1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
2.
Robert Frost
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Robert Lee Frost was an American poet. His work was published in England before it was published in America. He is highly regarded for his depictions of rural life. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the twentieth century. One of the most popular and critically respected American poets of the century, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime. He became one of Americas rare public literary figures, almost an artistic institution and he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1960 for his poetic works. On July 22,1961, Frost was named laureate of Vermont. Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California, to journalist William Prescott Frost, Jr. and his mother was a Scottish immigrant, and his father descended from Nicholas Frost of Tiverton, Devon, England, who had sailed to New Hampshire in 1634 on the Wolfrana. Frosts father was a teacher and later an editor of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin, and an unsuccessful candidate for city tax collector. After his death on May 5,1885, the family moved across the country to Lawrence, Massachusetts, under the patronage of William Frost, Frost graduated from Lawrence High School in 1892. Frosts mother joined the Swedenborgian church and had him baptized in it, although known for his later association with rural life, Frost grew up in the city, and he published his first poem in his high schools magazine. He attended Dartmouth College for two months, long enough to be accepted into the Theta Delta Chi fraternity. Frost returned home to teach and to work at various jobs, including helping his mother teach her class of boys, delivering newspapers. He did not enjoy these jobs, feeling his true calling was poetry, in 1894, he sold his first poem, My Butterfly. Proud of his accomplishment, he proposed marriage to Elinor Miriam White, Frost then went on an excursion to the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia and asked Elinor again upon his return. Having graduated, she agreed, and they were married at Lawrence, Frost attended Harvard University from 1897 to 1899, but he left voluntarily due to illness. In 1912, Frost sailed with his family to Great Britain, settling first in Beaconsfield and his first book of poetry, A Boys Will, was published the next year. In England he made important acquaintances, including Edward Thomas, T. E. Hulme
3.
Cecil Day-Lewis
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Cecil Day-Lewis CBE was an Anglo-Irish poet and the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1968 until his death in 1972. He also wrote mystery stories under the pseudonym of Nicholas Blake and he was the father of actor Daniel Day-Lewis and documentary filmmaker and television chef Tamasin Day-Lewis. Day-Lewis was born in Ballintubbert, Athy/Stradbally border, Queens County and he was the son of Frank Day-Lewis, Church of Ireland Rector of that parish, and Kathleen Blake. Some of his family was from England and his father took on the surname Day-Lewis as a combination of his own birth fathers and adoptive fathers surnames. In his autobiography The Buried Day, he wrote As a writer I do not use the hyphen in my surname – a piece of inverted snobbery which has produced mixed results. After the death of his mother in 1906, Cecil was brought up in London by his father, with the help of an aunt and he was educated at Sherborne School and at Wadham College, Oxford. In Oxford, Day-Lewis became part of the circle gathered around W. H. Auden and his first collection of poems, Beechen Vigil, appeared in 1925. In 1928 he married Constance Mary King, the daughter of a Sherborne master, during the 1940s he had a long and troubled love affair with the novelist Rosamond Lehmann. His first marriage was dissolved in 1951, and he married actress Jill Balcon, during the Second World War his work was now no longer so influenced by Auden and he was developing a more traditional style of lyricism. Some critics believe that he reached his full stature as a poet in Word Over All, after the war he joined the publisher Chatto & Windus as a director and senior editor. In 1946, Day-Lewis was a lecturer at Cambridge University, publishing his lectures in The Poetic Image, Day-Lewis was made a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire by Elizabeth II in her 1950 Birthday Honours. He later taught poetry at Oxford, where he was Professor of Poetry from 1951 to 1956, during 1962–1963, he was the Norton Professor at Harvard University. Day-Lewis was appointed Poet Laureate in 1968, in succession to John Masefield, Cecil Day-Lewis died from pancreatic cancer on 22 May 1972, aged 68, at Lemmons, the Hertfordshire home of Kingsley Amis and Elizabeth Jane Howard, where he and his family were staying. He was an admirer of Thomas Hardy, and had arranged to be buried as close as possible to the authors grave at St Michaels Church in Stinsford. Day-Lewiss epitaph, taken from his poem Is it Far to Go, Day Lewis, An English Literary Life. Daniel Day-Lewis donated his father’s archive to the Bodleian library and this was followed by nineteen more crime novels. From the mid-1930s Day-Lewis was able to earn his living by writing, four of the Blake novels – A Tangled Web, Penknife in My Heart, The Deadly Joker, The Private Wound – do not feature Strangeways. Minute for Murder is set against the background of Day-Lewiss Second World War experiences in the Ministry of Information, in 1937 he edited The Mind in Chains, Socialism and the Cultural Revolution
4.
Hugh Lofting
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Hugh John Lofting was a British author, trained as a civil engineer, who created the character of Doctor Dolittle, one of the classics of childrens literature. Lofting was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire in January 1886 to English and Irish parents and his eldest brother was Hilary Lofting, who later became a novelist in Australia, having emigrated there in 1915. Hugh Lofting was educated at Mount St Marys College in Spinkhill, from 1905 to 1906 he studied abroad, taking classes at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA. He travelled widely as a engineer, before enlisting in the Irish Guards regiment of the British Army to serve in the First World War. Not wishing to write to his children about the brutality of the war, seriously wounded in the war, in 1919 Lofting moved with his family to Killingworth, Connecticut, in the US. He was married three times and had three children, one of whom, his son Christopher, is the executor of his literary estate, Lofting commented, For years it was a constant source of shock to me to find my writings amongst juveniles. It does not bother me any more now, but I still feel there should be a category of seniles to offset the epithet, the stories are set in early Victorian England in the 1820s-1840s. He lived in Killingworth, Connecticut while writing most of the installments to the series, the sequel The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle won Lofting the prestigious Newbery Medal. Eight more books followed, and after Loftings death two more volumes appeared, composed of short unpublished pieces, the internal chronology of the books is somewhat different from the publishing order. The first book is followed by Doctor Dolittles Post Office, Doctor Dolittles Circus, only then follows the second book, The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle, continued by Doctor Dolittles Zoo. After that, the order is restored, Doctor Dolittles Garden is followed by Doctor Dolittle in the Moon and Doctor Dolittles Return, ending with Doctor Dolittle. The series has adapted for film and television many times, for stage twice. The Story of Mrs Tubbs and Tommy, Tilly, and Mrs. Tubbs are picture books aimed at an audience than the Doctor Dolittle books. They are about the old woman of the title and her pets, with whom she can speak, porridge Poetry is the only non-Dolittle work by Lofting still in print. It is a lighthearted, colorfully illustrated book of poems for children, noisy Nora is a cautionary tale about a girl who is a noisy eater. The book is printed as if hand-written, and the many illustrations often merge with the text, the Twilight of Magic is aimed at older readers. It is set in an age when magic is dying and science is beginning and this work is the only one of Loftings books to be illustrated by another person. Victory for the Slain is Loftings only work for adults, a long poem in seven parts about the futility of war
5.
Arthur Ransome
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Arthur Michell Ransome was an English author and journalist. He is best known for writing the Swallows and Amazons series of books about the school-holiday adventures of children, mostly in the Lake District. Many of the books involve sailing, fishing and camping are other common subjects, the books remain popular and Swallows and Amazons is the basis for a tourist industry around Windermere and Coniston Water, the two lakes Ransome adapted as his fictional North Country lake. He also wrote about the life of London, and about Russia before, during. Ransome was the son of Cyril Ransome and his wife Edith née Boulton, Arthur was the eldest of four children, two sisters Cicely and Joyce and a brother Geoffrey who was killed in the First World War in 1918. Arthur was born in Leeds, the house at 6 Ash Grove, Ransomes father was professor of history at Yorkshire College, Leeds. The family regularly holidayed at Nibthwaite in the Lake District, and his fathers premature death in 1897 had a lasting effect on him. His mother Edith did not want him to abandon his studies for writing and she urged him to publish The Picts and the Martyrs in 1943, although his wife Evgenia hated it, Genia was often discouraging about his books while he was writing them. Ransome was educated first in Windermere and then at Rugby School but did not entirely enjoy the experience, because of his eyesight, lack of athletic skill. He attended Yorkshire College, his fathers college, studying chemistry, after a year, he abandoned the college and went to London to become a writer. He took low-paying jobs as an assistant in a publishing company and as editor of a failing magazine, Temple Bar Magazine. Ransomes sister, Joyce married Hugh Ralph Lupton, the son of Leeds Lord Mayor Hugh Lupton, Joyce and Hugh Ralph had four children, giving one of their sons the name Arthur Ralph Ransome Lupton, in honour of the boys famous literary uncle. Hughs and Joyces children shared with their family a love of nature. When at home in Leeds, the children shared a governess with their second cousin, Peter Francis Middleton, grandfather of Catherine. Ransome married twice, first to Ivy Constance Walker in 1909 with whom he had a daughter Tabitha Ransome and his second marriage, in 1924, was to Evgenia Petrovna Shelepina who is buried in the same grave as Ransome. Ransome died in 1967 in a Greater Manchester hospital and he and his wife Evgenia lie buried in the churchyard of St Pauls Church, Rusland, Cumbria, in the southern Lake District. The Autobiography of Arthur Ransome, edited by Rupert Hart-Davis, was published posthumously in 1976 and it covers his life only to the completion of Peter Duck in 1931. Some of Ransomes early works were The Nature Books for Children, only three of the six planned volumes were published before the publisher went bankrupt
6.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
7.
