1.
Quarterback
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A quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the team and line up directly behind the offensive line. In modern American football, the quarterback is considered the leader of the offensive team. In modern American football, the quarterback is usually the leader of the offense, the quarterback touches the ball on almost every offensive play, and his successes and failures can have a significant impact on the fortunes of his team. Accordingly, the quarterback is among the most glorified and scrutinized positions in team sports, prior to each play, the quarterback will usually tell the rest of his team which play the team will run. After the team is lined up, the center will pass the ball back to the quarterback, usually on a running play, the quarterback will then hand or pitch the ball backwards to a half back or full back. On a passing play, the quarterback is almost always the responsible for trying to throw the ball downfield to an eligible receiver downfield. Depending on the scheme by his team, the quarterbacks role can vary. While quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often, in the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the CFL, the quarterback can wear any number from 0 to 49 and 70 to 99. Because of their numbering, quarterbacks are eligible receivers in the NCAA, NFHS, after a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is chosen for the Im going to Disney World. Campaign, whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not, examples include Joe Montana, Trent Dilfer, Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis murder trial the prior year. In addition to their role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks, in the Wildcat, a formation where a halfback lines up behind the center and the quarterback lines up out wide, the quarterback can be used as a receiving target or a blocker. A more rare use for a quarterback is to punt the ball himself, Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway was known to perform quick kicks occasionally, typically when the Broncos were facing a third-and-long situation. As Roger Staubachs back-up, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Danny White was also the teams punter, ascending the starting role upon Staubachs retirement, White held his position as the teams punter for several seasons—a double duty he performed to All-American standard at Arizona State University. White also had two touchdown receptions as a Dallas Cowboy, both from the halfback option, if quarterbacks are uncomfortable with the formation the defense is using, they may call an audible change to their play
2.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
3.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
4.
Louisville Cardinals football
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The Louisville Cardinals Football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football. The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the team is currently coached by Bobby Petrino. The University of Louisville began playing football in 1912 where the Cardinals went 3–1, Louisville had played several years at club level and teams were mostly composed with medical students. Beginning in 1914 the Cardinals joined the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, due to financial difficulty Louisville did not participate in the 1917–1921 seasons. When the Cardinals did rejoin football they came back into the SIAA which was going through reorganization losing most major state schools, Tom King was the first coach to attempt to build a program at Louisville. King played college football at Notre Dame under Coach Palmer and Knute Rockne, King was an undersized end for the Irish and was known for his athleticism and speed. Before he came to the team for punt returns he was on the track team and basketball team. His experience at Notre Dame gave him ideas on developing a spread wing offense so his undersized players could be better utilized and he often recruited players like him, that had the ability to outrun their opponent. His first standout was Fred Koster, at only 160 pounds he was not big enough to play at Male High School, Koster drew national attention to Louisville in 1926 by racking up 68 points in his first 2 games of the season. In six games, Koster scored 18 touchdowns,10 extra points, Koster was an all-around athlete and was a letterman 16 times,4 times in each baseball, basketball, football, and track. Koster was a forward for the basketball team, leading the team in scoring two years. In baseball, Koster played professionally for 10 years for the Philadelphia Phillies as well as the league teams Louisville Colonels. Tom King had the program going in the direction until he decided to play Detroit for $10,000. Rockne who was coach at Notre Dame, and a fellow graduate called King. When King asked what was in it for Louisville Rockne replied $10,000, King served as head football coach for two more years but he also served as track, baseball, basketball and athletic director during his tenure at Louisville. Louisville athletics took a step back when Dr. Raymond Kent was announced as the new president of Louisville and he was outwardly opposed to collegiate sports. King on the advice of his friend Rockne moved on and in 1933 became assistant coach at Michigan State, Louisville fell quickly back into the Dark Ages of football and posted one winning season until World War II. With the onset of World War II, Louisville, like many college athletic programs around the country, was put on suspension until 1946, during that time Louisville played mostly within KIAC and posted a 73–118–8 record with a.378 winning percentage
5.
Pittsburgh Steelers
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The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Steelers compete in the National Football League, as a club of the leagues American Football Conference North division. Founded in 1933, the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC, Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles and hosted more conference championship games than any other NFL team. The Steelers have won 8 AFC championships, tied with the Denver Broncos and they share the record for most conference championship games played in with the San Francisco 49ers. The Steelers share the record for second most Super Bowl appearances with the Broncos, and Dallas Cowboys, the Steelers lost their most recent championship appearance, Super Bowl XLV, on February 6,2011. The Steelers were founded as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8,1933, by Art Rooney, taking its name from the baseball team of the same name. The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding, the current owner is Arts son, Dan Rooney, who has given much control of the franchise to his son Art Rooney II. The Steelers enjoy a large, widespread fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation, the Steelers currently play their home games at Heinz Field on Pittsburghs North Side in the North Shore neighborhood, which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. Built in 2001, the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons, prior to Three Rivers, the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field. The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20,1933, through the 1930s, the Pirates never finished higher than second place in their division, or with a record better than.500. Prior to the 1940 season, the Pirates renamed themselves the Steelers, during World War II, the Steelers experienced player shortages. They twice merged with other NFL franchises to field a team, during the 1943 season, they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles forming the Phil-Pitt Eagles and were known as the Steagles. In 1944, they merged with the Chicago Cardinals and were known as Card-Pitt and this team finished 0–10, marking the only winless team in franchise history. The Steelers made the playoffs for the first time in 1947 and this forced a tie-breaking playoff game at Forbes Field, which the Steelers lost 21–0. The Steelers also received a $3 million relocation fee, which was a windfall for them, the Steelers history of bad luck changed with the hiring of coach Chuck Noll for the 1969 season. The Pittsburgh Steelers 1974 draft was their best ever, no team has ever drafted four future Hall of Famers in one year. They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins against teams that would finish with a record that year. The Steelers suffered a rash of injuries in the 1980 season, the 1981 season was no better, with an 8–8 showing
6.
