1.
Violence in sports
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There are two major theories on the cause of violence in sports. One theory holds that humans have an instinct for violence, developed during a time when human ancestors had to resort to violence and aggressiveness to survive. Another theory deals with the aspects of violence in sports. Through a civilizing process, many sports have become less tolerant of bloodshed than past versions. Athletes sometimes resort to violence, in hopes of injuring and intimidating opponents, such incidents may be part of a strategy developed by coaches or players. Outlawed tactics in boxing include hitting the opponent on the back of the head, under the belly during clinching, other tactics that are outlawed, but less seen, are pushing an opponent extremely hard to the floor, kicking, or hitting repeatedly after the round has ended. Similar actions have also happened in ice hockey and Australian Football League matches, high school, college, and even professional sports teams often include initiation ceremonies as a rite of passage. A1999 study by Alfred University and the NCAA found that four out of five college US athletes experienced hazing. Half were required to take part in alcohol-related initiations, while two-thirds were subjected to humiliation rituals, Violence may also be related to nationalism or as an outlet for underlying social tensions. Violence by supporters of sports teams dates back to Roman times, usually, underlying political and/or theological issues helped fuel riots related to sporting events in the Roman era. The Nika riots of 532 were especially deadly, with tens of thousands reportedly killed, the actions of English football hooligans and firms in the 1980s caused English teams to be banned from European competition for six years after the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. Many known hooligans were prevented from traveling to the tournament in Portugal, there was a collective sigh of relief from security experts in the USA when England failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Alan Rothenberg said, In 532, the rivalry between supporters of the Blue and Green chariot-racing teams in Constantinople led to 30,000 deaths in the Nika riots. The first meeting in the American football rivalry between Brigham Young University and the University of Utah took place in April 1896, when BYU was known as Brigham Young Academy. The two schools disagree to this day as to whether this game was official, but it mattered greatly to the spectators—at the end of the game, the two sets of fans fought one another. In 1972, Oregon pummeled Oregon State 30–3 in their annual Civil War football rivalry game, after the game, jubilant Oregon fans rushed the field and tore down the south goal post. They then turned to do the same to the goal post. In 1975, cyclist Eddy Merckx was viciously punched by a spectator as he climbed the Puy de Dôme in the Tour de France, the 1980 Scottish Cup Final between bitter Old Firm rivals Celtic and Rangers was marred by an on-pitch riot between rival fans
2.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
3.
Johnny Bright
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Johnny D. Bright was a professional Canadian football player in the Canadian Football League. He played college football at Drake University, in 1951, Bright was named a First Team College Football All-American, and was awarded the Nils V. Swede Nelson Sportsmanship Award. In 1969, Bright was named Drake Universitys greatest football player of all time, in February 2006, the football field at Drake Stadium, in Des Moines, Iowa, was named in his honor. In November 2006, Bright was voted one of the CFLs Top 50 players of the modern era by Canadian sports network TSN. Born in Fort Wayne, Indiana on June 11,1930, Bright was a three-sport star at Fort Waynes Central High School. Bright eventually lettered in football, track, and basketball, during his career at Drake. In Brights junior year, the halfback/quarterback rushed for 1,232 yards and passed for 1,168 yards, setting an NCAA record for total offense in 1950, Brights senior year began with great promise. During the first seven minutes of the game, Bright had been knocked unconscious three times by blows from Oklahoma A&M defensive tackle Wilbanks Smith. Bright finished the game with 75 yards, the first time he had finished a game less than 100 yards in his three-year collegiate career at Drake. Oklahoma A&M eventually won the game 27-14 and it had been an open secret before the game that A&M was planning to target Bright. Even though A&M had integrated two years earlier, the Jim Crow spirit was still much alive in Stillwater. Ultang and Robinson had actually set up their camera after rumors of Bright being targeted became too loud to ignore. When it became apparent that neither Oklahoma A&M nor the MVC would take any action against Smith, Drake withdrew from the MVC in protest. The Johnny Bright Incident, as it widely known, eventually provoked changes in NCAA football rules regarding illegal blocking. Recalling the incident without apparent bitterness in a 1980 Des Moines Register interview three years before his death, Bright commented, Theres no way it couldnt have been racially motivated. Bright went on to add, What I like about the deal now. It made the NCAA take a look and clean up some things that were bad. As a senior, Bright earned 70 percent of the yards Drake gained and scored 70 percent of the Bulldogs points, following his final football season at Drake, Bright was named a First Team College Football All-American and finished fifth in the balloting for the 1951 Heisman Trophy
4.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
5.
Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Stillwater is a city in north east Oklahoma at the intersection of US-177 and State Highway 51. It is the county seat of Payne County, Oklahoma, United States, as of 2012, the city population was estimated to be 46,560, making it the tenth largest city in Oklahoma. Stillwater is the city of the Stillwater Micropolitan Statistical Area which had a population of 78,399 according to the 2012 census estimate. Stillwater was part of the first Oklahoma Land Run held April 22,1889, the city charter was adopted on August 24 later that year. Stillwater has an economy with a foundation in aerospace, agribusiness, biotechnology, optoelectronics, printing and publishing. The city operates under a government system. The citys largest employer is Oklahoma State University and it was one of the 100 top places to live in 2010, according to CNN Money Magazine. Stillwater is located in the popularly known as Tornado Alley. It has a subtropical climate and the highest recorded temperature was 115 °F on August 11,1936. The city is home to the National Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum, the north-central region of Oklahoma became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In 1832, author and traveler Washington Irving provided the first recorded description of the area around Stillwater in his book A Tour on the Prairies and he wrote of “a glorious prairie spreading out beneath the golden beams of an autumnal sun. The deep and frequent traces of buffalo, showed it to be a one of their grazing grounds. ”According to one legend, local Native American tribes — Ponca, Kiowa, Osage. A second legend states that cattlemen driving herds from Texas to railways back east always found water still there, a third legend holds that David L. Payne walked up to Stillwater Creek and said, “This town should be named Still Water”. Members of the thought he was crazy, but the name stuck. Stillwater Creek received its name in 1884 when William L. Couch established his “boomer colony” on its banks. On April 22,1889, the cannons fired signaling the first Land Run that opened up the Unassigned Lands of the Oklahoma Territory, which included Stillwater. By the end of the day,240 acres had been claimed and designated as Stillwater township, the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture simply says that the name officiallybecame Stillwater only when the post office opened on May 28,1889. On Christmas Eve,1890, the legislature of Oklahoma Territory passed a bill certifying Stillwater as the land grant college site, in 1894, Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College held a dedication of its first brick building, Assembly Building, later known as Old Central
6.
