of the borough was 2,487, and contained 533 houses. There was a slight enlargement of the boundaries to the east in 1868. However, the constituency was not big enough to keep its MP under the Third Reform Act, the borough was abolished, but the towns name was applied to the new county division in which it was placed, formally called The Mid or Droitwich Division of Worcestershire. With a popular sitting Liberal MP turning Liberal Unionist in 1886, the constituency was abolished in 1918, being divided between the redrawn Kidderminster and Evesham constituencies. The constituency was re-established during the reign of Queen Mary I, the following were members of Parliament during the succeeding period, General Election 1914/15, Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to place and by the July 1914
11.
Smithfield, London
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Smithfield is a locality in the ward of Farringdon Without situated at the City of Londons northwest in central London, England. The principal street of the area is West Smithfield, the area also contains Londons oldest surviving church, St Bartholomew-the-Great, founded in 1123 AD. Some of its original market premises fell into disuse in the late 20th century, the Corporation of Londons public enquiry in 2012 drew widespread support for an urban regeneration plan intent upon preserving Smithfields historical identity. In the Middle Ages, it was a grassy area known as Smooth Field. Given its ease of access to grazing and water, Smithfield established itself as Londons livestock market, remaining so for almost 1,000 years. In 1123, the area near Aldersgate was granted by King Henry I for the foundation of St Bartholomews Priory at the request of Prior Rahere in thanks for his being nursed back to good health. The Priory exercised its right to land between Aldersgate, Long Lane and modern-day Newgate Street, erecting its main western gate which opened onto Smithfield. The Priory thereafter held the rights to hold weekly fairs. A trading event for cloth and other goods as well as being a pleasure forum, in 1855, however, Bartholomew Fair was closed down by the City authorities after degenerating into a magnet for debauchery and public disorder. A chapel and hermitage were constructed, renamed New Church Haw, but in 1371, later Augustinian canonesses established the Priory of St Mary, north of the Knights of St John property. By the end of the 14th century, these houses were regarded by City traders as interlopers — occupying what had previously been public open space nearby one of the City gates. On numerous occasions vandals damaged the Charterhouse, eventually demolishing its buildings, by 1405, a stout wall was built to protect the property and maintain the privacy of the Order, particularly its church where men and women alike came to worship. The religious houses were dissolved in the Reformation, and their lands broken up, the Priory Church of St John remains, as does St Johns Gate, traditionally regarded as the boundary between Smithfield and Clerkenwell. John Houghton, Prior of Charterhouse, went to Thomas Cromwell accompanied by two other local priors seeking an oath of supremacy that would be acceptable to their communities. This resulted in their being flung into the Tower of London, on 29 May, the remaining twenty monks and eighteen lay brothers were forced to swear the oath of allegiance, the ten who refused were taken to Newgate Prison and left to starve. Until 1899 Charterhouse was extra-parochial, when it became a civil parish incorporated in the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury, from its inception, the Priory of St Bartholomew treated the sick. Letters Patent were presented to the City, granting property and income to the new foundation the following month, the Priorys principal church, St Bartholomew-the-Great, was reconfigured after the dissolution of the monasteries losing the western third of its nave. Reformed as an Anglican parish church, its boundaries were limited to the site of the ancient priory
12.
Robert Persons
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Robert Persons, later known as Robert Parsons, was an English Jesuit priest. He was a figure in establishing the 16th-century English Mission of the Society of Jesus. Robert Persons was born at Nether Stowey, Somerset to yeoman parents, through the favour of local parson named John Hayward, a former monk, he was educated in 1562 at St. Marys Hall, Oxford. After completing his degrees with distinction, he became a fellow, as a Fellow of Balliol College, Persons clashed with the Master there, Adam Squire, and also the academic and Roman Catholic priest Christopher Bagshaw. On 13 February 1574, he was forced to resign. Through discussion and encouraged by pupillage with Father William Good, SJ, he travelled overseas to become a Jesuit priest at St Pauls, Persons accompanied Edmund Campion on his mission to fellow English Catholics in 1580. The Jesuit General, Everard Mercurian, had been reluctant to involve the Society directly in English ecumenical affairs and he was persuaded by an Italian Jesuit provincial, and later by Superior General Claudio Acquaviva, after William Cardinal Allen had found Mercurian resistant to change in October 1579. Persons fast tracked English recruits to the Jesuits, and planned to set up cooperation with the remaining English secular clergy and he became impatient with Father Goods approach to the situation. Campion was much less of an enthusiast than he was, the mission was immediately compromised as the pope had sent a separate group to the Jesuit mission, to support the Irish rebel, James FitzMaurice FitzGerald. Persons and Campion only learned of this event in Reims while they were en route to England, Campion and Persons crossed separately into England. In June 1580 Thomas Pounde, then in the Marshalsea Prison, Campion and Persons also prepared their own personal statements, to be kept in reserve. The immediate consequence was that Pounde was then transferred to Bishops Stortford Castle, much of the time Persons spent in England was taken up with covert printing, and pamphleteering. He made his view on church papism clear to the local Catholic clergy. The secret printing press needed to be relocated, moving it in early 1581 to Stonor Park, Campion was captured in July of that year, and then Stephen Brinkley, who ran the printing press, was taken captive in August. Quite soon after that date Persons left for France, Allen and Parsons persisted with their demand for another two years, but Jesuit opinion was against further confrontation. Campion was forced into disputation in the Tower of London under adverse conditions, when Persons left England, he was never to return. Persons spent the winter of 1581–82 at Rouen, and embarked on writing projects and he was in close contact with Henry I, Duke of Guise, and through the Duke founded a school for English boys at Eu, on the coast to the north-east. Father William Creighton, SJ was on the way to Scotland and he arrived in January 1582 and was briefed by Persons and the duke
13.