History of the San Diego Chargers
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The Los Angeles Chargers franchise was founded in 1959 as a charter member of the American Football League. The team played the 1960 season in Los Angeles, moving to San Diego in 1961, the Chargers played in San Diego for 56 years. In 2017, the Chargers owner announced a move to Los Angeles, effective with the 2017 season, the Chargers original owner was hotel heir Barron Hilton, son of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton. Frank Leahy, a former Notre Dame University football coach, was named the teams first general manager, the Chargers initially considered playing at the Rose Bowl, but instead signed a lease to play at the Los Angeles Coliseum. There is also a theory about a man named Gerald Courtney of Hollywood who won an all-expenses-paid trip to Mexico City. They played ten years in the AFL before the merging of the league into the older NFL and their only coach for the ten-year life of the AFL was Sid Gillman, former coach of the NFLs Los Angeles Rams, who originally signed a three-year contract as head coach. Gillman, who was voted to the Hall of Fame, was widely recognized as a great offensive innovator. He also took on the role of coach and general manager after Frank Leahy resigned because of poor health. The early AFL years of the San Diego Chargers were highlighted by the play of wide receiver Lance Alworth with 543 receptions for 10,266 yards in his 11-AFL/NFL-season career. In addition, he set the pro football record of games with a reception during his career. With players such as Alworth, Paul Lowe, Keith Lincoln and John Hadl, the high-scoring Chargers reached the AFL Championship Game five times winning once during that ten-year span. The Chargers spent only one season in L. A. before moving in 1961, on that season, the defense recorded 49 pass interceptions as the AFL played an exciting brand of football featuring strong passing attacks. The Chargers were the originators of the term Fearsome Foursome to describe their all-star defensive line, anchored by Earl Faison, the phrase was later appropriated by various NFL teams. Houston defeated the Chargers 10–3 before 29,556 persons in Balboa Stadium to win the second AFL championship. The next year, the Chargers stumbled to a 4-10 record, as of 2016, this was the last professional sports championship for the city of San Diego. In 1964, the AFL teams signed a television contract with National Broadcasting Company for a record $36 million. The Chargers and New York Jets tied 17-17 before a record AFL crowd of 50,222 fans,46,828 paid in New Yorks Shea Stadium, a Balboa Stadium attendance record of 34,865 was set as Buffalo defeated San Diego 27-24 on Thanksgiving Day. The Chargers defeated the Jets 38-3 before 25,753 persons in Balboa Stadium to clinch their fourth AFL West title in five years, in 1965, San Diego won their fifth AFL West title in six years by defeating Houston on December 12 by the score of 37-26
7.
Super Bowl
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The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League. The game is the culmination to a season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15,1967, the single exception to this rule is Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7,2016, following the 2015 regular season. The next game, Super Bowl LII, scheduled for February 4,2018, the game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League. It was agreed that the two champion teams would play in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a conference, currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 26 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six, the New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with nine. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called Super Bowl Sunday and it is the second-largest day for U. S. food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day. In addition, the Super Bowl has frequently been the most-watched American television broadcast of the year, in 2015, Super Bowl XLIX became the most-watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114. The NFL restricts the use of its Super Bowl trademark, it is called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcasts commercials has become a significant aspect of the event, for four decades after its 1920 inception, the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues. However, in 1960, it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League was formed. The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans, but by the middle of the decade the strain of competition led to merger talks between the two leagues. Prior to the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL reached an agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season. As part of the merger, the champions of the two agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected. A bowl game is a college football game. Exploiting the Rose Bowl Games popularity, post-season college football contests were created for Miami, New Orleans, and El Paso, Texas in 1935, by the time the first Super Bowl was played, the term bowl for any major American football game was well established
8.
