1.
Merritt, British Columbia
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Merritt is a city in the Nicola Valley of the south-central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It is two hundred and seventy kilometres northeast of Vancouver. C, the city developed in 1893 when part of the ranches owned by William Voght, Jesus Garcia, and John Charters was surveyed for a town site. Once known as Forksdale, the community adopted its current name in 1906 in honour of mining engineer and railway promoter William Hamilton Merritt III. The 24 square kilometres city limits consists of the community, a number of parks, historical sites, an aquatic centre, a local arena, a public library. Merritt has dozens of bronzed hand prints of country stars that have been in the city for the annual Merritt Mountain Music Festival displayed throughout town. Merritt is also home to a radio station, a weekly newspaper. Nearby, there are four parks, numerous lakes. Merritt is nicknamed as Country Music Capital of Canada for its wealth of country music attractions, activities, Merritts economy is dominated by the primary industries of forestry, tourism, and service. For years, the Merritt area was a place for local European colonists and First Nations. The grasslands eventually drew the attention of settlers interested in ranching, with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway through British Columbia in 1885, interest increased in the coal deposits south of The Forks. Part of the owned by Voght, Garcia and Charters was surveyed in 1893 for the townsite of Forksdale. Instead, the name was changed in 1906 to honour William Hamilton Merritt III, Armstrongs Store moved from Lower Nicola to Nicola Avenue in Merritt in the spring of 1907. Armstrong became Merritts first postmaster at this location in 1908, in 1910, Armstrongs Department Store moved to 2025 Quilchena Avenue. In 1909, the Bank of Montreal moved from the settlement of Nicola to Merritt, howse moved his department store to the west end of Nicola Avenue. The Nicola Herald, founded at Nicola Lake in 1905, moved from Nicola to Merritt in 1909, other industries developed in the Valley, including ranching, copper, nickel, gold and silver mining, and forestry, and as a result, new business buildings were constructed. The move toward incorporation began in 1910 and culminated on April 1,1911 when Merritt was granted its city charter, the first Merritt City Hall was built in 1912. The top floor was police headquarters, the second for administration offices, the building included the fire hall and tower that housed a whistle to summon the volunteer fire fighters. Merritt dedicated the names of its streets and avenues to early settlers, among the names honoured were Charters, Chapman, Cleasby, Garcia, Voght, Coutlee, Nicola, Granite, and Quilchena
2.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
3.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
4.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
5.
Professional wrestling
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Professional wrestling is a dramatized athletic performance that portrays a combat sport. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used, the content – including match outcomes – is scripted and choreographed, and the combative actions and reactions are performed to appear violent without injuring the wrestlers. Before the 1980s, these facts were considered trade secrets, in the mid-90s, the presentation of scripted events as legitimate is known as kayfabe. Although the combative content is staged and communicated between the wrestlers, there are physical hazards involved - including permanent injury and death. While it has declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, unlike in Europe, show wrestling has become especially prominent in Japan and in North America. In Brazil, there was a popular wrestling television program from the 1960s to the early 1980s called Telecatch. High-profile figures in the sport have become celebrities or cultural icons in their native or adopted home countries, although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise, pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc, home video sales dominate the Billboard charts Recreational Sports DVD sales, with wrestling holding anywhere from 3 to 9 of the top 10 spots every week. Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, there have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling, the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke. Because actual events are often co-opted by writers for incorporation into storylines for the performers, special care must be taken when talking about people who perform under their own name. The actions of the character should be considered fictional events, wholly separate from the life of the performer and this is similar to other entertainers who perform with a persona that shares their own name. Some wrestlers will incorporate elements of their real-life personalities into their characters, even if they and those who participated felt that it was necessary that spectators should be kept in a constant and complete illusion of a real competition to keep audience interest. For decades, up until the mid-1980s, wrestlers lived their lives as though they were their characters. Wrestlers, bookers and promoters all rigorously enforced the illusion and very few were allowed into the society of professional wrestling to maintain suspension of disbelief. The practice of keeping the illusion, and the methods used to do so, came to be known as kayfabe within wrestling circles. An entire lexicon of slang jargon and euphemism developed to allow performers to communicate without outsiders knowledge of what was being said, occasionally a performer will deviate from the intended sequence of events
6.
Winnipeg
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Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the centre of North America and is 110 kilometres from the U. S. border. It is also the place of the confluence of the Red, the city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738, a settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. As of 2011, Winnipeg is the seventh most populated municipality in Canada, being located very far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C and average July highs of 26 °C. Known as the Gateway to the West, Winnipeg is a railway, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, Manitoba Moose. Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North and this point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area are varied, in 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions, the rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge. French trading continued at this site for decades before the arrival of the British Hudsons Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War. Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women, their mixed-race children hunted, traded and they gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Métis because of sharing a traditional culture. Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement, the purchase of land from the Hudsons Bay Company, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudsons Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg. The two companies competed fiercely over trade, the Métis and Lord Selkirks settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudsons Bay and North West Companies merged, Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudsons Bay Company
7.
Reno, Nevada
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Reno is a city in the U. S. state of Nevada. It is in Northern Nevada, approximately 22 miles from Lake Tahoe, known as The Biggest Little City in the World, Reno is famous for its casinos and as the birthplace of Caesars Entertainment Corporation. It is the county seat of Washoe County, in the part of the state. The city sits in a desert at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. Archaeological finds place the border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Reno area. As early as the mid 1850s a few settled in the Truckee Meadows. Gold was discovered in the vicinity of Virginia City in 1850, and a modest mining community developed, to provide the necessary connection between Virginia City and the California Trail, Charles W. Fuller built a log toll bridge across the Truckee River in 1859. A small community that would service travelers soon grew up near the bridge, after two years, Fuller sold the bridge to Myron C. Lake, who continued to develop the community with the addition of a grist mill, kiln, in 1864, Washoe County was consolidated with Roop County, and Lakes Crossing became the largest town in the county. Lake had earned himself the founder of Reno. Lake deeded land to the CPRR in exchange for its promise to build a depot at Lakes Crossing, once the railroad station was established, the town of Reno officially came into being on May 9,1868. CPRR construction superintendent Charles Crocker named the community after Major General Jesse Lee Reno, in 1871, Reno became the county seat of the newly expanded Washoe County, replacing the previous county seat, located in Washoe City. However, political power in Nevada remained with the communities, first Virginia City and later Tonopah. The extension of the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to Reno in 1872 provided a boost to the new citys economy. Despite this, Nevada is still the third-largest gold producer in the world, after South Africa and Australia, the Reno Arch was erected on Virginia Street in 1926 to promote the upcoming Transcontinental Highways Exposition of 1927. The arch included the words Nevadas Transcontinental Highways Exposition and the dates of the exposition. After the exposition, the Reno City Council decided to keep the arch as a permanent downtown gateway, no acceptable slogan was received until a $100 prize was offered, and G. A. Burns of Sacramento was declared the winner on March 14,1929, with Reno, The Biggest Little City in the World
8.
Calgary
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Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, the city anchors the south end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 1,239,220 in 2016, making it Albertas largest city, also in 2016, Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609, making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. The Calgary CMA is home to the second-highest number of head offices in Canada among the countrys 800 largest corporations. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games, Calgary was named after Calgary on the Isle of Mull, Scotland. In turn, the name originates from a compound of kald and gart, similar Old Norse words, meaning cold and garden, alternatively, the name might be Gaelic Cala ghearraidh, meaning beach of the meadow, or Gaelic for either clear running water or bay farm. The Calgary area was inhabited by people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was inhabited by the Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, in 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was a Hudsons Bay Company trader and the first recorded European to visit the area, John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873. The site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police, the NWMP detachment was assigned in 1875 to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A, Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod. When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, over a century later, the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, in 1894, it was incorporated as The City of Calgary in what was then the North-West Territories. The Calgary Police Service was established in 1885 and assumed municipal, local duties from the NWMP, the Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7,1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured, city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again. After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost, as a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canadas cattle marketing and meatpacking industries. By the late 19th century, the Hudsons Bay Company expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the cities of Winnipeg, Calgary
9.