Clerkenwell
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Clerkenwell is an area of central London in the London Borough of Islington. It was an ancient parish and from 1900 to 1965 formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury, the well after which it was named was rediscovered in 1924. The watchmaking and watch repairing trades were once of great importance, in the 1850s the south-western part of Clerkenwell was known as Londons Little Italy because around 2,000 Italians had settled in the area. There are officially over 200,000 Italians in London, the Italian Procession of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Sagra takes place each July in the streets surrounding the church. A small number of Italian businesses remain from the century including organ builders Chiappa Ltd. Many other Italian firms survive from the period but have relocated elsewhere, Clerkenwell took its name from the Clerks Well in Farringdon Lane. In the Middle Ages, the London Parish clerks performed annual mystery plays there, Part of the well remains visible, incorporated into a 1980s building called Well Court. It is visible through a window of that building on Farringdon Lane, access to the well is managed by Islington Local History Centre and visits can be arranged by appointment. The Monastic Order of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem had its English headquarters at the Priory of Clerkenwell, St Johns Gate survives in the rebuilt form of the Priory Gate. Its gateway, erected in 1504 in St Johns Square, served various purposes after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, for example, it was the birthplace of the Gentlemans Magazine in 1731, and the scene of Dr Johnsons work in connection with that journal. In modern times the gatehouse again became associated with the order and was in the early 20th century the headquarters of the St John Ambulance Association, an Early English crypt remains beneath the chapel of the order, which was otherwise mostly rebuilt in the 1950s after wartime bombing. The notorious deception of the Cock Lane Ghost, in which Johnson took great interest, was perpetrated nearby, the Charterhouse, near the boundary with the City of London, was originally a Carthusian monastery. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Charterhouse became a mansion and one owner, Thomas Sutton, subsequently left it with an endowment as a school. The almhouse remains but the relocated to Surrey and its part of the site is now a campus of Barts and The London School of Medicine. As it was a suburb beyond the confines of the London Wall, Clerkenwell was outside the jurisdiction of the somewhat puritanical City fathers, during the Elizabethan era Clerkenwell contained a notorious brothel quarter. In Shakespeares Henry IV, Part 2, Falstaff complains about Justice Shallow boasting of the wildness of his youth, the Clerkenwell Bridewell, a prison and correctional institute for prostitutes and vagrants, was known for savage punishment and endemic sexual corruption. In the 17th century South Clerkenwell became a place of residence. Oliver Cromwell owned a house on Clerkenwell Close, just off the Green, several aristocrats had houses there, most notably the Duke of Northumberland, as did people such as Erasmus Smith
14.
Broughton, Oxfordshire
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Broughton is a small village and civil parish in northern Oxfordshire, England, about 2.5 miles southwest of Banbury. The 2011 Census recorded the population as 286. Broughtons Church of England Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin was built in about 1300 in a style that is transitional from Early English to Decorated Gothic, Broughton Rectory was rebuilt in 1694. It was altered three times in the 19th century, firstly by Richard Pace of Lechlade in 1808, and then with extensions by S. P. Cockerell in 1820, the Domesday Book records that in 1086 Broughton parish had two watermills. By 1444 there were at least three, one of which was a fulling mill. > By 1685 there was a fulling mill. Fulling and cloth-dyeing remained local industries until early in the 20th century, in the 17th century Broughtons agriculture was predominantly pasture for cattle and sheep, which has given to the parish such field names as Dairy Ground, Grazing Ground and New Close Pasture. Improved crop rotation in the agricultural revolution increased arable farming in the parish, with crops being diversified in the 18th century to include clover, flax, hops, sainfoin and woad. Some of these crops have given names to the parish such as Sandfine Wood, Sandfine Road. Woad was still grown in 1827, when it was used locally for dyeing wool, Broughton has a pair of Gothic Revival almshouses that were built in 1859. Broughton has one house, the Saye and Sele Arms. Lobel, Mary D, Crossley, Alan, eds, a History of the County of Oxford. London, Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research, 360° Panorama of Church interiors Media related to Broughton, Oxfordshire at Wikimedia Commons
15.
Bexley
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Bexley is an area of south-east London, England and part of the London Borough of Bexley. It is located 13 miles east-southeast of Charing Cross and it was an ancient parish in the county of Kent. As part of the growth of London in the 20th century, Bexley increased in population. Bexley was an ancient parish of Kent, in the Diocese of Rochester, the urban district gained further status in 1935 as a municipal borough. Kent County Council formed the tier of local government during that time. In 1965, London County Council was abolished and replaced by Greater London Council, Bexley Municipal Borough, Erith Municipal Borough, Crayford Urban District Council and Chislehurst & Sidcup Urban District Council were merged into a new London Borough of Bexley. Marys Church which gives its name to the London Borough of Bexley electoral ward containing the village, the churchs most distinctive feature is probably the unusual spire which resembles an octagonal cone balanced precariously on top of a truncated pyramid. The church is the place of the early scientist Henry Oldenburg. Hall Place is a stately home, beside the River Cray on the Bourne Road out of Bexley towards Crayford. It lies to the north of Bexley at the foot of the road up onto Bexley Heath, the house is unusual in that its two halves are built in highly contrasting architectural styles with little attempt at harmonizing them. The house and grounds are now owned by the London Borough of Bexley, the gardens include a topiary display of traditional heraldic figures. Danson House and the surrounding Danson Park in Welling are two of the popular attractions in the London Borough of Bexley. One of Londons finest architectural families in the 19th century came from Bexley, John Shaw worked on Lamorbey Park and was a well known architect in Kent and London, being one of the first designers of semi-detached housing in the capital. He is buried at St. Marys Church, his son, John Shaw Jr, lived in nearby Crayford for a short time and owned a villa which was demolished in the early 20th century. Red House the only house commissioned, created and lived in by William Morris, founder of the Arts and Crafts movement, when it was completed in 1860, it was described by Edward Burne-Jones as the beautifullest place on earth. St Mary the Virgin Church Albany Park Baptist Church, Stansted Crescent St. Old Dartfordians War Memorial clubhouse and this is home to both Dartfordians Rugby Club and Dartfordians Cricket Club. Bexley Cricket Club are based at Manor Way Burnt Ash Hockey Club are also based at Manor Way, and play their home matches here, at Hurstmere School or at Erith School
16.