Super Bowl V
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The Colts defeated the Cowboys by the score of 16–13. The game was played on January 17,1971, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida and this was the first Super Bowl played after the completion of the AFL–NFL merger. As per the agreement, all 26 AFL and NFL teams were divided into two conferences with 13 teams in each of them. Along with the Colts, the Cleveland Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers agreed to join the 10 AFL teams to form the AFC, the remaining 13 NFL teams formed the NFC. This explains why the Colts represented the NFL in Super Bowl III, meanwhile, the Cowboys were making their first Super Bowl appearance after posting a 10–4 regular season record. The game is called the Blunder Bowl or the Stupor Bowl because it was filled with poor play, a missed PAT, penalties, turnovers. The two teams committed a Super Bowl record 11 combined turnovers in the game, and the Colts seven turnovers are currently the most ever committed by a team in a Super Bowl. Dallas also set a Super Bowl record with 10 penalties, costing them 133 yards and it was finally settled with nine seconds left when Colts rookie kicker Jim OBrien kicked a 32-yard field goal with 5 seconds left in the game. In order to win the game, Baltimore had to overcome a 13–6 deficit after three quarters, and losing their starting quarterback Johnny Unitas in the second quarter. It is the only Super Bowl in which the Most Valuable Player Award was given to a member of the team, Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley. Howley was the first non-quarterback to win the MVP award, along this theme, Colts defensive end Bubba Smith would later refuse to wear his Super Bowl V ring because of the sloppy play. The NFL awarded hosting rights for Super Bowl V to the city of Miami on March 17,1970, the Colts were an unspectacular but well-balanced veteran team, led by 37-year-old quarterback Johnny Unitas. Unitas had regained his spot on the team in 1969 upon recovering from an injury that led him to miss the majority of the 1968 season. Unitas played inconsistently during the 1970 regular season, he threw for 2,213 yards, Unitas also had injury problems, causing him to miss two regular season games and thus giving Earl Morrall more significant playing time. Morrall put up better statistics than Unitas, but head coach Don McCafferty decided to start Unitas for the playoffs, in the backfield, running back Norm Bulaich was the teams top rusher with 426 yards and 3 touchdowns, while also catching 11 passes for another 123 yards. The Colts main strength was their defense, Pro Bowl defensive tackle Bubba Smith anchored the line. Behind him, the Colts had two outstanding linebackers, Pro Bowler Mike Curtis, who recorded 5 interceptions, and Ted Hendricks. In the secondary, Pro Bowl safety Jerry Logan recorded 6 interceptions for 92 return yards and 2 touchdowns, Don Klosterman, formerly with San Diego, Kansas City and Houston in the AFL, became the Colts General Manager in 1970
9.
Pro Bowl
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The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League. Between 2014 and 2016, the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format, the players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game. Unlike most major leagues, which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their respective regular seasons. Between 1970 and 2009, it was held the weekend after the Super Bowl. Since 2010, the Pro Bowl has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl, Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate. Observers and commentators expressed their disfavor with the Pro Bowl in its current state and it draws lower TV ratings than its regular-season games, although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games, such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. However, the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players, the Associated Press wrote that players in the 2012 game were hitting each other as though they were having a pillow fight. Between 1980 and 2016, the game was played at Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, on June 1,2016, the NFL announced that they reached a multi-year deal to move the game to Orlando, Florida as part of the leagues ongoing efforts to make the game more relevant. For years, the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality, the 2017 Pro Bowl will also mark a return to the AFC–NFC format. The first Pro All-Star Game, featuring the all-stars of the 1938 season, was played on January 15,1939 at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles. The NFL All-Star Game was played again in Los Angeles in 1940 and then in New York, although originally planned as an annual contest, the all-star game was discontinued after 1942 because of travel restrictions put in place during World War II. During the first five games, an all-star team would face that years league champion. The league champion won the first four games before the all-stars were victorious in the game of this early series. The concept of a game was not revived until June 1950. The game was sponsored by the Los Angeles Publishers Association and it was decided that the game would feature all-star teams from each of the leagues two conferences rather than the league champion versus all-star format which had been used previously. This was done to avoid confusion with the Chicago College All-Star Game, the teams would be led by the coach of each of the conference champions. The first 21 games of the series were played in Los Angeles, the site of the game was changed annually for each of the next seven years before the game was moved to Aloha Stadium in Halawa, Hawaii for 30 straight seasons from 1980 through 2009. With the new rule being that the teams do not include players from the teams that will be playing in the Super Bowl
10.
1967 Pro Bowl
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The 1967 Pro Bowl was the seventeenth annual National Football League all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1966 season. The game was played on January 22,1967, in a rainstorm at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles. This was the second-lowest attendance in the history of the Pro Bowl next to the game in 1939. The final score was East 20, West 10, for the second year in a row, the East dominated the West on the strength of turnovers. They recovered two fumbles and intercepted four passes, the game proved that the NFL had a successor to the great Jim Brown, who had retired after the 1965 season, with the presence of the Chicago Bears Gale Sayers. Sayers was named back of the game while Floyd Peters of the Philadelphia Eagles was selected as lineman of the game, the coaches were Tom Landry of the Dallas Cowboys for the East and George Allen of the Los Angeles Rams for the West. Archived from the original on January 31,2012
11.
1968 Pro Bowl
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The 1968 Pro Bowl was the National Football Leagues eighteenth annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1967 season. The game was played on January 21,1968, at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, the final score was West 38, East 20. Gale Sayers of the Chicago Bears was named the back of the game for the year in a row. Attendance at the game was 53,289, the game had controversy because East coach Otto Graham of the Washington Redskins benched quarterback Fran Tarkenton in the fourth quarter. Some players questioned the benching of a player of Tarkenton’s stature in a charity game, the coach of the West squad was Don Shula of the Baltimore Colts, who won his second Pro Bowl in four years. Archived from the original on January 31,2012
12.
