1.
Bondi Junction, New South Wales
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Bondi Junction is an eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 6 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district and is part of the government area of the Waverley. Bondi Junction is a commercial area which has undergone many changes since the late 20th century. There have been many major commercial and residential developments around the street and surrounding area. Many of the pubs have been maintained, notably, the Nelson Hotel. Bondi Beach is a suburb to the east with a world-famous beach. Bondi and North Bondi are also neighbouring suburbs, Bondi Junction and the neighbouring area is well known for its famous rugby league team, the Sydney Roosters, still officially known as the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club. The clubhouse of the team is located in Spring Street. Bondi is an Aboriginal word meaning water breaking over rocks and it has been spelt a number of different ways over time, for example, Boondi, Bundi and Bundye. The first house in the area was Waverley House, which was built by Barnett Levey in 1827, the house changed hands many times over the years before finally being demolished. When Waverley Municipality was proclaimed in 1859, the name was taken from Waverley House, henry Hough was first given a grant of land on the site of Bondi Junction in 1832. On his estate, he built a flour mill. This was accessed by a track leading off the South Head Road, Hough named his farm Hope, but it was colloquially dubbed Mill Hill. In 1854 the first hotel in the area opened and it was named The Waverley Tea Gardens and the surrounding area quickly took that name, quickly shortened to simply Tea Gardens, which stuck for the next 30 years. By 1878 steam had supplanted wind in milling and the estate was closed, in May 1881 it was subdivided. Streets in this subdivision that exist today are Mill Hill Road, the subdivision of the estate coincided with the opening of the first tramway to the area – steam trams began operation from Taylor Square in Darlinghurst on 12 March 1881. With the extension of the lines to Bondi Beach, Charing Cross and Bronte later in the decade. It referred to the junction of the Bondi and Bronte tram lines at the corner of the now Oxford Street, with the subdivision of surrounding suburbs complete by 1930, Bondi Junction quickly grew into a major entertainment and commercial centre
2.
St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney
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St Vincents Hospital, Sydney is located in the inner city suburb of Darlinghurst. Though funded and integrated into the New South Wales state public health system it is operated by St Vincents Health Australia and it is affiliated with the University of New South Wales Medical School. St Vincent’s Hospital was established in 1857 by five Irish Sisters of Charity, some of their early work included helping victims of the 1853 influenza outbreak, and families of prisoners in the nearby Darlinghurst Gaol. The hospital was founded in the suburb of Potts Point. As demand grew a new hospital with 150 beds was built on its present site in Victoria Street, the building was remodelled and enlarged after World War I and is now known as the De Lacy building after one of the founding sisters. Forming part of the St Vincents Local Hospital Network, the hospital is now a facility of St Vincents Health Australia, St Vincents Health Australia is a part of Mary Aikenhead Ministries. St Vincents is a medical, surgical and research facility. It has been at the forefront of innovation in such as heart, lung. The first heart transplant was performed on 23 October 1968 by Dr Harry Windsor on a 57-year-old, the hospital was also the first Australian hospital to implement a successful cardiac transplant programme. The head of the transplant program was Dr Windsor, but the surgeon who conducted the first successful transplant in 1982 was Dr Victor Chang, a Chinese-Australian cardiothoracic surgeon. One of the first patients to receive a new heart at St Vincents was 14-year-old Fiona Coote who, on 7 April 1984, cardiothoracic surgeons performed the first heart/lung transplant. The hospital was one of the first health care facilities in Australia to begin treating AIDS patients when the epidemic reached Sydney in the early 1980s. The first patient to be diagnosed with AIDS in Australia was at St Vincents in October,1982. As the AIDS epidemic grew in Sydney, the led the way in the compassionate treatment of the sick. This early exposure to the implications of a possible pandemic was responsible for St Vincents becoming one of the leading centres of immunology research. These patients will in future, be admitted onto an oncology ward of the hospital, in 1996, St Vincents joined the Sisters of Charity Health Service, which already encompassed 17 other health care facilities, and which is now, Australias largest not-for-profit health care provider. The hospital was upgraded in 2001. The hospital is a teaching facility, and offers a wide array of clinical experience to students studying medicine
3.
Darlinghurst
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Darlinghurst is an inner-city, eastern suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Darlinghurst is located immediately east of the Sydney central business district and Hyde Park, Darlinghurst is a densely populated suburb with the majority of residents living in apartments or terraced houses. Once a slum and red-light district, Darlinghurst has undergone urban renewal since the 1980s to become an area composed of many unique precincts. Places such as Victoria Street, Stanley Street and Crown Street are known as culturally rich destinations and these high street areas are connected by a network of lane-ways and street corners replete with small bars, cafes and boutique indie retail. Demographically, Darlinghurst is home to the highest percentage of generation X and Y in Australia, Darlinghurst is also home to large number of off-street creative industries. This business mix coupled with the history of inclusion and acceptance give Darlinghurst an eclectic. Darlinghursts main street is Oxford Street and this major Sydney road runs east from the south-eastern corner of Hyde Park through Darlinghurst and Paddington and terminates at Bondi Junction. Oxford Street is one of Sydneys most famous shopping and dining strips and it is home to a number of prominent gay venues and businesses, while more broadly Darlinghurst is a centre of Sydneys burgeoning small bar scene. As a result of the influx of revellers, crime rates increased in the area around 2007, particularly for assaults. This reported increase should be understood in terms of a low background crime rate in East Sydney in general. There are a number of named localities in and around Darlinghurst including Taylor Square, Three Saints Square, Kings Cross and confusingly also East Sydney. This is because from 1900 to 1969 the entire area to the east of Sydneys CBD, already in 1820 the entire ridge line running from Potts Point to Surry Hills was known as Eastern Hill. East Sydney hosts numerous restaurants that consistently garner local and international media attention, Sydneys Eastern Suburbs cover all the land from the east of Darlinghurst up to the Pacific Ocean. The suburb was known as Eastern Hill and then Henrietta Town, after Governor Lachlan Macquaries wife. The loyalties changed with the change of governors and the suburb became Darlinghurst in honour of Elizabeth Darling, the suffix hurst is derived from the Old English word hyrst, meaning wooded area. Darlinghurst has two of Sydneys museums, the Australian Museum and the Sydney Jewish Museum, the suburb also features St Vincents Hospital, and is associated with the Sacred Heart Hospice on Darlinghurst Road, and the Garvan Institute of Medical Research. Darlinghurst Gaol, the large sandstone penal complex in the middle of Darlinghurst was built between 1836 and 1840, the large sandstone walls still bear convict markings, and the complex features six wings surrounding a circular chapel. Australian poet Henry Lawson spent time incarcerated here during some of the turbulent years of his life, the last hanging at the gaol was in 1907
4.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
5.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
6.
Festival Records
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Festival Records was an Australian recording and publishing company founded in Sydney in 1952 and operated until 2005. Festival was established by one of Australias first merchant banking companies, Mainguard, founded by entrepreneur, Mainguard had a wide range of investments including one of Australias first supermarket companies, and a whaling business and also backed famed Australian filmmaker Charles Chauvel. Another early staff member was Bruce Gyngell, who was hired to help found Australias first commercial TV station. The connection between Nine and Festival would reap benefits for the label in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Festival was able to gain a foothold in the Australian music market thanks to Welch. When Mainguard began diverting Festivals profits into its other businesses, Welch resigned and he was replaced by disc jockey and former record store clerk Ken Taylor. Like Welch, Taylor did not like rock n roll, Festivals sales trebled, but by this time Mainguard was in serious financial straits and in 1957 Cullen sold Festival to property magnate L. J. Hooker. Hooker was a music fan and reportedly took a keen personal interest in the company, even establishing his own boutique imprint label, Rex. Both artists had heard OKeefe perform the song during their 1958 Aussie tour and this Festival success was followed by four #1 hits in 1959 for another local act, Col Joye & the Joy Boys. S. Festival played a role in the Australian pop scene of the mid-to-late 1960s. Festival recorded or distributed some of the most popular Australian acts of the decade, an important factor in the companys success during the pop boom of the 1960s was the pressing and distribution deals it made with the many small independent pop labels that emerged in this period. A large proportion of the released on Sunshine, Kommmotion and Spin were overseen by producer Pat Aulton. Aulton was probably responsible for more Australian-made hits than any other record producer of his era. Aulton began his career as a singer in the Adelaide band the Clefs, then became an A&R manager for the Sunshine label, where he produced many of that labels releases, including hits by Normie Rowe. When Daymans mini-empire collapsed in 1966, Aulton discovered that he had unwittingly been named as a partner in the record label, as a result, he had most of his assets seized by creditors. Fortunately he was rescued by Festival MD Fred Marks, who offered him a job as a producer for Festival. In 1970, Festival established a new music label, Infinity Records Early Infinity releases included Kahvas Jute. In 1979 Mark Moffatt replaced Batchens as house producer, bringing much of the Mushroom recording in house, another notable success for Festival in this period was Sister Janet Mead
7.
Liberty Records
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Liberty Records was a United States-based record label. It was started by chairman Simon Waronker in 1955 with Al Bennett as president and it was reactivated in 2001 in the United Kingdom and had two previous revivals. Libertys early releases focused on film and orchestral music and its first single was Lionel Newmans The Girl Upstairs. Its first big hit, in 1955, was by Julie London singing her version of the song, Cry Me a River. It helped Liberty sell her first album, Julie Is Her Name and she was to record 32 albums in her career. In 1956 Liberty signed the little-known Henry Mancini and they released two singles and several albums for him, but he left in 1959 when he gained in popularity. Billy Rose and Lee Davids song, Tonight You Belong to Me, scored a number 4 and number 28 as performed by teen sisters Patience and Prudence and their biggest early rock and roll artist was Eddie Cochran, who had just starred in his second film, Untamed Youth. His first hit for the label was John D. Loudermilks Sittin in the Balcony in 1957, then came Summertime Blues, the label was also home to R&B veterans Billy Ward and His Dominoes after Jackie Wilson quit, replacing him with ex-Lark Eugene Mumford. They hit with Hoagy Carmichaels 1927 song, Stardust – already recorded by many artists – which rode the pop chart for 24 weeks, the track also reached number 13 in the UK Singles Chart in October 1957. It was to be their only million seller, the song became a number 1 hit and rescued the company. In just a few months leading up to Christmas in 1958 and it became the only Christmas record to reach number 1 on the pop chart, selling 4.5 million copies. Its success led to a string of similar albums by Denny for Liberty over the next decade. In 1965 Liberty acquired Pacific Jazz Records, founded in 1952, in 1958 Liberty formed a sublabel called Freedom Records which lasted through 1959. In 1959 Liberty moved to its long-time address at 6920 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, Libertys most successful signing of the early 1960s was Bobby Vee. They picked up his single recorded for Soma with his combo the Shadows, Suzie Baby and he covered the Clovers 1955 doo-wop ballad, Devil or Angel in mid-1960 and later that year recorded Gene Pitneys Rubber Ball which made him an international star. In the summer of 1961 Vee had a big hit with Take Good Care of My Baby and he regularly had Hot 100 hits until 1970. Other major signings included Willie Nelson, Jan and Dean, Johnny Burnette, Gene McDaniels, Del Shannon, Gary Lewis and the Playboys, Timi Yuro, in 1963 the Liberty Records label was sold to Avnet for $12 million. Avnet also bought Blue Note Records, Imperial Records, Dolton Records, Aladdin Records, after two years of losses, Avnet sold the labels back to Al Bennett for $8 million
8.
Wild One (Johnny O'Keefe song)
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Wild One or Real Wild Child is an Australian rock and roll song written by Johnny Greenan, Johnny OKeefe, and Dave Owens. While most sources state that OKeefe was directly involved in composing the song, according to OKeefes guitarist, Lou Casch, the song was inspired by an incident at a gig in Newtown, Sydney, in about 1957. According to Casch, as OKeefe and the Dee Jays played at an upstairs venue, the release date of the single,5 July 1958, is considered the birth of Australian rock and roll. The band Jet and Iggy Pop cover was released to mark the 50th anniversary of the original release, the Living End performed the song at the 2008 APRA Awards to mark the anniversary. OKeefe was the first artist to record it, on his debut EP Shakin at the Stadium and this version, ostensibly recorded live at the Sydney Stadium, was in fact a studio recording, overdubbed with the sound of a real audience. An alternate version was recorded and released outside Australia, in the USA on Brunswick, Festival liner notes have always put forward that the crowd overdub was the only difference. Iggy Pop included a cover of the song on his 1986 album Blah-Blah-Blah, titled Real Wild Child, this became a No.10 hit on the UK Singles Chart in January 1987. It also charted on Billboards Album Rock Tracks chart, peaking at No.27, the Iggy Pop version was featured in the films Crocodile Dundee II, Adventures in Babysitting, Problem Child and its sequel Problem Child 2. In 1958 the song was released as a single by Jerry Allison, retitled Real Wild Child, the song became a moderate hit, peaking at No.68 on the Billboard Hot 100. Wild One was also recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis in 1958 but was not released until 1974 on Lees album, Rockin and his version also appears in the 1989 motion picture and soundtrack album for Great Balls of Fire. and Nowhere Boy. It was recorded and released as Real Wild Child by Jet Harris, former bassist with the Shadows, a further version, Real Wild Child was recorded by British guitarist, Albert Lee, on his 1982 self-titled album. Other artists to record this song include Status Quo, Everlife, Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, Glamour Camp, Marshall Crenshaw, Brian Setzer, Lee Rocker, Teenage Head, Albert Lee, a cover by Christopher Otcasek appeared on the soundtrack to the film Pretty Woman. The cover by Wakefield appeared in the movie EuroTrip and its soundtrack, young at Heart often covers the song during their sets at Kellys Bar. An up-tempo rock version of the song was covered by the fictional band Josie, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for Chip Tracy, an episode from the final season of Alvin and the Chipmunks. A second rendition was recorded with the Chipettes for the Alvin and the Chipmunks, Chipwrecked, Music from the Motion Picture album and the Alvin, a few lyrics have changed in this version. Girls Aloud singer Sarah Harding recorded a version of the song for the soundtrack to the 2008 film Wild Child and this song was also sung by Suzi Quatro. The most recent cover of the song, with the title Real Wild Child, was by Levi Kreis portraying Jerry Lee Lewis on the original Broadway cast recording of the Broadway musical Million Dollar Quartet, Kreis won a 2010 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical. A seasonal version of the song was covered in December 2014 by former UK soap actor John Altman with backing band JoanOvArc
9.
Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
10.
Waverley Municipal Council
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Waverley Municipal Council is a Local Government Area in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. There are four wards within Waverley LGA namely Bondi, Hunter, Lawson, the current Mayor of Waverley Municipal Council is Cr. Sally Betts, a member of the Liberal Party, NSW Local Government Elections are held every four years on the second Saturday of September as declared by the NSW Local Government Act 1993 No.30 Part 4, Clause 287. The next Local Government Elections in NSW are due in September 2016, however, in December 2015 the NSW Premier Mike Baird MP, indicated that the elections may need to be moved to March 2017 because of his governments planned amalgamation of local councils across NSW. Further details about how the proposed amalgamation will affect Waverley LGA can be found below, the recommendation was the result of a 1941 NSW Local Government Department Commission of Inquiry. At the 2011 census, there were 63,487 people in the Waverley LGA, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0. 4% of the population. The median age of people in the Municipality of Waverley was 35 years, children aged 0 –14 years made up 15. 4% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 12. 0% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over,37. 4% were married and 10. 0% were either divorced or separated. Population growth in the Municipality of Waverley between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 3. 31%, and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, population growth was 4. 57%. The median weekly income for residents within the Municipality of Waverley was more than 1.5 times the national average, the proportion of residents in Waverley LGA who stated their ancestry was Jewish was three times the New South Wales and national averages. The proportion of residents who stated an affiliation with Judaism was in excess of twenty–eight times the state, Waverley Municipal Council is composed of twelve Councillors elected proportionally from the four separate wards, each electing three Councillors. All Councillors are elected for a fixed term of office. The Mayor is elected by the Councillors at the first meeting of the Council, the legislation that enabled the Municipality of Waverley to be established is the Municipalities Act of 1858. On 15 June 1859, the first returning officer for the Municipality of Waverley, Charles St. Julian, Sir Denison also stated that the first meeting of the Municipality of Waverley was to be held at midday on 14 July 1859. In December,1860 the Council accepted an offer from Francis OBrien of a site for a Council Chambers, free of cost, the cost of building was to be limited to ₤500, although approximately £700 was eventually spent. The foundation stone was laid in 1861, and a first meeting of Council was held there on 21 November 1861, the first Council building erected by any municipality under the Municipalities Act of 1858. Discussions were held during the early 1900s over the need for new Council Chambers, a report of the same year stated that the original building was too small for the staff, and had poor ventilation and lighting. It was later sold for £1,600, the new building was completed by the end of 1913, and on 6 January 1914 the Council met for the first time in the new chambers
11.
Waverley College
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Waverley College is an independent, non-selective single-sex Catholic day school in the tradition of Blessed Edmund Rice, catering to approximately 1,350 male students from Years 5 to 12. The school grounds are located on Birrell and Henrietta Street in Waverley, in the suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. In 2014 the College received some of its best HSC results ranking it 128 in the state, three students were placed on the Premiers All Rounders List in the state for achieving marks over 90% in every HSC subject. The school opened with 20 students in 1903, in 1938, the school started accepting boarders. The schools boarders came from rural New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Norfolk Island, Nauru, New Caledonia, Saigon, the school stopped taking boarders in 1979. The College is staffed entirely with lay teachers, including the first lay Headmaster, Ray Paxton, two of the Colleges major buildings, the Chapel and the College Hall, date back to the 1950s. The latter, which includes stained-glass window displays dedicated to the services, has a vestibular Lady Chapel. Every year in May, the hosts a annual May Procession in honour of Our Lady. The Senior School and Middle School quads were added in 1963 and 1970 respectively, in 2003, to celebrate the College centenary, the college built a $6.5 million Performing Arts Centre. The centre includes a 300-seat proscenium arch theatre with state-of-the-art lighting options, an 80-seat drama studio and it was opened on June 15,2003, by New South Wales Governor, Her Excellency Professor Marie Bashir. It has since named the Brother R. J. Wallace Performing Arts Centre. Waverley College operates a Cadet Unit which teaches discipline and leadership skills for students in Years 8 to 12, the WCCU celebrated its 100th year in 2011. The senior school campus, Our Ladys Mount, is located on Birrell Street in Waverley, the schools Olympic-sized swimming pool was used by Ian Thorpe when he was training for the 2012 London Olympic Games. The second campus, Waterford, on Henrietta Street, Waverley, houses the school, the pre-school. Playing fields are located at nearby Queens Park, Waverley College is one of the original members of the Combined Associated Schools in NSW. The school participates in a number of sporting competitions within the CAS, alumni of Waverley College are known as Old Boys or Waverlians, and may elect to join the schools alumni association, the Waverley College Old Boys Union. List of non-government schools in New South Wales Waverley College website
12.
Waverley, New South Wales
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Waverley is an eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Waverley is located 7 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district, Waverley Council takes its name from the suburb but its administrative centre is located in the adjacent suburb of Bondi Junction, which is also a major commercial centre. Waverley is the highest point of altitude in Sydneys Eastern Suburbs, Waverley takes its name from a home built near Old South Head Road in 1827 by Barnett Levey. It was named Waverley House, after the title of his book, Waverley. Waverley Municipality was proclaimed in June 1859, the house was a distinctive landmark and gave its name to the surrounding suburb. Waverley Cemetery was established in 1877 and is one of Australias most notable due to its cliff-side location. The cemetery features the graves of several notable Australians including poet Henry Kendall, edina, a late Victorian mansion built on a grand scale in Birrell Street by Ebenezer Vickery for himself and his family, was completed around 1884. Vickery was a merchant and a prominent patron of the Methodist Church. Other buildings in the group include Banksia, Witchagil and the Nellie Vickery Memorial Chapel, Banksia and Witchagil are two-storey villas that Vickery built for his sons. This distinguished group of Victorian buildings is now used as the War Memorial Hospital, edina, Banksia and Witchagil are on the Register of the National Estate. Other heritage items in Waverley include the two cottages in Judges Lane, off Bronte Road. Mary Immaculate Church in Victoria Street was designed by John Hennessy in 1912 and its twin-towered design is said to be reminiscent of the Italian Renaissance and is an example of the Federation Academic Classical style. The Graham Memorial Church is also in Victoria Street, designed by Sydney architects Messrs Nixon, the foundation stone was laid by Mrs. William Grahame on 8 May 1897. The Catholic Friary in Victoria Street was demolished in 1985 after sustaining extensive fire damage, Waverley is mostly residential with a scattering of commercial developments, centred on the road junction known as Charing Cross. Waverley is home to a number of schools, Waverley College is a Christian Brothers school for boys made up of Our Ladys Mount Campus in Birrell Street, Waterford Campus in Henrietta Street and Waterford Pre School. St Catherines School is an Anglican, Day and Boarding school for girls, St Clares College is a Catholic, high school for girls in Church Street. A Catholic primary school next door to St Clares, the following clubs, including the Roosters, are located in or represent the Waverley area, Sydney Roosters Rugby League Club. Bob Windle, gold medallist in the 1500m freestyle at the 1964 Summer Olympics, Windle spent his formative years in the suburb
13.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
14.
Vaucluse
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The Vaucluse is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse. The name Vaucluse derives from the Latin Vallis Clausa as the valley ends in a cliff face from which emanates a spring whose origin is so far in. Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, the then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II. Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south, mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux, also known as the Giant of Provence, dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a large exclave within the Drôme department. Vaucluse is also known for its karst, including the karst spring Fontaine de Vaucluse after which Vauclusian Risings are named, important urban centres include Avignon, Orange, Carpentras, Cavaillon, and Apt
15.
Matriculation
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Matriculation is the formal process of entering a university, or of becoming eligible to enter by fulfilling certain academic requirements such as a matriculation examination. The matriculation exam was the prerequisite for entry into universities, Matriculation has generally been replaced with a Higher School Certificate or a completion certificate such as the Victorian Certificate of Education. In Bangladesh, the shortened term Matric refers to the Secondary School Examination taken at year 10, in Brazilian Portuguese, the word matrícula refers to the act of enrolling in an educational course, whether it be elementary, high school, college or post-graduate education. In Canada, the term is used by some universities to refer to orientation events, however some universities, including University of Kings College. The ceremony at Kings is quite similar to the ceremonies held in universities such as Oxford or Cambridge. In Ontario during the era with grade 13, satisfactory completion of grade 12 was considered junior matriculation, satisfactory completion of grade 13 was senior matriculation. In Nova Scotia, at the present time, Junior matriculation is grade 11, at Charles University in Prague, the oldest and most prestigious university in the Czech Republic, matriculation is held at the Great Hall. The ceremony is attended by students commencing their studies and it is intended as a demonstration of the adoption of students duties and obtaining of students rights. The ceremony itself involves students taking the Matriculation Oath of the University and symbolically touching the Faculty mace, other Czech universities hold ceremonies similar to the one just described. In Denmark, the University of Copenhagen holds a ceremony each year. The ceremony is held in the Hall of Ceremony in the building of the University. The ceremony begins with a procession with the rector and the deans in academic dress, the ceremony continues with the rector listing the different faculties, after which the different student, shouts when their respective faculty is mentioned. In Finland, Matriculation is the examination taken at the end of Secondary education to qualify for entry into University, the test also constitutes the high schools final exam, in other words it is a high school graduation exam. Since 1919, the test has been arranged by a national body, before that, the administration of the test was the responsibility of the University of Helsinki. The German term Immatrikulation describes the process of enrolling at university as a student. This can happen for winter semester and, depending on the degree program and it does not involve a ceremony. A prerequisite for matriculation is generally the Abitur, which is the matriculation examination in Germany, for regular universities. Both Abitur and Fachhochschulreife are school leaving certificates which students receive after passing their examinations at some types of German secondary schools
16.
University of Sydney
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The University of Sydney is an Australian public research university in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is Australias first university and is regarded as one of the leading universities. The university comprises 16 faculties and schools, through which it offers bachelor, master, in 2011 it had 32,393 undergraduate and 16,627 graduate students. The university is known as one of Australias sandstone universities. Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty, the university has educated six prime ministers and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia, including four chief justices. Sydney has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars and several Gates Scholars and it would take two attempts on Wentworths behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted. The university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry, by 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown. Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university and this was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners. The following year seven professorships were created, anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental philosophy, the New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in 1938 and later separated in 1954 to become the University of New England. During the late 1960s, the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities, prior to 1981, the Sydney Institute of Education was the Sydney Teachers College. In January 2005, the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University, in February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St Johns College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research. This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research, at the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo. It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a modern look. The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, concerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal governments proposal to deregulate student fees. In order to enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs. In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the governing body. In 2005, the Public Service Association of New South Wales, action initiated by Spence to improve the financial sustainability of the university has alienated some students and staff
17.
Pitt Street
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Pitt Street is a major street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Pitt Street is well known for the only retail centre of Pitt Street Mall. The street is one way from Railway Square to Pitt Street Mall and from Circular Quay to Pitt Street Mall, Pitt Street was originally named Pitt Row, and is one of the earliest named streets in Sydney. In 1842, Pitt Street was continued south through to Waterloo with the subdivision of Redfern, in 1853, Pitt Street was extended north from Hunter Street to Circular Quay. Trams operated from Central station running northbound along Pitt Street to Circular Quay forming a loop and these tracks were also used as the city route for some eastern and south-western routes during busy periods. The line closed on 28 September 1957, replaced by a bus service, the line made use of the sandstone viaduct onto the colonnade at Central station, which has been reused by the Dulwich Hill Line as part of Sydneys modern light rail network since 1997. The Strand Arcade Soul Pattinson Building Commonwealth Trading Bank Building Catherine Bishop, shirley Fitzgerald – City of Sydney History Unit
18.
Johnnie Ray
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John Alvin Johnnie Ray was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Tony Bennett credits Ray as being the father of rock. In 1952, Ray rose very quickly from obscurity to stardom in the United States and he became a major star in the United Kingdom by performing and releasing recordings there in 1953 and shared billing there with many acts including Frank Holder. He matched these achievements in Australia the following year and his career in his native United States began to decline in the late 1950s, and his American record label dropped him in 1960. He never regained a strong following there and very rarely appeared on American television after 1973 and his fan base in other countries, however, remained strong until his last year of performing, which was 1989. His recordings never stopped selling outside the United States, Johnnie Ray was born January 10,1927, in Hopewell, Oregon, to parents Elmer and Hazel Ray. Along with older sister Elma, Ray spent part of his childhood on a farm in Dallas, Oregon, the family later moved to Portland, Oregon, where Ray attended high school. At age 13, Ray became deaf in his left ear following a mishap occurred during a Boy Scout blanket toss. In later years, Ray performed wearing a hearing aid, surgery performed in 1958 left him almost completely deaf in both ears, although hearing aids helped his condition. He began singing professionally on a Portland, Oregon, radio station at age 15, Ray first attracted the attention of Bernie Lang, a song plugger, who was taken to the Flame Showbar nightclub in Detroit, Michigan by local DJ, Robin Seymour of WKMH. Lang went to New York to sell the singer to Danny Kessler of the Okeh label, Kessler came over from New York, and he, Lang and Seymour went to the Flame. According to Seymour, Kesslers reaction was, Well, I dont know and this kid looks well on the stand, but he will never go on records. It was Seymour and Lowell Worley of the office of Columbia who persuaded Kessler to have a test record made of Ray. Worley arranged for a record to be cut at the United Sound Studios in Detroit, Seymour told reporter Dick Osgood that there was a verbal agreement that he would be cut in on the three-way deal in the management of Ray. But the deal evaporated, and so did Seymours friendship with Kessler. Rays first record, the self-penned R&B number for OKeh Records, Whiskey, the following year he dominated the charts with the double-sided hit single of Cry and The Little White Cloud That Cried. Selling over two copies of the 78rpm single, Rays delivery struck a chord with teenagers and he quickly became a teen idol. When executives of Columbia Records, the parent company of OKeh, realized that the Caucasian Ray had developed a fan base of white listeners, Rays performing style included theatrics later associated with rock and roll, including tearing at his hair, falling to the floor, and crying
19.
Royal Australian Air Force
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The Royal Australian Air Force, formed March 1921, is the aerial warfare branch of the Australian Defence Force. It directly continues the traditions of the Australian Flying Corps, formed on 22 October 1912, the RAAF provides support across a spectrum of operations such as air superiority, precision strikes, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, air mobility, and humanitarian support. The RAAF has taken part in many of the 20th centurys major conflicts, thousands of Australians also served with other Commonwealth air forces in Europe. By the time the war ended, a total of 216,900 men and women served in the RAAF, later the RAAF served in the Berlin Airlift, Korean War, Malayan Emergency, Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation and Vietnam War. More recently, the RAAF has participated in operations in East Timor, the Iraq War, the War in Afghanistan, and the intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq. The RAAF has 259 aircraft, of which 110 are combat aircraft, the RAAF traces its history back to the Imperial Conference held in London in 1911, where it was decided aviation should be developed within the armed forces of the British Empire. By 1914 the corps was known as the Australian Flying Corps, soon after the outbreak of war in 1914, the Australian Flying Corps sent aircraft to assist in capturing German colonies in what is now north-east New Guinea. However, these colonies surrendered quickly, before the planes were even unpacked, the first operational flights did not occur until 27 May 1915, when the Mesopotamian Half Flight was called upon to assist the Indian Army in protecting British oil interests in what is now Iraq. The corps later saw action in Egypt, Palestine and on the Western Front throughout the remainder of the First World War, by the end of the war, four squadrons—Nos. 1,2,3 and 4—had seen operational service, while another four training squadrons—Nos,5,6,7 and 8—had also been established. A total of 460 officers and 2,234 other ranks served in the AFC, casualties included 175 dead,111 wounded,6 gassed and 40 captured. The Australian Flying Corps remained part of the Australian Army until 1919, although the Central Flying School continued to operate at Point Cook, military flying virtually ceased until 1920, when the Australian Air Corps was formed. The Australian Air Force was formed on 31 March 1921, king George V approved the prefix Royal in June 1921 and became effective on 31 August 1921. The RAAF then became the second Royal air arm to be formed in the British Commonwealth, when formed the RAAF had more aircraft than personnel, with 21 officers and 128 other ranks and 153 aircraft. A total of 17 RAAF bomber, fighter, reconnaissance and other squadrons served initially in Britain and with the Desert Air Force located in North Africa, thousands of Australians also served with other Commonwealth air forces in Europe during the Second World War. About nine percent of the personnel who served under British RAF commands in Europe and this statistic is further illustrated by the fact that No.460 Squadron RAAF, mostly flying Avro Lancasters, had an official establishment of about 200 aircrew and yet had 1,018 combat deaths. The squadron was therefore effectively wiped out five times over, total RAAF casualties in Europe were 5,488 killed or missing. The beginning of the Pacific War—and the rapid advance of Japanese forces—threatened the Australian mainland for the first time in its history, the RAAF was quite unprepared for the emergency, and initially had negligible forces available for service in the Pacific
20.
Richmond, New South Wales
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Richmond is a town in New South Wales, in the local government area of the City of Hawkesbury. It is located at a latitude of 33°3554 South and it is about 65 km by road from Sydney. The Darug people were the people to the area in 1788. The area was explored by British settlers in 1789 and was known by them as Richmond Hill. This name was given by Governor Phillip, in honour of Charles Lennox, the local area was the third area to have European settlement in Australia after Sydney and Parramatta. The first 22 European settlers came to the area in 1794 and they came to farm a total of 30 acres in what is now Pitt Town Bottoms. They needed good farming land to help overcome the desperate need for food in the new colony, by 1799 this region was producing about half the grain produced in the colony. The Battle of Richmond Hill took place in May and June 1795 between the Darug people and the European settlers and it is perhaps the first time that the colonial authorities sent in the troopers and expressly stated their intent to destroy the whole local Aboriginal population of an area. Around 1811 Macquarie established the five Macquarie Towns in the area, Windsor, Richmond, Castlereagh, Wilberforce, one of the early settlers, James Blackman, built Bowman Cottage from brick nog, a common construction technique in the colony, using money borrowed from William Cox. The house was constructed between the years 1815 and 1818, James was unable to pay his debts and was forced to sell the property to George Bowman. The building was restored by the NSW Public Works Department and then became a Division of the Australian Foundation for the Disabled, during WWII the RAAF operated a top secret operations bunker from somewhere in Richmond. It was either half or completely underground, the location of this bunker is unknown but it has been reported that this bunker was identical to the Bankstown Bunker which is currently buried under a public park in Bankstown. It has also reported that this bunker could still be intact. RAAF Base Richmond is a Royal Australian Air Force base at Richmond which was established in 1923, the air base is currently the home to the RAAFs transport squadrons. During the Vietnam War, logistic support and medical evacuations were supplied by the C-130 Hercules aircraft from RAAF Richmond, the following buildings are listed on the Register of the National Estate. There are three schools in Richmond Richmond Public School, Hobartville Public School and St Monicas Primary School. Richmond High School is the only High School in the town of Richmond, as Colo High School draws from the area west of Richmond, the expansion of the Sydney suburban area has almost reached Richmond and it is now considered to be an outer suburb of Sydney. Bells Line of Road which leads into, over and across the Blue Mountains, finishing in Lithgow, Richmond railway station is the terminus of the Richmond branch of the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network
21.
KIIS 106.5
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KIIS1065 is a commercial FM radio station in Sydney, Australia and is owned by the Australian Radio Network. The station was known as 2UW, broadcasting on 1107 kHz AM. The station, now known as KIIS, began life as 2UW, on 1 September 1935, the frequency changed to 1110 kHz and in 1978 changed again to 1107 kHz. 2UW was the home of live radio plays and had studios for live programmes at Market Street in Sydney. The management of 2UW moved the station to 365 Kent Street Sydney although for a time retained the Market Street live audience theatre that had been used for live plays. One of its early breakfast presenters, Russ Walkington, had a known as Gerald the Grasshopper who pre-dated Sammy Sparrow who appeared on 2UE with Gary OCallaghan. 2UW was one of the most innovative AM radio stations in Australia during the mid-1960s through to the early 1970s thanks to the programming of Ray Bean. Ray introduced the NEW2UW1110 men comprising announcers John Melouney, John Thompson, Tony McLaren, Ward Pally Austin, Rod Christopher, the 1110 men also took their music to the streets with promotions in such places as beaches, parks and shopping centres. One of the most successful promotions was the NEW2UW studio at the Sydney Royal Easter Show at the old RAS showgrounds at Moore Park and this provided a unique opportunity for the radio stations stars to mingle with their listeners. The NEW2UW newsroom was operated by Don Rodgers a newspaper journalist who served Prime Ministers Chifley, dons style was very much in the mould of newspaper reporting, but he instilled in his staff the fundamentals of accuracy and clarity in their reporting. 2UW was one of two Sydney AM radio stations to be successful in bidding for the right to convert to FM, the 1107 kHz frequency is now assigned to SBS Radio. The familiar 2UW call sign was now broadcasting as Mix 106.5, adopting its name, during the 1994 relaunch, MIX106.5 had Sydneys Best Mix from the 70s, 80s and 90s. From 2000 the slogan was replaced by Sydneys Best Mix from the 80s, 90s, in 2004, Mix 106.5 went with a revamp of the station in conjunction with new shows and music demographic and among those changes was the new slogan Sydney. In 2010, Mix 106.5 went with a revamp of the station in conjunction with new shows, among those changes was the new slogan Sydneys Fresh Mix. On 20 December 2010, the station revived its slogan and genre to Sydneys Best Mix of the 80s, 90s and Now, with the return of Love Songs during the day. On 30 January 2013, MIX106.5 had a revamp with the slogan, preamble and format, changing its name to Sydneys Widest Variety Of Music From The 90s to Now. Adding to the changes came a new breakfast show fronted by Sami Lukis & Yumi Stynes along with Rosso on Drive. In November 2013, the Kyle & Jackie O breakfast show departed rival 2DayFM, ARN announced that The Kyle & Jackie O Show would be moving to a rebranded KIIS106.5
22.
Bathurst, New South Wales
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Bathurst /ˈbæθəst/ is a regional city in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 200 kilometres north-west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council, Bathurst is the oldest inland settlement in Australia and had an estimated population of 36,013 as at June 2015. Bathurst is often referred to as the Gold Country as it was the site of the first gold discovery, today education, tourism and manufacturing drive the economy. The internationally known racetrack Mount Panorama is a landmark of the city, Bathurst has an historic city centre with many buildings remaining from the gold rush period of the mid to late 1800s. The median age of the population is 34.0 years, which is particularly young for a regional centre. Population growth has reached 1. 6% per annum over the five years until 2010 and this growth over recent years has resulted in increased urban development including retail precincts, sporting facilities, housing estates and expanding industrial areas. Bathurst is located on the edge of the Great Dividing Range in the Macquarie River plain. The city is located adjacent to the Macquarie River which is part of the Murray-Darling basin, the city is protected by a levee bank to protect the city from occasional flood events. Mount Panorama is located 3 kilometres from the CBD and effectively within the city limits, it is 877 metres AMSL, Bathurst is located adjacent to the Great Western Highway which begins in the centre of the city of Sydney and finishes at Bathurst. Within the city, two state highways start, the Mitchell Highway to Bourke and the Mid-Western Highway to Hay. Bathurst is located approximately mid-way along a road route from Canberra and Goulburn to Mudgee. Bathurst is also located on the Main Western Railway line that starts at Sydney Central Station, the Macquarie River divides Bathurst with the CBD located on the western side of the river. Four road bridges and two bridges span the river within the city area. Two physical components comprise the Bathurst region, the Bathurst Basin and they are drained by the Macquarie, Turon, Fish and Campbells Rivers to the north and Abercrombie and Isabella Rivers to the south. The central basin area of the Bathurst area is mainly granite soils while in the north area sandstone, conglomerates, greywacke, siltstones, limestones and minor volcanos predominate. The south is more complex geology with siltstones, sandstones, greywacke, shales and chert, basalt and granite intrusions and embedded volcanic, underlying Bathurst is the dominant feature of Bathurst granite and at Mount Panorama and Mount Stewart basalt occurs. Due to its elevation, Bathurst has a highland climate. Bathurst is in Australias cool temperate zone which is defined as having mild to warm summers
23.
Bill Haley
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William John Clifton Bill Haley was an American rock and roll musician. He has sold over 25 million records worldwide, Bill Haley was born July 6,1925 in Highland Park, Michigan, as William John Clifton Haley. In 1929, the four-year-old Haley underwent an inner-ear mastoid operation which accidentally severed an optic nerve, leaving him blind in his left eye for the rest of his life. As a result of the effects of the Great Depression on the Detroit area, his father moved the family to Boothwyn, near Chester, Pennsylvania, Haley told the story that when he made a simulated guitar out of cardboard, his parents bought him a real one. Very soon after this he formed a group of enthusiastic youngsters. The sleeve notes continue, When Bill Haley was fifteen he left home with his guitar and very little else and set out on the road to fame. The next few years, continuing this story in a manner, were hard and poverty-stricken. Eventually he got a job with a group known as the Down Homers while they were in Hartford. Soon after this he decided, as all people must decide at some time or another, to be his own boss again –. These notes fail to account for his band, known as the Four Aces of Western Swing. During the 1940s Haley was considered one of the top cowboy yodelers in America as Silver Yodeling Bill Haley. The sleeve notes conclude, For six years Bill Haley was a director of Radio Station WPWA in Chester, Pennsylvania. It was then known as Bill Haleys Saddlemen, indicating their definite leaning toward the tough Western style and they continued playing in clubs as well as over the radio around Philadelphia, and in 1951 made their first recordings on Ed Wilsons Keystone Records in Philadelphia. On June 14,1951 the Saddlemen recorded a cover of Rocket 88.15 on Billboard, soon after, the bands name was revised to Bill Haley & His Comets. In 1953, a song called Rock Around the Clock was recorded by Haley, initially, it was relatively successful, peaking at no.23 on the Billboard pop singles chart and staying on the charts for a few weeks. A month later it re-entered at number 1 and he retained elements of the original, but sped it up with some country music aspects into the song and changed up the lyrics. Haley and his band were important in launching the music known as Rock, when Rock Around the Clock appeared as the theme song of the 1955 film Blackboard Jungle starring Glenn Ford, it soared to the top of the American Billboard chart for eight weeks. The single is used as a convenient line of demarcation between the rock era and the music industry that preceded it
24.
Rock Around the Clock
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Rock Around the Clock is a rock and roll song in the 12-bar blues format written by Max C. Freedman and James E. Myers in 1952. The best-known and most successful rendition was recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1954 for American Decca and it was a number one single on both the US and UK charts and also re-entered the UK Singles Chart in the 1960s and 1970s. It was not the first rock and roll record, nor was it the first successful record of the genre, the song is ranked No.158 on the Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Although first recorded by Italian-American band Sonny Dae and His Knights on March 20,1954, the famous version by Bill Haley & His Comets is not, strictly speaking. Myers claimed the song had been written specifically for Haley but, for various reasons, the original full title of the song was Were Gonna Rock Around the Clock Tonight. There are sources that indicate that Rock Around the Clock was written in 1953, the original arrangement of the song bore little resemblance to the version recorded by Haley, and was in fact closer to a popular instrumental of the day called The Syncopated Clock. The song was credited to Myers and Max C, Freedman, although its exact authorship is disputed, with many speculating that Freedman wrote the song on his own. There were several songs of the title Rock Around the Clock. In addition, it is erroneously stated that Rock Around the Clock is copied from a late-1940s Big Joe Turner recording. Aside from title similarity, however, the two songs bear little resemblance, there are many blues songs with the theme of partying or making love round the clock, with various actions specified at various hours. However, the melody of Rock Around the Clock does bear a very close similarity to that of Hank Williams first hit, Move It On Over. Williams song was similar to Charley Pattons Going to Move to Alabama. The song also uses phrases from Count Basies Red Wagon, first recorded in 1939. S, library of Congress on March 31. Haley and his Comets began performing the song on stage, but Dave Miller, his producer, Haley himself claimed to have taken the sheet music into the recording studio at least twice, with Miller ripping up the music each time. Myers next offered the song to Sonny Dae & His Knights, the groups subsequent recording, on the Arcade Records label, was a regional success, although it sounded very different from what Haley would later record. The recording session almost failed to place because the band was traveling on a ferry that got stuck on a sandbar en route to New York from Philadelphia. Once at the studio, producer Milt Gabler, insisted the band work on a song entitled Thirteen Women, near the end of the session, the band finally recorded a take of Rock Around the Clock, but Haleys vocals were drowned out by the band. A second take was made with minimal accompaniment while Sammy Davis
25.
Blackboard Jungle
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In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Dadier makes various attempts to engage the students interest in education, cast notes This was the debut film for Campos, Morrow, and Farah, and one of Poitiers earliest. Farah later changed his name to Jamie Farr, well known for playing Corporal Klinger in the M*A*S*H TV series. According to MGM records the film earned $5,292,000 in the US and Canada, in 2010, Turner Classic Movies listed the soundtrack of the movie on its list of the Top 15 Most Influential Movie Soundtracks of all time. TCM described the impact and the influence of the movie, MGM brought Hollywood into the era with BLACKBOARD JUNGLE. In search of the kind of music teens like the films potential delinquents were listening to, when he heard Bill Haley and his Comets perform Rock Around the Clock, he found the perfect theme song -- the first rock song ever used in a Hollywood feature. Teens flocked to the film, dancing in theatre aisles as the song played over the opening credits, parents may have been shocked by such uninhibited behavior, but things got worse when screenings also inspired violence and vandalism around the world. Thanks to BLACKBOARD JUNGLE, the hit number one on the Billboard charts, eventually selling 25 million copies. The record had released the previous year, gaining only limited sales. But, popularized by its use in the film, Rock Around the Clock reached number one on the Billboard charts, and remained there for eight weeks. In some theaters, when the film was in first release, despite this, other instances of the song were not cut. The music led to a teenage audience for the film. In this sense, the film has seen as marking the start of a period of visible teenage rebellion in the latter half of the 20th century. The film marked a watershed in the United Kingdom and was refused a cinema certificate before being passed with heavy cuts. When shown at a South London Cinema in Elephant and Castle in 1956 the teenage Teddy Boy audience began to riot, tearing up seats, after that, riots took place around the country wherever the film was shown. In 2007, the Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture published an article that analyzed the films connection to crime theories, in 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally significant. The film was released on DVD in North America on May 10,2005 by Warner Home Video, list of American films of 1955 Notes Sources Ford, Peter. Rock Around the Clock and Me Blackboard Jungle at the American Film Institute Catalog Blackboard Jungle at the Internet Movie Database Destgulch. com
26.
Little Richard
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Richard Wayne Penniman, known as Little Richard, is an American musician, singer and songwriter. His music also played a key role in the formation of popular music genres, including soul. Little Richard has been honored by many institutions and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as part of its first group of inductees in 1986. He was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and he is the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Recording Academy and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. Little Richard was born Richard Wayne Penniman on December 5,1932, in Macon and he was the third eldest of the 12 children of Leva Mae and Charles Bud Penniman. His father was a deacon who sold bootlegged moonshine on the side and owned a nightclub. His mother was a member of Macons New Hope Baptist Church, initially, Little Richards first name was supposed to have been Ricardo but an error resulted in Richard instead. The Penniman children were raised in a neighborhood of Macon called Pleasant Hill, in childhood, he was nicknamed Lil Richard by his family, because of his small and skinny frame. A mischievous child who played pranks on neighbors, Little Richard began singing in church at a young age, possibly as a result of complications at birth, Little Richard had a slight deformity that left one of his legs shorter than the other. This produced an unusual gait, he was mocked for its allegedly effeminate appearance, Little Richards family was highly religious, joining various A. M. E. Baptist and Pentecostal churches, with family members becoming ministers. Little Richard enjoyed the Pentecostal churches the most, because of their charismatic worship and he had observed that people sang to feel their connection with God and to wash their trials and burdens away. Little Richards initial musical influences were gospel performers such as Brother Joe May, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, may, who as a singing evangelist was known as the Thunderbolt of the Middle West because of his phenomenal range and vocal power, inspired the boy to become a preacher. Little Richard attended Macons Hudson High School, where he was a below-average student and his musical talent, however, was recognized there when he learned to play the alto saxophone. His mother recalled how Richard was always musical and that when he was young, he would beat on the steps of the house. She also recalled that Richard was so quick at learning to play the saxophone that he was allowed to play with the marching band immediately. While in high school, Little Richard obtained a job at Macon City Auditorium for local secular. Little Richard sold Coca-Cola to crowds during concerts of star performers of the day, such as Cab Calloway, Lucky Millinder, on October 27,1947, Sister Rosetta Tharpe heard 14-year-old Little Richard singing two of her gospel recordings before her concert at Macon City Auditorium
27.
Ambon, Maluku
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Ambon is the main city and seaport of Ambon Island, and is the capital of Maluku province of Indonesia. This city is known as Ambon Manise, which means beautiful or pretty. Ambon is the largest city in the Maluku islands and is the central of Maluku archipelago, today, the city of Ambon has become the center of the port, tourism and education in the Maluku islands. The city is classified as one of the cities in Eastern Indonesia based on the economic growth. Ambon was shocked by social unrest motivated by racial intolerance between 1996-2002, however, nowadays Ambon City has been improving itself to becoming one of the most advanced cities in eastern Indonesia The city of Ambon is a portrait of a pluralistic city. Where the inhabitants come from ethnic Alifuru, Javanese, Balinese, Butonese, Bugis, Makassar, Papuan, Minahasa, Minang, Flobamora, the Portuguese were driven out by the Dutch in 1609. Except for brief periods of British rule, the island remained under Dutch control until Indonesias independence in 1945, during the Dutch period, Ambon was the seat of the Dutch resident and military commander of the Maluku Islands. The town was protected by Fort Victoria, and a 1911 Encyclopædia characterized it as a little town with wide streets. There were also, besides the Dutch, some Arabs, Chinese, on 22 December 1902, the Apostolic Prefecture of Dutch New Guinea was established in the city, later to be promoted as the Diocese of Amboina. Ambon Island was the site of a major Dutch naval base, Ambon was a center of Christian missionary activity, and Ambon and the surrounding islands have many Christians as well as the Muslims that predominate in most of Indonesia. In 1950 Ambon was the center of an uprising against Indonesian rule, most of the people were loyal to the RMS movement. Indonesian troops invaded the city and reasserted control just in few months, many important buildings such as the Victoria Fort were heavily damaged during the confrontation. In April and May 1958 during the Permesta rebellion in North Sulawesi, pilots from a Taiwan-based CIA front organisation, Civil Air Transport, flying CIA B-26 Invader aircraft, repeatedly bombed and machine-gunned targets in and around Ambon. On 27 April a CIA raid set fire to a command post, a fuel dump. The attack on Shell was deliberate, the CIA had orders to hit foreign commercial interests in order to drive foreign trade away from Indonesia and undermine its economy. The next day, the same CIA pilot bombed Shell interests at Balikpapan in East Kalimantan on Borneo, on 28 April a CIA air raid damaged an Indonesian Army barracks next to a marketplace. On 30 April a CIA air raid hit the airstrip, on 7 May a CIA air raid attacked Ambon airstrip, seriously damaging a Douglas C-47 Skytrain and an Indonesian Air Force North American P-51 Mustang and setting fire to a number of fuel drums. On 8 May a CIA B-26 tried to bomb an Indonesian Navy gunboat in Ambon harbour and its bomb missed but it then machine-gunned the boat, wounding two crew
28.
Aceh
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Aceh, is a special region of Indonesia. The territory is located at the end of Sumatra. It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India, there are 10 indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the Acehnese people, accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the regions population. Aceh is thought to have been the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began, Islam reached Aceh around 1250 AD. In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy, powerful, Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders, including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government. Aceh has substantial natural resources, including oil and natural gas, relative to most of Indonesia, it is a religiously conservative area. It has the highest proportion of Muslims in Indonesia, who live according to Sharia customs. Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster. The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement, Aceh was first known as Aceh Darussalam and then later as the Daerah Istimewa Aceh, Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam and Aceh. Past spellings of Aceh include Acheh, Atjeh, and Achin, according to several archaeological findings, the first evidence of human habitation in Aceh is from a site near the Tamiang River where shell middens are present. Stone tools and faunal remains were found on the site. Archeologists believe the site was first occupied around 10,000 BC, historic names such as Indrapurba, Indrapurwa, Indrapatra, and Indrapuri gave some hint of Indian influence on this region. However, there are no archaeological findings that link this region with Hinduism, evidence concerning the initial coming and subsequent establishment of Islam in Southeast Asia is thin and inconclusive. The historian Anthony Reid has argued that the region of the Cham people on the south-central coast of Vietnam was one of the earliest Islamic centers in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, as the Cham people fled the Vietnamese, one of the earliest locations that they established a relationship with was Aceh, furthermore, it is thought that one of the earliest centers of Islam was in the Aceh region. When Venetian traveller Marco Polo passed by Sumatra on his way home from China in 1292 he found that Peureulak was a Muslim town while nearby Basma, Basma and Samara are often said to be Pasai and Samudra but evidence is inconclusive. The gravestone of Sultan Malik as-Salih, the first Muslim ruler of Samudra, has found and is dated AH696. This is the earliest clear evidence of a Muslim dynasty in the Indonesia-Malay area, ibn Batutah, a Moroccan traveller, passing through on his way to China in 1345 and 1346, found that the ruler of Samudra was a follower of the Shafii school of Islam
29.
Jakarta
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Jakarta /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the worlds most populous island of Java, Jakarta is the economic, cultural and political centre. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world, established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, today, the city has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the countrys independence was declared in 1945. Jakarta is listed as a city in the 2012 Globalization and World Cities Study Group. Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution, in 2014, Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing, and Bangkok. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements along with their names, Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta, Batavia, Djakarta. Its current name derives from the word Jayakarta, the origins of this word can be traced to the Old Javanese and ultimately to the Sanskrit language. Jayakarta translates as victorious deed, complete act, or complete victory, Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian, the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region, as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of the US city of New York. In the colonial era, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten, initially in the 17th century for the urban beauty of downtown Batavias canals, mansions. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this came to be more associated with the suburbs, with their wide lanes, many green spaces. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the fourth century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From 7th to early 13th century port of Sunda was within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the source reports the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, pepper from Sunda being among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture and their houses were built on wooden piles, the harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa and by the fourteenth century, it was a major trading port for Sunda kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices, in 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Sultanate of Banten which became a major Southeast Asia trading centre, through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the English East India Companys first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and this site became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682
30.
Colombo Plan
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The primary focus of all Colombo Plan activities is on human resources development. The United States was to be by far the largest contributor of aid to the organisation, formally, the organisation was born out of a Commonwealth Conference of Foreign Ministers, held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in January 1950. At this meeting, a plan was established to provide a framework within which international cooperation efforts could be promoted to raise the standards of people in the region. Originally conceived as lasting for a period of six years, the Colombo Plan was extended several times until 1980, initially it was called the Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia. In the early years, Colombo Plan assistance from developed to developing countries comprised both transfer of capital and technology as well as a strong component of skills development. The Colombo Plan is not intended as a master plan to which national plans were expected to conform. It is, instead, a framework for bi-lateral arrangements involving foreign aid and technical assistance for the economic, the principal organs of the Colombo Plan are - the Consultative Committee, the Council and the Secretariat. Administrative costs of the Council and Secretariat are borne equally by the 27 member countries, the Consultative Committee, comprises all member governments and is the highest review and policy making body of the Colombo Plan. The Colombo Plan Council comprises heads of missions of member governments who are resident in Colombo. The President of the Council is nominated from among member countries annually on a rotational basis. The Council meets every quarterly to identify important development issues facing its members, the Colombo Plan Secretariat, headed by a Secretary-General is located in Colombo, Sri Lanka, since 1951 and functions as the secretariat for the Consultative Committee and the Council. The Secretariat is responsible for the administration and implementation of the programmes of the Colombo Plan, in partnership with member countries. A special characteristic of the Colombo Plan is that the costs of the Council. However, the programmes of the Colombo Plan are voluntarily funded by traditional as well as newly emerging donors among its member countries. Developing member countries are encouraged to meet local currency costs whenever training programmes are held in their respective countries. The Colombo Plan training programmes are funded by contributions from non-member governments. Last year our programming was over US$10 million and we expect a more than US$12 million programming this year with almost another US$2 million in terms of cost-sharing from our member countries, the programme expects to address gender issues in the region. The Colombo Plan Staff College for Technician Education located in Manila also provides skill development opportunities for technicians in middle level, in her 2010 speech, Dato Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia states, The current Colombo Plan looks very different since our restructuring and revitalisation in 1995
31.
Coogee, New South Wales
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Coogee is a beachside suburb of local government area City of Randwick 8 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is also a part of the Eastern Suburbs region, the Tasman Sea and Coogee Bay along with Coogee Beach lie towards the eastern side of the suburb. The beach is popular among families and famous for its safe swimming conditions, the name Coogee is said to be taken from a local Aboriginal word koojah which means smelly place. Another version is koo-chai or koo-jah, both of which mean the smell of the drying in the Bidigal language. Or stinking seaweed, a reference to the smell of decaying kelp washed up on the beach, early visitors to the area, from the 1820s onwards, were never able to confirm exactly what Coogee meant, or if it in fact related to Coogee Beach. Some evidence suggests that the word Coogee may in fact be the original Aboriginal place name for the bay to the north. Another name, Bobroi, was recalled as the indigenous name for the locality. The Aboriginal population had relocated by the mid-19th century after being decimated by disease and violent clashes with early settlers. Coogee was gazetted as a village in 1838, the first school was built in 1863, and the building was converted into the Coogee Bay Hotel in 1873. Three years later, Coogee Public School was established, in late 1887, Coogee Palace Aquarium and swimming baths were constructed. The Coogee Pleasure Pier, a large attraction including a theatre, restaurant and ballroom, was constructed in 1928, Coogee was connected to the City of Sydney by electric tram in 1902. The suburbs popularity as a resort was then guaranteed. The line branched from the line to Clovelly at Darley Road in Randwick and it ran down King Street beside the Randwick Tram Workshops, then ran in its own reservation to Belmore Road. It then ran down Perouse Road, St Pauls Street, Carr Street and it ran through several small tram reservations on its way down from Randwick to the beach. The line from Randwick to Coogee opened in 1883, and electric services were introduced in 1902 and it follows the current route of bus 373. Sections of the disused tramways are now maintained by residents as a community garden. The Coogee Surf Life Saving Club was founded in 1907 by local people who believed swimmers needed protection from the dangers of the surf, the CSLSC prides itself on being a pioneer in the realm of surf life saving. In fact, the first mass rescue, night surf carnival, shark attack, built in the early 1890s and occupied by a Mrs T. M
32.
Manly, New South Wales
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Manly is a beach-side suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 17 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district and is the centre of the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Manly was named by Captain Arthur Phillip for the people living there, stating that their confidence. These men were of the Kay-ye-my clan, Bennelong and Colebee spoke to them and Bennelong asked for Governor Phillip. Captain Nepean sent the Boatswain back to Governor Phillip at South Head, the Aboriginal men cut large chunks of whale off and put them in the boat for Governor Phillip. The military party then proceeded on their walk to Broken Bay, when Governor Phillips party arrived to see the Aboriginal men they held friendly conversation with Bennelong and Colebee for over half an hour. Later an older Aboriginal man appeared with a spear, Captain Tench remarked that he was seemingly a stranger and little acquainted with Bennelong and Colebee. The Governor moved towards this man and the man became agitated, Governor Phillip threw down his dirk to appease the man crying out confidently. The spear was thrown and Governor Phillip was hit in the shoulder, the muskets were brought to shore but only one would fire. The spear was broken and all hastened to Port Jackson. Manly had been envisaged as a resort by Henry Gilbert Smith in the 1850s. In 1853 Smith acquired two parcels of land. Initially John had chartered a paddle steamer to Manly and other vessels visited on an ad hoc excursion basis, Smith built a wharf in 1855 and eventually acquired an interest in steamers himself and soon more regular services to Manly had commenced. By 1873, Smith had sold the lease to the wharf and his share of the steamers to the operators of the ferries and eventually ownership passed to the once famous Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company. It was the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company which coined the expression about Manly being Seven miles from Sydney, the Port Jackson & Manly Steamship Company played an important part in Manlys development. It built several attractions including a large pool and bathing pavilion. In 1972 the company was sold to Brambles Limited and in 1974 to the Government of New South Wales and it is now part of Sydney Ferries. It was Australias first overseas military adventure, and the Little Boy from Manly, became a symbol either of patriotism or, among opponents of the adventure, especially due to a cartoon by Livingston Hopkins of The Bulletin
33.
Powerhouse Museum
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The Powerhouse Museum is the major branch of the Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences in Sydney, the other being the historic Sydney Observatory. It is well known, and a popular Sydney tourist destination, in 2016, a proposal to move the Powerhouse Museum from inner Sydney Ultimo to the western Sydney district of Parramatta has proved controversial. Some exhibits from these events were kept to constitute the collection of the new Technological, Industrial. The museum was intended to be housed in the buildings known as the Garden Palace. A temporary home at the Agricultural Hall in the Domain served until relocated to new and it incorporated the Sydney Observatory in 1982. The museum moved to its present location in March 1988, in February 2015, the State Government controversially announced that the museum will be relocated to Parramatta. The Powerhouse Museum houses a number of exhibits including the oldest operational rotative steam engine in the world. Dating from 1785, it is one of only a handful remaining that was built by Boulton and this engine was named a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1986. Another important exhibit is Locomotive No,1, the first steam locomotive to haul a passenger train in New South Wales, built by Robert Stephenson in 1854. The most popular exhibit is arguably The Strasburg Clock Model, built in 1887 by a 25-year-old Sydney watchmaker named Richard Smith and it is a working model of the famous Strasbourg astronomical clock in Strasbourg Cathedral. Smith had never seen the original when he built it but worked from a pamphlet which described its timekeeping. The museum hosts a number of permanent exhibitions, including many concerning different modes of transport, the transport exhibition looks at transport through the ages, from horse-drawn carts through steam engines, cars and planes to the latest hybrid technology. On display is Steam Locomotive No,1243, which served for 87 years, oldest contractor built locomotive in Australia. It stands beside a mock-up of a platform, on the other side of which is the Governor of New South Waless railway carriage. Also in this exhibition is the original Central Railway Station destination board, Powerhouse Museum restored the locomotives 3830, restored to operational order in 1997 and 3265, restored in 2009 after 40 years off the rails. Sydneys last Hansom Cab was donated to the Museum by its driver, there is also a horse-drawn bus and collection of motorbikes. There is also a Queenair Scout, the first Flying Doctor Service plane, among the cars is a 1913 Sheffield Simplex, one of only 8 in the world. A four-minute film shows old footage of public transport, the Powerhouse Museum also has Sydney trams C11, O805, R1738, steam tram motor 28A, hearse car 27s and Manly horse car 292
34.
Balmain, New South Wales
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Balmain, New South Wales is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, Australia. Balmain is located 6 km west of the Sydney central business district and it sits on a small peninsula that juts out of Sydney Harbour, directly opposite Milsons Point. It is located on the Balmain peninsula surrounded by Port Jackson, adjacent to the suburbs of Rozelle to the south-west, Birchgrove to the north-west, and Balmain East to the east. Iron Cove sits on the side of the peninsula, with White Bay on the south-east side. Traditionally Blue Collar, Balmain was where the roots of the Trade Unionist movement began. Although these days the Green Party has much support from those who live in the area, prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by indigenous Aboriginal Australian, Gadigal and Wangal people. The area now known as Balmain was part of a 550 acres grant to colonial surgeon Dr William Balmain made in 1800 by Governor John Hunter, a year later, Balmain transferred his entire holding to settle a debt to John Borthwick Gilchrist before returning to Scotland. The legality of the transfer from Balmain to Gilchrist for only 5 shillings was challenged by Balmains descendents. The area subsequently known as Gilchrists place, though court documents refer to the area as the Balmain Estate. During the many years of legal challenges, the land was leased for farming, in 1814 the adjacent homestead of Birchgrove was sold to Roland Warpole Loane, a merchant and settler descended from a family of English landlords. One hundred acres on the adjoining Balmain estate were leased to Loane, in 1833, Gilchrist transferred power of attorney to Frederick Parbury. When Loanes lease finally expired in 1836 and the land retrieved from his possession, three parcels were sold to Thomas Hyndes in 1837. The peninsula changed rapidly during the 1800s and became one of the industrial centres of Sydney. Increasing industrialisation at Balmain created a demand for cheap housing and this was satisfied by the dock owners selling small blocks of land to entrepreneurs who then built tiny cottages and rented them to the workers. Lever Brothers Factory opened in 1895, a coal mine was opened in 1897 beside what is now Birchgrove Public School by English shareholders. From the bottom of the shaft a decline led down to a block of coal situated under the harbour between Ballast Point and Goat Island, Balmain Power Station was erected in stages from 1909 and the Balmain Reservoir was built in 1915. The opening of the railway in the 1920s further established and Balmain gained a reputation as a rough area of Sydney. The coal mine closed in 1931, a large influx of immigrants boosted Balmains population in the 1950s
35.
Newtown, New South Wales
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King Street is the main street of Newtown and centre of commercial and entertainment activity. The street follows the spine of a ridge that rises up near Sydney University and extends to the south. Enmore Road branches off King Street towards the suburb of Enmore at Newtown Bridge, Enmore Road and King Street together comprise 9.1 kilometres of over 600 shopfronts. The main shopping strip of Newtown is the longest and most complete commercial precinct of the late Victorian, King Street is often referred to as Eat Street in the media due to the large number of cafés, pubs and restaurants of various cultures. Cafes, restaurants and galleries can also be found in the streets surrounding King Street, Newtowns rugby league club competed in the NSWRFL Premiership from its foundation in 1908 until 1983. The first Aborigine to receive a Christian burial was Tommy, an 11-year-old boy who died of bronchitis in the Sydney Infirmary and he was buried in Camperdown Cemetery, in a section now located outside the wall. When the names were transcribed from the records onto the monument and this conflicts with other claims that the main western track was a barrier which divided the land. Newtown was established as a residential and farming area in the early 19th century, the area took its name from a grocery store opened there by John and Margaret Webster in 1832, at a site close to where the Newtown railway station stands today. They placed a sign atop their store that read New Town Stores, the name New Town was adopted, at first unofficially, with the space disappearing to form the name Newtown. The part of Newtown lying south of King Street was a portion of the two estates granted by Governor Arthur Phillip to the Superintendent of Convicts, Nicholas Devine, in 1794 and 1799, Erskineville and much of MacDonaldtown were also once part of Devines grant. In 1827, when Devine was aged about 90, this land was acquired from him by a convict, Bernard Rochford, Devines heir, John Devine, a coachbuilder of Birmingham, challenged the will, which was blatantly fraudulent. The Newtown Ejectment Case was eventually settled out of court by the payment to Devine of a sum of money said to have been considerable. The land was divided into the housing that is now evidenced by the rows of terrace houses. Part of the area now falling within the present boundaries of Newtown and this area was named by Governor William Bligh who received it as a land grant in 1806 and who passed it to his daughter and son-in-law on his return to England in 1810. In 1848 part of land was acquired by the Sydney Church of England Cemetery Company to create a general cemetery beyond the boundary of the City of Sydney. Camperdown Cemetery, just one away from King Street, Newtown, was to become significant in the life of the suburb. Between its consecration in 1849 and its closure to further sales in 1868 it saw 15,000 burials of people all over Sydney. Of that number, approximately half were buried in unmarked
36.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
37.
Wonderful Radio London
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The station, like other offshore radio operators, was dubbed a pirate radio station. Its offices were in the West End of London at 17 Curzon Street, Radio London was the idea of Don Pierson, who lived in Eastland, Texas, United States. Pierson said he was struck that these two stations were the first and only all-day commercial radio broadcasters serving the UK. An entrepreneur, he compared the number of stations serving the population of his native Northwest Texas with the two stations serving the entire UK. His idea that would be worth a lot of money while bringing enjoyment to many people, Radio London broadcast from the MV Galaxy, a former Second World War United States Navy minesweeper, originally named USS Density. It was fitted out for radio broadcasting in Miami, then sailed across the Atlantic to the Azores and this operation was overseen by one of the other investors, Tom Danaher. Owing to a disagreement with the other investors, Pierson left the Radio London consortium. His participation ended several weeks before the station went on air, John, Tommy Vance, Richard Warner, Willy Walker, Alan West, Tony Windsor and John Yorke. In August 1966, The Beatles started their last US concert tour, Radio Londons Kenny Everett, Carolines Jerry Leighton and Swinging Radio Englands Ron OQuinn were invited. In 1967, Radio London got an eight-day UK exclusive on the Sgt, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, playing it first on 12 May 1967 – the album was in the shops on 1 June 1967 – but Everett had left the station on 21 March that year. Birch became managing director, responsible for the management of Radio London and its sales company. Birch was largely responsible for the success, tailoring the American-style format to a British audience. The cost of the station was covered by local and national advertising, the Armstrongs Worldwide Church of God sponsored the station with £50,000 a year. The World Tomorrow aired at 7pm, outside prime hours, British authorities would not register a British sales company called Radio London because the name was too similar to an existing company, Commercial Radio, so it was registered as Radlon Ltd. It was owned by Philip Birch and was the name on the air for advertising sales, the investors were in Texas and used different names for interlocking companies outside the UK and USA to disguise, primarily for tax reasons, their interests. He also founded Air Services, selling advertising for stations throughout the UK. He continued as CEO of Piccadilly Radio and chairman of Air Services until retirement in January 1984, the station was to have been Radio KLIF London, using recorded programmes from the Dallas AM radio station, KLIF1190. When it was decided that the sound should be live and geared towards a British audience and culture, Philip Birch was appointed CEO in charge of the radio station and advertising sales
38.
Iggy Pop
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James Newell Osterberg, Jr. known professionally as Iggy Pop, is an American singer-songwriter, musician, producer and actor. He was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band The Stooges, who reunited in 2003, Pops music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, art rock, new wave, jazz and blues. In 2010, The Stooges were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Osterberg was raised in a trailer park in Ypsilanti, Michigan. He is of German, English and Irish descent on his fathers side and his father was adopted by a Swedish American family and took on their surname. His later stage name, Iggy, is derived from the Iguanas, after exploring local blues-style bands such as the Prime Movers, he eventually dropped out of the University of Michigan and moved to Chicago to learn more about blues. While in Chicago, he played drums in blues clubs, helped by Sam Lay who shared his connections with Iggy, inspired by Chicago blues as well as bands like The Sonics, MC5 and The Doors, he formed the Psychedelic Stooges and began calling himself Iggy. The band was composed of Iggy on vocals, Ron Asheton on guitar, Ashetons brother Scott on drums and their first show was played at a Halloween party at a house in Detroit, Michigan. Members of the MC5 were also in attendance, the seeds of Pops stage persona were sown when he saw The Doors perform in 1967 at the University of Michigan and was amazed by the stage antics and antagonism displayed by singer Jim Morrison. Morrisons extreme behavior, while performing in a band, inspired the young Pop to push the boundaries of stage performance. Other influences on Pops vocals and persona were Mick Jagger and James Brown, Pop was the first performer to do a stage-dive, which he started at a concert in Detroit. Pop, who traditionally performs bare-chested, also performed such stage theatrics as rolling around in broken glass, exposing himself to the crowd, I attended two concerts by the Doors. The first one I attended was early on and they had not gotten their shit together yet and that show was a big, big, big influence on me. They had just had their big hit, “Light My Fire”, so, here’s this guy, out of his head on acid, dressed in leather with his hair all oiled and curled. The stage was tiny and it was really low, part of me was like, Wow, this is great. He’s really pissing people off and he’s lurching around making these guys angry, people were rushing the stage and Morrison’s going Fuck you. You can fill in your sexual comments yourself, the other half of it was that I thought, If they’ve got a hit record out and they can get away with this, then I have no fucking excuse not to get out on stage with my band. It was sort of the case of, Hey, I can do that, there really was some of that in there. In a 1995 interview with Bust Magazine, he relates, And the other thing was we went to New York. ”And we didn’t have anywhere to crash, and they played for us, and they completely rocked, and we were really ashamed. ”In 1968, one year after their debut and now dubbed The Stooges, the band signed with Elektra Records, again following in the footsteps of The Doors
39.
Pretty Woman
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Pretty Woman is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall from a screenplay by J. F. Lawton. The film stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts, and features Hector Elizondo, Ralph Bellamy, Laura San Giacomo, originally intended to be a dark cautionary tale about class and sex work in Los Angeles, the film was reconceived as a romantic comedy with a large budget. It was widely successful at the box office and became one of the films of 1990. The film received positive reviews, with Robertss performance being praised, for which she received a Golden Globe Award, in addition, screenwriter J. F. Lawton was nominated for a Writers Guild Award and a BAFTA Award. Leaving a party, he takes his lawyers Lotus Esprit luxury car and he stops for her, having difficulties driving the car, and asks for directions to Beverly Hills. He asks her to get in and guide him to the Beverly Hills Regent Hotel and it becomes clear that Vivian knows more about the Lotus than he does, and he lets her drive. Vivian charges Lewis $20 for the ride, and they separate and that evening, visibly moved by her transformation, Edward begins seeing Vivian in a different light. He begins to open up to her, revealing his personal, Edward takes Vivian to a polo match in hopes of networking for his business deal. His attorney, Phillip, suspects Vivian is a corporate spy, Phillip later approaches Vivian, suggesting they do business once her work with Edward is finished. Insulted, and furious that Edward has revealed their secret, Vivian wants to end the arrangement, Edward apologizes, and admits to feeling jealous of a business associate to whom Vivian paid attention at the match. Vivians straightforward personality is rubbing off on Edward, and he finds himself acting in unaccustomed ways, clearly growing involved, Edward takes Vivian in his private jet to see La Traviata in San Francisco. Vivian is moved to tears by the story of the prostitute who falls in love with a man, after the opera. Vivian breaks her no kissing on the rule, and he offers to put her up in an apartment so she can be off the streets. Hurt, she refuses, says this is not the tale she dreamed of as a child. Meeting with the tycoon whose shipbuilding company he is in the process of raiding and his time with Vivian has shown him a different way of looking at life, and he suggests working together to save the company rather than tearing it apart and selling off the pieces. Phillip, furious at losing so much money, goes to the hotel to confront Edward, blaming her for the change in Edward, he attempts to rape her. Edward arrives, punches him in the face, and throws him out, with his business in L. A. complete, Edward asks Vivian to stay one more night with him -- because she wants to, not because hes paying her. Richard Gere as Edward Lewis, a corporate raider and womanizer from New York
40.
Jerry Lee Lewis
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Jerry Lee Lewis is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and pianist, often known by his nickname, The Killer. He has been described as rock & rolls first great wild man, a pioneer of rock and roll and rockabilly music, Lewis made his first recordings in 1956 at Sun Records in Memphis. Crazy Arms sold 300,000 copies in the South, and he followed this with Great Balls of Fire, Breathless and High School Confidential. However, Lewiss rock and roll career faltered in the wake of his marriage to his 13-year-old first cousin once removed when he was 23 years old and he had minimal success in the charts following the scandal, and his popularity quickly eroded. His live performance fees plummeted from $10,000 per night to $250, in the meantime he was determined to gain back some of his popularity. In the early 1960s, he did not have much success, with few exceptions. His live performances at this time were increasingly wild and energetic and his 1964 live album Live at the Star Club, Hamburg is regarded by music journalists and fans as one of the wildest and greatest live rock albums ever. In 1968 Lewis made a transition into country music and had hits with such as Another Place. His No.1 country hits included To Make Love Sweeter for You, There Must Be More to Love Than This, Would You Take Another Chance on Me and Me and Bobby McGee. Lewiss successes continued throughout the decade and he embraced his rock and roll past with songs such as a cover of the Big Boppers Chantilly Lace, in the 21st century Lewis continues to tour around the world and still releases new albums. His album Last Man Standing is his best selling to date and this was followed by Mean Old Man, which has received some of the best sales of Lewiss career. Lewis has a dozen gold records in rock and country. He won several Grammy awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award, Lewis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986, and his pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He was also a member of the inaugural class inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, in 1989, his life was chronicled in the movie Great Balls of Fire, starring Dennis Quaid. In 2003, Rolling Stone listed his box set All Killer, No Filler, in 2004, they ranked him number 24 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Lewis is the last surviving member of Sun Records Million Dollar Quartet and the Class of 55 album and his parents mortgaged their farm to buy him a piano. Lewis was influenced by an older cousin, Carl McVoy, the radio, and the sounds from Haneys Big House. On the live album By Request, More of the Greatest Live Show on Earth and he was also influenced by the Great American Songbook and popular country singers like Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams
41.
Everlife
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Everlife was a pop rock band made of three sisters, Amber, Sarah, and Julia Ross. The band was formed in the winter of 1997 with Sarah on the drums, Amber on the guitar, everlife relocated to Nashville, Tennessee with their parents where they signed a record deal with Independent Records, and released their debut album Daydream, An Acoustic Album. They were then picked up by Buena Vista Records following the release of their album and released their third self-titled album through them. Their first No.1 radio hit, Find Yourself in You, everlife was recently managed by Tattered Suit Entertainment. The group has provided guest vocals for ApologetiX song Meshach, after signing with Buena Vista, they contributed singles to several Disney soundtracks. They eventually dropped Buena Vista Records in 2007, but continue a relationship with Disney. Everlife has been on 3 successful tours of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