Allen Coage
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Allen James Coage was an American-Canadian judoka and professional wrestler. He won medals for the U. S. Coage was born in New York City and raised in a neighborhood in Queens. After graduating in 1962, Coage began working in a bakery, Coage trained in judo under Jerome Mackey after seeing a poster for Mackeys dojo on the New York City Subway. He began his career in 1964 at the late age of 22. After seven months as a belt, he placed first in the Chicago Invitational tournament. Coage achieved a black belt in two and a half years and after five years was named a sandan, Coage wrestled in a classical style, with his favored throws being the Ōuchi gari and the Tai otoshi. Coage won the Amateur Athletic Union judo championship in 1966,1968,1969,1970 and he also competed in the Pan American Games, winning gold medals in the heavyweight class in 1967 and 1975. In 1970, Coage relocated to Japan for two years, where he studied at Nihon University, majoring and minoring in judo. In 1972, Coage suffered a knee injury during an Olympic Trials bout with Jimmy Wooley. Upon recovering, Coage began training for the 1976 Summer Olympics, Coage was initially excluded from the United States judo team until a class action lawsuit was filed against the United States Olympic Committee by the United States Judo Association. Coage ultimately won a bronze medal and his victory made him the first African American to win a solo Olympic Games medal in a sport other than boxing or track and field. Coage retired from competitive judo following the 1976 Summer Olympics due to frustrations around internal politics and he went on to hold a number of other jobs, including briefly working as a bodyguard for singer Aretha Franklin, before deciding to train as a professional wrestler. Coage began training as a wrestler under Antonio Inoki in the New Japan Pro Wrestling dojo in 1977. He debuted in October 1977, briefly performing under his name before adopting the ring name Buffalo Allen. Coage wrestled intermittently for NJPW over the next 15 years, Coage made a one-off appearance in the World Wide Wrestling Federation in February 1978, defeating jobber Frank Williams at a live event under his birth name. He returned to the promotion in January 1979 and wrestled for the WWWF for the remainder of the year, late in 1979, at Madison Square Garden, teaming with JoJo Andrews, Coage challenged for the Japanese Tag Team Championship against Riki Choshu and Seiji Sakaguchi. Coages team was unsuccessful when Andrews submitted to a Boston crab in a match that lasted just under 10 minutes, in 1982, Bad News Allen found a long-term home in Stu Harts Stampede Wrestling, centered in Allens adopted home city of Calgary. Allen remained with Stampede from 1982 until 1988, with tours of Australia and Florida during that time
10.
Scott D'Amore
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Scott Francis DAmore is a Canadian professional wrestler, manager, promoter, booker and entrepreneur. He currently is the Vice President Of International Relations with Impact Wrestling where he worked from 2003-2010 as a member of the creative team. He was also the head of the creative team. He also owns and books Border City Wrestling and Prime Time Wrestling, DAmore began training with Doug Chevalier in 1991 at the age of sixteen. He debuted on June 14,1992, defeating Otis Apollo in Amherstburg, in 1993 he underwent further training under Irish Mickey Doyle, Denny Kass and Al Snow. He went on to work for World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation as an enhancement talent from June 1993 to early 1996, while working for WCW, he frequently trained at the WCW Power Plant. DAmore worked for a range of independent promotions, in 1995 DAmore toured Germany with the World Cup of Wrestling. In 1996 he toured Japan with Wrestle Association R and England with the English Wrestling Federation, later that year he formed a tag team with Dave Clark as Scott Hunter known as Gross Misconduct, with the duo depicting ice hockey players. In 1996 he briefly traded his hockey stick for a club and became Chip Birdy. DAmore began working as a booker and producer for promotions throughout Canada, DAmore founded Border City Wrestling in 1993 along with Doug Chevalier and Chuck Fader. He began booking in 1994 when Chevalier left the area, and took over the promotion of the company when Fader resigned in 2000, in February 2000, DAmore formed a stable known as The Syndicate when he allied himself with Rhino to defeat DLo Brown. The Syndicate eventually expanded to include Arrogant Otis Apollo, Johnny Swinger, Fantasy, BCW ceased operations for several months in late 2000, before coming back in 2001. The first show of 2001 was held on March 7, and featured former Extreme Championship Wrestling talent including Tommy Dreamer, Johnny Swinger, Mikey Whipwreck, Sabu, Don Cyrus Callis, all the aforementioned held titles in BCW. In addition to promoting and wrestling, DAmore operates the Can-Am Wrestling School and he later turned face and began a heated feud with one of his students, A-1, in January 2005 after A-1 interrupted a Hall of Fame ceremony. After being mostly inactive from 2004–2007, DAmore started running events again regularly under the Border City Wrestling banner in 2008, DAmore began working with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, TNA as a road agent in 2003, and brought in Chris Sabin, one of his former pupils. In 2004, DAmore took a role as the coach of Team Canada. The propensity of the TNA character of Coach DAmore to interfere on Team Canadas behalf led to commentator Mike Tenay often referring to him as a big fat load, DAmore led Team Canada to numerous victories, feuding with Jerry Lynn, Dusty Rhodes and Dustin Rhodes. He also began working backstage as a team member and trainer
11.
Bruce Hart (wrestler)
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Bruce Ambrose Edwardious Hart Sr. possibly Bruce Dennis Luis Hart Sr. is a Canadian-American retired professional wrestler, promoter, booker, trainer and school teacher. He is a member of the Hart wrestling family and is best known for his time in Stampede Wrestling and several appearances for WWE, often with his brothers Bret and Owen. As a wrestler Hart carried a number of championships, including the Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship, while his mother was pregnant with Hart she and her husband Stu suffered an automobile accident. This resulted in his older brother Smith being taken cared of by their grandparents for almost two years while Helen recovered in the hospital. He is of Greek descent through his grandmother and Irish through his maternal grandfather. His father was mainly of Scots-Irish descent but also had Scottish and English ancestry, Hart is a dual citizen of Canada and the United States. Bruce Hart began his training in 1971, at the age of 21. Trained by Stu Hart, Bruce, like the rest of his family, was trained in and focused on a technically sound, amateur wrestling style. He debuted in 1972, in his fathers Calgary promotion, Stampede Wrestling, tag teaming with Dan Kroffat in the event, against North American Champion Kendo Nagasaki. For the next six months he remained a performer for the promotion, working against the likes of John Quinn, Benny Ramirez, Frank Butcher, Tor Kamata, Chatti Yokuchi. In June 1973, he suffered a shoulder injury which sidelined him for 9 months. He returned in the summer of 1974, and continued as performer in Western Canada, Hart kept wrestling on and off but had relatively few matches until after 1977. In 1977 he traveled to the United Kingdom, where he wrestled under the name Bronco Bruce Hart for the London based Joint Promotions, while there, he met a young Tom Billington and offered him an opportunity to wrestle for Stampede, which Billington declined. After a falling out with Joint Promotions, Billington, using the ring name Dynamite Kid, traveled to Canada, Dynamite quickly became a huge star in Western Canada and, as a result, Hart invited his younger cousin, Smith to also come to Western Canada. Smith, who wrestled as Young David, later became known as Davey Boy Smith after Hart decided that it was a better ring name. In 1978 Hart and Billington worked together as a tag team in the German promotion Catch Wrestling Association, they wrestled against Angel Grey, Hart also worked in singles matches against Seitz. D. Dave Shultz, Honky Tonk Man, Bad News Allen and Bret the Hitman Hart, in 1979 Hart won his first championship, the Stampede World Mid-Heavyweight Title from Dick Steinborn. In 1980 Hart won two championships, the World Mid-Heavyweight Title for a time and the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Title
12.
Stu Hart
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Stewart Edward Stu Hart was a Canadian amateur wrestler, professional wrestler, promoter and trainer. Hart founded Stampede Wrestling, a promotion based in Calgary, Alberta, the patriarch of the Hart wrestling family, Stu was the father of many wrestlers, most notably Bret and Owen Hart. Hart has been referred to by writers, including wrestling historian Dave Meltzer, as one of the most influential. His greatest contribution to the art was as a trainer, along with Bret and Owen, Harts trainees included future world champions Fritz Von Erich, Superstar Billy Graham, Chris Jericho, Edge, Christian, Mark Henry, Chris Benoit, and Jushin Thunder Liger. Hart was also known for his involvement in over thirty charities, for which he was given a position in the Order of Canada. He was born in Saskatoon in 1915 to Edward and Elizabeth Stewart Hart and he was mainly of Scots-Irish descent but also had Scottish and English ancestry. His childhood was impoverished, as a boy, Stu Hart lived in a tent with his family on the prairie in Alberta, living off the land, milking cows and wild game that Stu took down with his slingshot. As a child Hart and his sisters were often mistreated at school by both students and teachers since it was well known that they were from such a poor family. Hart was also berated and treated with disdain for being lefthanded and he was like most lefthanded children at the time forced to work with his right and as a result he became ambidextrous. In 1928, his father was arrested for failure to pay taxes, while the Salvation Army sent Stu, his mother. Due to his childhood and youth Hart did not experience a dramatic shift in life quality or mentality during the Great Depression which affected most others around him in Edmonton. During his time in Edmonton with his mother and sisters Hart began finding an interest in sports with wrestling and he started weightlifting and training for wrestling when he was fourteen years old and quickly built a strong neck and impressive arms. He began attending amateur wrestling classes when he joined the YMCA in Edmonton in 1929, Hart was trained in catch wrestling in his youth by other boys. Speaking of it, Stu said that his head would be blue by the time they let go of him. Stu taught this style to all who trained under him in the 1980s and 1990s with the thought that teaching his students real submission moves would make their pro wrestling style sharper. By 1937 he won a medal in the welterweight class from the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada. His amateur career peaked in May 1940 when Hart won the Dominion Amateur Wrestling Championship in the heavyweight category. During the mid 30s Hart also coached wrestling at the University of Alberta, Hart played football for the Edmonton Eskimos in the 1938 and 1939 seasons as a centre
13.