Indianapolis Colts
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The Indianapolis Colts are an American football team based in Indianapolis. The Colts compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues American Football Conference South division. Since the 2008 season, the Colts have played their games in Lucas Oil Stadium, previously, the team had played for over two decades at the RCA Dome. Since 1986, the Colts have been the host team for the NFL Scouting Combine, the Colts have been a member club of the NFL since their founding in 1953 in Baltimore. The Colts were one of three NFL teams to join the teams of the American Football League to form the AFC following the 1970 merger. While in Baltimore, the team advanced to the playoffs 10 times, the Colts played in two Super Bowl games while it was based in Baltimore, losing to the New York Jets in Super Bowl III, while defeating the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V. The Colts relocated to Indianapolis in 1984 and have appeared in the playoffs 16 times. Following World War II, a professional football league was organized known as the All America Football Conference which began play in the 1946 season. These Colts played for the three seasons in the old AAFC. With the organization in 1920 of the original American Professional Football Conference, the NFL considers the Texans and Colts to be separate teams, although many of the earlier teams shared the same colors of blue and white. Thus, the Indianapolis Colts are legally considered to be a 1953 expansion team, the third version of the Colts football team played their first season in Baltimore in 1953, where the team compiled a 3–9 record under first year head coach Keith Molesworth. The franchise struggled during the first few years in Baltimore, with the team not achieving their first winning record until the 1957 season. The Colts faced the New York Giants in the 1958 NFL Championship Game in what is considered to be among the greatest contests in professional football history. The Colts defeated the Giants 23–17 in the first game ever to utilize the overtime rule, a game seen by 45 million people. Following the two championships in 1958 and 1959, the Colts did not return to the NFL Championship for four seasons, in Shulas second season the Colts compiled a 12–2 record, but lost to the Cleveland Browns in the NFL Championship. However, in 1968 the Colts returned with the leadership of Unitas and Shula and went on to win the Colts third NFL Championship. The Colts, however, were stunned by the Jets, who won the game 16–7 in the first Super Bowl victory for the young AFL. The Colts immediately went on a rampage in the new league, as new head coach Don McCafferty led the 1970 team to an 11–2–1 regular season record, winning the AFC East title
13.
Touchdown
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A touchdown is a means of scoring in both American and Canadian football. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, to score a touchdown, one team must take the football into the opposite end zone. The touchdown is scored the instant the ball crosses the plane of the line while in possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone. The play is dead and the scores the moment the ball crosses the goal line in possession of a player. The slightest part of the ball being over the line is sufficient for a touchdown to score. However, only the ball counts, not a players helmet, foot, touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes breaking the plane as well. Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball, however, the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone. Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return, in short, any play in which a player legally carries the ball across the goal line scores a touchdown, and the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential. A touchdown is worth six points, the scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion. Afterwards, the team scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team. This rule was changed to the iteration in 1889. If the teammate could fair catch the ball, he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch, the governing rule at the time read, A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns. A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns, but in the case of a tie, in 1881, the rules were modified so that a goal kicked from a touchdown took precedence over a goal kicked from the field in breaking ties. In 1882, four touchdowns were determined to take precedence over a goal kicked from the field, two safeties were equivalent to a touchdown. In 1883, points were introduced to football, and a touchdown counted as four points, a goal after a touchdown also counted as four points. In 1889, the provision requiring the ball to actually be touched to the ground was removed, a touchdown was now scored by possessing the ball beyond the goal line. In 1897, the touchdown scored five points, and the goal after touchdown added another point, in 1900, the definition of touchdown was changed to include situations where the ball becomes dead on or above the goal line. In 1912, the value of a touchdown was increased to six points, the end zone was also added
14.
Interception
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In American or Canadian football, an interception occurs when a forward pass is caught by a player of the opposing team. This leads to a change of possession during the play. Following the stoppage of play, if the interceptor retained possession of the ball, interceptions are predominantly made by the secondary or the linebackers, who are usually closest to the quarterbacks intended targets, the wide receivers, running backs, and tight ends. Less frequently, a defensive lineman may get an interception from a ball, a near sack, a shovel pass, or a screen pass. For example, on December 4,2016, the Kansas City Chiefs strong safety Eric Berry scored the winning points via a pick two in a 29-28 victory over the Atlanta Falcons. Berry also achieved an ordinary pick six earlier in the same game, if the intercepting team can run out the clock, the intercepting player may down the ball immediately and not attempt to gain any yardage. This eliminates the chance of a fumble that could be recovered by the other team, there are also player safety implications, when the ball is turned over, the play is now suddenly and unexpectedly moving in the opposite direction. All of the players on offense are instantly susceptible to unexpected blocks, even if not attempting to stop the ball carrier, additionally, offensive players, particularly the quarterback, are often inexperienced tacklers and are at risk of injuring themselves while tackling the ball carrier. Only the interception of a pass is recorded statistically as an interception. The interception of a pass is recorded as a fumble by the passer. Lester Hayes of the Oakland Raiders was one of the National Football Leagues leaders at interceptions in the late 1970s and he was known for covering his chest, shoulders and forearms with a copious amount of the adhesive Stickum to help him hold on to the ball. He continued to use the substance, which he called pick juice, paul Krause holds the record for most career interceptions, with 81, and is tied for third place for most interceptions by an NFL rookie in his first season, with 12. He played his first three years in the NFL from 1964 to 1967 with the Washington Redskins but was traded to the Minnesota Vikings, Krause played until 1979 and appeared in four Super Bowls with the Vikings. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1998, Rod Woodson played 16 seasons with Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Oakland, and holds the NFL record for most interception returns for touchdown in an NFL career with 12. Also, he holds the NFL record for most total defensive TD returns in a career with 13, Woodson, who is third on the NFL all-time career interception list with 71, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009. Sharper holds the NFL record for return yardage in a single season with 376 yards in 2009. He is also tied with Rod Woodson for most total defensive TD returns career with 13, charles Woodson, formerly with the Green Bay Packers and Oakland Raiders has 65 career interceptions and tied Rod Woodson for most defensive touchdowns with 13. Woodson and Sharper are tied for all time in interceptions returned for touchdowns with 11
15.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
16.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
17.