Drake Bulldogs
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The Drake Bulldogs are the intercollegiate athletics teams of Drake University located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The Bulldogs athletic program is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference, Drake also sponsors teams in the Pioneer Football League and Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. Drakes live bulldog mascot is Griff, a show dog, the costumed mascot is Spike. The mens basketball began in 1906. In 1907, Drake joined the Missouri Valley Conference, having played as an independent. Drakes current live mascot, Griff, is named for Griffith as a result, Griffith was later instrumental in another major component of Drake athletics when he organized the first Drake Relays in 1910. The Relays moved to Drake Stadium when it opened in 1925, Drake played the first-ever night game at Soldier Field in 1930, falling to Oregon Oregon 14-7. Drake won the championships for cross country in 1944,1945. On October 20,1951, Drakes black football star Johnny Bright was assaulted in a game at Oklahoma A&M. Bright would finish 5th in the balloting for the Heisman Trophy, Drake rejoined the Missouri Valley Conference for non-football sports in 1956. In 1969, the basketball team advanced to the national semifinals. Legend Dolph Pulliam becomes the first athlete to be selected in both the NBA and NFL drafts, Pulliam was drafted by the Boston Celtics and Dallas Cowboys in 1969. Football returned to the MVC in 1971,20 years after the Bright incident, following changes in NCAA regulation in 1985, football was briefly dropped before returning as a non-scholarship Division III sport, it later returned to Division I but remains non-scholarship. Alumnus Zach Johnson has won two championships, the 2007 Masters and the 2015 Open Championship. This track and field event has held since 1910, and, after the NCAA Championships, is the second-largest collegiate track. Participants come from all over the world to compete in this three-day event, many Olympic athletes can be found participating in these events, which commonly break national and world records
7.
Boone Pickens Stadium
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Boone Pickens Stadium has been home to the Oklahoma State University Cowboys football team in rudimentary form since 1913, and as a complete stadium since 1920. The facility is the oldest football stadium in the Big 12 Conference but was largely neglected and enjoyed only modest renovations throughout its near-century of existence. An ambitious fund-raising project for the renovation dubbed The Next Level became the flagship effort of the Oklahoma State athletic department, Oklahoma State, then known as Oklahoma A&M, first began playing at the current site of Pickens Stadium in 1913. In addition to his duties as dean and instructor at OAMC, under his brief administration, OAMC established the first school of commerce and marketing in the nation and developed experimental stations around the state. In addition to naming the field after him, the students also dedicated the 1914 yearbook, its first, the school built a permanent 8, 000-seat grandstand—roughly corresponding to the lower level of the current facilitys north grandstand—in 1920. The stadium originally was positioned in the traditional north-south direction, but was reoriented east-west to avoid the prevailing winds. It remains one of a handful of stadiums in the United States with goals at the east and west ends. The university planned to build a stadium, similar to Ohio State Universitys Ohio Stadium. During the 1929–1930 seasons,8,000 permanent seats were built on the side for an overall capacity of 13,000. In 1947 the south stands were increased from 20 to 53 rows, for the first time, a permanent press box was then added. Prior to the 1950 season,10,600 seats were added to the north stands, after the 1971 season the cinder track was removed, lowering the field 12 feet and making the space between the field and the stadium retaining walls among the smallest in college athletics. Twenty rows of permanent seats were added to both sides of the stadium. This expansion, including conversion to an artificial turf playing surface. Press box construction was completed in 1980 at a cost of $1.8 million, a lighting system for night games was installed in time for the 1985 season and cost approximately $750,000. The all-time attendance record for Lewis Field is 51,458 for the Bedlam Series game in 1979, in a side note to history, the field hosted the Oklahoma Outlaws and the Houston Gamblers of the USFL professional football league in 1984. Due to a conflict at Tulsas Skelly Stadium, the Outlaws were forced to play their last Exhibition game in Stillwater, only 6,120 attended the cold February 19 game. Lewis Field was officially renamed Boone Pickens Stadium during a ceremony at the 2003 football game versus the University of Wyoming. The stadium’s name was changed to honor OSU alumnus T. Boone Pickens, the stadium turf was replaced in 2005
8.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
9.
Running back
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A running back is an American and Canadian football position, a member of the offensive backfield. The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback for a play, to catch passes from out of the backfield. There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a play, depending on the offensive formation. A running back may be a halfback or a fullback, a running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the teams starting running back. The halfback or tailback position is responsible for carrying the ball on the majority of running plays, in the modern game, an effective halfback must have a blend of both quickness and agility as a runner, as well as sure hands and good vision up-field as a receiver. Quarterbacks depend on halfbacks as a safety valve receiver when primary targets downfield are covered or when they are under pressure, occasionally, halfbacks line up as additional wide receivers. As a trick play, running backs are used to pass the ball on a halfback option play or halfback pass. The difference between halfback and tailback is the position of the player in the offensive formation. In historical formations, the lined up approximately halfway between the line of scrimmage and the fullback. Because the halfback is usually the main ball carrier, modern offensive formations have positioned the halfback behind the fullback. As a result, some systems or playbooks will call for a tailback as opposed to a halfback, in most modern college and professional football schemes, fullbacks carry the ball infrequently, instead using their stronger physiques as primary lead blockers. On most running plays, the leads the halfback, attempting to block potential tacklers before they reach the ball carrier. When fullbacks are called upon to carry the ball, the situation calls for gaining a short amount of yardage. Fullbacks are technically running backs, but today the term running back is used in referring to the halfback or tailback. Although modern fullbacks are rarely used as carriers, in previous offensive schemes fullbacks would be the designated ball carriers. In high school football, where player sizes vary greatly, fullbacks are still used as ball carriers. In high school and college offenses, the triple option uses the fullback as a primary ball carrier. The fullback plays a role by establishing an inside running threat on every play
10.
Quarterback
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A quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the team and line up directly behind the offensive line. In modern American football, the quarterback is considered the leader of the offensive team. In modern American football, the quarterback is usually the leader of the offense, the quarterback touches the ball on almost every offensive play, and his successes and failures can have a significant impact on the fortunes of his team. Accordingly, the quarterback is among the most glorified and scrutinized positions in team sports, prior to each play, the quarterback will usually tell the rest of his team which play the team will run. After the team is lined up, the center will pass the ball back to the quarterback, usually on a running play, the quarterback will then hand or pitch the ball backwards to a half back or full back. On a passing play, the quarterback is almost always the responsible for trying to throw the ball downfield to an eligible receiver downfield. Depending on the scheme by his team, the quarterbacks role can vary. While quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often, in the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the CFL, the quarterback can wear any number from 0 to 49 and 70 to 99. Because of their numbering, quarterbacks are eligible receivers in the NCAA, NFHS, after a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is chosen for the Im going to Disney World. Campaign, whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not, examples include Joe Montana, Trent Dilfer, Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis murder trial the prior year. In addition to their role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks, in the Wildcat, a formation where a halfback lines up behind the center and the quarterback lines up out wide, the quarterback can be used as a receiving target or a blocker. A more rare use for a quarterback is to punt the ball himself, Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway was known to perform quick kicks occasionally, typically when the Broncos were facing a third-and-long situation. As Roger Staubachs back-up, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Danny White was also the teams punter, ascending the starting role upon Staubachs retirement, White held his position as the teams punter for several seasons—a double duty he performed to All-American standard at Arizona State University. White also had two touchdown receptions as a Dallas Cowboy, both from the halfback option, if quarterbacks are uncomfortable with the formation the defense is using, they may call an audible change to their play
11.
Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls
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Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls are the athletic teams that represent Oklahoma State University. The programs mascot is a cowboy named Pistol Pete, Oklahoma State participates at the National Collegiate Athletic Association s Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the Big 12 Conference. The universitys current athletic director is Mike Holder, in total, Oklahoma State has 51 NCAA team national titles, which ranks fourth in most NCAA team national championships. These national titles have come in wrestling, golf, basketball, baseball, the 1945 Oklahoma A&M football team was retroactively awarded a national title in October 2016 by the American Football Coaches Association. Prior to 1957, OSU was known as Oklahoma A&M, as was common with most land-grant schools, its teams were known for many years as Aggies. However, in 1923, A&M was looking for a new mascot to replace its pet tiger, a group of students saw Frank Eaton leading the Armistice Day Parade. He was approached to see if he would be interested in being the model for the new mascot, the caricature, Pistol Pete, that was drawn that year is more or less the same as the one in use today. Only a few decades removed from the cattle drive era, the cowboy was still an important figure in the Southwest, the new mascot had become so popular that by 1924, Charles Saulsberry, sports editor of the Oklahoma City Times, began calling A&Ms teams the Cowboys. Aggies and Cowboys were used interchangeably until A&M was elevated to university status in 1957, the Waving Song is one of the fight songs for Oklahoma State. At Oklahoma State football games, the song is played by the Cowboy Marching Band during the pregame traditions, following touchdowns, for other athletic events, the Waving Song is played after an OSU victory as the start of the fight song trilogy. While the song is played, fans wave their arms in the air. The songs melody is that of The Streets of New York, the lyrics used by Oklahoma State were written by H. G. Seldomridge, a professor who heard the tune on a visit to New York City. The original lyrics used the abbreviation OAMC in place of Oklahoma State and it was first sung in 1908 at a follies show at Stillwaters Grand Opera House. Ever since, it has been a tradition to play the song at OSU athletic events, Oklahoma State first took the basketball court in 1908. Under head coach Henry Iba, the team won NCAA championships in 1945, A&M center Bob Kurland was named the NCAA Tournament MVP during their two championship seasons. Kurland was the first player to win the two times. Oklahoma State has a total of six Final Four appearances, under Eddie Sutton, the team made two Final Four appearances—in 1995 and in 2004. Suttons son, Sean Sutton, began coaching the team in 2006, the team is now coached by Brad Underwood after firing Travis Ford following the 2015-2016 season
12.
Heisman Trophy
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The Heisman Memorial Trophy, is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in college football in the United States whose performance best exhibits the pursuit of excellence with integrity. Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence, perseverance, and hard work and it is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December before the postseason bowl games. The award was created by the Downtown Athletic Club in 1935 to recognize the most valuable football player east of the Mississippi. After the death in October 1936 of the Clubs athletic director, John Heisman, Heisman had been active in college athletics as a football player, a head football, basketball, and baseball coach, and an athletic director. It is the oldest of several awards in college football, including the Maxwell Award, Walter Camp Award. The most recent winner of the Heisman Trophy is University of Louisville quarterback Lamar Jackson, the trophy itself, designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu, is modeled after Ed Smith, a leading player in 1934 for the now-defunct New York University football team. The trophy is made out of cast bronze, is 13.5 inches tall, Eliscu had asked Smith, his former George Washington High School classmate, to pose for a commissioned sculpture of a football player. Smith did not realize until 1982 that the sculpture had become the Heisman Trophy, the Downtown Athletic Club presented Smith with a Heisman Trophy of his own in 1985. From its inception in 1935, the statue was cast by Dieges & Clust in New York until 1980, for a time until at least 2008, the statues were cast by Roman Bronze Works in New York. There are 870 media voters,145 voters from each of six regions, according to Heisman. com there are currently 57 prior winners eligible to vote and, thus,57 potential votes. Fans, As the Premier Partner of the Heisman Trophy, Nissan has a vote, fan voting done through a survey collected by ESPN on NissanHeismanHouse. com. Each voter identifies three selections, ranking them in order, each first-place selection is awarded three points. Each second-place selection is awarded two points, each third-place selection is awarded one point. Voters must make three selections and cannot duplicate a selection, else the ballot is invalid and none of the selections count, the accounting firm Deloitte is responsible for the tabulation of votes, which has moved almost exclusively to online voting since 2007. Larry Kelley and Clint Frank of Yale were the first teammates to win the Heisman Trophy, nile Kinnick of Iowa was the only Heisman Trophy winner to have a stadium named after him. In 1972, the University of Iowa renamed its football complex Kinnick Stadium, Kinnick is also the only winner to die in military service of the United States, he went down piloting an F4F Wildcat from the deck of USS Lexington. His death in 1943 made him the first Heisman Trophy winner to die, Doc Blanchard was the first junior to win the Heisman Trophy when he led Army to the national title in 1945. Paul Hornung was the player to win the Heisman Trophy as a player for a losing team
13.
Rush (gridiron football)
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Rushing has two different meanings in gridiron football. The first is a taken by the offense that means to advance the ball by running with it, as opposed to passing. The other is a taken by the defense that means to charge towards the quarterback. When players on the defense are collectively rushing the passer, it is called the pass rush, in both offense and defense, any rushing player is called a rusher. Rushing, on offense, is running with the ball starting from behind the line of scrimmage. While this usually means a play, any offensive play that does not involve a forward pass is a rush - also called a run. It is usually done by the back after a handoff from the quarterback, although quarterbacks. The quarterback will run when a passing play has broken down - such as when there is no receiver open to catch the ball -. A team with a quarterback who is fast and skilled at running may regularly call intentional running plays for that quarterback, but this is rare due to the increased risk of injury. A wide receiver can act as a rusher on several kinds of plays, such as on a reverse, on an end-around, or on a pass behind the line of scrimmage. However, a wide receiver screen play is intended to be a forward pass so that if the receiver drops the ball it is an incomplete pass instead of a fumble. A rushing attempt may also be referred to as a carry, with any yards gained referred to as rushing yards, as in the running back had 20 carries for 100 rushing yards
14.
Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept of offside is used to regulate who can be in front of the play or be nearest to the goal, however, this has not always been the case. Some earlier incarnations of football allowed unlimited forward passing, while others had strict offside rules similar to rugby, the development of the forward pass in American football shows how the game has evolved from its rugby roots into the distinctive game it is today. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, another change in rules occurred on January 18,1951, which established that no center, tackle, or guard could receive a forward pass. Today, the only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends, current rules regulate who may throw and who may receive a forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. In American and Canadian football, a pass, usually referred to simply as a pass. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from in or behind the neutral zone. An illegal forward pass can incur a penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed, if an opposing player legally catches the ball it is an interception. That players team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponents goal, if no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to the line of scrimmage for the next down. If any player interferes with an eligible receivers ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree. The person passing the ball must be a member of the team. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game, the pass begins the moment the passers arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it is a fumble, in this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few paces after the ball is snapped
15.
