The Jolly Roger was the ensign flown by a pirate ship preceding or during an attack, during the early 18th century. The vast majority of such flags flew the motif of a human skull, or "Death's Head",
Painting showing a French First Republic privateer flying a black Jolly Roger, signed and dated "Nicolas Cammillieri pinxit 1811", with the inscription: "On the 14 Germinal year 7 of the French Republic (3 April 1796), in the Bay of Colonia on the coast of Spain, 4-hour long fight of the privateer Mouche, armed with an 8-pounder swivel gun, under Captain Jean Adrian, against a 16-nine-pounder gun cutter, to recapture the prize called Lavantoroso (?) which said privateer had captured the previous night while [the cutter] was escorting [the contested prize]".
This red flag, captured by the Royal Navy in 1780 and now on display at the National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, is another example of a Jolly Roger flag.
1725 woodcut of Bartholomew Roberts with a Jolly Roger in Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates
The personnel of the British submarine HMS Utmost showing off their Jolly Roger in February 1942. The markings on the flag indicate the boat's achievements: nine ships torpedoed (including one warship), eight 'cloak and dagger' operations, one target destroyed by gunfire, and one at-sea rescue
Edward England was an Irish pirate. The ships he sailed on included the Pearl and later the Fancy, for which England exchanged the Pearl in 1720. His flag was the classic Jolly Roger — almost exactly
Jolly Roger
…Roger today – the skull and crossbones symbol on a black flag – was used during the 1710s by a number of pirate captains, including Samuel Bellamy, Edward England, and John Taylor. It became the most commonly used pirate flag during the 1720s, although other designs were also in use. Use of the term Jolly Roger…
An 18th century woodcut of England
An engraving depicting the pirate Edward England with, in the background, the fight of the Fancy (left) and the Cassandra.
Edward England, marooned, from the Pirates of the Spanish Main series (N19) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes MET DP835029