Ian Fleming
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Ian Lancaster Fleming was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva and his wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background, detail and depth of the James Bond novels. Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952 and it was a success, with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand. Eleven Bond novels and two short-story collections followed between 1953 and 1966, the novels revolved around James Bond, an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond was also known by his number,007, and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. The Bond stories rank among the series of fictional books of all time. Fleming also wrote the childrens story Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and two works of non-fiction, in 2008, The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Fleming was married to Ann Charteris, who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere owing to her affair with the author, Fleming and Charteris had a son, Caspar. Fleming was a smoker and drinker for most of his life. Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously, other writers have since produced Bond novels, Flemings creation has appeared in film twenty-six times, portrayed by seven actors. Ian Fleming was born on 28 May 1908, at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair and his mother was Evelyn St Croix Rose, and his father was Valentine Fleming, the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910. As an infant he lived, with his family, at Braziers Park in Oxfordshire. Fleming was the grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust, in 1914, with the start of the First World War, Valentine joined C Squadron, Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars, and rose to the rank of major. He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917, because the family owned an estate at Arnisdale, Valentines death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial. Flemings elder brother Peter became a writer and married actress Celia Johnson. Fleming also had two brothers, Michael and Richard, and a younger maternal half-sister born out of wedlock, cellist Amaryllis Fleming. Amaryllis was conceived during an affair between John and Evelyn that started in 1923, some six years after the death of Valentine
8.
James Joyce
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James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential, other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners, and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Finnegans Wake. His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism and his published letters, Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin—about half a mile from his mothers birthplace in Terenure—into a middle-class family on the way down. He went on to attend University College Dublin, in 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris and Zurich, Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. In the particular is contained the universal, James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane May Murray, in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was baptised according to the Rites of the Catholic Church in the nearby St Josephs Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev. John OMulloy and his godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. He was the eldest of ten surviving children, two of his siblings died of typhoid and his fathers family, originally from Fermoy in County Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyces father and paternal grandfather both married into families, though the familys purported ancestor, Seán Mór Seoighe was a stonemason from Connemara. In 1887, his father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation, around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog, which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from astraphobia, as an aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of Gods wrath. In 1891 Joyce wrote a poem on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Party had dropped Parnell from leadership. But the Vaticans role in allying with the British Conservative Party to prevent Home Rule left an impression on the young Joyce. The elder Joyce had the printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the familys slide into poverty caused mainly by his drinking and general financial mismanagement. Joyce had begun his education at Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Clane, County Kildare and this came about because of a chance meeting his father had with a Jesuit priest who knew the family and Joyce was given a reduction in fees to attend Belvedere. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected to join the Sodality of Our Lady by his peers at Belvedere, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas continued to have a strong influence on him for most of his life
9.
T. E. Lawrence
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Thomas Edward Lawrence, CB, DSO was a British archaeologist, military officer, diplomat, and writer. He was renowned for his role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Chapman had left his wife and first family in Ireland to live with Junner, in 1896, the Lawrences moved to Oxford, where Lawrence attended high school, then in 1907–1910 studied History at Jesus College. Between 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist, chiefly at Carchemish, soon after the outbreak of war he joined the British Army and was stationed in Egypt. In 1916, he was sent to Arabia on a mission and quickly became involved with the Arab Revolt, serving, along with other British officers. After the war, Lawrence served until 1922 as a diplomat, in 1922, he retreated from public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, mostly in the Royal Air Force, with a brief stint in the Army. During this time, he wrote and published his work, Seven Pillars of Wisdom. He also translated books into English and completed The Mint, which was published posthumously and he corresponded extensively and was friendly with well-known artists, writers, and politicians. For the RAF, he participated in the design of rescue motorboats, Lawrences public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab revolt by American journalist Lowell Thomas, as well as from Seven Pillars of Wisdom. In 1935, Lawrence was fatally injured in a accident in Dorset. Lawrence was born on 16 August 1888 in Tremadog, Carnarvonshire, Wales in a house named Gorphwysfa, now known as Snowdon Lodge. His Anglo-Irish father Thomas Chapman had left his wife Edith after he fell in love and had a son with Sarah Junner, a young Scotswoman who had been engaged as governess to his daughters. Sarah was the daughter of Elizabeth Junner and John Lawrence, who worked as a carpenter and was a son of the household in which Elizabeth had been a servant. She was dismissed four months before Sarah was born, Sarah and Thomas did not marry, but lived together under the name Lawrence. In 1914, Sir Thomas inherited the Chapman baronetcy based at Killua Castle, the family home in County Westmeath, Ireland. They had five sons, Thomas Edward was the second eldest, from Wales the family moved to Kirkcudbright, Galloway in southwestern Scotland, then Dinard in Brittany, then to Jersey. In 1894–96, the family lived at Langley Lodge, set in woods between the eastern borders of the New Forest and Southampton Water in Hampshire. The residence was isolated, and young Ned Lawrence had many opportunities for outdoor activities, in the summer of 1896, the Lawrences moved to 2, Polstead Road in Oxford, where they lived under the names of Mr and Mrs Lawrence until 1921
10.
Cumbria
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Cumbria is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbrias county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county, the county of Cumbria consists of six districts, and in 2008 had a population of just under half a million. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom, a large area of the south east of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB. Much of Cumbria is mountainous, and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet above sea level, with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet being the highest point of England. An upland, coastal, and rural area, Cumbrias history is characterised by invasions, migration, notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle, Furness Abbey, Hardknott Roman Fort, Brough Castle and Hadrians Wall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. D. Based on inscriptional evidence from the area, the Roman civitas of the Carvetii seems to have covered portions of Cumbria, the names Cumbria, Cymru, Cambria, and Cumberland are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant compatriots. In the Early Middle Ages, Cumberland formed the core of the Brittonic kingdom of Rheged, for the rest of the first millennium, Cumbria was contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of Scotland at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066, in 1092 Cumberland was invaded by William II and incorporated into England. There were at least three sieges of Carlisle fought between England and Scotland, and two sieges during the Jacobite risings. In particular, the west-coast towns of Workington, Millom and Barrow-in-Furness saw large iron and steel mills develop, Kendal, Keswick and Carlisle all became mill towns, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. Later, the childrens writer Beatrix Potter also wrote in the region and became a major landowner and its strategic authority is Cumbria County Council. Local papers The Westmorland Gazette and Cumberland and Westmorland Herald continue to use the name of their historic county, other publications, such as local government promotional material, describe the area as Cumbria, as do the Lake District National Park Authority and most visitors. Cumbria is the most northwesterly county of England, the northernmost and southernmost points in Cumbria are just west of Deadwater, Northumberland and South Walney respectively. Kirkby Stephen and St Bees Head are the most easterly and westerly points of the county, at 978 metres Scafell Pike is the highest point in Cumbria and in England. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England, the Lancaster Canal runs from Preston into South Cumbria and is partly in use. The Ulverston Canal which once reached to Morecambe Bay is maintained although it was closed in 1945, the Solway Coast and Arnside and Silverdale AONBs lie in the lowland areas of the county, to the north and south respectively. Cumbria is bordered by the English counties of Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, the boundaries are along the Irish Sea to Morecambe Bay in the west, and along the Pennines to the east
11.
Hatchards
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Hatchards is the oldest bookshop in the United Kingdom. The bookshop was founded at 173 Piccadilly, London, by John Hatchard in 1797 and it moved within Piccadilly in 1801, to No. 189–190, the site of the first shop was cleared in 1810 for the Egyptian Hall to be built. The second shop had a change to 187, in 1820. It still trades today from the address, and Hatchards portrait can be seen on the staircase of the shop. It was founded with a collection of merchandise bought from Simon Vandenbergh, Hatchards was acquired by William Collins, Sons in 1956. It was bought by Pentos in 1990, and Pentos was later acquired by Waterstones and it has a reputation for attracting high-profile authors and holds three Royal Warrants. Hatchards opened a new store in St Pancras railway station in 2014, the 2,000 sq ft store, opened at the beginning of August, is located next door to a new branch of Fortnum and Mason, continuing a relationship that goes back over two centuries
12.