Most consecutive games with a touchdown pass (NFL)
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Drew Brees holds the National Football League record,54 games, for consecutive games with at least one touchdown pass. He set the record on October 7,2012, when he surpassed the streak of 47 consecutive games by Johnny Unitas which had stood since December 11,1960. Unitas had held the record for nearly 52 years after surpassing Cecil Isbells streak of 23, breess record streak ended on November 29,2012, against the Atlanta Falcons. Brees also holds the record for consecutive uninterrupted games with a touchdown pass including playoffs with 49, both players had surpassed Favres record of 36, set in 2004. Peyton Manning set the record for games with at least two touchdown passes with 15 in 2013, surpassing the record shared by several players including a streak of 13 he had in 2004. The previous record had since been tied by Tom Brady in 2007, the record of 12 before that was set by Johnny Unitas in 1959 and tied by others before being surpassed by Manning. Don Meredith also had 13 consecutive games with at least two passes from 1965 through 1966. However, Merediths streak was interrupted by not playing in the October 24,1965 contest between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers, Tom Brady set the record for consecutive games with at least three touchdown passes with 10 in 2007. The previous record of 8 was set by Peyton Manning in 2004 who had surpassed Marinos record of 7 established in 1987, Peyton Manning set the record for consecutive games with at least four touchdown passes with 5 in 2004. The previous record of 4 was set by Dan Marino in 1984, ben Roethlisberger established the record with at least six touchdown passes in two consecutive games in 2014. Two other quarterbacks are known to have thrown at least five passes in consecutive games in NFL history, Daunte Culpepper in 2004. Tom Flores of the American Football League also had consecutive games with at least five passes in 1963. Drew Brees streak of 21 consecutive games with at least two passes at home and at a specific stadium venue are the longest of all time. Brett Favre held the home record of 14 and stadium record of 12 which he established both in 1996. The stadium record was tied by Kurt Warner in 2000, Favre had surpassed Jim Everetts home and stadium marks of 11 which he had set in 1990. Brees has held both records since 2012, tony Romos streak of 41 consecutive road games with at least one touchdown pass is the longest of all time which he set in 2014. He surpassed the record of 32 which had been held by Favre for 10 seasons. Johnny Unitas held the mark of 22 since 1960 until surpassed by Favre in 2003
18.
Drew Brees
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Drew Christopher Brees is an American football quarterback for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League. After a prolific college football career at Purdue University, he was chosen by the San Diego Chargers with the first pick in the round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He left college as one of the players in Purdue and Big Ten Conference history. As of 2016, he remains the Big Ten record-holder in virtually every passing category, including completions, yards, Brees started his professional career with the San Diego Chargers, earning the starting job in 2002 and making the Pro Bowl in 2004. Nine months after suffering a bad dislocation in his shoulder joint and he met immediate success in New Orleans, earning nine trips to the Pro Bowl and leading the Saints to their first Super Bowl in Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts. Since joining the Saints in 2006, he has led all NFL quarterbacks in touchdowns, passing yards, Brees has passed for over 5,000 yards in a season five times—no other NFL quarterback has done so more than once. He has led the NFL in passing touchdowns four times, and he was the NFLs Comeback Player of the Year in 2004, the Offensive Player of the Year in 2008 and 2011, and the MVP of Super Bowl XLIV. Sports Illustrated named Brees its 2010 Sportsman of the Year, Brees was born to Eugene Wilson Chip Brees II, a prominent trial lawyer, and Mina Ruth, an attorney. A Sports Illustrated article stated he was named for Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Drew Pearson and he has a younger brother, Reid. When Brees was seven, his parents divorced and shared custody of the boys, Today, Brees admits that it was a very tough and challenging life after the divorce, however, Brees and his younger brother, Reid, supported each other and became very close. They have a younger half-sister, Audrey, from their fathers remarriage to Amy Hightower, daughter of the late U. S, both of Breess parents had athletic backgrounds. His father played basketball for the Texas A&M Aggies mens basketball team and his younger brother, Reid, was an outfielder for the Baylor Bears baseball team, which made the 2005 College World Series and now resides in Colorado, where he works in sales. Brees did not play football until high school and was on the flag football team at St. Andrews Episcopal School, where his teammates included actor Benjamin McKenzie. In high school, he was a varsity letterman in baseball, basketball and football and was considering playing college baseball rather than football, College recruiters quickly ran after Brees blew out his knee in the 11th grade. As a high school player, Brees completed 314 of 490 passes for 5,461 yards with 50 touchdowns including. Westlake went 28–0–1 when Brees started for two seasons and beat a Dominic Rhodes-led Abilene Cooper 55–15 in the 1996 title game, Brees was given honorable mention in the state high school all-star football team and the USA Today All-USA high school football team. Brees only received offers from Purdue and Kentucky, ultimately choosing the former due to its highly rated academics and he graduated in 2001 with a degree in industrial management, and is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He had the option to make available for the 2000 NFL Draft
19.