Davey Boy Smith
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David Davey Boy Smith was a British professional wrestler. Born in Golborne, Lancashire, Smith is best known for his appearances in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation under his own name and under the ring name The British Bulldog. He was trained by Ted Betley in Winwick, England before relocating to Calgary, Alberta, while training with Hart, Smith met Stu and Helen Harts youngest daughter Diana, whom he married in 1984. One of their two children, Harry, is also a professional wrestler, Smith won titles within the WWF in three decades, from the 1980s to the 2000s. Never a world champion, Smith nevertheless headlined multiple pay-per-view events in the WWF and WCW, in which he challenged for the WWF-, prior to finding singles success, Smith achieved stardom as one half of The British Bulldogs tag team, alongside the Dynamite Kid. Smith was born in Golborne, where he grew up with his father Sid, mother Joyce, his brother, Terrence and sisters, Joanne and Tracy. Joyce was the sister of Bill Billington, the father of Tom Billington, also known as the Dynamite Kid, Davey Boy Smith started competing on ITVs World of Sport when he was only 15, wrestling under the name Young David with his slightly older cousin Tom Billington. He was then spotted by Bruce Hart scouting talent in the UK, Stu Hart and Roy Wood trained Smith further in his Dungeon and Smith became a key wrestler in Harts promotion, Stampede Wrestling. In 1983, Smith debuted in New Japan Pro Wrestling where he involved in a three-way feud with Dynamite Kid. On 7 February 1984, a three-way, one-night tournament was held, and Dynamite Kid won the tournament by defeating Smith via count-out, after the tournament, Smith and Dynamite Kid formed a tag team in both New Japan and in Stampede Wrestling known as the British Bulldogs. In 1984, the Bulldogs made a move by jumping to New Japans rival. The Bulldogs made a showing in the tournament, which drew the interest of the World Wrestling Federation. The Bulldogs, along with Smiths brothers-in-law Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart were brought in to World Wrestling Federation after Vince McMahon bought out Stampede Wrestling, at first, the Bulldogs were able to tour both WWF and All Japan, but eventually McMahon gained exclusive rights to the Bulldogs. While in the WWF, the Bulldogs began a running feud with Hart and Neidhart. The Bulldogs also feuded with the Dream Team, at WrestleMania 2, with Captain Lou Albano and Ozzy Osbourne in their corner, the Bulldogs defeated the Dream Team for the Tag Team Championship. The Bulldogs held the titles for nine months, feuding with the Dream Team and Nikolai Volkoff. On the January 26,1987 episode of Superstars, the Bulldogs lost the titles to the Hart Foundation due to a back injury to the Dynamite Kid. After losing the titles, the Bulldogs gained a mascot, a bulldog who went by the name Matilda, and feuded with the likes of The Islanders, Demolition
14.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
15.
Impact Wrestling
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Impact Wrestling is a privately held American professional wrestling promotion based in Nashville, Tennessee and founded by Jeff and Jerry Jarrett in 2002. The promotion was known as NWA, Total Nonstop Action and was associated with the National Wrestling Alliance. After the agreement ended in 2007, the company created its own TNA World Heavyweight and it is the only major American promotion to predominantly make use of a six-sided wrestling ring. The concept of TNA originated shortly after World Championship Wrestling ended in 2001, bob Ryder, Jeff Jarrett and Jerry Jarrett went on a fishing trip and contemplated their futures in the professional wrestling business. Only one wrestling product remained on United States national television, the World Wrestling Federation, the Jarretts found the financial backing they needed and the company put on its first show on June 19,2002. That night, however, in a match just before they went on the air. The estimated repair time was 30–60 minutes, which they did not have because the schedule called for them to go live in a few minutes, whether the ring was ready or not. Backstage, the producers shuffled the schedule so that some non-wrestling segments went first to give the crew some more time. The ring crew fixed the rope with the help of Ron and Don Harris, initially, TNAs weekly pay-per-view show operated as the companys main source of revenue, in place of monthly pay-per-view events used by other promotions. These shows took place mostly at the Tennessee State Fairground Sports Arena in Nashville, Tennessee, after 27 months and 111 pay-per-view events, TNA began holding a weekly television show and monthly three-hour pay-per-views. The last weekly pay-per-view took place on September 8,2004, Xplosion launched on November 27,2002 as TNAs first regular cable show and featured exclusive matches from the TNA Asylum as well as exclusive interviews with TNA wrestlers. On November 18,2004, the became a recap show of the previous weeks Impact. in light of alterations in the taping schedule. Xplosion resumed airing exclusive matches once more on October 7,2005 in addition to recapping Impact, the Xplosion Xclusives also aired on the now-ceased TNA Global Impact. Airing of Xplosion in the United States ceased at the end of 2006, in May 2004, TNA introduced a television program, Impact. produced at Soundstage 21 at Universal Studios Florida and broadcast on Fox Sports. In November 2004, TNA held the first of these pay-per-views, Victory Road, the television contract with Fox Sports expired in May 2005 and was not renegotiated, leaving TNA without television exposure. This prompted TNA to air Impact, via webcasts – originally made available via BitTorrent and eventually via RealPlayer – and on Urban America Television replacing Xplosion. During this time, TNA continued pursuing a television deal for regular broadcasting, would later secured a deal with Spike TV. In October 2006, TNA began holding select pay-per-views outside of its filming location
16.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
17.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
18.
Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
19.
Canadian Army
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The Canadian Army is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces. As of September 2013 the Army has 21,600 regular soldiers, about 24,000 reserve soldiers, the Army is supported by 5,600 civilian employees. It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada, and is responsible for the Army Reserve. The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Paul Wynnyk, the name Canadian Army only came into official use beginning in 1940, from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia. On 1 April 1966, as a precursor to the unification of Canadas armed services, Mobile Command was renamed Land Force Command in the 1993 reorganization of the Canadian Armed Forces. In August 2011, Land Force Command reverted to the title of the Canadian Army. Some current regiments of the Canadian Army trace their origins to these pre-Confederation militia, Regular Canadian troops participated in the North West Rebellion in 1885, the South African War in 1899, and, in much larger numbers, constituted the Canadian Expeditionary Force in First World War. In 1940, during Second World War, the Permanent Active Militia was renamed the Canadian Army, supplemented by the non-permanent militia, the Army participated in the Korean War and formed part of the NATO presence in West Germany during the Cold War. Despite Canadas usual support of British and American initiatives, Canadas land forces did not directly participate in the Vietnam War or the Iraq War, Command of the Army is exercised by the Commander of the Canadian Army within National Defence Headquarters located in Ottawa. It serves as a headquarters to command a divisional-level deployment of Canadian or allied forces on operations. It includes a number of schools and training organizations, such as the Combat Training Centre at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick, the position was renamed Chief of the Land Staff in 1993. Following the reversion of Land Forces to the Canadian Army in 2011, officers are selected in several ways, The Regular Officer Training Plan, where candidates are educated at the Royal Military College of Canada or at civilian Canadian universities. Direct Entry officer Plan, for those who hold a university degree or technology diploma. Candidates complete their degrees while serving in the Army, university Training Plan, designed to develop selected serving non-commissioned members for service as career officers in the Regular Force. Normally, candidates selected for this plan will attend RMC or a university in Canada. Special Requirements Commissioning Plan, is designed to meet the needs of the officer occupations, subsidized special education, which includes the Medical Officer Training Plan or Dental Officer Training Plan. In addition there were other commissioning plans such as the Officer Candidate Training Plan, Canadian infantry and armoured regimental traditions are strongly rooted in the traditions and history of the British Army. Many regiments were patterned after regiments of the British Army, other regiments developed independently, resulting in a mixture of both colourful and historically familiar names
20.