Piccadilly
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Piccadilly is a road in the City of Westminster, London to the south of Mayfair, between Hyde Park Corner in the west and Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is part of the A4 road that connects central London to Hammersmith, Earls Court, Heathrow Airport, St Jamess is to the south of the eastern section, while the western section is built up only on the northern side. At just under 1 mile in length, Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London, Piccadilly has been a main road since at least medieval times, and in the middle ages was known as the road to Reading or the way from Colnbrook. Around 1611 or 1612, a Robert Baker acquired land in the area, shortly after purchasing the land, he enclosed it and erected several dwellings, including his home, Pikadilly Hall. Some of the most notable homes in London were built on the northern side of the street during this period, including Clarendon House. Berkeley House, constructed around the time as Clarendon House, was destroyed by a fire in 1733 and rebuilt as Devonshire House in 1737 by William Cavendish. It was later used as the headquarters for the Whig party. Burlington House has since been home to several noted societies, including the Royal Academy of Arts, the Geological Society of London, several members of the Rothschild family had mansions at the western end of the street. St Jamess Church was consecrated in 1684 and the area became St James Parish. The Old White Horse Cellar, at No,155, was one of the most famous coaching inns in England by the late-18th century, by which time the street had become a favourable location for booksellers. The Bath Hotel emerged around 1790, and Walsingham House was built in 1887, both the Bath and the Walsingham were purchased and demolished when the prestigious Ritz Hotel was built on the site in 1906. Piccadilly Circus station, at the east end of the street, was designed by Charles Holden and it was the first underground station to have no above-ground premises, the station is only accessible by subways from street level. The clothing store Simpsons was established at 203 -206 Piccadilly by Alec Simpson in 1936, during the 20th century, Piccadilly became known as a place to acquire heroin, and was notorious in the 1960s as the centre of Londons illegal drug trade. Today, Piccadilly is regarded as one of Londons principal shopping streets and its landmarks include the Ritz, Park Lane, Athenaeum and Intercontinental hotels, Fortnum & Mason, the Royal Academy, the RAF Club, Hatchards, the Embassy of Japan and the High Commission of Malta. Piccadilly has inspired works of fiction, including Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest. It is one of a group of squares on the London Monopoly board, the street has been part of a main road for centuries although there is no evidence that it was part of a Roman Road, unlike Oxford Street further north. In the Middle Ages it was known as the road to Reading or the way from Colnbrook, during the Tudor period, relatively settled conditions made expansion beyond Londons city walls a safer venture. Property speculation became an enterprise and developments grew so rapidly that the threat of disease
13.
Harper (publisher)
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Harper is an American publishing house, currently the flagship imprint of global publisher HarperCollins. James Harper and his brother John, printers by training, started their book publishing business J. & J. Harper in 1817 and their two brothers, Joseph Wesley Harper and Fletcher Harper, joined them in the mid-1820s. The company changed its name to Harper & Brothers in 1833, the headquarters of the publishing house were located at 331 Pearl Street, facing Franklin Square in Lower Manhattan. Harper & Brothers began publishing Harpers New Monthly Magazine in 1850, the brothers also published Harpers Weekly, Harpers Bazar, and Harpers Young People. George B. M. Harvey became president of Harpers on Nov.16,1899, Harpers New Monthly Magazine ultimately became Harpers Magazine, which is now published by the Harpers Magazine Foundation. Harpers Weekly was absorbed by The Independent in 1916, which in turn merged with The Outlook in 1928, Harpers Bazar was sold to William Randolph Hearst in 1913 and is now Bazaar, published by the Hearst Corporation. In 1924, Cass Canfield joined Harper & Brothers and held a variety of positions until his death in 1986. In 1925, Eugene F. Saxton joined the company as an editor, in 1935, Edward Aswell moved to Harper & Brothers as an assistant editor of general books and eventually became editor-in-chief. Aswell persuaded Thomas Wolfe to leave Scribners, and, after Wolfes death, edited the posthumous novels The Web and the Rock, You Cant Go Home Again, in 1962 Harper & Brothers merged with Row, Peterson & Company to become Harper & Row. Marshall Pickering was bought by Harper and Row in 1988, marshall Pickering itself was formed in 1981 from two long established Christian publishers. Marshall Morgan and Scott, a London-based predominantly Baptist publishing house, Pickering and Inglis was a long established Glasgow based publisher, publishing largely for the non conformist church in Scotland with many Brethren publications. Rupert Murdochs News Corporation acquired Harper & Row in 1987, the names of these two national publishing houses were combined to create HarperCollins, which has since expanded its international reach with further acquisitions of formerly independent publishers. The Harper imprint began being used in place of HarperCollins in 2007, after the purchase of Harper & Row by News Corporation, HarperCollins launched a new mass market paperback line to complement its existing trade paperback Perennial imprint. It was known as Harper Paperbacks from 1990 to 2000, HarperTorch from 2000 to 2006, the Harper Establishment, or, How a New York Publishing Giant Was Made. The brothers Harper, a publishing partnership and its impact upon the cultural life of America from 1817 to 1853 Eugene Exman, The House of Harper, NY, Harper & Row
14.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
15.
Rupert Hart-Davis
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Sir Rupert Charles Hart-Davis was an English publisher and editor. He founded the publishing company Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd, as a biographer, he is remembered for his Hugh Walpole, as an editor, for his Collected Letters of Oscar Wilde, and, as both editor and part-author, for the Lyttelton/Hart-Davis Letters. Working at a publishing firm before the Second World War, Hart-Davis began to forge literary relationships that would be important later in his career. Founding his publishing company in 1946, Hart-Davis was praised for the quality of the publications and production, but he refused to cater to public tastes. After relinquishing control of the firm, Hart-Davis concentrated on writing and editing, producing collections of letters, Hart-Davis was born in Kensington, London. Hart-Davis believed the most likely candidate for his father to be a Yorkshire banker called Gervase Beckett. Hart-Davis was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, though he found university life not to his taste, as an office boy and assistant to the managing director Charley Evans. In his seven years with Cape, Hart-Davis recruited a group of authors ranging from the poets William Plomer, Cecil Day-Lewis, Edmund Blunden and Robert Frost. He was well placed to secure Duff Coopers life of Talleyrand, Hart-Davis was a close friend of Ransome, sharing an enthusiasm for cricket and rugby. After Capes death he commented to George Lyttelton that Cape had been one of the tightest-fisted old bastards Ive ever encountered, the second partner, Wren Howard, was even tighter than Cape, and neither of them liked fraternising with authors, which they left to Hart-Davis. In World War II Hart-Davis volunteered for service as a private soldier. He did not see service, never being stationed more than 25 miles from London. E. Bates, Geoffrey Keynes, and Celia and Peter Fleming and his own literary tastes dictated which books were accepted and which rejected. Frequently he turned down commercial successes because he thought little of the literary merit. He later said, I usually found that the sales of the books I published were in inverse ratio to my opinion of them, thats why I established some sort of reputation without making any money. In 1946 paper was rationed, the firm used Garnetts ex-servicemans ration. However, the firm was given the allocation at cost of a Glasgow bookseller and occasional prewar publisher, Alan Jackson. The partners decided to start initially with reprints of dead authors, as if a new book became a best-seller the firm would not have paper for a reprint and the author might leave
16.
Elinor Glyn
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Elinor Glyn was a British novelist and scriptwriter who specialised in romantic fiction that was considered scandalous for its time. She popularized the concept of It, Elinor Sutherland was born on 17 October 1864 in Saint Helier, Jersey, in the Channel Islands. She was the daughter of Douglas Sutherland, a civil engineer of Scottish descent. Her father was said to be related to the Lords Duffus and her father died when she was two months old, her mother returned to the parental home in Guelph, in what was then Upper Canada, British North America with her two daughters. Here young Elinor was taught by her grandmother, Lucy Anne Saunders and she was the daughter of Sir Richard Willcocks, a key figure in the early Irish police force, who had suppressed the Emmet conspiracy in 1803. Richards brother Joseph also settled in Upper Canada, publishing one of the first opposition papers there, pursuing liberty, the Anglo-Irish grandmother instructed young Elinor in the ways of upper-class society. Glyns elder sister grew up to be Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, Glyns mother remarried in 1871 to David Kennedy, and the family returned to Jersey when Glyn was about eight years old. Her subsequent education at her stepfathers house was by governesses, at the age of 28, the green-eyed, red-haired but dowryless Elinor married on 27 April 1892. Her husband was Clayton Louis Glyn, a wealthy but spendthrift barrister and Essex landowner who was descended from Sir Richard Carr Glyn, the couple had two daughters, Margot and Juliet, but the marriage foundered on mutual incompatibility. Glyn began writing in 1900, starting with a based on letters to her mother. Her marriage was troubled, and Glyn began having affairs with various British aristocrats and she had a long affair between circa 1907 and 1916 with George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston. She was famously painted by society painter Philip de László at the age of 48, as her husband fell into debt from around 1908, Glyn wrote at least one novel a year to keep up her standard of living. Her husband died in November 1915, aged 58, after years of illness. Glyn pioneered risqué, and sometimes erotic, romantic fiction aimed at a female readership and she coined the use of the word it to mean a human characteristic that. draws all others with magnetic force. With IT you win all men if you are an all women if you are a man. IT can be a quality of the mind as well as a physical attraction and her use of the word is often erroneously taken to be a euphemism for sexuality or sex appeal. In 1919 she signed a contract with William Randolph Hearsts International Magazine Company for stories and articles included a clause for the motion picture rights. She was brought over from England to write screenplays by the Famous Players-Lasky Production Company and she wrote for Cosmopolitan and other Hearst press titles, advising women on how to keep their men and imparting health and beauty tips
17.