Lithuania
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Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in Northern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.9 million people as of 2015, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. For centuries, the shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, with the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772–95, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuanias territory. As World War I neared its end, Lithuanias Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918, in the midst of the Second World War, Lithuania was first occupied by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany. As World War II neared its end and the Germans retreated, Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, a full member of the Eurozone, Schengen Agreement and NATO. It is also a member of the Nordic Investment Bank, the United Nations Human Development Index lists Lithuania as a very high human development country. Lithuania has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is ranked 21st in the world in the Ease of Doing Business Index, the first people settled in the territory of Lithuania after the last glacial period in the 10th millennium BC. Over a millennium, the Indo-Europeans, who arrived in the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC, mixed with the local population, the first written mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval German manuscript, the Annals of Quedlinburg, in an entry dated 9 March 1009. Initially inhabited by fragmented Baltic tribes, in the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, after his assassination in 1263, pagan Lithuania was a target of the Christian crusades of the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. Despite the devastating century-long struggle with the Orders, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania expanded rapidly, by the end of the 14th century, Lithuania was one of the largest countries in Europe and included present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia. The geopolitical situation between the west and the east determined the multicultural and multi-confessional character of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the ruling elite practised religious tolerance and Chancery Slavonic language was used as an auxiliary language to the Latin for official documents. In 1385, the Grand Duke Jogaila accepted Polands offer to become its king, Jogaila embarked on gradual Christianization of Lithuania and established a personal union between Poland and Lithuania. It implied that Lithuania, the fiercely independent land, was one of the last pagan areas of Europe to adopt Christianity, after two civil wars, Vytautas the Great became the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1392. During his reign, Lithuania reached the peak of its expansion, centralization of the state began
20.
Mount Washington (Pittsburgh)
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Mount Washington is a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanias south city area. It has a zip code of 15211 and has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by both the members for District 3 and District 2. The neighborhood is known as the home of Autumn House Press. In the early history of Pittsburgh, Mount Washington was known as Coal Hill, easy access to the Pittsburgh coal seams outcrop near the base of Mt. Washington allowed several mines to operate there. Also, rock was quarried from the hill, gray sandstone, for example, was quarried at Coal Hill for the second Allegheny County Courthouse. By 1876, the name had changed to Mount Washington, and a year later. Virtually all photos of the Pittsburgh skyline are from Mt. Washington, due to the elevation of the hill overlooking the river valley, the original switchback trails that wound up the steep slopes of Mt. Washington were barely passable to a team of horses pulling a loaded wagon. Immigrants, predominantly from Germany, settled Mount Washington by the early 19th century and they became weary of climbing steep footpaths and steps to their homes, from the river valley, after work. They remembered the Seilbahns of their country, and proposals were advanced to construct one or more of them along Coal Hill. The Monongahela Incline was the first of these to be built in 1869–1870, as the hilltop communities were virtually inaccessible by any other means, many of Pittsburghs inclines carried horses and wagons as well as foot passengers. This incline was closed by its owner, the Pittsburgh Railways Company, just prior to all of their streetcar, the Monongahela and Duquesne Inclines allow access to Mt. Washingtons overlook of the downtown area of Pittsburgh. Tourists marvel at the view while riding two of only a few remaining inclines in the country, the inclines remain the best way for thousands of Pittsburghers on Mt. Washington to get to their jobs, entertainment and shopping in downtown Pittsburgh and Station Square. One of the most famous examples of the early-twentieth century Garden City Movement communities is on Mt. Washington, chatham Village is a compact neighborhood of townhomes and gardens on the far south end of Mt. Washington. In the 1930s, a neon billboard sign,226 feet wide and 30 feet high, was erected on the Mount Washington hillside near the Duquesne Incline tracks. Its earliest known advertisers were Iron City Beer, Clarks Teaberry Gum, alcoa became the signs most well-known advertiser, remaining for the next 25 years. In 1992, Miles Laboratories moved their U. S. headquarters from Elkhart, Indiana to Pittsburgh, in April 1995, the Miles brand name was absorbed by its parent company, Bayer AG and the sign was changed to feature the Bayer name and its circular cross logo. Bayer AG declined to renew their lease on the sign in 2014, as of May 2015, Lamar Advertising and the City of Pittsburgh were in disagreement over the proper use and maintenance responsibilities of the sign. In June 2016, Lamar Advertising erected a new sign over the old sign for the Sprint Corporation
21.
Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
22.