Ely, Cambridgeshire
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Ely is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England,14 miles north-northeast of Cambridge and about 80 miles by road from London. Æthelthryth founded an abbey at Ely in 673, the abbey was destroyed in 870 by Danish invaders and was rebuilt by Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester, construction of the cathedral was started in 1083 by a Norman abbot, Simeon. Building continued until the dissolution of the abbey in 1539 during the Reformation, the cathedral was sympathetically restored between 1845 and 1870 by the architect George Gilbert Scott. As the seat of a diocese, Ely has long considered a city, in 1974. Ely is built on a 23-square-mile Kimmeridge Clay island which, at 85 feet, is the highest land in the fens. There are two Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the city, a former Kimmeridge Clay quarry, and one of the United Kingdoms best remaining examples of medieval ridge, the economy of the region is mainly agricultural. The city had been the centre of pottery production for more than 700 years. A Roman road, Akeman Street, passes through the city, Little direct evidence of Roman occupation in Ely exists, although there are nearby Roman settlements such as those at Little Thetford and Stretham. A coach route, known to have existed in 1753 between Ely and Cambridge, was improved in 1769 as a turnpike, the present day A10 closely follows this route, a southwestern bypass of the city was built in 1986. The Kings School is a boarding school which was granted a royal charter in 1541 by Henry VIII. Henry I granted the first annual Fair, Saint Audreys seven-day event, to the abbot and convent on 10 October 1189, present day annual events include the Eel Festival in May, established in 2004, and a fireworks display in Ely Park, first staged in 1974. The city of Ely has been twinned with Denmarks oldest town, Ribe, Ely City Football Club was formed in 1885. Roswell Pits are a palaeontologically significant Site of Special Scientific Interest one mile northeast of the city, the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clays were quarried in the 19th and 20th centuries for the production of pottery and for maintenance of river embankments. Many specimens of ammonites, belemnites and bivalves were found during quarrying, there is some scattered evidence of Late Mesolithic to Bronze Age activity in Ely such as Neolithic flint tools, a Bronze Age axe and spearhead. There is slightly denser Iron Age and Roman activity with some evidence of at least seasonal occupation. For example, a farmstead, of the late Iron Age to early Roman period, was discovered at West Fen Road. There was a Roman settlement, including a tile kiln built over an earlier Iron Age settlement, in Little Thetford, the origin and meaning of Elys name have always been regarded as obscure by place-name scholars, and are still disputed. The earliest record of the name is in the Latin text of Bedes Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum and this is apparently not a Latin name, and subsequent Latin texts nearly all used the forms Elia, Eli, or Heli with inorganic H-
17.
Banbury
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It had a population of 46,853 at the 2011 census. Banbury is a significant commercial and retail centre for the surrounding area, Banburys main industries are car components, electrical goods, plastics, food processing, and printing. Banbury is home to the worlds largest coffee-processing facility, built in 1964, the town is famed for Banbury cakes – similar to Eccles cakes but oval in shape. The name Banbury derives from Banna, a Saxon chieftain said to have built a stockade there in the 6th century, the name appears as Banesberie in Domesday Book. Another known spelling was Banesebury in Medieval times, during excavations for the construction of an office building in Hennef Way in 2002, the remains of a British Iron Age settlement with circular buildings dating back to 200 BC were found. The site contained around 150 pieces of pottery and stone, later there was a Roman villa at nearby Wykham Park. The area was settled by the Saxons around the late 5th century, in about 556 Banbury was the scene of a battle between the local Anglo-Saxons of Cynric and Ceawlin, and the local Romano-British. It was a centre for Anglo-Saxon settlement by the mid-6th century. Banbury developed in the Anglo-Saxon period under Danish influence, starting in the late 6th century and it was assessed at 50 hides in the Domesday survey and was then held by the Bishop of Lincoln. The Saxons built Banbury on the west bank of the River Cherwell, on the opposite bank they built Grimsbury, which was part of Northamptonshire but was incorporated into Banbury in 1889. Neithrop was one of the oldest areas in Banbury, having first been recorded as a hamlet in the 13th century and it was formally incorporated into the borough of Banbury in 1889. It continued through what is now Banburys High Street and towards the Fosse Way at Stow-on-the-Wold, Banburys mediæval prosperity was based on wool. Banbury Castle was built from 1135 by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, and survived into the Civil War, due to its proximity to Oxford, the Kings capital, Banbury was at one stage a Royalist town, but the inhabitants were known to be strongly Puritan. The castle was demolished after the war, the town was pro-Parliamentarian, but the castle was manned by a Royalist garrison who supported King Charles I. In 1645 during the Civil War, Parliamentary troops were billeted in nearby Hanwell for nine weeks, the opening of the Oxford Canal from Hawkesbury Junction to Banbury on 30 March 1778 gave the town a cheap and reliable supply of Warwickshire coal. In 1787 the Oxford Canal was extended southwards, finally opening to Oxford on 1 January 1790, the canals main boat yard was the original outlay of todays Tooleys Boatyard. Peoples Park was set up as a park in 1890 and opened in 1910. The land south of the Foscote Private Hospital in Calthorpe and Easington Farm were mostly farmland until the early 1960s as shown by the Ordnance Survey maps of 1964,1955 and 1947
18.
Thomas Leighton (Governor)
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Sir Thomas Leighton was an English soldier and politician. He served as the Governor of Guernsey and Jersey from 1570 to 1609, Sir Thomas was knighted in 1579 during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. He was from Feckenham, Worcestershire, England, born to John Leighton of Wattlesborough and Joyce Sutton, daughter of Edward Sutton and he developed the defensive capabilities of Castle Cornet, but to do so he imposed heavy taxes on the islanders. In 1588 he was sent as a diplomat to Henry III of France, for some years from 1595 he employed Thomas Cartwright as chaplain. Leighton served as Member of Parliament for Worcestershire in 1601, Leighton married Elizabeth Knollys in 1578. They had two daughters, Elizabeth and Anne Leighton, Anne married Sir John St. John, 1st Baronet of Lidiard-Tregoze The couple also had one son, the fathers namesake Thomas Leighton, who married Mary, daughter of Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche
19.