Gower Street, London
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Gower Street is a street in Bloomsbury, central London, running from Montague Place in the south to Euston Road at the north. The street continues as North Gower Street north of the Euston Road, to the south it becomes Bloomsbury Street. University College London and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art are located along Gower Street as is part of University College Hospital, UCL maintains two student residences along the street, the Arthur Tattersall and John Tovell Houses. Of the many UCL buildings along Gower Street, the Cruciform Building is especially notable, Old boys of University College School are known as Old Gowers after the street where it founded and co-located with UCL. Euston Square tube station is located at the end of Gower Street. Gower Street is named after Lady Gertrude Leveson-Gower, daughter of John Leveson-Gower, notable residents of Gower Street have included the architect George Dance the Younger, painter William de Morgan, and the Shaws. John Shaw, Sr. and John Shaw, Jr. formed a famous nineteenth-century architectural partnership, thomas Budd Shaw was a professor of English literature to the grand dukes of Russia. He moved in on 31 December, and with Emma moved in on the day of their marriage,29 January 1839, the development of Darwins theory of natural selection made progress in this house, and their children William Erasmus Darwin and Anne Darwin were born there. In 1842 the family moved to Down House in the countryside, on 13 December 1904 a London County Council blue plaque was put up, to Charles Darwin Naturalist. The house suffered from damage in 1941 during the Blitz. In 1961 the site became part of the Biological Sciences building of University College London, the long thin garden which backed on to Gower Mews North was incorporated into Foster Court car park in 1978. The etymologist and philologist Hensleigh Wedgwood, who was Charles Darwins cousin and brother-in-law, lived at 94 Gower Street and it was erected by The Trevithick Centenary Memorial Committee. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded in the Millais family house on Gower Street in the winter of 1848–49, millicent Fawcett, a leading figure in the constitutional wing of the British womens suffrage movement, lived at No.2 Gower Street. The Walloon poet Henri Michaux briefly resided in Gower Street in February 1931, from 1976 until 1995 the headquarters of MI5 were an anonymous grey office block at 140 Gower Street, adjacent to the Euston Road. The site has since been redeveloped, many of the Georgian houses on Gower Street have been converted into small hotels. North Gower Street, the continuation of Gower Street beyond Euston Road, is not accessible from Gower Street at street level for vehicles or pedestrians. For pedestrians, the most direct access is via a subway along the concourse of Euston Square station, from Euston Road, North Gower Street continues past Drummond Street and then ends, with a footpath continuing north to connect with the Hampstead Road. It is lined mostly with Georgian terraced houses now converted into hotels and student accommodation or rebuilt
18.
Bloomsbury
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Bloomsbury is an area of the London Borough of Camden, between Euston Road and Holborn. It was developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into a residential area. It is notable for its garden squares, literary connections, and numerous cultural, educational, Bloomsbury Square was laid out in 1660 by Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton. Much of the district was planned and built by James Burton and it is also home to the University of Law and New College of the Humanities. London Contemporary Dance School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and are located in the area. Bloomsbury is in the constituency of Holborn and St Pancras. The western half of the district comprises Bloomsbury ward, which three councillors to Camden Borough Council. The earliest record of what would become Bloomsbury is in the 1086 Domesday Book, but it is not until 1201 that the name Bloomsbury is first noted, when William de Blemond, a Norman landowner, acquired the land. The name Bloomsbury is a development from Blemondisberi – the bury, or manor, at the end of the 14th century, Edward III acquired Blemonds manor, and passed it on to the Carthusian monks of the London Charterhouse, who kept the area mostly rural. In the 16th century with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry VIII took the back into the possession of the Crown and granted it to Thomas Wriothesley. In the early 1660s, the Earl of Southampton constructed what eventually became Bloomsbury Square, the Yorkshire Grey public house on the corner of Grays Inn Road and Theobalds Road dates from 1676. The area was laid out mainly in the 18th century, largely by landowners such as Wriothesley Russell, 3rd Duke of Bedford, who built Bloomsbury Market, William de Blemond in the 13th century, a Norman, was the first landowner. Edward III acquired Blemonds manor, and passed it on to the Carthusian monks who governed it until Henry VIII granted it to the Earl of Southampton, the Russell family became landowners in the 18th century. The area lay within the parishes of St Giles in the Fields and St Georges, Bloomsbury and it is now controlled by the London Borough of Camden and part of the district is contained within the Bloomsbury ward. The district is situated in the constituency of Holborn and St Pancras. Bloomsbury merges gradually with Holborn in the south, with St Pancras and Kings Cross in the north-east, the road runs from Euston and Somers Town in the north to Holborn in the south. East of Southampton Row/Woburn Place are the Grade II listed Brunswick Centre, a residential and shopping centre, the area west of Southampton Row/Woburn Place is notable for its concentration of academic establishments, museums, and formal squares. Bloomsbury contains some of Londons finest parks and buildings, and is known for its formal squares
19.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
20.
Guinea (coin)
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The guinea was a coin of approximately one quarter ounce of gold that was minted in Great Britain between 1663 and 1814. From 1717 to 1816, its value was fixed at twenty-one shillings. Then, Britain adopted the standard and guinea became a colloquial or specialised term. The name came from the Guinea region in West Africa, where much of the used to make the coins originated. The name also forms the basis for the Arabic word for the Egyptian pound الجنيه el-Genēh / el-Geni, the first guinea was produced on 6 February 1663, a proclamation of 27 March 1663 made the coins legal currency. One troy pound of 11/12 fine gold would make 44½ guineas, the denomination was originally worth one pound, or twenty shillings, but an increase in the price of gold during the reign of King Charles II led to the market trading it at a premium. The price of gold continued to increase, especially in times of trouble, and by the 1680s, indeed, in his diary entries for 13 June 1667, Samuel Pepys records that the price was 24 to 25 shillings. The diameter of the coin was 1 inch throughout Charles IIs reign, Guinea was not an official name for the coin, but much of the gold used to produce the early coins came from Guinea in Africa. The coin was produced each year between 1663 and 1684, with the elephant appearing on some coins each year from 1663 to 1665 and 1668, and the elephant and castle on some coins from 1674 onward. The elephant, with or without the castle, symbolises the Royal African Company, the obverse and reverse of this coin were designed by John Roettier. The edge was milled to deter clipping or filing, and to distinguish it from the silver half-crown which had edge lettering, until 1669 the milling was perpendicular to the edge, giving vertical grooves, while from 1670 the milling was diagonal to the edge. John Roettier continued to design the dies for this denomination in the reign of King James II. In this reign, the coins weighed 8.5 g with a diameter of 25–26 mm, Coins of each year were issued both with and without the elephant and castle mark. The edge of the coins are milled diagonally, with the removal of James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, his daughter Mary, and her husband Prince William of Orange ruled jointly by agreement as co-monarchs. Their heads appear conjoined on the piece in Roman style, with Williams head uppermost. By the early part of this reign the value of the guinea had increased to thirty shillings. The guineas of this reign weighed 8, following the death of Queen Mary from smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign as William III. The coins of William IIIs reign weighed 8.4 g with a gold purity of 0.9123
21.
Charles Montagu Doughty
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He was a student at Kings College London, eventually graduating from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1864. He was the father of Freda and Dorothy Doughty, T. E. Lawrence rediscovered the book and caused it to be republished in the 1920s, contributing an admiring introduction of his own. Since then, the book has gone in and out of print, the book is a vast recounting of Doughtys treks through the Arabian deserts, and his discoveries there. It is written in an extravagant and mannered style, largely based on the King James Bible but constantly surprising with verbal turns, among authors who have praised the book are the British novelist Henry Green, whose essay on Doughty, Apologia, is reprinted in his collection Surviving. Greens novels arguably show some direct stylistic influence of Doughtys book, as noted by John Updike in his introduction to the collection of Greens novels Loving, Living, Party Going. Doughtys epic poem The Dawn in Britain, originally published 1906 in six volumes, provides a basis and ideal for Laura Jackson. Jacksons project of establishing an access to what they argue is an inherent meaning of words in their Rational Meaning, whole sections of the Jacksons book examine Doughtys linguistic care and thinking. He was awarded the 1912 Royal Geographical Societys Founders Gold Medal for his travels, Doughty was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 25 January 1926 and his ashes placed in Bay 1 of the Cloisters. Travels in Arabia Deserta The Dawn in Britain Adam Cast Forth The Cliffs The Clouds The Titans Mansoul or The Riddle of the World Cousin, a Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. Gods Fugitive, The Life of Charles Montagu Doughty, the Life Of Charles M. Doughty. 1928 Kirk, John Foster A Supplement to Allibones Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British, passages From Arabia Deserta selected by Edward Garnett
22.