The O'Colly
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The OColly, formerly The Daily OCollegian, is the student-run newspaper at Oklahoma State University. The OColly is published three times a week and distributed at cost to OSU students at various points around the campus in Stillwater, the newspaper has been in distribution since May 1895. The OColly is ranked as one of the top newspapers in the country. Though the student-run newspaper at Oklahoma State has been around almost from the beginning, the papers original name, The College Mirror, was used from 1895 to 1899. The name would change to The College Paper in 1899, The Orange and Black in 1907. In December 1924 The OCollegian began daily publication, increased its circulation to 2,983, the only other college newspapers holding AP membership at the time were at the University of Illinois, Indiana University, the University of Iowa and Dartmouth College. In 1927, the name was amended a final time. The OCollys online edition was launched in 1995, starting with the fall 2014 semester, the paper cut Tuesday and Thurday edition and rebranded as The OColly with a new tabloid format. The OColly has received All-America honors, the highest rating given by the Associated Collegiate Press and National Scholastic Press Association, every year since 1989. In 1990, the paper produced the National SPJ Sports Photo of the year, one photographer received SPJs Sports Photo of the Year and was a runner-up for News Photo of the Year in 2004. In 1991, The OColly produced the National Story of the Year from the Associated Collegiate Press, also in 1991, the paper received the Distinguished Newspaper Adviser Award from College Media Advisers Inc. The OColly received the National Newspaper Pacemaker Award, often considered the Pulitzer Prize of college journalism, chester Gould - Created the Dick Tracy strip Paul Miller - Helped in the creation of the Gannett media empire, also served as president of the Associated Press The Ocally
16.
Jim Crow laws
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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these continued in force until 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a separate. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to available to European Americans. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, the U. S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson. By requiring candidates to submit photos, his administration practiced racial discrimination in hiring and these Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. The phrase Jim Crow Law can be found as early as 1892 in the title of a New York Times article about voting laws in the South, as a result of Rices fame, Jim Crow by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning Negro. When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation which were directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, during the Reconstruction period of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U. S. South for freedmen, the African Americans who had formerly been slaves, extensive voter fraud was also used. Gubernatorial elections were close and had been disputed in Louisiana for years, in 1877, a national Democratic Party compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the governments withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained power in every Southern state. These Southern, white, Democratic Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws, grandfather clauses temporarily permitted some illiterate whites to vote but gave no relief to most blacks. Voter turnout dropped drastically through the South as a result of such measures, in Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the states population. By 1910, only 730 blacks were registered, less than 0. 5% of eligible black men, in 27 of the states 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer, in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was. The cumulative effect in North Carolina meant that voters were completely eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896–1904. The growth of their middle class was slowed. Alabama had tens of thousands of poor whites disenfranchised and those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, like schools, Jim Crow public libraries were underfunded and often stocked with secondhand books and other resources
17.
Defensive tackle
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A defensive tackle is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football. The defensive tackle lines up opposite one of the offensive guards. Depending on a teams defensive scheme, a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles. These roles may include holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponents backfield. If a defensive tackle reads a play, his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback. Other responsibilities of the tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme. In a traditional 4–3 defensive set, there is no nose tackle, instead there is a left and right defensive tackle. Some teams especially in the NFL do have a nose tackle in this scheme, nose tackle is a defensive alignment position for a defensive lineman. In the 3–4 defensive scheme the sole defensive tackle is referred to as the nose tackle, the nose tackle aligns across the line of scrimmage from the offenses center before the play begins in the 0-technique position. In this position, frequently taking on the center and at least one if not both of the guards, the tackle is considered to be the most physically demanding position in football. In five-linemen situations, such as a formation, the nose guard is the innermost lineman. Typical 3–4 nose tackles are big wide bodies who can hold the point of attack and force double teams by the guard and they are usually the heaviest players on the roster, with weights ranging from 325 to 375 pounds. Also, height is critical, as they are supposed to get under the offensive line, recent examples of such nose tackles include Ron Simmons, Casey Hampton, Jamal Williams, Gilbert Brown, Dontari Poe, and Vince Wilfork. Rather uncommon are taller nose tackles, such as Ted Washington and Maake Kemoeatu, in some 4–3 defensive set, the nose tackle is one of two defensive tackles. Some teams especially in the NFL do have a nose tackle in the 4–3 defensive set, in a 4–3 defensive set, nose tackles are rather quick and supposed to shoot the A gap and beat the center and very likely the weak-side or pulling guard into the backfield. Height is not as important, and their weight is closer to 300 pounds, the terms nose guard or middle guard were more commonly used with the five-man defensive line of the older 5-2 defense. Effective against most plays of the day, but with a weakness to the short pass. In the 4-3 defense, the middle linebacker replaced the middle guard
18.
Touchdown
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A touchdown is a means of scoring in both American and Canadian football. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, to score a touchdown, one team must take the football into the opposite end zone. The touchdown is scored the instant the ball crosses the plane of the line while in possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone. The play is dead and the scores the moment the ball crosses the goal line in possession of a player. The slightest part of the ball being over the line is sufficient for a touchdown to score. However, only the ball counts, not a players helmet, foot, touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes breaking the plane as well. Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball, however, the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone. Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return, in short, any play in which a player legally carries the ball across the goal line scores a touchdown, and the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential. A touchdown is worth six points, the scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion. Afterwards, the team scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team. This rule was changed to the iteration in 1889. If the teammate could fair catch the ball, he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch, the governing rule at the time read, A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns. A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns, but in the case of a tie, in 1881, the rules were modified so that a goal kicked from a touchdown took precedence over a goal kicked from the field in breaking ties. In 1882, four touchdowns were determined to take precedence over a goal kicked from the field, two safeties were equivalent to a touchdown. In 1883, points were introduced to football, and a touchdown counted as four points, a goal after a touchdown also counted as four points. In 1889, the provision requiring the ball to actually be touched to the ground was removed, a touchdown was now scored by possessing the ball beyond the goal line. In 1897, the touchdown scored five points, and the goal after touchdown added another point, in 1900, the definition of touchdown was changed to include situations where the ball becomes dead on or above the goal line. In 1912, the value of a touchdown was increased to six points, the end zone was also added
19.