Bret Hart
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Bret Sergeant Hart, better known by the ring name Bret The Hitman Hart, is a Canadian-American retired professional wrestler, retired amateur wrestler, writer and actor. A member of the Hart wrestling family and a wrestler, he has an amateur wrestling background, wrestling at Ernest Manning High School. Hart is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time, Sky Sports noted that his legacy is that of one of, if not the greatest, Hart joined his father Stu Harts promotion Stampede Wrestling in 1976, and made his in-ring debut in 1978. He gained championship success throughout the 1980s and 1990s in the World Wrestling Federation and he left for World Championship Wrestling following the controversial Montreal Screwjob in November 1997, where he remained until October 2000. Having been inactive from in-ring competition since January 2000, owing to a December 1999 concussion, he retired in October 2000. He returned to sporadic in-ring competition from 2010–2011 with WWE, where he won his championship, headlined the 2010 SummerSlam event. Throughout his career, Hart headlined WrestleManias IX, X, and XII, Hart has held championships in five decades from the 1970s to the 2010s, with a total of 32 held throughout his career, and 17 held between the WWF/WWE and WCW. He is a world champion, having held the WWF World Heavyweight Championship five times. Hart is also the 1994 Royal Rumble match winner, and the only two-time King of the Ring, winning the 1991 tournament and the first King of the Ring pay-per-view in 1993. Stone Cold Steve Austin, with whom Hart headlined multiple pay-per-view events as part of a rivalry from 1996 to 1997. The eighth child of wrestling patriarch Stu Hart, Bret Hart was born in Calgary and he is of Greek descent through his maternal grandmother and Irish through his maternal grandfather. His father was mainly of Scots-Irish descent but also had Scottish and English ancestry, Hart is a dual citizen of Canada and the United States since his mother Helen was born in New York. Hart has stated that he himself to be North American. Hart spent the vast majority of his childhood in the Hart family mansion which was owned by his father. Hart grew up in a household with eleven siblings and he was close with his older brother Dean who was the nearest to him in age of all his older brothers, being three years his senior. Together they would fight with Brets two older sisters Ellie, who was two years older, and Georgia, who was one year older. His introduction to professional wrestling came at an early age, as a child, he witnessed his father training future wrestlers like Billy Graham in the Dungeon, his household basement which served as a training room. Before school, Harts father, also a promoter, had him hand out fliers to local wrestling shows
21.
Hart Dungeon
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The Hart Dungeon or Hart Family Dungeon, otherwise known simply as The Dungeon, was the gym and wrestling school located in the basement of the Hart mansion. The school was created by Stu Hart, patriarch of the Hart wrestling family and is known for having produced some of the greatest and most successful wrestlers ever. The room was located in the Hart family mansion basement and had a low roof. For most of the duration of the room being used as training hall there was a wrestling mat located on the floor without any ropes which would be used for training students. It was established by Stu shortly after his founding of Stampede Wrestling in 1948, although, aside from professional wrestlers, the Dungeon provided training grounds for various athletes from strongmen to football players. The majority of Harts sons trained in the Dungeon and went on to become involved in the world including Bret. Natalya, daughter of Jim Neidhart and granddaughter of Stu, was the first ever woman to graduate from the Dungeon, the final graduate of the Hart Dungeon was Tyson Kidd. One of the first televised acknowledgements of the nickname Dungeon was by then WWF color commentator Jesse Ventura and its first significant exposure was in the documentary Hitman Hart, Wrestling with Shadows. In it, the Dungeon was moderately filmed for the first time, Bret also discusses being trained by his father and having submission holds applied to himself, often with graphic descriptions from his father of the holds impact. A bonus feature on Brets DVD set also shows him discussing the Dungeon, various activities took place in the Dungeon, ranging from weight lifting to Catch wrestling. Bret Hart has described the Dungeon in interviews as having holes in the walls and he also noted that practices could, at times, be as intense as MMA styled fighting. In July 1998, the WWF filmed a match between Owen Hart and Ken Shamrock in the Dungeon for the Fully Loaded pay-per-view, in difference from his descendants Stu never took money for his training services and did it mostly for the love of the artform of professional wrestling. Leading up to the Hart Houses sale in 2003, the Hart Brothers Training Camp run by Bruce, Keith, a very similar training camp remains today at the familys gym, although none of the Hart brothers are involved. Teddy Hart, grandson of Stu Hart ran a camp in texas named Texas Hart Dungeon from around 2012 to 2015. Smith Hart, the oldest son of Stu Hart founded a new wrestling school in 2015 named Dungeon Discipline Professional Wrestling School which is run out of Calgary, in 2005 a documentary directed by Blake Norton named Surviving the Dungeon, The Legacy of Stu Hart was released
22.
Kevin Nash
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Kevin Scott Nash is an American professional wrestler, actor, and retired basketball player, currently signed to WWE under their Legends program. Nash has wrestled under several ring names, but is best known for his work under his name in World Championship Wrestling. Nash also found success in the World Wrestling Federation, where he was billed as Diesel. In 1994, Nash won all three titles comprising the WWF Triple Crown, and at that years Slammy Awards won the MVP and Best Tag Team awards. Between WWE, WCW, and TNA, Nash has won a total of 21 championships, including being a world champion. Although he held the WWF World Heavyweight Championship only once, Nashs 358-day reign is the longest of the 1990s, during his time in WCW, Nash became the first wrestler to defeat Goldberg and in the process ended his undefeated streak of 173–0 at Starrcade in 1998. Nash was a member of The Kliq, a backstage group that included Shawn Michaels, Triple H, Scott Hall. He is also one of the three founding members of the New World Order, along with Hulk Hogan and Scott Hall, Nash was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2015. Nash was born on July 9,1959, to a devout Christian family, in southwest Detroit, Nashs father, Robert, died of a heart attack on April 4,1968, aged 36, when Nash was eight years old. On December 27,1994, Nashs mother, Wanda, died after a struggle against breast cancer. He attended Aquinas High School, followed by the University of Tennessee, at the University of Tennessee, Nash was a center for the Tennessee Volunteers basketball team. He remained on the team from 1977 to 1980, during which time the team made it to the NCAA Sweet 16, Nash reconsidered his options and instead moved to Europe, where he played basketball professionally for various teams. His career ended in 1981 in Germany when he tore his cruciate ligament. After working on a line at Ford Motor Company and as the floor manager of a strip club in Atlanta, Georgia. Nash debuted in World Championship Wrestling as the orange-mohawked Steel, one half of the tag team known as the Master Blasters. He was initially partnered Master Blaster Iron, with whom he made his debut at the Clash of the Champions on September 5,1990, defeating Brad Armstrong, at the following Worldwide taping on September 7, the Masters Blasters began a feud with Tim Horner and Mike Rotundo. They would defeat Horner and Rotundo on several house shows, on September 22, Nashs partner Master Blaster Iron was replaced by Blade. The reconstituted Master Blasters continued their streak in October
23.
Western Canada
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The capital cities of the four western provinces, from West to East, are, Victoria, Edmonton, Regina and Winnipeg. Except for Winnipeg, which is the largest city in Manitoba, Manitoba established as a province of Canada in 1870, following the enacting of the Manitoba Act. Saskatchewan, Established as province in 1905, with the implementation of the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta, In 1905, the same year as Saskatchewan, Alberta also was established as province. Just like Saskatchewan had the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta had the Alberta Act and this represents 31. 5% of Canadas population. While Vancouver serves as the largest metropolitan area in Western Canada, the following is a list of these areas and their populations as of 2011. Western Canada consists of the four westernmost provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan. It covers 2.9 million square kilometres – almost 29% of Canada’s land area, British Columbia adjoins the Pacific Ocean to the west, while Manitoba has a coastline on Hudson Bay in its northeast of the province. Both Alberta and Saskatchewan are landlocked between British Columbia and Manitoba, the Canadian Prairies are part of a vast sedimentary plain covering much of Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba. The prairies form a significant portion of the area of Western Canada. The plains generally describes the expanses of flat, arable agricultural land which sustain extensive grain farming operations in the southern part of the provinces. Despite this, some such as the Cypress Hills and Alberta Badlands are quite hilly. In Alberta and British Columbia, the Canadian Cordillera is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the east, the Canadian Rockies are part of a major continental divide that extends north and south through western North America and western South America. The continental divide also defines much of the border between Alberta and British Columbia, the Columbia and the Fraser Rivers have their headwaters in the Canadian Rockies and are the second- and third-largest rivers, respectively, to drain to the west coast of North America. To the west of their headwaters, across the Rocky Mountain Trench, is a belt of mountains. The coast of British Columbia enjoys an oceanic climate because of the influence of the Pacific Ocean. Winters are typically wet and summers relatively dry and these areas enjoy the mildest winter weather in all of Canada, as temperatures rarely fall much below the freezing mark. The mountainous Interior of the province is drier and has colder winters, Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, winters are generally quite cold, though some areas can experience a phenomenon known as the chinook wind, wherein warm winds raise the winter temperatures temporarily
24.