Revolt in the Desert
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The title comes from the Book of Proverbs, Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars. Prior to the First World War, Lawrence had begun work on a book about seven great cities of the Middle East. The book had to be three times, once following the loss of the manuscript on a train at Reading. From Seven Pillars. and then lost all but the Introduction and drafts of Books 9 and 10 at Reading Station, while changing trains. Seven Pillars of Wisdom is an account of his experiences during the Arab Revolt of 1916–18. With the support of Emir Faisal and his tribesmen, he helped organise, speculation surrounds the books dedication, a poem written by Lawrence and edited by Robert Graves, concerning whether it is to an individual or to the whole Arab race. It begins, To S. A. possibly meaning Selim Ahmed, Ahmed died, probably from typhus, aged 19, a few weeks before the offensive to liberate Damascus. Lawrence received the news of his death days before he entered Damascus. A variant last line of that first stanza—reading, When we came—appears in some editions, however, the poem originated as prose, submitted by letter to Graves, who edited the work heavily into its current form, rewriting an entire stanza and correcting the others. Lawrence kept extensive notes throughout the course of his involvement in the Revolt and he began work on a clean narrative in the first half of 1919 while in Paris for the Peace Conference and, later that summer, while back in Egypt. By December 1919, he had a draft of most of the ten books that make up the Seven Pillars of Wisdom. National newspapers alerted the public to the loss of the manuscript, but to no avail. Lawrence refers to this version as Text I and says that had it been published, in early 1920, Lawrence set about the daunting task of rewriting as much as he could remember of the first version. Working from memory alone, he was able to complete this Text II,400,000 words long, Lawrence described this version as hopelessly bad in literary terms, but historically it was substantially complete and accurate. With Text II in front of him, Lawrence began working on a version in London, Jeddah. Lawrence completed this text comprising 335,000 words in February 1922, to eliminate any risk of losing the manuscript again, and to have copies that he could show privately to critics, he considered having the book typed out. However, he discovered that it would be cheaper to get the text typeset, just eight copies were produced, of which six survive. In bibliographical terms the result was the first edition of Seven Pillars, in legal terms, however, these substitutes for a typescript were not published
23.
Seven Pillars of Wisdom
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The title comes from the Book of Proverbs, Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars. Prior to the First World War, Lawrence had begun work on a book about seven great cities of the Middle East. The book had to be three times, once following the loss of the manuscript on a train at Reading. From Seven Pillars. and then lost all but the Introduction and drafts of Books 9 and 10 at Reading Station, while changing trains. Seven Pillars of Wisdom is an account of his experiences during the Arab Revolt of 1916–18. With the support of Emir Faisal and his tribesmen, he helped organise, speculation surrounds the books dedication, a poem written by Lawrence and edited by Robert Graves, concerning whether it is to an individual or to the whole Arab race. It begins, To S. A. possibly meaning Selim Ahmed, Ahmed died, probably from typhus, aged 19, a few weeks before the offensive to liberate Damascus. Lawrence received the news of his death days before he entered Damascus. A variant last line of that first stanza—reading, When we came—appears in some editions, however, the poem originated as prose, submitted by letter to Graves, who edited the work heavily into its current form, rewriting an entire stanza and correcting the others. Lawrence kept extensive notes throughout the course of his involvement in the Revolt and he began work on a clean narrative in the first half of 1919 while in Paris for the Peace Conference and, later that summer, while back in Egypt. By December 1919, he had a draft of most of the ten books that make up the Seven Pillars of Wisdom. National newspapers alerted the public to the loss of the manuscript, but to no avail. Lawrence refers to this version as Text I and says that had it been published, in early 1920, Lawrence set about the daunting task of rewriting as much as he could remember of the first version. Working from memory alone, he was able to complete this Text II,400,000 words long, Lawrence described this version as hopelessly bad in literary terms, but historically it was substantially complete and accurate. With Text II in front of him, Lawrence began working on a version in London, Jeddah. Lawrence completed this text comprising 335,000 words in February 1922, to eliminate any risk of losing the manuscript again, and to have copies that he could show privately to critics, he considered having the book typed out. However, he discovered that it would be cheaper to get the text typeset, just eight copies were produced, of which six survive. In bibliographical terms the result was the first edition of Seven Pillars, in legal terms, however, these substitutes for a typescript were not published
24.
The Mint (book)
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The Mint is a book written by T. E. Lawrence, ‘Lawrence of Arabia’, and published posthumously. It describes his time in the Royal Air Force, working, despite having held senior rank in the army, as an ordinary Aircraftman, under an assumed name,352087 Ross. The book is notable, despite flaws noted by critics, for its sharp observation, for the insight it gives into Lawrence himself, and for the censorship issues around its publication. The novelist E. M. Forster corresponded with Lawrence, in 1929 writing two detailed letters to him criticising The Mint, which he liked, and advising on how it might be improved. The Mint concerns the following the First World War when Lawrence decided to disappear from public view. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force under an assumed name, the book is a closely observed autobiographical account of his experiences in the RAF. The book covers his training at RAF Uxbridge in 1922. The book is divided into three parts, Part I, The Raw Material, with 29 chapters, Part II, In the Mill, with 22 chapters, Part III, Service, with 18 chapters. The books title likens the R. A. F. training to a factory, with the men as The Raw Material. Lawrence appears to have wanted to have his past life and fame obliterated, there is sun & decent treatment, and a very real measure of happiness, to those who do not look forward or back. So The Mint shall not be circulated before 1950, lawrences brother took the further precaution of substituting new names in the expurgated edition for characters in A/c Rosss squad in all passages which might have caused embarrassment or distress. However, A. W. Lawrence notes that his brother had intended, in fact, to print an edition himself on a hand-press. Of a portrait drawing by Augustus John, now in the Ashmolean Museum, Lawrence himself wrote I shall bequeath you my notes on life in the recruits camp of the R. A. F. Only 10 of these were for sale and priced at a prohibitive US$500,000 each. When The Mint finally achieved general publication in 1955 there were two editions, the edition and a limited edition containing the full uncensored text. The delay in publication and sensitivity surrounding the full text mainly concerned its barrack-room language and frank references to bodily functions, however, social mores have changed since the 1950s with the result that the original text is now widely available. For example, Chapter 19, SHIT-CART was published under the clipped, however any doubt as to the missing word is soon resolved as the chapter begins, At eight in the morning four of us stood about the Transport Yard feeling out of sorts with life. Just our luck to have clicked -cart on a Monday, the double-load day, the novelist E. M. Forster corresponded with Lawrence, and in 1929 Forster wrote two detailed letters, as a sharply literary friend, criticising The Mint
25.
H. G. Wells
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Herbert George H. G. Wells was an English writer. He was prolific in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, social commentary, Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels and is called a father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man and he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times. Wellss earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context and he was also from an early date an outspoken socialist, often sympathising with pacifist views. His later works became increasingly political and didactic, and he wrote science fiction. A diabetic, in 1934, Wells co-founded the charity The Diabetic Association, Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House,46 High Street in Bromley, Kent, on 21 September 1866. Called Bertie in the family, he was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells and his wife, Sarah Neal. An inheritance had allowed the family to acquire a shop in which they sold china and sporting goods, although it failed to prosper, the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. Joseph Wells managed to earn an income, but little of it came from the shop. Payment for skilled bowlers and batsmen came from voluntary donations afterwards, a defining incident of young Wellss life was an accident in 1874 that left him bedridden with a broken leg. To pass the time he started reading books from the local library and he soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access, they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morleys Commercial Academy, a school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morleys earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, Wells continued at Morleys Academy until 1880. In 1877, his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh, the accident effectively put an end to Josephs career as a cricketer, and his subsequent earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss of the primary source of family income. No longer able to support financially, the family instead sought to place their sons as apprentices in various occupations. From 1880 to 1883, Wells had an apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium. Wellss parents had a turbulent marriage, owing primarily to his mother being a Protestant, when his mother returned to work as a ladys maid, one of the conditions of work was that she would not be permitted to have living space for her husband and children. Thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and remained faithful to each other, as a consequence, Herberts personal troubles increased as he subsequently failed as a draper and also, later, as a chemists assistant
26.
W. H. Davies
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William Henry Davies or W. H. Davies was a Welsh poet and writer. Davies spent a significant part of his life as a tramp or hobo, in the United Kingdom and United States, but became one of the most popular poets of his time. The principal themes in his work are observations about lifes hardships, the ways in which the condition is reflected in nature, his own tramping adventures. Davies is usually considered one of the Georgian Poets, although much of his work is not typical of the group, the son of an iron moulder, Davies was born at 6, Portland Street in the Pillgwenlly district of Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales, a busy port. He had a brother, Francis Gomer Boase and in 1874 his younger sister Matilda was born. In November 1874, when William was aged three, his father died, the following year his mother Mary Anne Davies remarried and became Mrs Joseph Hill. She agreed that care of the three children should pass to their grandparents, Francis and Lydia Davies, who ran the nearby Church House Inn at 14. His grandfather Francis Boase Davies, originally from Cornwall, had been a sea captain, Davies was related to the famous British actor Sir Henry Irving, he later recalled that his grandmother referred to Irving as the cousin who brought disgrace on us. Davies grandmother was described, by a neighbour who remembered her, pretty little caps, with bebe ribbon, tiny roses and puce trimmings. A maidservant, a dog, a cat, a parrot, a dove, Sitwell also recounts that Davies grandmother, a Baptist by denomination, was of a more austere and religious turn of mind than her husband. In 1879 the family moved to Raglan Street, then later to Upper Lewis Street, in 1883 he moved to Alexandra Road School and the following year was arrested, as one of a gang of five schoolmates, and charged with stealing handbags. He was given twelve strokes of the birch, in 1885 Davies wrote his first poem entitled Death. In his Poets Pilgrimage Davies recounts the time when, at the age of 14 and he missed the final moments of his grandfathers death as he was too engrossed in reading a very interesting book of wild adventure. Having finished school under the cloud of his theft he worked first for an ironmonger, in November 1886, his grandmother signed the papers for Davies to begin a five-year apprenticeship to a local picture-frame maker. Davies never enjoyed the craft, however, and never settled into any regular work and he was a difficult and somewhat delinquent young man, and made repeated requests to his grandmother to lend him the money to sail to America. When these were all refused, he eventually left Newport, took casual work, the Autobiography of a Super-Tramp, published in 1908, covers his life in the USA between 1893 and 1899, including many adventures and characters from his travels as a drifter. During this period he crossed the Atlantic at least seven times and he travelled through many of the states, sometimes begging, sometimes taking seasonal work, but often ending up spending any savings on a drinking spree with a fellow traveller. He took advantage of the system of boodle, in order to pass the winter in Michigan
27.
Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield
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Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield OM PC was a British socialist, economist, reformer and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. He was one of the members of the Fabian Society in 1884. He wrote the original Clause IV for the British Labour Party, Webb was born in London to a professional family. He studied law at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution for a degree of the University of London in his spare time and he also studied at Kings College London, prior to being called to the Bar in 1885. In 1895, he helped to establish the London School of Economics and he was appointed Professor of Public Administration in 1912, a post he held for fifteen years. In 1892, Webb married Beatrice Potter, who shared his interests, the money she brought with her enabled him to give up his clerical job and concentrate on his other activities. Sidney and Beatrice Webb founded the New Statesman magazine in 1913, Webb and Potter were members of the Labour Party and took an active role in politics. Sidney became Member of Parliament for Seaham at the 1922 general election, the couples influence can be seen in their hosting of the Coefficients, a dining club which attracted some of the leading statesmen and thinkers of the day. In 1929, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Passfield and he served as both Secretary of State for the Colonies and Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs in Ramsay MacDonald second Labour Government in 1929. As Colonial Secretary he issued the Passfield White Paper revising the policy in Palestine. In 1930, failing health caused him to step down as Dominions Secretary, the Webbs were supporters of the Soviet Union until their deaths. Their books Soviet Communism, A New Civilisation. and The Truth About Soviet Russia give a positive assessment of Joseph Stalins regime. Trotskyist historian Al Richardson later described Soviet Communism, A New Civilization, as pure Soviet propaganda at its most mendacious. Webb co-authored, with his wife, a book on The History of Trade Unionism. For the Fabian Society he wrote on poverty in London, the day, land nationalisation the nature of socialism, education, eugenics. He also drafted Clause IV, which committed the Labour Party to public ownership of industry, in H. G. Wells The New Machiavelli, the Webbs, as the Baileys, are mercilessly lampooned as short-sighted, bourgeois manipulators. The Fabian Society, of which Wells was briefly a member, in her diary, Beatrice Webb records that they have read the caricatures of ourselves … with much interest and amusement. The portraits are very clever in a malicious way and she reviews the book and Wells character in detail, summarising, As an attempt at representing a political philosophy the book utterly fails …
28.
Samuel Butler (novelist)
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Samuel Butler was an iconoclastic English author of a variety of works. Two of his most famous works are the Utopian satire Erewhon and he is also known for examining Christian orthodoxy, substantive studies of evolutionary thought, studies of Italian art, and works of literary history and criticism. Butler made prose translations of the Iliad and Odyssey that remain in use to this day and it has been suggested that this family dynamic had some impact on Samuel, insofar as it created the oppressive home environment which formed his approach to the world. Thomas Butler, states one critic, to make up for having been a servile son, in any event, Samuel Butlers relationship with his parents, and especially with his father, was largely antagonistic. His education began at home and included frequent beatings, as was not uncommon at the time, Samuel, however, found his parents particularly brutal and stupid by nature, and their relationship to him never progressed beyond the adversarial. He later recorded of his father that, He never liked me, nor I him, from my earliest recollections I can call to no time when I did not fear him. I have never passed a day without thinking of him many times over as the man who was sure to be against me, under his parents influence, he was set on course to follow his father into the priesthood. He was sent to Shrewsbury at the age of twelve, then in 1854 he went up to St Johns College, Cambridge, where he obtained a first in Classics in 1858. This experience would serve as inspiration for his work The Fair Haven. Correspondence with his father about the failed to set his mind at peace. As a result, he emigrated in September 1859, on the ship Roman Emperor to New Zealand, Butler went there like many early British settlers of privileged origins, to put as much distance as possible between himself and his family. Erewhon revealed Butlers long interest in Darwins theories of biological evolution, in 1863, four years after Darwin published On the Origin of Species, the editor of a New Zealand newspaper, The Press, published a letter captioned Darwin among the Machines. Butler also spent much time criticising Darwin, partly because Butler believed that Darwin had not sufficiently acknowledged his grandfather Erasmus Darwins contribution to the origins of his theory. Butler returned to England in 1864, settling in rooms in Cliffords Inn, in 1872, the Utopian novel Erewhon appeared anonymously, causing some speculation as to the identity of the author. When Butler revealed himself, Erewhon made him a figure, more because of this speculation than for its literary merits. In 1839 his grandfather Dr Butler had left Samuel property he owned at Whitehall in Shrewsbury on the condition that he survived his own father and his aunt, Dr Butlers daughter Harriet Lloyd. While at Cambridge in 1857 he sold the Whitehall mansion and six acres to his cousin Thomas Bucknall Lloyd and his aunt died in 1880 and his fathers death in 1886 resolved his financial problems for the last sixteen years of his own life. Butler indulged himself, holidaying in Italy every summer and producing, while he was there, his works on the Italian landscape and his close interest in the art of the Sacri Monti is reflected in Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino and Ex Voto
29.
Nobel Prize
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The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895, the prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. Medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold, between 1901 and 2016, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 579 times to 911 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 23 organisations, the prize ceremonies take place annually in Stockholm, Sweden. Each recipient, or laureate, receives a medal, a diploma. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics. The prize is not awarded posthumously, however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, though the average number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century, a prize may not be shared among more than three people. Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden and he was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. In 1894, Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill and this invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite, Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous. In 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary, titled The merchant of death is dead, as it was Alfreds brother Ludvig who had died, the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered and this inspired him to change his will. On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo, Italy, Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895, Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets,31 million SEK, to establish the five Nobel Prizes. Because of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting in Norway. The executors of Nobels will, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobels fortune, Nobels instructions named a Norwegian Nobel Committee to award the Peace Prize, the members of whom were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organisations were designated or established and these were Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded, and, in 1900, in 1905, the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved
30.
Sinclair Lewis
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Harry Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars and he is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken wrote of him, there was ever a novelist among us with a call to the trade. It is this red-haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds and he has been honored by the U. S. Postal Service with a postage stamp in the Great Americans series. Born February 7,1885, in the village of Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Sinclair Lewis began reading books at a young age and he had two siblings, Fred and Claude. His father, Edwin J. Lewis, was a physician, Lewiss mother, Emma Kermott Lewis, died in 1891. The following year, Edwin Lewis married Isabel Warner, whose company young Lewis apparently enjoyed, throughout his lonely boyhood, the ungainly Lewis—tall, extremely thin, stricken with acne and somewhat pop-eyed—had trouble gaining friends and pined after various local girls. At the age of 13 he unsuccessfully ran away from home, Lewis was also nonreligious and an atheist. In late 1902 Lewis left home for a year at Oberlin Academy to qualify for acceptance by Yale University, while at Oberlin, he developed a religious enthusiasm that waxed and waned for much of his remaining teenage years. Lewiss unprepossessing looks, fresh country manners and seemingly self-important loquacity made it difficult for him to win and keep friends at Oberlin and he did initiate a few relatively long-lived friendships among students and professors, some of whom recognized his promise as a writer. Lewiss earliest published creative work—romantic poetry and short sketches—appeared in the Yale Courant, after graduation Lewis moved from job to job and from place to place in an effort to make ends meet, write fiction for publication and to chase away boredom. While working for newspapers and publishing houses, he developed a facility for turning out shallow and he also earned money by selling plots to Jack London, including one for the latters unfinished novel The Assassination Bureau, Ltd. Lewiss first published book was Hike and the Aeroplane, a Tom Swift-style potboiler that appeared in 1912 under the pseudonym Tom Graham. Sinclair Lewiss first serious novel, Our Mr. Wrenn, The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man, appeared in 1914, followed by The Trail of the Hawk, A Comedy of the Seriousness of Life and The Job. That same year saw the publication of another potboiler, The Innocents, A Story for Lovers. Free Air, another refurbished serial story, was published in 1919, in 1914 Lewis married Grace Livingston Hegger, an editor at Vogue magazine. They had one son, Wells Lewis, named after British author H. G. Wells, Wells Lewis was killed in action while serving in the U. S. Army in World War II during the rescue of the Lost Battalion in the Forêt de Champ in France. On May 14,1928, he married Dorothy Thompson, a newspaper columnist
31.
Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
32.