Robert and Thomas Wintour
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Robert Wintour and Thomas Wintour, also spelt Winter, were members of the Gunpowder Plot, a failed conspiracy to assassinate King James I. Brothers, they were related to other conspirators, such as their cousin, Robert Catesby, by 1600, however, he changed his mind and became a fervent Catholic. On several occasions he travelled to the continent and entreated Spain on behalf of Englands oppressed Catholics, as momentum was building behind a peace settlement between the two countries, Thomass pleas fell on deaf ears. Thomas returned to the continent and again failed to elicit Spanish support, Robert, a devout Catholic who inherited Huddington Court near Worcester, joined the conspiracy the following year. The plot began to unravel following the delivery of a letter to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle. Thomas and Catesby confronted Monteagles brother-in-law, the recently recruited Francis Tresham, threatening to kill him, at that stage Thomas reportedly asked Catesby to abandon the scheme, to no avail. When Fawkes was captured at midnight on 4 November 1605. Thomas, by then reintegrated into the group, chose to remain with them, and in the firefight was shot in the shoulder. Robert, who had left before the battle, evaded capture until January 1606, much of what is written about the plot is based on Thomass confessions, given in the Tower of London in November 1605. The brothers were tried on 27 January 1606, and hanged, drawn, Robert and Thomas Wintour were sons of George Wintour of Huddington Court in Worcestershire, and his wife Jane, daughter of Sir William Ingleby of Ripley Castle near Knaresborough. A sister, Dorothy, married another conspirator, John Grant, two agnate half-siblings, John and Elizabeth, resulted from their fathers marriage to Elizabeth Bourn, following Janes death. Their paternal grandparents were Robert Wintour of Cavewell in Gloucestershire, and his wife Catherine, as scions of the Throckmortons, they could therefore claim a kinship with plotters like Robert Catesby and Francis Tresham. The Wintours took their name from the Welsh Gwyn Tour, wyntour was sometimes used in signatures, but not Winter. A faithful Catholic, Robert was married to Gertrude Talbot, daughter of the recusant John Talbot of Grafton and he inherited the Tudor Huddington Court near Worcester, along with a significant fortune with which he was known to be generous. Under Robert, Huddington Court became a refuge for priests. The Jesuit John Gerard wrote that he was esteemed in his life to be one of the wisest and most resolute, gerards appraisal of Thomas was just as complimentary. He was apparently an intelligent, witty and educated man, who could speak Latin, Italian, Spanish and he was of mean stature, but strong and comely and very valient, about 33 years old or somewhat more. Thomas worked as a servant to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle and he was educated as a lawyer, but following several years of dissipation travelled to Flanders and enrolled in the English army
20.
Droitwich Spa
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Droitwich Spa is a town in northern Worcestershire, England, on the River Salwarpe. The Spa was added in the 19th century when John Corbett developed the spa facilities. The River Salwarpe running through Droitwich is likely derived from Sal meaning salt, Droitwich is within the Wychavon area – the only Midlands area to be in the Halifax Quality of Life Survey of 2011. On 4 November 2013 Droitwich Spa Town Council made Max Sinclair an honorary Freeman of the town in recognition of the role he played in the restoration of Droitwich Canals. The town is situated on massive deposits of salt, and salt has been extracted there since ancient times, the natural Droitwich brine contains 2½ lbs. of salt per gallon – ten times stronger than sea water and rivalled only by the Dead Sea. During the Roman era the settlement was known as Salinae and was located at the crossroads of several Roman roads, Railway construction in 1847 revealed Roman mosaic pavements, and later excavations unearthed a Roman villa or corridor house some 44 yards long. The flooding was pictured in UK-wide news, having flooded the majority of the heavily subsided high street, many shops in the high street remained closed almost a year later. The flooding crossed from the stream and canal in Vines Park, crossed Roman Way, rock salt and brine was extracted by the Romans and this continued through to the Middle Ages. A salt tax was levied by the king until it was abolished in 1825, a local family named Wintour owned up to 25 salt evaporating pans in the area by the 1600s. Brine rose naturally to the surface at three sites along the River Salwarpe within Vines Park in the centre of Droitwich, unusually the brine was fully saturated with sodium chloride, and was extremely valuable because it was economic to boil, and the yield of salt was high. Because of its value the brine was divided into shares, one share comprising 6,912 gallons which produced eight tons of salt annually in the set boiling period. When it rained, particularly in the winter when brine was not being boiled, originally brine for boiling was extracted with buckets lowered into the pits which were naturally replenished. Upwich, the deepest of the three pits at 30 feet, supplied most of the brine, while the pit at Netherwich was only 18 feet deep. The Middlewich pit, located between the two, was affected by brine extraction at the other two pits and fell into disuse. Steynor in the 17th century discovered the pit and set up business for himself, with this production increased and pumps were used to draw brine, however, as a result parts of the town succumbed to subsidence. In the mid-19th century, Droitwich became famous as a Spa town, the spa water at Droitwich is the warmest in the United Kingdom outside Bath, but it does not meet the most common definition of a hot spring as the water is below standard human body temperature. The original Brine Baths have long closed, but a new brine bath opened to the public for relaxation. But this too was closed in December 2008 due to a dispute between the operator and Wychavon District Council over health and safety inspections
21.