Stampede Wrestling
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Stampede Wrestling is a Canadian professional wrestling promotion based in Calgary, Alberta and was for nearly 50 years one of the main promotions in western Canada and the Canadian Prairies. Bought out by promoter Vince McMahon, the company was run by the World Wrestling Federation before being sold back to the Hart family the following year. Run by Bruce Hart until January 1990, he and Ross Hart reopened the promotion in 1999, Stampede Wrestling was operated by Stu Hart from 1948 to 1984. Longtime Stampede announcer Ed Whalen reportedly became distraught during the riot, in which a woman was trampled, speaking of the events he remarked, Were starting to scare the patrons with this violence outside the ring, and I will not be associated with it anymore. The event led to Stampede Wrestling being banned from Calgary for six months by the wrestling and boxing commission. In 1985, the WWF sold Stampede back to the Hart family, the promotion was reopened on April 2,1999 by Bruce and Ross Hart. Stampedes weekly shows were mostly at the Victoria Pavilion in Calgary. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Stampede Wrestling was one of the top wrestling promotions in Canada, one of its main legacies was its impact on the WWF. All these wrestlers later joined the WWF when it expanded across Canada, the British Bulldogs and the Hart Foundation were among the top tag teams in the WWF in the 1980s. Stampede Wrestling was the basis for a weekly sports broadcast produced in Calgary showcasing many of the promotions most popular wrestlers. Hosted by Ed Whalen most of its run, which went from 1957 to 1989, in early 1999, Bruce and Ross Hart reopened Stampede Wrestling after a nine-year hiatus showcasing graduates from the Hart Dungeon training school. However, only weeks after their first event, the once again became inactive following the death of Owen Hart in May. Although considering closing the promotion, the Hart family continued to promote events five months later, although successful, the Harts were forced to cancel several tours in late 2001 and early 2002 due to the arrival of a rival promotion backed by a Calgary businessman. The promotion also lost much of its due to its rival hiring away top stars. In 2005, promoters Bill Bell and Devon Nicholson took over operations for Stampede Wrestling. At that same event, longtime tag team partners TJ Wilson, earlier in 2007, Stampede Wrestling lost the use of the Ogden Legion which was their home base for the past number of years. Stampede Wrestling announced on their website that the promotion would begin to run at the Bowness Sportsplex with the first show being September 7,2007. Bruce and Ross Hart sold Stampede Wrestling to Bill Bell in 2007, the promotion ceased operations again in April 2008
25.
A-Channel (Craig Media)
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A-Channel was a Canadian television system owned by Craig Media from 1997 to 2004 and CHUM Limited from 2004 to 2005. It consisted of Craigs television stations in Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton, CHUM Limited, which acquired Craig Media in 2004, merged these stations into CHUMs flagship television system Citytv on August 2,2005. On the same date, the A-Channel name was transferred to the NewNet stations in Southern Ontario and Vancouver Island, the three original Craig Media A-Channel stations are now owned by Rogers Media. A-Channel was first used by Craig Media as it sought to develop a national presence, originally, Craig owned only two stations in Manitoba, CKX-TV, a CBC Television affiliate in Brandon, and CHMI-TV, an independent station in Portage la Prairie and serving Winnipeg. During the first round of hearings in the early 1990s, neither company obtained a licence, however, after a second round in the mid-1990s, Craig won against CanWest. Craig launched A-Channel stations in Edmonton and Calgary in 1997 and they billed themselves as very locally oriented stations whose programming decisions were made in Alberta and not Toronto. Their slogan was Very Independent, Very. --a slogan originally used at MTN, programming included the local morning show The Big Breakfast, CityLine and Prime Ticket Movies, a brand initially used at MTN. MTN joined the A-Channel system in 1999, Craig established the A-Channel Production Fund which provided financing for made-in-Alberta television movies which A-Channel would air. The most notable of these was an adaptation of A Christmas Carol starring Jack Palance, in the late 1990s, Craig tried to expand the A-Channel network to other markets, either by acquisition or by pursuing new licenses. When Canwest purchased WIC, Craig attempted to force the company to resell WICs Hamilton station CHCH-TV and it also pursued stations up for grabs in Montreal and Vancouver, and applied for a new licence in Victoria. All these attempts failed, Canwest was allowed to keep CHCH, Craig was outbid by other buyers for CFCF and CKVU, CKXT went on air on September 19,2003. A-Channel Edmontons employees went on strike on September 17,2003 during negotiations for a first contract, the labour dispute was resolved on February 14,2004. On April 12,2004, CHUM Limited announced a deal to purchase Craig Media for $265 million, the sale was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on November 19,2004, and was completed on December 1. CHUM had to sell off Toronto 1, because it already owned stations in Toronto, Toronto 1 was sold to Quebecor Media, owners of the media units TVA and Sun Media. In February 2005, CHUM announced it would align Craigs A-Channel stations with its existing major-market stations under the Citytv name, no other significant changes were made, since the A-Channel stations on-air look had always been very similar to that of Citytv. The change took effect on August 2 of the same year, a significant amount of the old A-Channel systems programming was subcontracted from CHUM, which did not have stations in the same markets. The purchase of CHUM programming was diminished significantly following CKXTs launch, original programming on the old A-Channel stations included the police reality series To Serve and Protect, the drama 1-800-Missing and the variety series Pepsi Breakout and MTV Select. Calgary/Lethbridge - CKAL Edmonton/Red Deer - CKEM Portage la Prairie/Winnipeg - CHMI CKXT in Toronto, then known as Toronto One and its logo was also similar to the A-Channel logo, although with a numeral 1 in the square instead of a letter A
26.
Extreme Championship Wrestling
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Extreme Championship Wrestling was a professional wrestling promotion that was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1992 by Tod Gordon. ECW closed when then owner Paul Heyman declared bankruptcy in April 2001, after purchasing the assets of ECW in 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment relaunched the Extreme Championship Wrestling franchise as a WWE brand with their existing Raw and SmackDown brands. It debuted on June 13,2006 on Sci Fi in the United States and it was replaced the following week with WWE NXT. ECW had its origins in 1989 under the banner Tri-State Wrestling Alliance owned by Joel Goodhart, in 1992, Goodhart sold his share of the company to his partner, Tod Gordon, who in return renamed the promotion Eastern Championship Wrestling. When Eastern Championship Wrestling was founded, it was a member of the National Wrestling Alliance, at the time, Hot Stuff Eddie Gilbert was the lead booker of Eastern Championship Wrestling. Gilbert, after an out with Tod Gordon, was replaced in September 1993 by Paul Heyman. Heyman, known on television as Paul E. Dangerously, had just left World Championship Wrestling and was looking for a new challenge. In 1994, Jim Crocketts non-compete agreement with Ted Turner, who purchased World Championship Wrestling from Crockett in November 1988, was up and he decided to start promoting with the NWA again. Crockett went to Tod Gordon and asked him to hold a tournament for the NWAs top prize, the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, in ECWs home area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 27,1994. Gordon planned to have Shane Douglas, who was scheduled to face 2 Cold Scorpio in the tournament finals, Tod Gordon and Paul Heyman originally planned the idea of throwing down the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt. Heyman persuaded Douglas by noting that the negative would only be that NWA traditionalists would just see them as traitors to tradition, coralluzzo believed that Douglas was a bad risk and had the tendency to no-show events. Douglas ultimately decided to go through with Gordon and Heymans plan and he then raised the Eastern Championship Wrestling title belt and declared it to be a World Heavyweight Championship — calling it the only real world title left in professional wrestling. Gordon made the announcement on the next edition of NWA-ECW programming. The promotion showcased many different styles of wrestling, including hardcore wrestling matches as well as lucha libre. The bulk of ECWs shows remained at the ECW Arena, a former warehouse secluded under a section of Interstate 95, seating comprised simple folding chairs and four sets of portable bleachers, and the whole sort of unconventional set up reflected the gritty style of the wrestling itself. Shows were actually broadcast on a Philadelphia local cable station on Tuesday evenings. After Sports Channel Philadelphia went off the air in 1997, the moved to WPPX-TV61. It later moved to an independent broadcast station in Philadelphia on either Friday or Saturday night at 1 or 2 a. m
27.
WWE
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Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. was an American professional wrestling promotion and the sanctioning body for the World Wide Wrestling Federation and later World Wrestling Federation. Founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt in 1953, Capitol Wrestling Corporation is the precursor to todays WWE, run by Jess grandson, Jess McMahon was a successful boxing promoter who began working with Tex Rickard in 1926. With the help of Rickard, he began promoting boxing at the third Madison Square Garden, a few years prior, professional wrestler Toots Mondt had created a new challenge of professional wrestling that he called “Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling”. He convinced wrestler Ed Lewis and his manager Billy Sandow to implement this new solution, after much success, a disagreement over power caused the trio to dissolve and, with it, their promotion. Mondt later formed partnerships with other promoters, including Jack Curley in New York City. Mondt eventually took over the New York wrestling scene, due to the fact Curley was dying, with the aid of several bookers, together, McMahon and Mondt created the Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. which later joined the National Wrestling Alliance in 1953. In November 1954, Jess McMahon died and Ray Fabiani, one of Mondts associates, both men left the company in protest following the incident and formed the WWWF in the process, awarding Rogers the new WWWF World Heavyweight Championship in April of that year. He lost the championship to Bruno Sammartino a month later on May 17,1963, after gaining a television program deal and turning preliminary wrestler Lou Albano as a manager for Sammartinos heel opponents, the WWWF was doing sell out business by 1970. Mondt left the company in the late 1960s and although the WWWF had withdrawn from the NWA, Vince McMahon, at the annual meeting of the NWA in 1983, the McMahons and WWF employee Jim Barnett all withdrew from the organization. By March 1979, for marketing purposes, the World Wide Wrestling Federation was renamed the World Wrestling Federation and that same year, Vincent J. McMahons son, Vincent K. McMahon, founded Titan Sports, Inc. incorporated on February 21,1980, originally in Massachusetts. In 1982, Titan Sports Inc. acquired Capitols operations, effectively relocating its headquarters to Greenwich, in an attempt to make the WWF the premier wrestling promotion in the world, McMahon began an expansion that fundamentally changed the industry. In the end, the elder McMahon would never live to see his company grow from a promotion to what is now a worldwide organization. He died from cancer at 69 years old on May 24,1984. By 1985, Titan moved to Stamford, Connecticut then establishing a new entity in 1987 in Delaware which later merged with the old company in 1988. Titan later changed its name to World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. before finally becoming World Wrestling Entertainment, list of independent wrestling promotions in the United States
28.
Nerve
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A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons to peripheral organs. In the central system, the analogous structures are known as tracts. Each nerve is a structure containing bundles of axons. Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a layer of tissue called the endoneurium. The axons are bundled together into groups called fascicles, and each fascicle is wrapped in a layer of tissue called the perineurium. Finally, the nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. Efferent nerves conduct signals from the nervous system along motor neurons to their target muscles. Mixed nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, and thus conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle commands in the same bundle and they are given letter-number designations according to the vertebra through which they connect to the spinal column. Cranial nerves innervate parts of the head, and connect directly to the brain and they are typically assigned Roman numerals from 1 to 12, although cranial nerve zero is sometimes included. In addition, cranial nerves have descriptive names, each nerve is covered externally by a dense sheath of connective tissue, the epineurium. Underlying this is a layer of cells, the perineurium. Perineurial septae extend into the nerve and subdivide it into several bundles of fibres, surrounding each such fibre is the endoneurium. This forms a tube from the surface of the spinal cord to the level where the axon synapses with its muscle fibres. The endoneurium consists of a sleeve of material called the glycocalyx. Nerves are bundled along with vessels, since the neurons of a nerve have fairly high energy requirements. Within the endoneurium, the nerve fibres are surrounded by a low protein liquid called endoneurial fluid. This acts in a way to the cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system
29.
Petey Williams
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Peter Petey Williams III is a Canadian retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where he was a two-time TNA X Division Champion and he was also in Lucha Libre USA, where he held the Tag Team Championship with Jon Rekon. He was also known by his nickname The Canadian Destroyer, a reference to his front flip piledriver finishing move of the same name, Williams was trained alongside Chris Sabin by Scott DAmore at the Can-Am Wrestling School. Williams debuted in DAmores Windsor, Ontario-based Border City Wrestling promotion in 2002, in March 2005 Petey wrestled in the UK at International Showdown for The Wrestling Channels first year anniversary at a sold out Coventry Skydome. He made a appearance in Ring of Honor on June 18,2005 at Death Before Dishonor III as the mystery opponent of the returning A. J. Williams debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on February 25,2004 and he and the remainder of Team Canada took part in the TNA2004 World X Cup Tournament, but were defeated by Team Mexico and Team USA. On August 11,2004, Williams won the X Division Championship in a twenty-two man Gauntlet for the Gold match, entering at number eleven, early in his title reign, Williams claimed that the Canadian Destroyer could not be countered. According to Williams, Bully Ray told him to focus the entire match in his finishing move, however, after Williams successfully retained the title in a match with A. J. Styles at Victory Road on November 7,2004, Chris Sabin began claiming that he was capable of countering the move and he went on to counter the Canadian Destroyer into his own finishing move, the Cradle Shock, on three occasions in the month following Victory Road. However, Sabin was unable to defeat Williams for the X Division Championship at Turning Point on December 5,2004. Williamss reign would last for five months and five days, before ending on January 16,2005 at Final Resolution, Styles in an Ultimate X match that also featured Sabin. At Lockdown on April 24,2005, Williams and fellow Team Canada member Eric Young unsuccessfully challenged Americas Most Wanted for the NWA World Tag Team Championship and they challenged then-champions The Naturals at Slammiversary on June 19,2005, but were once again defeated. Williams returned to the X Division on July 17,2005 at No Surrender, Williams, along with the rest of Team Canada, would go on to join Planet Jarrett upon TNAs debut on Spike TV in October 2005. After winning an Ultimate X match at Bound for Glory on October 23, Styles at Genesis on November 13, but was again defeated. Williams would resume wrestling in the X Division and faced off against Chris Sabin, Elix Skipper, Shark Boy, Puma, Williams and Sabin were the final two competitors, but Williams lost after Sabin was able to climb over the cage and escape. Williams again acted as the captain of Team Canada in the 2006 World X Cup Tournament and he lost to Jushin Thunder Liger at Sacrifice in a Captain vs. Captain semifinal match, but won the Gauntlet Match final to tie the points with Team USA, on the following edition of Impact. He lost to Team USA captain Chris Sabin in a singles match
30.
Bobby Roode
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Robert Bobby Roode Jr. is a Canadian professional wrestler currently signed to WWE performing in its developmental territory, NXT, where he is the current NXT Champion in his first reign. He is best known for his 12-year tenure working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling from 2004 to 2016, Roode debuted as part of Team Canada in 2004, becoming a NWA World Tag Team Champion with Eric Young. After exploring a run after the teams breakup, he formed a successful pairing with James Storm as Beer Money. Together with Storm, he is a six-time TNA World Tag Team Champion and he subsequently defeated Storm to become TNA World Heavyweight Champion and became the longest reigning champion in the companys history, at 256 days. Roode was trained in his hometown of Peterborough, Ontario by fellow Ontarians Sean Morley and he completed his training after a year and wrestled his debut match in June 1998 as Total Lee Awesome against Pete Rock. He then went on to work for various Canadian independent promotions, as well as making appearances for the Puerto Rican promotion and he also went on to work a series of dark matches for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment between 1998 and 2004 before he was signed by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. He later rejoined them as a part of their Wrestling Reality show to be aired on The Fight Network, however, while in TNA, Roode also wrestled for BSE Pro in Ontario, Border City Wrestling in Windsor, Ontario and at NWA Shockwave in New Jersey. He is the former BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Champion, on March 18,2006, he won the NWA Shockwave Internet Championship from Josh Daniels at an NWAS/New York Wrestling Connection cross-promotional event. Eight days later, on March 26, Roode won the vacant NWA Shockwave Heavyweight Championship at Disturbing the Peace 2006 in a four-way match, Roode held both titles until May 21, when he dropped the Internet title and successfully defended the Heavyweight title against Slyck Wagner Brown. Due to the restarting of the company, all of the NWA Cyberspace championships were vacated, Roode performed for the World Wrestling Federation numerous times between 2001 and 2004. On the February 3,2001 episode of Jakked/Metal he competed under the ring name Rudy Rude where he lost to Perry Saturn, on March 18,2002 he teamed with Kingman to face Billy Kidman and Tommy Dreamer in a dark match loss. On the November 3,2002 episode of Sunday Night Heat he teamed with Mark Maraculi to face 3-Minute Warning in another loss and he appeared on the March 2,2003 episode of Heat facing Al Snow in a losing effort. On the July 12,2003 episode of Velocity he faced Sean OHaire in a loss, on the July 13,2003 episode of Heat he teamed with Tyson Dux in a losing effort against La Résistance. On the August 23,2003 episode of Velocity he teamed with Eric Young in a loss against The Full Blooded Italians, on the October 11,2003 episode of Velocity he lost to Billy Kidman. On the October 26,2003 episode of Heat he teamed with Arch Kincaid to face The Hurricane, on November 3,2003, he was in a dark match before Raw, where he lost to Eric Young. In another dark match on November 6 before SmackDown, in May 2004, Roode was brought into Total Nonstop Action Wrestling by Scott DAmore, the owner of Border City Wrestling, a Canadian independent promotion for which Roode had worked on occasion. Roode debuted in TNA as part of the Team Canada stable, and took part in the World X-Cup, Team Canada went on to feud with 3Live Kru and Americas Most Wanted. As the biggest and most powerful member of Team Canada at the time, Roode acted as the enforcer of the group, a role popularised by Arn Anderson
31.
Eric Young (wrestler)
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He is also one of only four men to win TNAs Grand Slam Championship. All together, Young won 11 championships during his career in TNA, after graduating from high school, Young began training with veteran wrestler Waldo Von Erich in Cambridge, Ontario. After training for ten weeks he wrestled his debut match on October 14,1998 in Benton Harbor, Michigan and he later received supplementary training from Scott DAmore and Chris Kanyon. After four months, he had wrestled ten matches and was promoted to head trainer. After his training was complete, Young began working on the independent circuit, when wrestling infrequently, Young subsidised his income with a number of other jobs, including working in a pizza parlour, manufacturing brass horse harnesses and sand casting. During his time in the Ontario independent scene, Young also owned and operated the Wrestleplex training facility out of Cambridge, notable wrestlers to come out of the gym include Jake OReilly, Ontario mainstay Crazzy Steve and World Wrestling Entertainment signee Shawn Spears. On June 30,2007, Eric secured the APWF Light Heavyweight Championship defeating former four-time NWA World Light Heavyweight Champion Luscious Rocky Reynolds in Oil City, Young appeared on WWE television three times. The first was on an WWE Velocity, he teamed with future tag team partner Bobby Roode and were defeated by Chuck Palumbo, the second appearance was also on WWE Velocity in which he was announced as Showtime Eric Young, he lost to Sean OHaire. He appeared the day on WWE Sunday Night Heat, losing a match to Val Venis. In January 2004 Young debuted in TNA as a member of Team Canada and he took part in the World X Cup event, defeating Jerry Lynn, Mr. Águila and Taichi Ishikari in a ladder match. Team Canada were a feature on Impact. Throughout mid-2004, feuding with the 3Live Kru, on the October 15,2004 Impact. Young and Bobby Roode defeated Christopher Daniels and Cowboy James Storm for the NWA World Tag Team Championship and they held the titles until November 7, when they were defeated by the 3Live Kru at Victory Road. They regained the titles a month later at Turning Point on December 5, Young and Roode began feuding with Americas Most Wanted in early 2005, and lost the NWA World Tag Team Championship to Americas Most Wanted on January 16 at Final Resolution. Young began teaming with Team Canada member Petey Williams, and on April 24,2005 they unsuccessfully challenged Americas Most Wanted for the NWA World Tag Team Championship at Lockdown. After defeating Apolo and Sonny Siaki at Hard Justice on May 15, Williams and Young challenged, Team Canada began feuding with The Naturals and Lance Hoyt, with Young, Roode and A-1 defeating Hoyt and The Naturals at No Surrender on July 17. Americas Most Wanted formed an alliance with The Naturals against Team Canada, with Young, Roode, Williams and A-1 defeating The Naturals. After Williams renewed his pursuit of the X Division Championship, Young began teaming with A-1 on a regular basis, at Unbreakable on September 11, Young and A-1 faced Americas Most Wanted, Alex Shelley and Johnny Candido and defending champions The Naturals in a four way tag match
32.
Andy Douglas
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Andy Roberts is a retired American professional wrestler who performed under the name The Natural Andy Douglas. He is known for his work in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he was a member of The Naturals alongside his tag team partner Chase Stevens, Douglas was trained by Killer Kurt in his home state of Kentucky. After completing his training, Douglas traveled to Nashville, Tennessee and began working for NWA Main Event and he then moved on to USA Championship Wrestling, where he formed a heel tag team with Chase Stevens, turning on Santel. They considered the name Natural Heat before choosing The Naturals while on a fishing trip and they were managed by Athena, then by April Pennington. The Naturals worked for Jerry Lawlers Memphis Wrestling promotion in Memphis and they were renamed The Alternative Express, a gothic team who wore black clothing and painted their fingernails. In October 2003 they faced Americas Most Wanted on the NWA fifty-fifth anniversary show, the Naturals defeated Chris Vaughn and Rick Santel for the USA Championship Wrestling tag team championship on October 16,2004. The Naturals were hired by TNA in 2004, and began a feud with Americas Most Wanted. In an upset victory, the Naturals defeated Americas Most Wanted for the NWA World Tag Team Championship on July 7,2004 in a second long match. They also stole Americas Most Wanteds trademark robes, on September 26,2004, Douglas was stabbed while leaving a nightclub along with fellow wrestler Johnny Devine. Douglas was bleeding from the leg and Devine from the stomach, Douglas returned to the ring soon after. In 2005 the Naturals gained a new manager, Chris Candido, Candido eventually led the Naturals to a second NWA Tag Team Championship victory against Americas Most Wanted on April 29,2005, filmed prior to but airing shortly after his death. Following the sudden death of Candido as a result of a blood clot, on June 19,2005 at TNA Slammiversary 2005 the Naturals were assisted in a title defense against Team Canada by Jimmy Hart. They were managed by Hart throughout mid-2005, with their reign ending on the October 22 episode of TNA Impact, when they lost to Americas Most Wanted following interference from Jeff Jarrett and Gail Kim. They were defeated by Americas Most Wanted in their rematch at TNA Bound for Glory 2005 on October 23, in April 2006, Douglas was the first victim of a rampage by Scott Steiner. While Steiners partner, Jeff Jarrett, took out Chase Stevens, Douglas disappeared from TNA television to sell the injury, then returned on the May 18 episode of TNA Impact. to rescue Chase Stevens from Samoa Joe. At TNA Victory Road 2006 The Naturals defeated the Diamonds in the Rough, on the July 20,2006 edition of TNA Impact. They defeated Maverick Matt Bentley and Frankie Kazarian and their match at TNA Hard Justice 2006, was canceled due to a fire. On the August 17,2006 edition of TNA Impact, Chase Stevens defeated Chris Harris, Frankie Kazarian, and BG James in a Fatal Fourway to become the number one contenders for the NWA World Tag Team Championship
33.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
34.
Stabbing
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A stabbing is penetration with a sharp or pointed object at close range. Stab connotes purposeful action, as by an assassin or murderer, stabbing differs from slashing or cutting in that the motion of the object used in a stabbing generally moves perpendicular to and directly into the victims body, rather than being drawn across it. Stabbings today are common among gangs and in prisons because knives are cheap, easy to acquire, easily concealable, in 2013 about 8 million stabbings occurred. In Japan, the practice of stabbing oneself deliberately in ritual suicide is known as seppuku. The ritual is highly codified, and the person committing suicide is assisted by a second who is entrusted to decapitate him cleanly once he has made the abdominal wound. It has thus been speculated that the fuller, a concave depression in a metal blade. This misconception has led to fullers becoming widely known as blood grooves, the fuller is actually a structural reinforcement of the blade similar in design to a metal I-beam used in construction. Death from stabbing is caused by shock, severe blood loss, infection, although previously a victim of abdominal stabbing would be subject to exploratory surgery laparotomy, it is now considered safe not to operate if the patient is stable. In that case, they should be observed for signs of decompensation indicating a serious injury, in the event that the patient initially presents stabbing injuries and is unstable, laparotomy should be initiated to discover and rectify any internal injury. When someone who has sustained a stab wound dies, the body is autopsied, such examination can yield valuable information about the weapon used to produce the injury. It is possible to determine whether the weapon was single edged or double edged, sometimes factors like the taper of the blade and movement of knife in the wound can also be determined. Bruises or abrasions may give information about the guard
35.
Anterior cruciate ligament
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The anterior cruciate ligament is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments in the human knee. They are also called cruciform ligaments as they are arranged in a crossed formation, in the quadruped stifle joint, based on its anatomical position, it is also referred to as the cranial cruciate ligament. The ACL originates from deep within the notch of the distal femur and its proximal fibers fan out along the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle. There are two bundles of the ACL—the anteromedial and the posterolateral, named according to where the insert into the tibial plateau. The ACL attaches in front of the eminence of the tibia. These attachments allow the ACL to resist anterior translation and medial rotation of the tibia, ACL tears are among the most common knee injuries, with over 100,000 tears in the US occurring annually. Most ACL tears are a result of landing or planting in cutting or pivoting sports, most serious athletes will require an ACL reconstruction if they have a complete tear and want to return to sports, because the ACL is crucial for stabilizing the knee when turning or planting. Reconstruction is most commonly done by autograft, meaning the tissue used for the repair is from the patient’s body, other times, a cadaver is used for tissue. The two most common sources for tissue are the tendon and the hamstrings tendon. The surgery is arthroscopic, meaning that a camera is inserted through a small surgical cut. The camera sends video to a large monitor so that the surgeon can see any damage to the ligaments, in the event of an autograft, the surgeon will make a larger cut to get the needed tissue. In the event of an allograft, in material is donated. The surgeon will make holes in the bones to run the tissue through. Recovery time ranges between one and two years or longer, a week or so after the occurrence of the injury, the athlete is usually deceived by the fact that he/she is walking normally and not feeling much pain. This is dangerous as some athletes start resuming some of their activities such as jogging which, with a move or twist. It is important for the athlete to understand the significance of each step of an ACL injury to avoid complications. Tearing the anterior cruciate ligament can sometimes be part of an injury known as “the terrible triad”. This consists of the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament
36.
Memphis Wrestling
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Memphis Wrestling is an American professional wrestling promotion based in Memphis, Tennessee. Memphis Wrestling evolved from an earlier short-lived promotion called Memphis Championship Wrestling and it was originally broadcast every Saturday morning at 11 AM CT, beginning on May 17,2003. In 2006, due to conflicts with other Saturday morning broadcasting commitments, such as college football. The promotion also aired internationally on The Fight Network in Europe, as of January 2008, Memphis Wrestling is running repeats of previously-aired shows. On August 9,2008, Memphis Wrestling returned to its 11 AM Saturday spot, now on channel 50
37.
Memphis, Tennessee
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Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf, Memphis had a population of 653,450 in 2013, making it the largest city in the state of Tennessee. It is the largest city on the Mississippi River, the third largest in the greater Southeastern United States, the greater Memphis metropolitan area, including adjacent counties in Mississippi and Arkansas, had a 2014 population of 1,317,314. This makes Memphis the second-largest metropolitan area in Tennessee, surpassed by metropolitan Nashville, Memphis is the youngest of Tennessees major cities, founded in 1819 as a planned city by a group of wealthy Americans including judge John Overton and future president Andrew Jackson. A resident of Memphis is referred to as a Memphian, and the Memphis region is known, particularly to media outlets, as Memphis and the Mid-South. Occupying a substantial bluff rising from the Mississippi River, the site of Memphis has been a location for human settlement by varying cultures over thousands of years. The historic Chickasaw Indian tribe, believed to be their descendants, French explorers led by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto would encounter the Chickasaw in that area, in the 16th century. J. D. L. Chickasaw Bluffs, located on the Mississippi River at the present day location of Memphis, spain and the United States vied for control of this site, which was a favorite of the Chickasaws. The United States gained the right to navigate the Mississippi River, the Spanish dismantled the fort, shipping its lumber and iron to their locations in Arkansas. Captain Isaac Guion led an American force down the Ohio River to claim the land, by this time, the Spanish had departed. The forts ruins went unnoticed twenty years later when Memphis was laid out as a city, the city of Memphis was founded on May 22,1819 by John Overton, James Winchester and Andrew Jackson. They named it after the ancient capital of Egypt on the Nile River, Memphis developed as a trade and transportation center in the 19th century because of its flood-free location high above the Mississippi River. Located in the delta region along the river, its outlying areas were developed as cotton plantations. The cotton economy of the antebellum South depended on the labor of large numbers of African-American slaves. Through the early 19th century, one million slaves were transported from the Upper South, Many were transported by steamboats along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This gave planters and cotton brokers access to the Atlantic Coast for shipping cotton to England, the citys demographics changed dramatically in the 1850s and 1860s under waves of immigration and domestic migration. Due to increased immigration since the 1840s and the Great Famine, ethnic Irish made up 9.9 percent of the population in 1850, but 23.2 percent in 1860, when the total population was 22,623. They had encountered considerable discrimination in the city but by 1860 and they also gained many elected and patronage positions in the Democratic Party city government, and an Irish man was elected as mayor before the Civil War
38.
Windsor, Ontario
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Windsor is a city in Ontario and the southernmost city in Canada. It is located on the shore of the Detroit River, directly across the river from Detroit. Windsor is a contributor to Canadas automotive industry and has a storied history. Prior to European exploration and settlement, the Windsor area was inhabited by the First Nations, a French agricultural settlement was established at the site of Windsor in 1749. It is the oldest continually inhabited European-founded settlement in Canada west of Montreal, the area was first named la Petite Côte. Later it was called La Côte de Misère because of the sandy soils near LaSalle, Windsors French-Canadian heritage is reflected in French street names such as Ouellette, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The current street system of Windsor reflects the Canadien method of land division. Today, the street name often indicates the name of the family that at one time farmed the land where the street is now located. The street system of outlying areas is consistent with the British system for granting land concessions, there is a significant French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area, particularly in the Lakeshore, Tecumseh and LaSalle areas. In 1794, after the American Revolution, the settlement of Sandwich was founded and it was later renamed Windsor, after the town in Berkshire, England. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsors west side is home to some of the oldest buildings in the city, including Mackenzie Hall, today, this building functions as a community centre. The oldest building in the city is the Duff-Baby House built in 1792 and it is owned by Ontario Heritage Trust and houses government offices. The François Baby House in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and houses Windsors Community Museum, Windsor was the site of a battle during the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1838, and also served as a theatre for the Patriot War, later that year. Windsor was established as a village in 1854, then became a town in 1858, the Windsor Police Service was established on July 1,1867. A fire consumed much of Windsors downtown core on October 12,1871, Sandwich, Ford City and Walkerville were separate legal entities in their own right until 1935. They are now historic neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ford City was officially incorporated as a village in 1912, it became a town in 1915, and a city in 1929. Walkerville was incorporated as a town in 1890, Sandwich was established in 1817 as a town with no municipal status. It was incorporated as a town in 1858 and these three towns were annexed by Windsor in 1935
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A-1 (wrestler)
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Alastair Charles Ralphs is a Canadian professional wrestler and former bodybuilder, better known by his ring name, A-1. He is best known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling from 2004 to 2007 as part of Team Canada, Ralphs was born in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, and relocated to Dunnville, Ontario at the age of five. He later moved to Windsor, Ontario to attend the University of Windsor, after spending three years as an undercard talent, Ralphs became A-1, a cocky, arrogant heel, forming an alliance with Johnny Swinger. He defeated DLo Brown for the BCW Heavyweight Championship on December 12,2004, in Belleville, on January 23,2005, at New Years Revolution, Ralphs interrupted the Hall of Fame induction ceremony, complaining that he was being overshadowed by older wrestlers. Scott DAmore responded with an aimed at Ralphs previous career as a bodybuilder. Following a distraction from Jade, A-1 was able to powerbomb DAmore through a table, Ralphs went on to retain the heavyweight title in a match with Abyss, using Abysss own chain to knock him unconscious. Ralphs lost the BCW Heavyweight Championship to Bobby Roode on July 22,2005, in the course of his reign as champion he faced well-known veterans such as Jim Neidhart and King Kong Bundy. On July 16,2004, Ralphs appeared in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, losing to Sabu. G, throughout April and May 2005, teaming with other members of Team Canada or accompanying them to the ring. At Hard Justice on May 15, Ralphs took part in the Gauntlet for the Gold and he entered at number six and was eliminated by The Outlaw and B. G. On the May 11,2006, episode of TNA Impact, larry Zbyszko asked Team Canada coach Scott DAmore for assistance in his feud with Raven. DAmore eventually agreed to help Zbyszko rid TNA of Raven, and nominated A-1 to face Raven in a match at TNA Sacrifice 2006 in May 2006, on the June 29,2006, episode of Impact. TNA Management Director Jim Cornette disbanded Team Canada, A-1 soon began wrestling sporadically, facing Ron Killings in the pre-show of the Hard Justice pay-per-view and against Eric Young at the No Surrender pay-per-view, losing both times. He also took part in the Kevin Nash Open Invitational X-Division Gauntlet Battle Royal at Bound For Glory and he was eliminated by both Maverick Matt and Kazarian. A-1 was released by TNA in February 2007, since leaving TNA, A-1 has wrestled on the independent circuit in Canada and the United States. com Interview conducted by Bill Banks