Eugene O'Neill
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Eugene Gladstone ONeill was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature. ONeills plays were among the first to include speeches in American vernacular and they struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations, but ultimately slide into disillusionment and despair. Of his very few comedies, only one is well-known, nearly all of his other plays involve some degree of tragedy and personal pessimism. ONeill was born in a hotel, the Barrett House, at Broadway and 43rd Street, a commemorative plaque was first dedicated there in 1957. The site is now occupied by 1500 Broadway, which offices, retail. He was the son of Irish immigrant actor James ONeill and Mary Ellen Quinlan and his father suffered from alcoholism, his mother from an addiction to morphine, prescribed to relieve the pains of the difficult birth of her third son, Eugene. ONeill spent his summers at the Monte Cristo Cottage in New London and he attended Princeton University for one year. Accounts vary as to why he left, ONeill spent several years at sea, during which he suffered from depression and alcoholism. Despite this, he had a love for the sea and it became a prominent theme in many of his plays. ONeill joined the Marine Transport Workers Union of the Industrial Workers of the World, ONeills parents and elder brother Jamie died within three years of one another, not long after he had begun to make his mark in the theater. After his experience in 1912–13 at a sanatorium where he was recovering from tuberculosis, ONeill had previously been employed by the New London Telegraph, writing poetry as well as reporting. In the fall of 1914, he entered Harvard University to attend a course in dramatic technique given by Professor George Baker and he left after one year and did not complete the course. During the 1910s ONeill was a regular on the Greenwich Village literary scene, ONeill also had a brief romantic relationship with Reeds wife, writer Louise Bryant. ONeill was portrayed by Jack Nicholson in the 1981 film Reds and his involvement with the Provincetown Players began in mid-1916. ONeill is said to have arrived for the summer in Provincetown with a full of plays. He was not left alone in the dining-room when the reading had finished, the Provincetown Players performed many of ONeills early works in their theaters both in Provincetown and on MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. Some of these early plays began downtown and then moved to Broadway, ONeills first published play, Beyond the Horizon, opened on Broadway in 1920 to great acclaim, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. His first major hit was The Emperor Jones, which ran on Broadway in 1920 and his best-known plays include Anna Christie, Desire Under the Elms, Strange Interlude, Mourning Becomes Electra, and his only well-known comedy, Ah, Wilderness
33.
H. L. Mencken
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Henry Louis Mencken was an American journalist, satirist, cultural critic and scholar of American English. Known as the Sage of Baltimore, he is regarded as one of the most influential American writers and he commented widely on the social scene, literature, music, prominent politicians and contemporary movements. His satirical reporting on the Scopes trial, which he dubbed the Monkey Trial, as a scholar, Mencken is known for The American Language, a multi-volume study of how the English language is spoken in the United States. Mencken was a supporter of scientific progress, skeptical of economic theories, Mencken opposed American entry into World War I and World War II. His diary indicates that he was a racist and privately used coarse language and slurs to describe various ethnic, Mencken also at times seemed to show a genuine enthusiasm for militarism, though never in its American form. War is a thing, he once wrote, because it is honest. A nation too long at peace becomes a sort of gigantic old maid, Menckens longtime home in the Union Square neighborhood of West Baltimore was turned into a city museum, the H. L. Mencken House. His papers were distributed among various city and university libraries, with the largest collection held in the Mencken Room at the branch of Baltimores Enoch Pratt Free Library. Mencken was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 12,1880 and he was the son of Anna Margaret and August Mencken, Sr. a cigar factory owner. When Henry was three, his family moved into a new home at 1524 Hollins Street facing Union Square park in the Union Square neighborhood of old West Baltimore, apart from five years of married life, Mencken was to live in that house for the rest of his life. In his best-selling memoir Happy Days, he described his childhood in Baltimore as placid, secure, uneventful, when he was nine years old, he read Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn, which he later described as the most stupendous event in my life. He became determined to become a writer and read voraciously, in one winter while in high school he read Thackeray and then proceeded backward to Addison, Steele, Pope, Swift, Johnson and the other magnificos of the Eighteenth century. He read the entire canon of Shakespeare and became an ardent fan of Kipling, the site today is the War Memorial and City Hall Plaza laid out in 1926 in memory of World War I dead. At fifteen, in June 1896, he graduated as valedictorian from the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, BPI was a mathematics, technical and science-oriented public high school, founded in 1883, which was then located on old Courtland Street just north of East Saratoga Street. This location is today the east side of St. Paul Street in St. Paul Place and he worked for three years in his fathers cigar factory. He disliked the work, especially the sales aspect of it, in early 1898 he took a class in writing at one of the countrys first correspondence schools, the Cosmopolitan University. This was to be the entirety of Menckens formal education in journalism, upon his fathers death a few days after Christmas in the same year, the business reverted to his uncle, and Mencken was free to pursue his career in journalism. He had applied in February 1899 to the Morning Herald newspaper and had hired as a part-timer there
34.
Margaret Mead
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Margaret Mead was an American cultural anthropologist who featured frequently as an author and speaker in the mass media during the 1960s and 1970s. She earned her bachelors degree at Barnard College in New York City and her M. A. Mead was a respected and often controversial academic who popularized the insights of anthropology in modern American and Western culture. Her reports detailing the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures influenced the 1960s sexual revolution and she was a proponent of broadening sexual mores within a context of traditional Western religious life. Margaret Mead, the first of five children, was born in Philadelphia and her father, Edward Sherwood Mead, was a professor of finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and her mother, Emily Mead, was a sociologist who studied Italian immigrants. Her sister Katharine died at the age of nine months and this was a traumatic event for Mead, who had named the girl, and thoughts of her lost sister permeated her daydreams for many years. Her family moved frequently, so her early education was directed by her Grandmother until, at age 11, she was enrolled by her family at Buckingham Friends School in Lahaska and her family owned the Longland farm from 1912 to 1926. Born into a family of various religious outlooks, she searched for a form of religion that gave an expression of the faith that she had been acquainted with. In doing so, she found the rituals of the Episcopal Church to fit the expression of religion she was seeking, Margaret studied one year,1919, at DePauw University, then transferred to Barnard College where she earned her bachelors degree in 1923. She studied with professor Franz Boas and Dr. Ruth Benedict at Columbia University before earning her masters degree in 1924, Mead set out in 1925 to do fieldwork in Samoa. In 1926, she joined the American Museum of Natural History, New York City and she received her Ph. D. from Columbia University in 1929. Before departing for Samoa, Mead had an affair with the linguist Edward Sapir. But Sapirs conservative ideas about marriage and the role were anathema to Mead. Mead received news of Sapirs remarriage while living in Samoa, where, on a beach and her first husband was American Luther Cressman, a theology student at the time who eventually became an anthropologist. Mead dismissively characterized their union as my student marriage in Blackberry Winter and her second husband was New Zealander Reo Fortune, a Cambridge graduate and fellow anthropologist. Meads third and longest-lasting marriage was to the British anthropologist Gregory Bateson, with whom she had a daughter, Mary Catherine Bateson and she readily acknowledged that Gregory Bateson was the husband she loved the most. She was devastated when he left her, and she remained his friend ever after, keeping his photograph by her bedside wherever she traveled. Mead also had a close relationship with Ruth Benedict, one of her instructors. In her memoir about her parents, With a Daughters Eye, Mead never openly identified herself as lesbian or bisexual
35.
H. E. Bates
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Herbert Ernest Bates, CBE, better known as H. E. Bates, was an English writer and author. His best-known works include Love for Lydia, The Darling Buds of May, H. E. Bates was born on 16 May 1905 in Rushden, Northamptonshire, and educated at Kettering Grammar School. After leaving school, he worked as a reporter and a warehouse clerk, many of his stories depict life in the rural Midlands of England, particularly his native Northamptonshire. Bates was partial to taking walks around the Northamptonshire countryside. Bates was a lover of the countryside and this was exemplified in two volumes of essays entitled Through the Woods and Down the River. Both have been reprinted numerous times, there, late at night, he saw a light burning in a cottage window and it was this that triggered the story. This was sent to, and rejected by, eight or nine publishers until Jonathan Cape accepted it on the advice of its highly respected Reader, Bates was then twenty years old. More novels, collections of stories, essays, and articles followed. During World War II he was commissioned into the RAF solely to write short stories, the Air Ministry realised that the populace was less concerned with facts and figures about the war than it was with reading about those who were fighting it. The stories were published in the News Chronicle under the pseudonym of “Flying Officer X”. Later they were published in form as The Greatest People in the World and Other Stories and How Sleep the Brave. His first financial success was Fair Stood the Wind for France, following a posting to the Far East, this was followed by two novels about Burma, The Purple Plain in 1947 and The Jacaranda Tree, and one set in India, The Scarlet Sword. He was also commissioned by the Air Ministry to write Flying Bombs and it was eventually discovered by Bob Ogley and published in 1994. Another commission which has still to be published is Night Fighters, Other novels followed after the war, he averaged one novel and a collection of short stories a year, a prodigious feat. These included The Feast of July and Love for Lydia and his most popular creation was the Larkin family in The Darling Buds of May. Pop Larkin and his family were inspired by a character seen in a local shop in Kent by Bates. The man turned up to the shop with a wad of rubber-banded bank notes and proceeded to spoil his trailer load of children with Easter eggs. The television adaptation, produced after his death by his son Richard and it is also the source of the American movie The Mating Game with Tony Randall and Debbie Reynolds
36.