Worcestershire
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Worcestershire is a county in the West Midlands of England. Between 1974 and 1998, it was merged with the county of Herefordshire as Hereford. The cathedral city of Worcester is the largest settlement and county town, other towns in the county include Redditch, Bromsgrove, Stourport-on-Severn, Droitwich, Evesham, Kidderminster, and Malvern. The north-east of Worcestershire includes part of the industrial West Midlands, the county is divided into six administrive districts, Worcester, Redditch, Wychavon, Malvern Hills, Wyre Forest, and Bromsgrove. The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, to the west, the county is bordered by the Malvern Hills and the spa town of Malvern. The south of the county is bordered by Gloucestershire and the edge of the Cotswolds. Two major rivers flow through the county, the Severn and the Avon, Worcestershire was the heartland of the early English kingdom of the Hwicce. It was absorbed by the Kingdom of Mercia during the 7th century and it was a separate ealdormanship briefly in the 10th century before forming part of the Earldom of Mercia in the 11th century. In the years leading up to the Norman conquest, the Church, supported by the cathedral, Evesham Abbey, Pershore Abbey, Malvern Priory, and other religious houses, increasingly dominated the county. The last known Anglo-Saxon sheriff of the county was Cyneweard of Laughern, on 4 August 1265, Simon de Montfort was killed in the Battle of Evesham in Worcestershire. In 1642, the Battle of Powick Bridge was the first major skirmish of the English Civil War, during the Middle Ages, much of the countys economy was based on the wool trade. Many areas of its forests, such as Feckenham Forest, Horewell Forest. Droitwich Spa, situated on large deposits of salt, was a centre of production from Roman times. These old industries have declined, to be replaced by other. The county is home to the worlds oldest continually published newspaper. Malvern was one of the centres of the 19th century rise in English spa towns due to Malvern water being believed to be very pure, containing nothing at all. The 2011 census found the population of Worcestershire to be 566,169, while this change is in line with the nationwide trend of White British peoples share of the population shrinking, Worcestershire is still much more ethnically homogeneous than the national average. In 2011 England as a whole was 79. 8% White British, the most notable were Dudley, Evenlode, and the area around Shipston-on-Stour
22.
Shropshire
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Shropshire Council was created in 2009, a unitary authority taking over from the previous county council and five district councils. The borough of Telford and Wrekin has been a unitary authority since 1998. The county has many towns, including Whitchurch in the north, Newport north-east of Telford. The Ironbridge Gorge area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, covering Ironbridge, Coalbrookdale, there are other historic industrial sites in the county, such as at Shrewsbury, Broseley, Snailbeach and Highley, as well as the Shropshire Union Canal. The Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty covers about a quarter of the county, Shropshire is one of Englands most rural and sparsely populated counties, with a population density of 136/km2. The Wrekin is one of the most famous landmarks in the county, though the highest hills are the Clee Hills, Stiperstones. Wenlock Edge is another significant geographical and geological landmark, the River Severn, Great Britains longest river, runs through the county, exiting into Worcestershire via the Severn Valley. Shropshire is landlocked and with an area of 3,487 square kilometres is Englands largest inland county, the county flower is the round-leaved sundew. The area was part of the lands of the Cornovii. This was a tribal Celtic iron age kingdom and their capital in pre-Roman times was probably a hill fort on the Wrekin. Ptolemys 2nd century Geography names one of their towns as being Viroconium Cornoviorum, after the Roman occupation of Britain ended in the 5th century, the Shropshire area was in the eastern part of the Welsh Kingdom of Powys, known in Welsh poetry as the Paradise of Powys. It was annexed to the Angle kingdom of Mercia by King Offa in the 8th century, in subsequent centuries, the area suffered repeated Danish invasion, and fortresses were built at Bridgnorth and Chirbury. Many defensive castles were built at this time across the county to defend against the Welsh and enable effective control of the region, including Ludlow Castle, the western frontier with Wales was not finally determined until the 14th century. Also in this period, a number of foundations were formed, the county largely falling at this time under the Diocese of Hereford. The county contains a number of historically significant towns, including Shrewsbury, Bridgnorth, additionally, the area around Coalbrookdale in the county is seen as highly significant, as it is regarded as one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution. The village of Edgmond, near Newport, is the location of the lowest recorded temperature in England, the origin of the name Shropshire is the Old English Scrobbesbyrigscīr, which means Shrewsburyshire. The name may, therefore, be derived indirectly from a name such as Scrope. Salop is an old name for Shropshire, historically used as a form for post or telegrams
23.
John Giffard (died 1556)
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Sir John Giffard, of Chillington in Brewood, was a soldier, courtier, member of the English Parliament and Staffordshire landowner, who made his mark mainly during the reign of Henry VIII. Giffard was the eldest son of Robert Giffard of Chillington by his wife, Cassandra Humphreston. The Giffard family had settled at Chillington since the late 12th century. Little is known of his early life and he married Jane Horde, daughter of Bridgnorths wealthiest landowner, in 1483, when he was about 17 years old. About the age of 20, in 1486, his father Robert died and he inherited the substantial Giffard estates and it is thought that Thomas Horde, his father-in-law might have advanced his career, perhaps introducing him at the royal court during the reign of Henry VII. Certainly he was well known there to be present in 1509 at Henry VIIs funeral and at the coronation of his son. From that date he held important posts in the household, gentleman usher and sewer of the chamber. He had been made a Justice of the Peace in Staffordshire in 1501, from 1509 Giffards career in royal service becomes known and notable. As well as the posts of gentleman usher and sewer, in which Henry VIII perhaps confirmed him, a few months later, the title was altered to the less grandiloquent Ranger of Cannock Forest, and Giffard was to hold it until his death. On 25 September 1513 he was knighted at the battle of the Spurs in France, however, in 1515, Giffard, now a widower, offended the king by remarrying without his permission. He was able to repair relations, but only paying an fine. Giffard was at court regularly for thirty years or more, and he was a confidant of both the king and the queen, Catherine of Aragon, but his position seems not to have been damaged when they separated. He was present at the coronation of Anne Boleyn on 1 June 1533, late in 1539, he and his son, Thomas were sent to Kent to prepare for the arrival of Anne of Cleves at Dover Castle and at Sittingbourne. Early in 1540 he also acted as whiffler, or horn-blower, for all his attendance at court, Giffard was a serious soldier. In 1513, he distinguished himself in Henrys invasion of northern France, in which English troops defeated the French at the Battle of the Spurs, going on to take the important stronghold of Tournai. He was allowed to carry the Royal Standard of England before the king during this campaign, on which he was accompanied by his friend and it was after the taking of Tournai that he was knighted. Giffard was granted a standard in 1523 and may have served in southern France, at some time by 1533, he was made a knight of the body, a member of the royal body guard, a courtly and military honour. In 1536 he was sent to fight the Pilgrimage of Grace
24.