The Des Moines Register
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The Des Moines Register is the daily morning newspaper of Des Moines, Iowa. A separate edition of the Register is sold throughout much of Iowa, the first newspaper in Des Moines, the Iowa Star, was founded in 1849. In 1855, the Iowa Citizen began publication, it was renamed the Iowa State Register in 1860, in 1902, the Register merged with the Des Moines Leader, a descendant of the Star, to become the Des Moines Register and Leader. In 1903, Des Moines banker Gardner Cowles, Sr. purchased the Register and Leader, under the ownership of the Cowles family, the Register became Iowas largest and most influential newspaper, eventually adopting the slogan The Newspaper Iowa Depends Upon. Newspapers were distributed to all four corners of the state by train, during the 1960s, circulation of the Register peaked at nearly 250,000 for the daily edition and 500,000 for the Sunday edition–more than the population of Des Moines at the time. In 1935, the Register & Tribune Company founded radio station KRNT-AM, named after the newspapers nickname, the R n T. In 1955, the company, renamed Cowles Communications some years earlier, founded Des Moines third television station, KRNT-TV, Cowles eventually acquired other newspapers, radio stations and television stations, but almost all of them were sold to other companies by 1985. In 1943, the Register became the first newspaper to sponsor a statewide opinion poll when it introduced the Iowa Poll, Sports coverage was increased under sports editor Garner Sec Taylor – for whom Sec Taylor Field at Principal Park is named – in the 1920s. For many years the Register printed its sports sections on peach-colored paper, another Register tradition – the sponsorship of RAGBRAI – began in 1973 when writer John Karras challenged columnist Donald Kaul to do a border-to-border bicycle ride across Iowa. The liberal-leaning editorial page has brought Donald Kaul back for Sunday opinion columns, other local columns have faded and given way to Gannett-distributed material. In 1985, faced with declining circulation and revenues, the Cowles family sold off its various properties to different owners, at the time of sale, only The New York Times had won more Pulitzer Prizes for national reporting. Many of the Registers news stories and editorials focus on Des Moines, the Register opened a new printing and distribution facility on the south side of Des Moines in 2000. The news & advertising offices remained in downtown Des Moines, the old building was sold in late 2014 and will be redeveloped into a combination of apartments and retail space. In the three decades before the Cowles family acquired the Register in 1903, the Register was a voice of pragmatic conservatism. However, Garner Cowles Sr. who served as a Republican in the Iowa General Assembly and was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention, was an advocate of progressive Republicanism. The new owners presented a variety of viewpoints, including Darling cartoons that frequently made fun of progressive politicians, Garner Cowles Sr. served in the administration of President Herbert Hoover. The publishers strongly supported Republican Wendell Willkies 1940 presidential campaign against Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the newspaper also supported Republican Dwight Eisenhowers campaigns for the Republican nomination and general election in 1952, and again in 1956. Although the Register endorsed presidential candidates Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, Hubert Humphrey in 1968, the paper was a severe critic of George W. Bushs warrantless wiretapping strategy, claiming that in doing so, President Bush has declared war on the American people
20.
Nigger
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In the present-day English language, the word nigger is an ethnic slur, usually directed at black people. The word originated as a term referring to people with black skin, as a variation of the Spanish and Portuguese noun negro. It was often used derogatorily, and by the century, particularly in the United States, its usage became unambiguously pejorative. Accordingly, it began to disappear from popular culture, and its inclusion in classic works of literature has sparked controversy. In contemporary English, using the word nigger is considered extremely offensive, the variant nigga has to some extent been reclaimed by African Americans. The variants neger and negar derive from the Spanish and Portuguese word negro, etymologically, negro, noir, nègre, and nigger ultimately derive from nigrum, the stem of the Latin niger. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first English use to 1577, other early spellings attested include nigor and Nigre, the first spelling of nigger is in 1608. The second meaning, of a term of abuse or contempt from whites to blacks is first attested in print in 1775. Its use by people both as a neutral or favourable term and as a depreciatory term go back to 1831 and 1834 respectively. In the colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the African slaves shipped to the Virginia colony, lexicographer Noah Webster, whose eponymous dictionary did much to solidify the distinctive spelling of American English, suggested the neger spelling in place of negro in 1806. The dialect spoken in the Southern United States changes the pronunciation of negro to nigra, during the fur trade of the early 1800s to the late 1840s in the Western United States, the word was spelled niggur, and is often recorded in literature of the time. George Fredrick Ruxton used it in his mountain man lexicon, without pejorative connotation, niggur was evidently similar to the modern use of dude or guy. It was not used as a term exclusively for blacks among mountain men during this period, as Indians, Mexicans, the noun slipped back and forth from derogatory to endearing. The term colored became a respectful alternative, in 1851 the Boston Vigilance Committee, an Abolitionist organization, posted warnings to the Colored People of Boston and vicinity. Writing in 1904, journalist Clifton Johnson documented the opprobrious character of the word nigger, by the turn of the century, colored had become sufficiently mainstream that it was chosen as the racial self-identifier for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 2008 Carla Sims, its communications director, said the term colored is not derogatory and its outdated and antiquated but not offensive. Nineteenth-century literature features usages of nigger without racist connotation, mark Twain, in the autobiographic book Life on the Mississippi, used the term within quotes, indicating reported speech, but used the term negro when writing in his own narrative persona. Joseph Conrad published a novella in Britain with the title The Nigger of the Narcissus, president Thomas Jefferson had used this word of his slaves in his Notes on the State of Virginia, but black had not been widely used until the later 20th century
21.
Fullback (gridiron football)
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A fullback is a position in the offensive backfield in American and Canadian football, and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback. Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott, in the days before two platoons, the fullback was usually the teams punter and drop kicker. In modern play, the fullback is a misnomer. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. The quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. In the modern game, when the quarterback is under center, fullbacks are typically known less for speed and agility and more for muscularity and the ability to shed tackles. In the modern NFL, fullbacks, while deployed as ball carriers, are often primarily a lead blocker to allow running backs to get to the secondary of the opposing teams defense. In the early 2000s, many NFL teams used blocking fullbacks, such as Tony Richardson and Lorenzo Neal and these backs cleared the way for some of the decades great running backs. There are still fullbacks who remaining prominent in the NFL, among them Aaron Ripkowski, Jamize Olawale, James Develin, John Kuhn, Patrick DiMarco, Mike Tolbert, Kyle Juszczyk, and Marcel Reece. However, in spite of their usually infrequent carries in modern NFL offenses, notably LeRon McClain was the rushing leader for the Baltimore Ravens in 2008 and Tony Richardson led the Kansas City Chiefs in rushing in 2000. Giants running back Peyton Hillis started his NFL career as a fullback before being reverted into a halfback, although technically a running back, typically fullbacks are primarily valued for their blocking in most modern day offenses. The most common and simple runs, the Dive and the Blast, in the flexbone formation, however, the fullback can often be used as the primary rushing threat. In many other schemes, the fullback is used as a receiver. In selected plays, some teams will have a defensive lineman report as a receiver to line up as a fullback or tight end in a Miami package in goalline formation. Defensive Tackle William The Refrigerator Perry scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XX from the fullback position, most teams in the NFL do not have a substitute fullback, though there are exceptions. The role can be filled by backup or number three or four tight ends or bigger and less-frequently-used running backs. In modern offenses, fullbacks in an I-formation can be motioned into a 2-TE formation or H-back formation, the position is less frequently used in Canadian football, which focuses more on passing than running the ball
22.