Peter Fleming (writer)
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Robert Peter Fleming, OBE was a British adventurer and travel writer. He was the brother of Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond. Peter Fleming was one of four sons of the barrister and MP Valentine Fleming, peters younger brother Ian was the author of the James Bond books. Fleming was educated at Eton, where he edited the Eton College Chronicle, the Peter Fleming Owl is still awarded every year to the best contributor to the Chronicle. He went on from Eton to Christ Church, Oxford, and he was a member of the Bullingdon Club during his time there. In 1935 he married the actress Celia Johnson, best known for her roles in the films Brief Encounter and The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. He then joined the expedition, organised by Robert Churchward, to São Paulo, then overland to the rivers Araguaia and Tapirapé, Fleming and Roger Pettiward led a breakaway group. After acquiring two Tapirapé guides the party began a march to the area where Fawcett was reported to have last been seen and they made slow progress for several days, losing the Indian guides and Neville to foot infection, before admitting defeat. The expeditions return journey was made down the River Araguaia to Belém, the expedition returned to England in November 1932. Flemings book about the expedition, Brazilian Adventure, has sold well ever since it was first published in 1933, and it is still in print. Fleming travelled from Moscow to Peking via the Caucasus, the Caspian, Samarkand, Tashkent, the Turksib Railway and his experiences were written up in Ones Company. He then went overland in company of Ella Maillart from China via Tunganistan to India on a journey written up in News from Tartary and these two books were combined as Travels in Tartary, Ones Company and News from Tartary. All three volumes were published by Jonathan Cape, in Ones Company, for example, Fleming reports that Beijing was “lacking in charm”, Harbin was a city of “no easily definable character”. Changchun was “entirely characterless”, and Shenyang was “non-descript and suburban, G. Wodehouse in only a very distant and cultured way, have created a unique kind of travel book. Stuart Stevens retraced Peter Flemings route and wrote his own travel book, just before war was declared, Peter Fleming, then a reserve officer in the Grenadier Guards, was recruited by the War Office research section investigating the potential of irregular warfare. His initial task was to develop ideas to assist the Chinese guerrillas fighting the Japanese and his ideas were first incorporated into General Thornes XII Corps Observation Unit, forerunner of the GHQ Auxiliary Units. Fleming recruited his brother, Richard, then serving in the Faroe Islands and he was awarded the Order of the Cloud and Banner, a Chinese military honour, and in 1945 he received an OBE for his services. After the war Peter Fleming retired to squiredom at Nettlebed, Oxfordshire and he is buried in Nettlebed Churchyard
37.
Robert Graves
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Robert von Ranke Graves was an English poet, novelist, critic and classicist. He produced more than 140 works, Irish literature deeply affected Graves White Goddess theories, specifically the genre aisling. He earned his living from writing, particularly historical novels such as I, Claudius, King Jesus, The Golden Fleece. He also was a prominent translator of Classical Latin and Ancient Greek texts, his versions of The Twelve Caesars and The Golden Ass remain popular, for their clarity, Graves was awarded the 1934 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for both I, Claudius and Claudius the God. Graves was born into a family in Wimbledon, then part of Surrey. Gravess mother was from a recently ennobled German family, the eldest daughter of Heinrich von Ranke, a professor of medicine at the University of Munich and she was also a greatniece of the German historian Leopold von Ranke. At school, Graves was enrolled as Robert von Ranke Graves and in Germany his books are published under that name but before and during the First World War, the name caused him difficulties. In August 1916 an officer who disliked him spread the rumour that he was a spy, the problem resurfaced in a minor way in the Second World War, when a suspicious rural policeman blocked his appointment to the Special Constabulary. Gravess eldest half-brother, Philip Perceval Graves, achieved note as a journalist and his brother, Charles Patrick Graves, was a writer. Among the masters his chief influence was George Mallory, who introduced him to contemporary literature, in his final year at Charterhouse, he won a classical exhibition to St Johns College, Oxford but did not take his place there until after the war. At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Graves enlisted almost immediately and he published his first volume of poems, Over the Brazier, in 1916. He developed a reputation as a war poet and was one of the first to write realistic poems about experience of frontline conflict. In later years, he omitted his war poems from his collections, at the Battle of the Somme, he was so badly wounded by a shell-fragment through the lung that he was expected to die and was officially reported as having died of wounds. He gradually recovered and, apart from a spell back in France. One of Gravess friends at this time was the poet Siegfried Sassoon, in 1917, Sassoon rebelled against the conduct of the war by making a public antiwar statement. Graves feared Sassoon could face a court martial and intervened with the authorities, persuading them that Sassoon was suffering from shell shock. As a result, Sassoon was sent to Craiglockhart, a hospital in Edinburgh. Graves also suffered shell shock, or neurasthenia as it was then called, but he was never hospitalised for it, I thought of going back to France
38.
Christopher Isherwood
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Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood was an English-American novelist. Isherwood was born in 1904 on his familys estate close to the Cheshire-Derbyshire border and he was the elder son of Frank Bradshaw Isherwood, a professional soldier who fought in the Boer War, by his wife Kathleen, whose family were successful merchants. Frank Isherwood was the son of John Henry Isherwood, head of the gentry family of Isherwood of Marple Hall and Wyberslegh Hall, Cheshire. The Isherwood family estates came into their possession on the marriage of Mary Bradshaw to Nathaniel Isherwood and he deliberately failed his tripos and left Corpus Christi College, Cambridge without a degree in 1925. For the next few years he lived with violinist André Mangeot, worked as secretary to Mangeots string quartet, during this time he wrote a book of nonsense poems, People One Ought to Know, with illustrations by Mangeots eleven-year-old son, Sylvain. It was not published until 1982, fisher reintroduced him to W. H. Auden, and Isherwood became Audens literary mentor and partner in an intermittent, casual liaison. Auden sent his poems to Isherwood for comment and approval, through Auden, Isherwood met Stephen Spender, with whom he later spent much time in Germany. His first novel, All the Conspirators, appeared in 1928 and it was an anti-heroic story, written in a pastiche of many modernist novelists, about a young man who is defeated by his mother. In 1928–29 Isherwood studied medicine at Kings College London, but gave up his studies six months to join Auden for a few weeks in Berlin. Rejecting his upper class background and embracing his attraction to men, he remained in Berlin. There, he indulged his taste for pretty youths. He went to Berlin in search of boys and found one called Heinz, commenting on John Henry Mackays Der Puppenjunge, Isherwood wrote, It gives a picture of the Berlin sexual underworld early in this century which I know, from my own experience, to be authentic. In 1931 he met Jean Ross, the inspiration for his fictional character and he also met Gerald Hamilton, the inspiration for the fictional Mr Norris. In September 1931 the poet William Plomer introduced him to E. M. Forster and they became close and Forster served as his mentor. Isherwoods second novel, The Memorial, was story of conflict between mother and son, based closely on his own family history. During one of his trips to London he worked with the director Berthold Viertel on the film Little Friend. These works provided the inspiration for the play I Am a Camera, the 1955 film I Am a Camera, Yes/Buggles song Into The Lens/I Am A Camera, the Broadway musical Cabaret, in 1932 he met and fell in love with a young German man named Heinz Neddermeyer. After leaving Berlin in 1933, he and Heinz moved around Europe, Heinz was arrested as a draft-evader in 1937 following his brief return to Germany after he was ejected from Luxembourg as an undesirable alien
39.
Malcolm Lowry
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Clarence Malcolm Lowry was an English poet and novelist who is best known for his 1947 novel Under the Volcano, which was voted No.11 in the Modern Library 100 Best Novels list. Lowry was born in New Brighton, Wirral, UK the fourth son of Evelyn Boden and Arthur Lowry and he was educated at The Leys School in Cambridge and St Catharines College, Cambridge. In 1912, the moved to Caldy on another part of the Wirral peninsula. Their home was mock Tudor estate on two acres with a court, small golf course and a maid, a cook. Lowry was said to have felt neglected by his mother, and was closest to his brother and he began drinking alcohol at the age of 14. At age 15 Lowry won the junior championship at the famed Royal Liverpool Golf Club. In May 1927 his parents drove him to the Liverpool waterfront and, the five months at sea gave him stories to incorporate into his first novel, Ultramarine. In autumn 1929 he enrolled at Cambridge to placate his parents and he spent little time at the university, but excelled in writing, graduating in 1931 with a 3rd class honours degree in English. During his first term, his roommate, Paul Fitte, committed suicide, Fitte had wanted a homosexual relationship which Lowry refused. Lowry felt responsible for his death and was haunted by it for the rest of his life, the twin obsessions which would dominate his life, alcohol and literature, were firmly in place. Lowry was already well travelled, besides his experience, he made visits to America. After Cambridge, Lowry lived briefly in London, existing on the fringes of the vibrant Thirties literary scene and meeting Dylan Thomas and he met his first wife, Jan Gabriel, in Spain. They were married in France in 1934, theirs was a turbulent union, especially due to his drinking, and because she resented homosexuals attraction to her husband. When the authorities began to notice of him, he fled to avoid deportation, and then went to Hollywood. At about that time he began writing Under the Volcano, Lowry and Jan moved to Mexico, arriving in the city of Cuernavaca on 2 November 1936, the Day of the Dead, in a final attempt to salvage their marriage. Lowry continued to drink heavily though he devoted more energy to his writing. The effort to save their marriage failed, Jan saw that he wanted a mother figure, and she did not want to mother him. She then ran off with another man in late 1937, alone in Oaxaca, Lowry entered into another period of dark alcoholic excess, culminating in his deportation from Mexico in the summer of 1938