Chester
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Chester is a walled city in Cheshire, England, on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales. With a population of 81,340 in 2014, it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester, Chester was granted city status in 1541. Chester was founded as a castrum or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix in the reign of the Emperor Vespasian in 79 AD, one of the main army camps in Roman Britain, Deva later became a major civilian settlement. Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans, william the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle, to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border. Chester is one of the best preserved walled cities in Britain and it has a number of medieval buildings, but some of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations. Apart from a 100-metre section, the listed Grade I walls are almost complete, the Roman Legio II Adiutrix during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian founded Chester in AD79, as a castrum or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix. The victrix part of the name was taken from the title of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix which was based at Deva, Central Chesters four main roads, Eastgate, Northgate, Watergate and Bridgegate, follow routes laid out at this time. A civilian settlement grew around the base, probably originating from trade with the fortress. The civilian amphitheatre, which was built in the 1st century and it is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain, and is also a Scheduled Monument. The Minerva Shrine in the Roman quarry is the rock cut Roman shrine still in situ in Britain. The fortress was garrisoned by the legion until at least the late 4th century, after the Roman troops withdrew, the Romano-British established a number of petty kingdoms. Chester is thought to have part of Powys. Deverdoeu was a Welsh name for Chester as late as the 12th century, another, attested in the 9th century History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius, is Cair Legion, this later developed into Caerlleon and then the modern Welsh Caer. King Arthur is said to have fought his ninth battle at the city of the legions and later St Augustine came to the city to try to unite the church, and held his synod with the Welsh Bishops. In 616, Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeated a Welsh army at the brutal and decisive Battle of Chester and her name is still remembered in St Werburghs Street which passes alongside the cathedral, and near the city walls. It was Alfreds daughter Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, that built the new Saxon burh, a new Church dedicated to St Peter alone was founded in AD907 by the Lady Æthelfleda at what was to become the Cross. Taking the helm of a barge, he was rowed the short distance up the River Dee from Edgars Field to the great Minster Church of St John the Baptist by six tributary kings called reguli. In 1071 he made Hugh dAvranches, who built Chester Castle, from the 14th century to the 18th century the citys prominent position in North West England meant that it was commonly also known as Westchester
25.
Gilbert Talbot (soldier)
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Sir Gilbert Talbot of Grafton, KG was an English Tudor knight, a younger son of John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury and 2nd Earl of Waterford, and Elizabeth Butler. He was a soldier, Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1495 and Lord Deputy of Calais in 1509, Talbot supported Henry Tudor at Bosworth, where he commanded the right wing. He was given the Grafton estates in Worcestershire after Sir Humphrey Stafford was executed in 1486 for his part in the Stafford, Talbot was also given the honorary position of keeper of Feckenham Forest in 1492. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
26.
Cambridgeshire
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The city of Cambridge is the county town. It contains most of the known as Silicon Fen. Local government is divided between Cambridgeshire County Council and Peterborough City Council, which is a unitary authority. Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of Flag Fen in Fengate, one of the earliest-known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kingdom, compared in importance to Balbridie in Aberdeen, Scotland. A great quantity of archaeological finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, most items were found in Isleham. Cambridgeshire was recorded in the Domesday Book as Grantbridgeshire, covering a large part of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire today is the result of several local government unifications. In 1965, these two counties were merged to form Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely. Under the Local Government Act 1972 this merged with the county to the west, Huntingdon, the resulting county was called simply Cambridgeshire. Since 1998, the City of Peterborough has been a separately administered area and it is associated with Cambridgeshire for ceremonial purposes such as Lieutenancy, and joint functions such as policing and the fire service. In 2002, the conservation charity Plantlife unofficially designated Cambridgeshires county flower as the Pasqueflower, the Cambridgeshire Regiment, the county-based army unit, fought in the Boer War of South Africa, the First World War and Second World War. Due to the flat terrain and proximity to the continent, during the Second World War the military built many airfields here for RAF Bomber Command, RAF Fighter Command. In recognition of this collaboration, the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Madingley and it is the only WWII burial ground in England for American servicemen who died during that event. Most English counties have nicknames for their people, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire, the traditional nicknames for people from Cambridgeshire are Cambridgeshire Camel or Cambridgeshire Crane, referring to the wildfowl that were once abundant in the fens. The term Fenners was often applied to those who come from the country to the north of Cambridge. Since the late 20th century, this term is considered to be derogatory and has been discouraged in use, original historical documents relating to Cambridgeshire are held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies. See also Geology of Cambridgeshire Large areas of the county are extremely low-lying, the highest point is in the village of Great Chishill at 146 m above sea level. Other prominent hills are Little Trees Hill and Wandlebury Hill in the Gog Magog Downs, Rivey Hill above Linton, Rowleys Hill, AWG plc is based in Huntingdon. The RAF has several stations in the Huntingdon and St Ives area, RAF Waterbeach,6 miles north of Cambridge, is a former RAF airfield, now used as an army barracks
27.