University of Louisville
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The University of Louisville is a public university in Louisville, Kentucky, a member of the Kentucky state university system. When founded in 1798, it was the first city-owned public university in the United States, the university is mandated by the Kentucky General Assembly to be a Preeminent Metropolitan Research University. UofL enrolls students from 118 of 120 Kentucky counties, all 50 U. S. states, the University of Louisville School of Medicine is touted for the first fully self-contained artificial heart transplant surgery as well as the first successful hand transplantation. The University Hospital is also credited with the first civilian ambulance, the nations first accident services, now known as an emergency room, between 1999 and 2006 UofL was one of the fastest growing medical research institutions according to National Institutes of Health rankings. As of 2006, the melanoma clinic ranked third in among public universities in NIH funding, the research program fourth. UofL is also known for its Louisville Cardinals athletics programs, several of which are among the most successful in the country, the Louisville Cardinals Womens Volleyball program has three-peated as champions of the Big East Tournament, and were Atlantic Coast Conference Champions in 2015. Womens track and field program has won Outdoor Big East titles in 2008,2009 and 2010, the University of Louisville traces its roots to a charter granted in 1798 by the Kentucky General Assembly to establish a school of higher learning in the newly founded town of Louisville. It opened 15 years later and offered college and high school courses in a variety of subjects. It was headed by Edward Mann Butler from 1813 to 1816, despite the Jefferson Seminarys early success, pressure from newly established public schools and media critiques of it as elitist would force its closure in 1829. Eight years later, in 1837, the Louisville City council established the Louisville Medical Institute at the urging of renowned physician, as he had earlier at Lexingtons Transylvania University, Caldwell rapidly led LMI into becoming one of the leading medical schools west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1840, the Louisville Collegiate institute, a medical school, was established after an LMI faculty dispute. It opened in 1844 on land near the present day Health sciences campus, the university experienced rapid growth in the 20th century, adding new schools in the liberal arts, graduate studies, dentistry, engineering, music and social work. In 1923, the school purchased what is today the Belknap Campus, the school had attempted to purchase a campus donated by the Belknap family in The Highlands area in 1917, but a citywide tax increase to pay for it was voted down. The Belknap Campus was named after the family for their efforts, in 1931, U of L established the Louisville Municipal College for Negroes on the former campus of Simmons University, as a compromise plan to desegregation. As a part of U of L, the school had an equal standing with the other colleges. It was dissolved in 1951 when U of L desegregated, during World War II, Louisville was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. In the second half of the 20th century, schools were opened for business, education, talk of U of L joining the public university system of Kentucky began in the 1960s. As a municipally funded school, the movement of people to the suburbs of Louisville created budget shortfalls for the school, at the same time, the schools well established medicine and law schools were seen as assets for the state system
23.
Frank Leahy
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For the American physician and surgeon, see Frank Lahey. Francis William Leahy was an American football player, coach, college athletics administrator, Leahy played on two Notre Dame teams that won national championships, in 1929 and 1930, and coached four more, in 1943,1946,1947, and 1949. Leahy was also the director at Notre Dame from 1947 until 1949 when he passed the role to the Fighting Irish basketball coach, Moose Krause. Leahy served as the manager for the Los Angeles Chargers of the American Football League during their inaugural season in 1960. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1970, Leahy was born in ONeill, Nebraska and graduated from Winner High School in Winner, South Dakota where he was a football standout. He attended the University of Notre Dame, where he played football as a tackle on Knute Rocknes last three teams, and graduated from the university in 1931, Leahy went to Georgetown University as line coach in 1931 and Michigan State the following year to take a similar position. The undersized right guard on the 1935 and 1936 teams was future coaching legend Vince Lombardi, in 1939, Leahy went to Boston College as head coach, guiding the Eagles to a 20–2 record including an undefeated 1940 season capped off with a win in the 1941 Sugar Bowl. At Boston College, he tried relentlessly to recruit future beat author Jack Kerouac, although he had recently signed a contract renewal at Boston College, Leahy accepted the head coaching position at his alma mater, Notre Dame. He tried without success to get out of his BC contract and he pleaded to the schools vice president. When that didnt work, he went to the mayor of Boston, then, at a press conference, he told 50 reporters what the South Bend Tribune called the biggest lie of his life. Leahy stated, Gentlemen Ive called you all here today to inform you that I recently received my release from my coaching contract, with the release went the good wishes and benediction of Boston College. Leahy stepped away, and the group of reporters battled for phone lines. A phone call came in for Leahy, and he took it, the vice president of Boston College was on the line. You may go wherever you want, and whenever you want, Leahy went to his alma mater, Notre Dame, as head coach the next season. His impact was right away as the Irish posted an 8–0–1 mark in 1941. The following season, he caused an uproar when he junked Rocknes box formation, after a 7–2–2 season in 1942, Leahy led Notre Dame to a national championship in 1943 despite losing the season finale against Great Lakes Navy by a score of 19–14. He entered the Navy in 1944 and was discharged as a lieutenant and he returned to Notre Dame for the 1946 season in which Notre Dame shared the national championship after playing rival Earl Blaiks Army team to a scoreless tie at Yankee Stadium in New York. National championships followed in 1947 and 1949, with only a 14–14 tie against USC in the season finale marring a season in 1948
24.
Louisville Cardinals
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The Louisville Cardinals are the athletic teams representing the University of Louisville. Teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference, beginning in the 2014 season, on November 28,2012, Louisville received and accepted an invitation to join the Atlantic Coast Conference and became a participating member in all sports in 2014. In 2013, Louisville defeated the Michigan Wolverines to win the 2013 Mens Basketball NCAA Championship, capturing their third such championship in school history. Also, it is the first school ever to win a BCS bowl game, appear in the mens and womens basketball Final Fours, U of L currently fields 13 womens teams and 10 mens teams. The total sales of U of L merchandise, tripling since 2001, U of L finished the 2015–16 year ranked 29th in the NACDA Learfield Sports Directors Cup. The 2015–16 season began with Louisville ranked 24th through the final fall standings.409 batting average. In 2007, the Cardinals finished the season with a 47–24 record, team Established,1911 All Time Record,1, 803–901 Playing Facility, KFC Yum. The Cards never had a season in Hickmans 23 years. In 1956, Hickmans team won the NIT, then considered a championship on a par with the NCAA tournament. The mens basketball team currently ranks fifth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins and has been in the top-five in average each year since the 1982–83 season. Perennial rivals include the University of Kentucky, University of Cincinnati, the Cardinals hired Rick Pitino as Head Coach in 2001. Pitino led the Cardinals to the Final Four in the 2004–2005, 2011–2012, and 2012–2013 seasons, the team was established in 1975. All Time Record, 825–502 Playing facility, KFC Yum, the University of Louisville Spirit Groups hold more national titles than any other sport offered at the university. The Cardinal Bird Mascot also falls under the jurisdiction of the University of Louisville Spirit Groups, the Bird also competes with the cheerleaders in national competitions and makes regular appearances in the Louisville Metro Area.65 GPA, which was the highest in the nation. The team also won two MAC tourney titles in 2003 and 2004 and finished one game back in their first Big East season, Smith and Bobby Petrino, the Louisville football program went to nine consecutive bowl games, a streak that ended in the 2007 season. Under Coach Smith, the Cardinals spent 11 weeks in the AP Top 25, under Coach Petrino, the Cardinals were ranked in all but three of the weekly AP polls since the beginning of the 2004 season. This includes a #6 final finish in both 2004 and 2006, as well as a #19 final finish in 2005, the Cardinals went to the Liberty Bowl, where they defeated #10-ranked and previously-undefeated Boise State. In 2005, the Cardinals finished 9–3 after falling to Virginia Tech in the Gator Bowl and completed the season ranked #19 in the AP Poll and #20 in the Coaches Poll
25.