Pulitzer Prize for Photography
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The Pulitzer Prize for Photography was one of the American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. It was inaugurated in 1942 and replaced by two photojournalism prizes in 1968, the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography and Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography, the latter was renamed for Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography in 2000. The Pulitzer Prizes were established by the bequest of Joseph Pulitzer, which suggested four journalism awards, by 1942 there were eight Pulitzers for journalism, for several years now there have been 14 including the two for photojournalism. There were 26 simple Photography prizes awarded in 26 years including two in 1944 and none in 1946,1942, Milton Brooks of Detroit News, for his photo Ford Strikers Riot. 1943, Frank Noel of the Associated Press, for his photo Water,1944, Earle L. Bunker of World-Herald, for his photo Homecoming. 1944, Frank Filan of the Associated Press, for his photo Tarawa Island,1945, Joe Rosenthal of the Associated Press, for his photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima. 1946, no award 1947, Arnold Hardy, amateur photographer, Atlanta, for his photo of a woman leaping from a fire in the Winecoff Hotel,1948, Frank Cushing of Boston Traveler, for his photo Boy Gunman and Hostage. 1949, Nathaniel Fein of New York Herald-Tribune, for his photo, The Babe Bows Out,1950, Bill Crouch of Oakland Tribune, for his picture Near Collision at Air Show. 1951, Max Desfor of Associated Press, for his coverage of the Korean War. 1953, William M. Gallagher of the Flint Journal for Ex-Governor Adlai E. Stevenson,1956, Staff of the New York Daily News for its consistently excellent news picture coverage in 1955, an outstanding example of which is its photo Bomber Crashes in Street. 1959, William Seaman of the Minneapolis Star for his photograph of the sudden death of a child in the street. 1962, Paul Vathis of the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, bureau of the Associated Press, for the photograph Serious Steps, published April 22,1961. 1963, Héctor Rondón of La República, for his picture of a priest holding a wounded soldier in the 1962 El Porteñazo insurrection in Venezuela. The photograph was distributed by the Associated Press,1964, Robert H. Jackson of the Dallas Times-Herald, for his photograph of Jack Ruby shooting Lee Harvey Oswald. 1965, Horst Faas of the Associated Press, for his photography of the war in South Vietnam during 1964. 1966, Kyoichi Sawada of United Press International, for his photography of the war in Vietnam War during 1965. 1967, Jack R. Thornell of Associated Press New Orleans bureau for his picture of the shooting of James Meredith in Mississippi by a roadside sniper. NEWSEUM, View Pulitzer Prize Winning Pictures from 1945,1969,1971,1973,1982,1996,2000, and 2007 The 1957 Pulitzer Prize Photo
23.
Life (magazine)
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Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special, Life returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life. com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc. s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30,2012 the LIFE. com URL became a channel on Time. com. When Life was founded in 1883, it was developed as similar to the British magazine and it was published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes and social commentary. The Luce Life was the first all-photographic American news magazine, the magazines role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes, Life was founded January 4,1883, in a New York City artists studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75 per cent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller, both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and was very successful managing the side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, Mitchell created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots, he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the humor magazines Judge and Puck. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Lifes first literary editor, the motto of the first issue of Life was, While theres Life, theres hope. The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers and we shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. The magazine was a success and soon attracted the leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson, three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4, a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by such illustrators as Palmer Cox
24.
Missouri Valley Conference
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The Missouri Valley Conference is the second-oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States. Currently, its members are located in the midwestern United States, the conference participates in the NCAAs Division I. The MVC was founded in 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association,12 years after the Big Ten, however, some consider the MVC to have been formed from a split of the MVIAA in 1928. Most of the schools formed a conference that retained the MVIAA name. The smaller schools, plus Oklahoma A&M, formed the MVC, during the Big Eights existence, both conferences claimed 1907 as their founding date, as well as the same history through 1927. During the 2006–07 college basketball season, MVC teams held a 74–27 non-conference record, including a record of 44–1 at home. The Valley finished in the top six of the RPI and ahead of a BCS conference for the second year, while also garnering multiple NCAA bids for the ninth straight year. The MVC has not sponsored football since 1985, when it was a hybrid I-A/I-AA, however, five members have football programs in the Missouri Valley Football Conference of Division I FCS, and a sixth competes in another FCS conference, the Pioneer Football League. The Missouri Valley Conference shares its name with the Missouri Valley Football Conference, however, the two are separate administratively. It has been reported that Wichita State will likely be leaving the conference to join the American Athletic Conference as soon as 2017–18 season, Bradley returned to the MVC for non-football sports in the 1955–56 school year, with Drake doing the same a year later. However, Bradley never returned to MVC football, dropping the sport in 1970, note, In the case of spring sports, the year of joining is the calendar year before the start of competition. Notes Notes Full members Assoc. members Assoc. member C. E. McClung Arthur E. Eilers Norvell Neve DeWitt T. Weaver Mickey Holmes David Price Richard D. Martin James A. Haney Doug Elgin The Missouri Valley Conference sponsors championship competition in eight mens, Central Arkansas and SIU Edwardsville are Affiliate members for mens soccer, Dallas Baptist is an Affiliate member for baseball, and Little Rock is an Affiliate member for swimming and diving. * = Baseball associate Dallas Baptist ** = Soccer associates Central Arkansas and SIU Edwardsville *** = Tennis associates Stony Brook, mens varsity sports not sponsored by the Missouri Valley Conference which are played by Valley schools, * = Affiliate Little Rock. † = To be added in 2017–18, NB, Missouri State was known as Southwest Missouri State until August 2005. One member sold out every game for the 2006–07 season. In 2010–11, 2011–12, and 2012–13, the Valley maintained its position as the eighth ranked conference in average attendance. The Valley made history in March 2007 with record attendance for four days at St. Louis Scottrade Center as 85,074 fans turned out to watch the five sessions of the tournament, Missouri Valley Conference Hall of Fame Official website
25.
Bradley University
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Bradley University is a private, mid-sized university in Peoria, Illinois. Founded in 1897, Bradley University currently enrolls 5,400 students, pursuing degrees in more than 100 undergraduate programs, all classes are taught by professors rather than teaching assistants. The university is accredited by 22 national accrediting agencies, including the Higher Learning Commission, students can participate in more than 240 student organizations, including the Lewis J. Burger Center for Student Leadership and Public Service, the Bradleys had discussed establishing an orphanage in memory of their deceased children. As a first step toward her goal, in 1892 she purchased a controlling interest in Parsons Horological School in LaPorte, Indiana, the first school for watchmakers in America, and moved it to Peoria. She specified in her will that the school should be expanded after her death to include an education as well as industrial arts. In October 1896 Mrs. Bradley was introduced to Dr. William Rainey Harper and he soon convinced her to move ahead with her plans and establish the school during her lifetime. Bradley Polytechnic Institute was chartered on November 13,1896, Mrs. Bradley provided 17.5 acres of land, $170,000 for buildings, equipment, and a library, and $30,000 per year for operating expenses. Contracts for Bradley Hall and Horology Hall were awarded in April, fourteen faculty and 150 students began classes in Bradley Hall on October 4—with 500 workers still hammering away. Bradley Polytechnic Institute was formally dedicated on October 8,1897 and its first graduate, in June 1898, was Cora Unland. Originally, the institute was organized as an academy as well as a two-year college. There was only one high school in the city of Peoria at the time. By 1920 the institute dropped the academy orientation and adopted a four-year collegial program, enrollment continued to grow over the coming decades and the name Bradley University was adopted in 1946. The Board of Trustees adopted the 2012-17 strategic plan on January 27,2012, the annual survey also recognized Bradley as the ninth best value Midwestern school in the ranking of Great Schools at Great Prices. The Bradley University Department of Teacher Education and College of Education, the University is also home to the Charley Steiner School of Sports Communication, the first such named school in the U. S. Each has its own requirements and varies in completion time. The program of physical therapy offers a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree, Bradley University is among the first universities in the nation to have a school of entrepreneurship and the first established as a freestanding academic unit. The Turner School of Entrepreneurship and Innovation is named in honor of Bob and Carolyn Turner, the Turners established the Robert and Carolyn Turner Center for Entrepreneurship in 2002
26.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
27.
Hula Bowl
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The Hula Bowl was an independently administered post-season invitational college football game held annually in Hawaii from 1947 to 2008, usually in January. The game was last played at Aloha Stadium in the Halawa district of Honolulu, at one point the longest-running sporting event in Hawaii, it had been considered a premier venue to launch professional careers in the National Football League. In November 2016, organizers announced their intent to restart the game in North Carolina in January 2018, the Hula Bowl was established in 1946 by Paul Stupin and Mackay Yanagisawa as the Hula Bowl All-Star Football Classic. The teams played a series every January until 1951, when the format was changed to allow NFL players to join the Hawaiian all-stars. From 1960 onward, the game featured only players. In its last format, the Hula Bowl pitted a team of players who attended college in the eastern United States against a team of players from the western United States. The teams were split into the Aina and Kai teams, the Hawaiian words for land, the game was originally played in Honolulu Stadium in Honolulu before the bowl was moved to Aloha Stadium in neighboring Halawa. In 1998, the then-mayor of Maui County, Linda Lingle, however, due to poor attendance and reduced revenue, the Hula Bowl returned to Oahu for its 2006 game and stayed at Aloha Stadium until the last game in 2008. The game was held in December one time,1999, in 2002 and 2003, the game was held in February. Hula Bowl was an institution of the Downtown Athletic Club. The bowl remained dormant while organizers searched for opportunities to reintroduce, on November 4,2016, organizers announced that the game will be played in Raleigh, North Carolina in January 2018, with exact location and date under discussion
28.
Canadian Football League
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The Canadian Football League is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football and its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions, the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams. As of 2016, the features a 20-week regular season. The CFL was officially founded on January 19,1958, the league was formed from a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union founded in 1907 and the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded in 1936. Rugby football began to be played in Canada in the 1860s, the CRFU was reorganized as the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891, and served as an umbrella organization for several provincial and regional unions. The Grey Cup was donated by Governor General Earl Grey in 1909 to the winning the Senior Amateur Football Championship of Canada. By that time, the sport as played in Canada had diverged markedly from its rugby origins, in 1956, the IRFU and WIFU formed a new umbrella organization, the Canadian Football Council. In 1958, the CFC left the CRU and became the Canadian Football League, as part of an agreement between the CRU and CFL, the CFL took possession of the Grey Cup, even though amateurs had not competed for it since 1954. The CRU remained the governing body for amateur play in Canada, initially, the two unions remained autonomous, and there was no intersectional play between eastern and western teams except at the Grey Cup final. This situation was analogous to how the American baseball leagues operated for years. The IRFU was renamed the Eastern Football Conference in 1960, while the WIFU was renamed the Western Football Conference in 1961, also in 1961, limited intersectional play was introduced. It was not until 1981 that the two agreed to a full merger, becoming the East and West Divisions of the CFL. With the merger came a full interlocking schedule of 16 games per season, Other team names had traditional origins. With rowing a national craze in the late 19th century, the Argonaut Rowing Club of Toronto formed a team for its members off-season participation. The football team name Toronto Argonauts still remains though it. After World War II, the two teams in Hamilton—the Tigers and the Flying Wildcats—merged both their organizations into the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, after the 1981 season, the Alouettes folded and were replaced the next year by a new franchise named the Concordes. In 1986 the Concordes were renamed the Alouettes to attract more fan support, the demise of the Alouettes forced the League to move its easternmost Western team, Winnipeg, into the East Division. In 1993, the league admitted its first United States-based franchise, after modest success, the league then expanded further in the U. S. in 1994 with the Las Vegas Posse, Baltimore Stallions, and Shreveport Pirates
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Canadian Football Hall of Fame
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The Canadian Football Hall of Fame is a not-for-profit corporation, located in Hamilton, Ontario, that celebrates great achievements in Canadian football. It is maintained by the Canadian Football League and it includes displays about the Canadian Football League, Canadian university football and Canadian junior football history. There were also featured displays that highlight each Canadian Football League teams history, the CFHOF is currently changing to a de-centralized model, which does not included a main museum building. Once during every CFL season, the Hall sponsors the induction ceremony of former players, included in the Hall of Fame Weekend is a regular season game, usually affiliated with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Traditionally, the players will come to the Hall and make an acceptance speech in front of the building where their newly sculpted bust is unveiled. A player must be retired from the game for at least three years before being eligible for consideration, a Hall of Fame voting committee is composed of sports writers, selected CFL executives and inducted members. The Canadian Hall of Fame officially opened on November 28,1972, the Canadian Hall of Fame was awarded to the City of Hamilton in June 1963 following the invitation of Mayor Lloyd Douglas Jackson. The Hamilton Parks Board offered a space near Civic Stadium, ivan Miller, former sports editor of The Spectator, was named the first curator. Soon after, the Board of Education purchased the land and building, the Hall moved to this location in 1972 and closed on September 19,2015. In 2015, responsibility for the museum moved from the City of Hamilton to the CFL, the old Canadian Hall of Fame building is easily identified by the slightly-larger-than-life metal sculpture Touchdown, featuring a successful receiver being tackled. As of the 2016 class, the Canadian Football Hall of Fame has honoured 283 players and builders, charter membership to the Hall began on June 19,1963. The Hall of Fame also has a Football Reporters of Canada wing dedicated to reporters, the Canadian Football Hall of Fames old museum building is currently closed to the public as it transitions from a stand-alone facility. A permanent display will be opened at Tim Hortons Field, accessible during Hamilton Tiger-Cats home games, the CFHOF is also building travelling displays for different CFL team home fields, the Grey Cup, and other events. * denotes deceased Jack Abendschan – player,2012, bob Ackles – builder,2002. * Junior Ah You – player,1997. Tony Anselmo – builder,2009. * Ron Atchison – player,1978. * Len Back – builder,1971. * Byron Bailey – player,1975. * R. Harold Bailey – builder,1965. * Bill Baker – player,1994. Harold Ballard – builder,1987. * Donald Barker – builder,1999. * John Barrow – player,1976. * Danny Bass – player,2000, * Greg Battle – player,2007. Ormond Beach – player,1963. * Al Benecick – player,1996. * Paul Bennett – player,2002, sam Berger – builder,1993. * John Bonk – player,2008. Ab Box – player,1965. * David Braley – builder,2012, Joe Breen – player,1963, University of Western Ontario 1929–34 as coach. * Johnny Bright – player,1970. * Dieter Brock – player,1995
30.
David J. Schmidly
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David James Schmidly was installed as 20th president of the University of New Mexico on October 7,2007. On April 22,2011, Schmidly announced his decision to retire as UNMs President at the end of his contract in 2012. Previously, Schmidly served as CEO and 17th president of the Oklahoma State University System, before coming to OSU, he was the President of Texas Tech University, where he also served as Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School. He has been inducted into the Texas Hall of Fame for Science, Mathematics and Technology and has a species of deer mouse named for him, for some in the OSU community, the emphasis that Schmidly placed on athletics far outweighed his concern about academics. The Oklahoma State University Faculty Senate called for Schmidlys resignation over the size of severance packages offered to former staffers from Texas Tech that Schmidly had hired at OSU. One of Schmidlys first acts as president of the University of New Mexico was to halt an official investigation into complaints of a learning environment in the Universitys English Department. The investigation involved Associate Professor Lisa D. Chavez, who had been moonlighting as a sex worker on various bondage and sadomasochism websites with current. At UNM, accusations of cronyism arose within the first 18 months, when he hired long-time friend, John Stropp, a senior executive at the Texas A&M Foundation, with a compensation package of $325,000. According to the Albuquerque Journal, Schmidly acknowledged he has known Stropp for years but said he wasnt hired because of their friendship, saying This is not a crony hire. Later that year, on October 16,2008, the Albuquerque Journal reported that UNM had hired Schmidlys son, Brian Schmidly, before the son occupied the position, he turned it down due to outcry from the faculty. On February 7,2009, the Albuquerque Journal reported that the UNM faculty voted 329 to 106 in favor of no confidence in Schmidly, other arrests were made as hundreds of protesters were forced into Central Avenue, which bounds Yale Park on the south. UNM students were among the arrested individuals, Schmidly has also been criticized for closing Yale Park to the public, and ordering UNM Police to arrest any protesters or students who violated the closure. Dr. David J. Schmidly official biography
31.
Jack Trice
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John G. Jack Trice was a football player who became the first African-American athlete from Iowa State College. At the time he played for Iowa State, he was also the only African-American competing in sports for any of the Big Six Conference schools, Trice died due to injuries suffered during a college football game against the University of Minnesota on October 6,1923. Trice was born in Hiram, Ohio in 1902, the son of a former Buffalo Soldier, as a child, Trice was active in sports and demonstrated outstanding athletic skills. In 1918, Trices mother sent him to Cleveland, Ohio to live with an uncle, Trice attended East Technical High School where he played football. In 1922, Trice followed five of his teammates, as well as his high school coach, Sam Willaman, to Iowa State College in Ames. While attending Iowa State, Trice participated in track and football and he majored in animal husbandry, with the desire to go to the South after graduation, and use his knowledge to help African-American farmers. His dream job was to eventually teach Southern black farmers about modern farming, in the summer before his freshman year at the age of 19, Trice married Cora Mae Starland, who was only 15. They both found jobs in order to themselves through school. Trice also was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, on October 5,1923, the night before his second college football game, Trice wrote the following in a letter on stationery at a racially segregated hotel in Minneapolis/St. Paul, On October 6,1923, Trice and his Iowa State College teammates played against the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. On the night of the game, Trice got to stay at the hotel as his teammates who stayed at the Radisson Hotel. In his short career at Iowa State, Trice wore the number 37, during the second play of the game, Trices collarbone was broken. Trice insisted he was all right and returned to the game, in the third quarter, while attempting to tackle a University of Minnesota ball carrier by throwing a roll block, Trice was trampled by three Minnesota players. Although he claimed to be fine, Trice was removed from the game, the doctors declared him fit to travel and he returned by train to Ames with his teammates. On October 8,1923, Trice died from hemorrhaged lungs, there was a great deal of speculation surrounding the play that resulted in Jack Trices death. Many of his teammates claimed after the fact that he was being targeted throughout the first two quarters because of his skin color, ISU teammate Johnny Behm told the Cleveland Plain Dealer in a 1979 interview that One person told me that nothing out of the ordinary happened. But another who saw it said it was murder, Iowa State dismissed all classes after 3 p. m. on October 9,1923 in honor of Trice. Trices funeral was held at the Iowa State Colleges central campus in Ames on October 16,1923, with 4,000 students and his casket was draped in cardinal and gold before he was buried
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
33.
Drake Bulldogs football
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The Drake Bulldogs football program represents Drake University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision level. Drake began competing in football in 1893. The 1922 Drake Bulldogs football team is considered by many to be the greatest in Drake history and is, to date, Drake capped the historic season with a 48–6 triumph over Mississippi State on November 25,1922. They received votes as the one team in the College Football Researchers Association poll and were invited to the White House for their accomplishments. The Bulldogs were coached by legend Ossie Solem, during the 1926 Homecoming activities, Babe Ruth visited and suited up for a Drake scrimmage. Head coach Ossie Solem extended the invitation stating We finally inquired had he ever indulged in the dirt eating pastime known as football, the answer was sort of a woeful No. It was evident that the Big Bimbo had missed something in his days. Ruth scored a 20-yard touchdown in the mock scrimmage, while it was not the official Rose Bowl Game, Drake was the first Iowa school to play in the Rose Bowl Stadium. The Bulldogs defeated UCLA 25–6 in front of a capacity crowd of 40,000 on November 28,1927. At the time, UCLA played major games at the Rose Bowl Stadium, the Bruins did not officially move on a permanent basis to the Rose Bowl Stadium until 1982. The game was highlighted as one of the NCAA Football Thanksgiving Special Games that year, following the 1931 season head coach Ossie Solem schedule a game in Honolulu, Hawaii in which the bulldogs squared off against Hawaii. Solem frustrated by the lack of rewards, called the trip a reward for his teams fourth straight Missouri Valley Conference championship. In a close encounter at Honolulu Stadium on December 19,1931, the game was the first by an Iowa school in the state of Hawaii. It was also the last game for Solem as Bulldog coach and he left the next season taking the head football coach vacancy at Iowa. Drake was the first school of its size to install lights, on October 6,1928, the Bulldogs defeated Simpson College 41–6 in the first night game at Drake Stadium. In 1951, Johnny Bright was named a First Team College Football All-American and he was invited to the Heisman Trophy festivities and finished fifth in the voting. In 1969, Bright was named Drake Universitys greatest football player of all time, in February 2006, the football field at Drake Stadium, in Des Moines, Iowa, was named in his honor. In November 2006, Bright was voted one of the CFLs Top 50 players of the modern era by Canadian sports network TSN
34.
Drake Stadium (1904)
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Drake Stadium was a stadium in Des Moines, Iowa. Originally named Haskins Field, for the son of primary donor, the original name of the stadium was Haskins Field, but it was changed to Drake Stadium at the request of the Haskins. This is not to be confused with the current Drake Stadium built in 1925, in 1907, renovations occurred that added seating, bringing the total to 6,700 and a drainage system was also added. Haskins Field was originally expected to be able to hold 40,000 fans if expanded to its maximum capacity, on Campus, It adds up, Drake Stadium quantified Drake football 2010 yearbook Page 26 in 2009 Drake Track guide