William Petre
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Sir William Petre was Secretary of State to four successive Tudor monarchs, namely Kings Henry VIII, Edward VI and Queens Mary I and Elizabeth I. He rose rapidly in the service and was knighted in 1543. Sir William Petre was adept at side-stepping the great controversies of the day. He navigated the ship of state through the rest of Henrys troubled reign and his son was John Petre, 1st Baron Petre of Writtle, raised to the peerage in 1603. The later Barons Petre have mostly been Roman Catholics, the musician William Byrd wrote a Pavan and a Galliard for Sir William Petre, which were published as part of his Parthenia. Born in about 1505 or 1506, Petre was the eldest son of John Petre of Tor Newton in the parish of Torbryan, Devon, by his wife Alice Colling, daughter of John Colling of Woodland, Devon. The Petre family had established at Tor Newton from at least the reign of King Richard II. John Petre was by trade a tanner and both of his grandfathers were franklins and his brothers included, John Petre, Customer of the ports of Dartmouth and Exeter in Devon and MP for Dartmouth in 1554. Robert Petre, an auditor of the Exchequer, whose monument survives in Ingatestone Church and he received a grant of arms in 1573. In 1519 Petre matriculated at the University of Oxford as a law student and he is claimed as a member of Exeter College, of which he was later a benefactor, but there is no evidence of him there as an undergraduate. In 1523 he became a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, on 2 July 1526 he graduated Bachelor of both laws, and in 1527 and 1528 practised as a lawyer in Oxford. Among mid-Tudor privy councillors, Petre is unique in his service, he alone escaped execution, imprisonment in the Tower, house arrest, disgrace, fine, exile. As a diplomat, his manner was smooth, reserved, resolved, at Boulogne in 1550, Chatillion said of Petre Ah, we had gained the last two hundred thousand crowns without hostages, had it not been for that man who said nothing. In his later years, he was said to be a Catholic, nevertheless, his piety was not uncompromising, and did not stand in the way of his temporal advancement. In other ways, Petre was a patron of learning, his correspondence with English envoys abroad contains frequent requests for rare books. He was himself governor of Chelmsford grammar school, and Ascham benefited by his favour, proficient both in Roman and ecclesiastical law, in about 1527, he became Principal of Peckwaters Inn or Vine Hall, and tutor to George Boleyn. It was no doubt through the influence of Boleyns sister Anne that Petre came to the notice of Thomas Cromwell and was introduced at court and he was sent abroad and resided on the continent, chiefly in France, for more than four years. On his return, he was appointed a Clerk in Chancery, Anne Husee, knowing her head to be in danger if she continued to support Mary, took the more prudent way and besought pardon
28.
Sir John Hanmer, 1st Baronet
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Sir John Hanmer, 1st Baronet was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1624. Hanmer was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Hanmer, who was MP for Flintshire in 1593 and he was a member of the Council of Wales and the Marches, and was a leader of the Puritan party. He was created baronet on 8 July 1620, in 1624, Hanmer was elected Member of Parliament for Flintshire. He died later in the year at the age of 33, Hanmer married Dorothy Trevor, daughter of Sir Richard Trevor of Allington. His son Thomas succeeded to the baronetcy and was also MP for Flint and Flintshire
29.
Longford, Market Drayton
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Longford is a small village near the town of Market Drayton, Shropshire, England. It is just off the A53, near to Ternhill and lies in the parish of Moreton Say, a topographical guide to Shropshire published in 2005 describes Longford as a charming hamlet on a rise in undulating country. The guide says Longford is 1.5 miles west of Market Drayton and 1 mile southeast of Moreton Say, the village name is believed to come from a great road that existed in Roman times and was simply known as the Longford. By 1319 it was a Royal road between Bletchley and Hinstock to the south, the village, not on the road, is located just east of Bletchley. Talbot Chapel, Longford Media related to Longford, Market Drayton at Wikimedia Commons Longford - hamlet in Moreton Say Parish Map of Longford west of Market Drayton
30.
Market Drayton
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Market Drayton is a market town in north Shropshire, England, close to the Welsh and Staffordshire border. It is on the River Tern, between Shrewsbury and Stoke-on-Trent, and was known as Drayton in Hales and earlier simply as Drayton. Market Drayton is on the Shropshire Union Canal and on Regional Cycle Route 75, the A53 road by-passes the town. The counties of Staffordshire and Cheshire are both close by, in 1245 King Henry III granted a charter for a weekly Wednesday market, giving the town its current name. The market is held every Wednesday. An electoral ward in the name exists. In 1965, sausage maker Palethorpes built a new factory employing 400 people in the town, purchased by Northern Foods in 1990, the company was merged with Bowyers of Trowbridge, Wiltshire and Pork Farms of Nottingham to form Pork Farms Bowyers. The sausage brand was sold in 2001 to Kerry Group, and it produces various meat based and chilled food products, under both the Pork Farms brand and for third parties, including Asda. Müller Dairy have a factory making yogurts, the town is also the home of Tern Press, a highly respected and collectible small press publisher of poetry. Image on Food also makes local gingerbread, recent developments in the local service industry include the retailers Argos, Wilkinsons and B & M which have all brought new employment to the town. It is widely considered to be the Home of Gingerbread, supplied by a pure water source running under the town, two breweries operated in the town during the early 20th century. In 2000, Steve Nuttall started a microbrewery, Joules Brewery Ltd, the new company bought the 16th century Red Lion, a pub that formerly belonged to the earlier company, where the brewery was built, completed in 2010. It produces three core ales on the site as well as a number of seasonal beers, the church stands on the top of a prominent outcrop of red sandstone rock above the River Tern. The Domesday Book describes A Priest in Drayton, and there was likely a wooden Saxon church on the site prior to the construction of the present Norman stone building. In 1201 Pope Innocent III forbade the weekly market which had taken place in the churchyard after the Sunday morning service. As a result, the market moved northwards a few hundred yards, in the 1320s major building work was undertaken in the church. In the Georgian era galleries and box pews were added, the church boasts some fine stained glass. The west window, depicting Queen Victoria, is by Shrigley, the east window, showing the Resurrection of Jesus, is by Charles Eamer Kempe
31.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
32.