Safety (gridiron football position)
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Safety is a position in American and Canadian football, played by a member of the defense. The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards in front of the line of scrimmage, there are two variations of the position in a typical American formation, the free safety and the strong safety. Their duties depend on the defensive scheme, the defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field, respectively. While American formations generally use two safeties, Canadian formations generally have one safety and two halfbacks, a position not used in the American game. As professional and college football have become focused on the passing game. Safeties are the last line of defense, and are expected to be sure tacklers. Indeed, many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football, Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks, either by design or as a cornerback ages. The free safety tends to watch the play unfold and follow the ball, the free safety is typically assigned to the quarterback in man coverage, but as the quarterback usually remains in the pocket, the free safety is free to double cover another player. On pass plays, the safety is expected to assist the cornerback on his side. This phenomenon often tests how effective a free safetys wit and athleticism are at defending long pass plays, if the offense puts a receiver in the slot, then the free safety may be called upon to cover that receiver. Free safeties occasionally blitz as well, when this happens, the pressure on the quarterback is often very severe since a blitz by a defensive back is not usually anticipated. Because of their speed and deep coverage, free safeties are especially likely to make interceptions, the strong safety tends to be somewhat larger and stronger than the free safety. The strong safety tends to play closer to the line than the free safety does and he may also cover a player, such as a running back or fullback or H-back, who comes out of the backfield to receive a pass. A strong safetys duties are a hybrid of those belonging to a linebacker in a 46 or 3–4 defense, strong safeties are not seen in the Canadian game, where the role is filled by the two defensive halfbacks. PhillyBurbs. com Football 101, The Free Safety
26.
Murray State Racers football
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The Murray State Racers football team represents Murray State University in the sport of American football. The Racers competes in the Football Championship Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletics Association Division I, the 1933 and 1937 teams won Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association championships. Denver Johnson was hired as coach of the Racers prior to the 1997 season. Johnson had previously served as a line coach for the Oklahoma Sooners during the 1996 season. Due to a hiring process and the loss of several key Murray State players from the previous season. The Racers exceeded expectations by achieving a record of 7-4 and 5-2 in OVC play in Johnsons first season, the four losses included a hard fought two point overtime loss at Western Kentucky in the Battle for the Red Belt rivalry game. The only home loss of the season was a 44-46 loss to Tennessee State on November 14 in the game of conference play. The Racers would have won the 1999 OVC championship had it not been for the loss, at the conclusion of the game, Tennessee State tore down Murray States home field goalposts at Roy Stewart Stadium and took the goalposts back to Tennessee State. The Racers fell to Tennessee State on the road in Nashville by a score of 41-42, Murray State finished the 1999 season with an overall record of 7-4 and an OVC record of 5-2 once again. The Racers were undefeated at home in the 1999 season, after three seasons at Murray State, Johnson was hired in January 2000 as the new head coach of the Illinois State Redbirds. In his three years at Murray State, Denver Johnsons overall record as coach was 21-12. Johnsons.636 winning percentage is fifth best all time among Murray State head football coaches, the game, a 52-0 loss, was the worst defeat for Illinois State in 40 years. Johnson alleged that the assistant was angry he was not asked to come to Illinois State when Johnson left Murray State, northern Illinois coach Joe Novak denied having the Murray State playbook. In November 2002, the Racers won a share of the Ohio Valley Conference championship with a 37-35 win over an Eastern Illinois University squad led by future NFL quarterback Tony Romo, Murray State kicker Shane Andrus kicked the 52-yard game-winning field goal as time expired. Murray State finished the season 7-4-0 and 5-1-0 in conference, in the first round of the NCAA Division I playoffs, the Racers faced off against the archrival Western Kentucky Hilltoppers on the road in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The Hilltoppers won the rivalry game 59-20 and went on to win the Division I-AA national championship, in January 2003, former Florida State Seminoles quarterback Adrian McPherson announced that he had transferred to Murray State. As a sophomore at Florida State, McPherson started four games and appeared in nine total, completing 80-of-155 passes for 1,017 yards with 12 TD passes. McPherson had been removed from the Florida State team in November 2002 after being arrested and charged with stealing and forging a signature on a blank check, McPherson began attending classes at Murray State and planned to play football for the Racers
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