Herefordshire
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Herefordshire is a historic English county in the West Midlands. It is a county and a unitary non-metropolitan county and district, also named in legislation as the County of Herefordshire. The Welsh unitary county covering the part of Gwent next to Herefordshire is Monmouthshire, Hereford is a cathedral city and is the county town, with a population of approximately 55,800 inhabitants it is also the largest settlement. The county is one of the most rural and sparsely populated in England, the land use is predominantly agricultural and the county is well known for its fruit and cider production, and the Hereford cattle breed. From 1974 to 1998, Herefordshire was part of the former county of Hereford. Herefordshire was reconstituted both as a new district and as a new county by Statutory Instrument as defined in The Hereford and this Order established Herefordshire as a unitary authority on 1 April 1998, combining county and district functions into a single council. Herefordshire is also called a unitary district, but this is not official nomenclature. Herefordshire is officially known as an authority for local government purposes. The Lieutenancies Act 1997 made Herefordshire a ceremonial county, covering the area of the unitary district. For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS3 region and is one of three counties that comprise the Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire NUTS2 region. The River Wye, which at 135 miles is the fifth-longest in the United Kingdom and it flows through both Hereford and Ross-on-Wye before returning to Wales. Leominster is situated on the River Lugg, a tributary of the Wye, there are two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in the county. The Wye Valley is located in the valleys south of Hereford, while the Malvern Hills are in the east of the county. Herefordshire is one of the 39 historic counties of England, in 1974 it was merged with neighbouring Worcestershire to form the Hereford and Worcester administrative county. Within this, Herefordshire was covered by the government districts of South Herefordshire, Hereford. However, the county was dissolved in 1998, resulting in the return of Herefordshire and Worcestershire as counties, the current ceremonial county and unitary district have broadly the same borders as the pre-1974 historic county. However this has been from a base, with only Northumberland. The population is White 98. 2%, Asian 0. 8%, Mixed 0. 7%, Black 0. 2%, gypsies and Travellers have historically been Herefordshires largest minority ethnic group
33.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
34.
Catholic Encyclopedia
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The first volume appeared in March 1907 and the last three volumes appeared in 1912, followed by a master index volume in 1914 and later supplementary volumes. It was designed to give its readers full and authoritative information on the cycle of Catholic interests, action. The Catholic Encyclopedia was published by the Robert Appleton Company, a company incorporated at New York in February 1905 for the express purpose of publishing the encyclopedia. The five members of the encyclopedias Editorial Board also served as the directors of the company, in 1912 the companys name was changed to The Encyclopedia Press. Publication of the volumes was the sole business conducted by the company during the projects lifetime. The encyclopedia was designed to serve the Roman Catholic Church, concentrating on information related to the Church and it records the accomplishments of Catholics and others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits, including artists, educators, poets and scientists. The volumes came out sequentially the first two in 1907 and the last three in 1912, The editors had their first editorial meeting at the office of The Messenger, on West 16th Street, New York City. The text received a nihil obstat from an official censor, Remy Lafort, on November 1,1908 and this review process was presumably accelerated by the reuse of older authorized publications. A first supplement was published in 1922, a supplement in nine loose-leaf sections was published by The Gilmary Society between 1950 and 1958. In 1912, a special completely illustrated commemorative volume was awarded to patrons who contributed to the start of the enterprise by buying multiple encyclopedia sets early on. The encyclopedia was later updated under the auspices of The Catholic University of America and a 17-volume New Catholic Encyclopedia was first published in 1967, and then in 2002. The Catholic Encyclopedia and its makers states that, The work is entirely new, the editors have insisted that the articles should contain the latest and most accurate information to be obtained from the standard works on each subject. Those who wrote new articles in English include Anthony Maas and Herbert Thurston, under United States copyright law, all works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain. Knight founded the website New Advent to house the undertaking, volunteers from the United States, Canada, France, and Brazil helped in the transcription of the original material. The site went online in 1995, and transcription work ended in 1997, in 2007, Catholic Answers published a watermarked version derived from page scans. This version has since replaced with a transcription of the Encyclopedia similar to that found at the New Advent website. The Catholic Answers transcription, however, is a transcription of the original text, whereas the New Advent version at times modernizes certain words. Other scanned copies of the 1913 Encyclopedia are available on Google Books, at the Internet Archive, wikisource also hosts a transcription project backed by the scans hosted at Commons
35.
John Strype
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John Strype was an English clergyman, historian and biographer. He was a cousin of sailor and writer Robert Knox, born in Houndsditch, London, he was the son of John Strype, or van Stryp, a member of a Huguenot family who, in order to escape religious persecution within Brabant, had settled in East London. Located in what has now become known as Strype Street in Petticoat Lane, he was a merchant and silk throwster. The younger John was educated at St Pauls School, and on 5 July 1662 entered Jesus College, Cambridge, he went on there to Catharine Hall. On 14 July 1669 Strype became perpetual curate of Theydon Bois, in 1711 he obtained from Archbishop Thomas Tenison the sinecure of West Tarring, Sussex, and he discharged the duties of lecturer at Hackney from 1689 till 1724. At the latter place he spent his last years with a married granddaughter and he was buried in the church at Leyton. The materials he obtained were used in his historical and biographical works, most of his original materials have been preserved, and are included among the Lansdowne manuscripts in the British Museum. His works are not really original in nature, his work having mainly been to arrange his materials and his Historical and Biographical Works were reprinted in 59 vols. at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, between 1812 and 1824. A general index by Robert French Laurence in 2 vols. was added in 1828, Strype also published, besides a number of single sermons, an edition of John Lightfoots Works, and in 1700 Some genuine Remains of John Lightfoot. With a large preface concerning the author. Pt. II, Vol. III, Pt. I, Vol. III, Pt. II, Vol. IV This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. Works by John Strype at Open Library An electronic edition of John Strypes A SURVEY OF THE CITIES OF London and Westminster
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "John Talbot". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton. The entry cites:
