1.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Maryland
–
The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
3.
Jones Falls
–
The Jones Falls is a 17. 9-mile-long stream in Maryland. It is impounded to create Lake Roland before running through the city of Baltimore, the Jones Falls valley has a long history in the city of Baltimore as a transportation corridor. The valley of the Jones Falls carries Falls Road, the tracks for the Amtrak Northeast Corridor, the Jones Falls Expressway of Interstate 83, the Baltimore Penn Station also rests on an elevated platform in the valley. It also carries tracks for a rail line which is currently served by the Baltimore Streetcar Museum. The MTA Maryland Route 27 also provides transportation on Falls Road, however, the Jones Falls is spanned by many bridges within Baltimore Citys borders, and often the Jones Falls Expressway rests directly above the river. The Jones Falls begins as a stream in Baltimore County near Garrison at the intersection of Caves. It travels southeast for 3.3 miles before joining the North Branch Jones Falls stream near Stevenson, North Branch Jones Falls originates near Worthington by the intersection of Park Heights Avenue and Walnut Avenue. The North Branch travels south for 5.2 miles before joining Jones Falls stream, the falls then travels east for 1.3 miles before Dipping Pond Run joins at. The Jones Falls continues east another 0.8 miles before Deep Run intersects near Brooklandville, the Jones Falls travels southeast for 1.5 miles, passing through Robert E. Lee Park, until it meets Lake Roland, an impounding of the stream. In Lake Roland, Roland Run and Towson Run both join, once it leaves Lake Roland, the Jones Falls becomes a small river. For the remainder of the Jones Falls course, I-83 enters the Jones Falls valley, where it crosses over, parallels. Another half mile after entering the city, Western Run joins near Mount Washington, the Jones Falls, I-83, and the Light Rail continue south for 4.4 miles before the last major stream, Stony Run, empties into the stream near Druid Hill Park. Along the way, MD25 enters the valley, running parallel to the river opposite of the highway, MD25 is also paralleled by the Jones Falls Trail. About a quarter mile before it intersects Stony Run, the Jones Falls goes over a waterfall named Round Falls. About 0.6 miles after Stony Run, and after passing by the Baltimore Streetcar Museum, the Jones Falls then immediately passes underneath North Avenue. MD25 ends shortly after, with the Jones Falls Trail joining city streets, after the rapid succession of bridges, the Jones Falls almost immediately enters a tunnel, the Jones Falls Conduit, which curves to flow directly underneath I-83. After passing by Baltimores Pennsylvania Station, situated directly in the valley, the Northeast Corridor exits the valley, the river and highway continue to Fayette Street. Here, I-83 ends, two south of this point, the Jones Falls exits the conduit and flows several more blocks before it empties into the east side of the Inner Harbor
4.
Baltimore
–
Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
5.
Inner Harbor
–
The Inner Harbor is a historic seaport, tourist attraction, and landmark of the city of Baltimore, Maryland, USA. It was described by the Urban Land Institute in 2009 as “the model for post-industrial waterfront redevelopment around the world. ”The Inner Harbor is located at the mouth of Jones Falls, creating the wide and short northwest branch of the Patapsco River. The district includes any water west of a line drawn between the foot of President Street and the American Visionary Art Museum, the harbor is within walking distance of Camden Yards and M&T Bank Stadium. A water taxi connects passengers to Fells Point, Canton, while Baltimore has been a major U. S. seaport since the 18th century, the historically shallow water of the Inner Harbor was not conducive to large ships or heavy industry. These were concentrated in Locust Point, Fells Point, and Canton, in the mid-20th century, Baltimore suffered from the economic decline of restructuring common to many industrial cities in the United States. Old harbors were abandoned with the arrival of ships after World War II. Later, the old harbors were adapted as focal points to reconnect cities with their waterfronts, and develop public spaces, tourism, business, during the 1940s, John H. Threadgill, the head of the Steamship Trade Association, initiated a study for a cross-harbor bridge. A bridge across the Inner Harbor of Baltimore was one idea that was discussed frequently, Threadgill was named head of Baltimores Port Commission during the 1950s. In the 1950s, economic changes ended both the freight and passenger use of the Inner Harbor, such as the Old Bay Lines steamers, rotting warehouses and piers were eventually torn down and replaced by open, grass-covered parkland that was used for recreational purposes and occasional large events. The renewal of Baltimores Inner Harbor area began with the adoption of the 33-acre Charles Center project by the City Council, between 1958 and 1965, Baltimore renewed the center of its business district by rebuilding Charles Center with office buildings, hotels, and retail shops. At the beginning of mayor Theodore R. McKeldins second term in 1963, corporate headquarters and hotels were built around the shoreline of the Inner Harbor. A public park and promenade were added for leisure activity and community gatherings. On July 4,1976, following the rendezvous of Tall Ships in New York for the U. S. Bicentennial, eight ships from other nations visited Baltimore, where they attracted a huge number of tourists. The nearby Baltimore Convention Center and Hyatt Regency Baltimore Hotel added to the services and resulted in population density, with the success of the Inner Harbor in the 1970s and 1980s, Baltimore became a worldwide tourist destination and model of urban planning and development. S. In recent years, the area along the waterfront to the east of the Inner Harbor has been developed with condominiums, retail space, restaurants, and hotels – an ongoing project known as Harbor East. While little development land remains around the Inner Harbor, the land has been subject to many plans. In September 2003, the Inner Harbor area was flooded by Hurricane Isabel, in March 2004, a water taxi capsized during a storm on the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River near Fort McHenry. While occurring over a mile downstream of the Inner Harbor, the accident was associated with the Inner Harbor by news reports, five passengers died in the accident, which the National Transportation Safety Board determined was caused when the small pontoon-style vessel encountered unpredictable strong winds and waves
6.
Stream
–
A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and banks. Streams are important as conduits in the cycle, instruments in groundwater recharge. The biological habitat in the vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction, streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats, the study of streams and waterways in general is known as surface hydrology and is a core element of environmental geography. Brook A stream smaller than a creek, especially one that is fed by a spring or seep and it is usually small and easily forded. A brook is characterised by its shallowness and its bed being composed primarily of rocks, creek In North America, Australia and New Zealand, a small to medium-sized natural stream. Sometimes navigable by motor craft and may be intermittent, in parts of Maryland, New England, the UK and India, a tidal inlet, typically in a salt marsh or mangrove swamp, or between enclosed and drained former salt marshes or swamps. In these cases, the stream is the stream, the course of the seawater through the creek channel at low. River A large natural stream, which may be a waterway, runnel the linear channel between the parallel ridges or bars on a shoreline beach or river floodplain, or between a bar and the shore. Tributary A contributory stream, or a stream which does not reach the sea, sometimes also called a branch or fork. There are a number of names for a stream. Allt is used in Highland Scotland, beck is used in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Dumfriesshire, Cumbria, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire. Bourne or winterbourne is used in the chalk downland of southern England, brook is used in the Midlands, Lancashire and Cheshire. Burn is used in Scotland and North East England, gill or ghyll is seen in the north of England and other areas influenced by Old Norse. Rivulet is an term encountered in Victorian era publications, stream is used in Southern England. Syke is used in lowland Scotland and Cumbria for a seasonal stream, branch is used to name streams in Maryland and Virginia. Falls is also used to name streams in Maryland, for streams/rivers which have waterfalls on them, little Gunpowder Falls and The Jones Falls are actually rivers named in this manner, unique to Maryland. Kill in New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey comes from a Dutch language word meaning riverbed or water channel, run in Ohio, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, or West Virginia can be the name of a stream
7.
Lake Roland (Maryland)
–
Lake Roland is a 100-acre defunct reservoir in Baltimore County, Maryland. It was named for Roland Run, a nearby stream-bed that feeds the lake and it runs southeast through the city center to the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River and the Baltimore Harbor. It is located just north outside of the city limits, the lake is contained within the bounds of Lake Roland Park, which was established in the 1920s and supervised by the newly organized Baltimore City Department of Parks and Recreation. The lake is an impoundment created by a dam on the Jones Falls. The lake supports wildlife including Canada geese, largemouth bass, the lake is part of the Lake Roland Historic District. The lake was once called Lake Swann to honor Mayor Thomas Swann of Baltimore City, the name Roland comes from Roland Run which was named sometime before 1694 when Roland or Rowland Thornberry owned a land tract in the area. This purchase followed a controversy regarding the failure of the company to extend new water lines into surrounding out-lying areas of the city. The city had added territory in its last annexation in 1818, as a result of the new ownership of the area, certain industries became displaced. In 1861, Lake Roland became the first municipal water supply for the City of Baltimore and was seen as a landmark at the time. The dam and Greek Revival style pumping building on the shore of the lake were constructed the following year. Shortness of water was not the problem the lake experienced. Still, by 1893, some were admiring Lake Roland and it was around this time that the Lack Roland Elevated Railway, created in 1891, ferried commuters from the city to Roland Park, with some going to Left Side Park, a park that was near the lake. The railway lasted until the 1950s, however, due to the problems the reservoir experienced, it was no surprise that the dam was abandoned for its original purpose. On November 19,1915, due to silting problems and use of Loch Raven reservoir, while the lake came under the management of the City in 1918, not much changed in its status. In years following, the bridge crossing the lake was sold for scrap. With the building of I-695 and the Jones Falls Expressway, along with expansion of Towson University, silt increased in Lake Roland tremendously, some of the wealthiest and most desirable communities in the Baltimore area adjoin the park. The LHirondelle Club was founded by members of the local community for rowing on the lake. It is bounded in Baltimore County by Ruxton to the north, Woodbrook to the east, further to the south are the wealthy city neighborhoods of Roland Park, Homeland, and Guilford
8.
Maryland Route 25
–
Maryland Route 25, locally known for nearly its entire length as Falls Road, is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. It begins north of downtown Baltimore, just north of Penn Station, the road passes through the communities of Hampden, Medfield, Cross Keys, and Mount Washington in the city, and Brooklandville and Butler in Baltimore County. The entire length of MD25 that uses Falls Road—and its locally maintained continuation north to Alesia—is a Maryland Scenic Byway, Lafayette Street and Lanvale Street head west as two-lane streets and intersects another one-way pair of streets, northbound Charles Street and southbound Maryland Avenue. Paul Street and 12-20 E. Lafayette Street, the highway passes underneath Howard Street and North Avenue bridges and by the Baltimore Streetcar Museum buildings and sheds. MD25 passes under Wyman Park Drive just south of the former Stieff Silver Company factory building,1, down the hill from the Stone Hill Historic District. The street becomes undivided and reduces to two lanes at the street of Hampden, 36th Street or The Avenue. North of 41st Street, MD25 passes between the neighborhoods of Medfield to the west and Hoes Heights on the east, MD25 intersects Northern Parkway, then descends again into the Jones Falls valley and passes through the center of Mount Washington. MD25 enters the Bare Hills Historic District and Bare Hills area of Baltimore County, the state highway crosses over the Baltimore Light Rail line again and the Jones Falls next to the Falls Road station. The station is accessed via unsigned MD746, which runs underneath MD25 along the latter highways overpass on its way to the station parking lot. MD25 continues north through an affluent area between Towson (county seat of Baltimore County to the east and Pikesville to the west with its headquarters for the Maryland State Police. The highway descends to and crosses Jones Falls twice on side of an underpass of I-83. North of MD133, the passes the Rockland Historic District. MD25 has a ramp to the Jones Falls Expressway as the road begins to parallel the expressway, the highway, which is unsigned MD 25A north of I-695, has its northern terminus at an orthogonal intersection with MD25 and Joppa Road, which heads east toward Towson. MD25 makes a turn east at the north end of the parallel section. The highway passes through an area to MD130, north of which the highway becomes two lanes again. MD25 continues through the region of estate homes until the highway reaches Shawan Road and Tufton Avenue at the hamlet of Shawan, MD25 crosses Western Run and passes through the village of Butler, where the highway meets MD128. The highway follows Blackrock Run and Indian Run through a pair of ridges, at the second ridge, MD25 has a Y intersection with MD88 at Coopersville. The state highway crosses Blackrock Run again and intersects MD137 at Whitehouse between Hampstead and Hereford, MD25 reaches its northern terminus at Beckleysville Road west of Beckleysville and Prettyboy Reservoir near the Baltimore–Carroll county line
9.
Northeast Corridor
–
The Northeast Corridor is an electrified railway line in the Northeast megalopolis of the United States. Owned primarily by Amtrak, it runs from Boston through New York City, Philadelphia, the NEC closely parallels Interstate 95 for most of its length, and is the busiest passenger rail line in the United States by ridership and service frequency as of 2013. Branches to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Springfield, Massachusetts, though not considered part of the Northeast Corridor, the corridor is used by many Amtrak trains, including the high-speed Acela Express, intercity trains, and several long-distance trains. Most of the corridor also has frequent commuter service, operated by the MBTA, Shore Line East, Metro-North Railroad, New Jersey Transit, SEPTA. Several companies run freight trains over sections of the NEC, much of the line is built for speeds higher than the 79 mph allowed on many U. S. tracks. Acela covers the 225 miles between New York and Washington, D. C. in under 3 hours, and the 229 miles between New York and Boston in under 3.5 hours. Under Amtraks $151 billion Northeast Corridor plan, which hopes to roughly halve travel times by 2040, the Northeast Corridor was built by several railroads between the 1830s and 1917. The route was later consolidated under two railroads, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad between Boston and New York, and the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Washington, boston-Providence, Boston and Providence Railroad opened 1835, partially realigned in 1847 and in 1899. Became part of the Old Colony Railroad in 1888, providence-Stonington, New York, Providence and Boston Railroad opened 1837, partially realigned 1848. Stonington-New Haven, New Haven, New London and Stonington Railroad opened 1852-1889, New Haven-New Rochelle, New York and New Haven Railroad opened 1849. New Rochelle-Port Morris, Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad opened 1873, Port Morris-Sunnyside Yard, New York Connecting Railroad, opened 1917. Sunnyside Yard-Manhattan Transfer, Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad opened 1910, Manhattan Transfer-Trenton, United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company opened 1834-1839,1841, partially realigned 1863 and 1870. Trenton-Frankford Junction, Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad opened 1834, partially realigned 1911, frankford Junction-Zoo Tower, Connecting Railway opened 1867. Zoo Tower-Grays Ferry Bridge, Junction Railroad opened 1863-1866, grays Ferry-Bayview, Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad opened 1837-1838,1866,1906. Bayview Yard-Baltimore Union Station, Union Railroad opened 1873, Baltimore Union Station-Landover, Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened 1872. Electricity was in use on branch lines of the NYNH&H for interurban streetcars via third rail or trolley wire. The NH announced in 1905 that it would electrify its main line from New York to Stamford, electric locomotives began serving Grand Central on February 13,1907, and all NYC passenger service into Grand Central was electrified on July 1. NH electrification began on July 24 to New Rochelle, August 5 to Port Chester and October 6,1907 the rest of the way to Stamford, steam trains last operated into Grand Central on June 30,1908, after which all NH passenger trains into Manhattan were electrified
10.
Interstate 83
–
Interstate 83 is an Interstate Highway in the Eastern United States. Its southern terminus is in Baltimore, Maryland at a intersection with Fayette Street, its northern terminus is in Harrisburg. Most of the south of Lemoyne, Pennsylvania is a direct replacement of U. S. Route 111. The Jones Falls Expressway, known to residents as the JFX, is a 10. 2-mile-long freeway that carries I-83 from downtown Baltimore to the northern suburbs. It is the areas true north–south artery, because I-95 runs mostly east–west through much of the city and its southern terminus is at Fayette Street, and its northern terminus is at Maryland Route 25, just north of the Baltimore Beltway. Inside Baltimore, the road is maintained not by the Maryland State Highway Administration, which controls most freeways in the state, but by the citys Department of Transportation. The freeway begins at an at-grade four-way intersection between the Jones Falls Expressway, Fayette Street, and President Street, located in proximity to the Phoenix Shot Tower. President Street continues south along the edge of the central business district to terminate at a traffic circle in Harbor East. Fayette Street serves as a route into the downtown area. Passing beneath the Orleans Street Viaduct, the JFX runs north, between Exits 3 and 4, there is a 90-degree turn that sometimes requires motorists to slow down just before entering it. The curve is located between the Guilford Avenue and Preston Street overpasses, within the curve, the southbound JFX interchanges with MD2. Having passed this curve, the JFX begins to parallel MD25, interchanging with North Avenue before continuing north past Druid Lake, forming the northeastern boundary of Druid Hill Park. Running northwest out of the city center, the JFX is paralleled by its river, the Jones Falls, on one side. Closer to downtown, the rail line peels off in a different direction. After interchanging with Cold Spring Lane and Northern Parkway, the JFX exits Baltimore, at the Beltway, I-83 leaves the JFX and joins I-695 for a distance of 1.4 miles, where it separates from the latter route to continue onward into northern Maryland. Meanwhile, the JFX continues for another 0.5 miles in a four-lane divided format before terminating at an intersection with MD25 Falls Road. I-83 and I-695 split off at the terminus of the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway. After separating from the Beltway, I-83 is now known as the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway, running due north away from the Beltway, the route parallels MD45 York Road, the former route of US111
11.
Light RailLink
–
The Baltimore Light Rail is a light rail system serving Baltimore, Maryland, United States, as well as its surrounding suburbs. It is operated by the Maryland Transit Administration, in downtown Baltimore, it uses city streets. The origins of the Light Rail ultimately lie in a plan drawn up for the Baltimore area in 1966 that envisioned six rapid transit lines radiating out from the city center. By 1983, only a line was built, the Northwest line. The Light Rail lines were quickly and inexpensively and without money from the U. S. federal government. The initial system was a single 22. 5-mile line, all at grade except for a bridge over the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River just south of downtown Baltimore. The line ran from Timonium in Baltimore County in the north to Glen Burnie in Anne Arundel County in the south, the Light Rail began service in April 1992, the same month that the Orioles began play at Camden Yards. Three extensions to the system were added in 1997, in September of that year, the line was extended north 4.5 miles to Hunt Valley, adding five stations that served a major business park and a mall. In 1998, the Hamburg Street station opened as a station between the existing Westport and Camden Yards stations. Adjacent to M&T Bank Stadium, it was only open during Ravens games and other major stadium events, however, in 2005. To save money, much of the system was built as single-track, the northern section up to Timonium reopened in December 2005, the rest opened in February 2006. The line north of the Gilroy Road station & on the BWI Airport spur remain single tracked, various routing strategies have been used on the network. Some trains heading north from either BWI Airport or Cromwell/Glen Burnie may terminate at North Avenue to go out of service until peak operation hours resume, during these times, ridership is not high enough to send trains all the way through. Passengers must check train destination signs before boarding, the light rail operates 3,30 a. m. –1,30 a. m. on weekdays,4,15 a. m. –1,15 a. m. Saturdays, and 10 a. m. –10 p. m. on Sundays, the Camden Yards-Penn Station route sees 30-minute headways at all times. Most of the light rails route is on a dedicated right-of-way, however, on the downtown portion of the route that runs along Howard Street, trains mix with automobile traffic and their movement is controlled by traffic signals. In 2007, a signal priority system was implemented on this portion of the route. The space mean speed between Hunt Valley and BWI is about 22 miles per hour, MTA fares are identical for the Metro Subway, the Light Rail, and local buses, a one-way trip costs $1.70
12.
Pennsylvania Station (Baltimore)
–
Baltimore Pennsylvania Station is the main transportation hub in Baltimore, Maryland. Designed by New York architect Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison, it was constructed in 1911 in the Beaux-Arts style of architecture for the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is located at 1515 N. Charles Street, about a mile and a north of downtown. Originally called Union Station because it served the Pennsylvania Railroad and Western Maryland Railway, the building sits on a raised island of sorts between two open trenches, one for the Jones Falls Expressway and the other the tracks of the Northeast Corridor. The NECs northern approach is the 1873 Union Tunnel, which has one single-track bore, Penn Station is the seventh-busiest rail station in the United States by number of passengers served each year. Penn Station is served by Amtrak, MARC, and the Maryland Transit Administrations light rail system, the station is the northern terminus of the Light Rails Penn-Camden shuttle, connecting the Mount Vernon neighborhood with downtown, the southern terminus is Baltimores Camden Station. MARC offers service between Washington, D. C. and Perryville, Amtrak Acela Express and Northeast Regional trains from Penn Station serve destinations along the Northeast Corridor between Boston and Washington, D. C. Some Regional trains from the station continue into Virginia and serve Alexandria, Newport News, Norfolk, Lynchburg, other long-distance trains from the station serve, St. Louis, and Atlantic City, New Jersey. Louis to its Missouri namesake, and the Buffalo Day Express, as late as 1956, this route also hosted the Liberty Limited to Chicago and the Dominion Limited to Toronto, Canada. Baltimore Light Rail service began in 1997, as part of the Northeast Corridor Improvement Project, the station was restored to its 1911 appearance in 1984. The stations use as a Western Maryland station stop allowed passengers from Penn Station to ride directly to various Maryland towns such as Westminster, Hagerstown, passenger service on the Western Maryland ended in 1958. Baltimore Penn Station is also used for MARC train storage during the weekends and overnight via off-peak service times on tracks 1,3,5, Pennsylvania Station opened on September 15,1911. It is the railroad depot on its North Charles Street site. The first one was a structure built by the Northern Central Railway that began operating in 1873. The old station was demolished in January 1910, during what became known as the Checkers speech, on September 23,1952, Richard Nixon, then a U. S. Nixon referred to the station by its former name, Union Station in Baltimore. In 2004, the City of Baltimore, through its arts program. His work, a 51-foot -tall aluminum statue entitled Male/Female, has generated controversy ever since. As The Baltimore Sun editorialized, Could this explain why defenders of Male/Female, No, Male/Female gets a lot of attention strictly on its artistic merits, and much of it isnt very positive, especially concerning its setting in front of the Beaux–Arts railroad station
13.
Baltimore Streetcar Museum
–
The Baltimore Streetcar Museum is a non-profit museum located at 1901 Falls Road in Baltimore, Maryland. The museum is dedicated to preserving Baltimores public transportation history, especially the streetcar era, the museum is open Noon to 5 P. M. every Sunday March through December and Noon to 5 P. M. Finally the Baltimore Streetcar Museum was founded in 1966 by several members of the Baltimore Chapter of the National Railroad Historical Society. The collection was moved from Robert E. Lee Park near Lake Roland in 1968 to the present Falls Road Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad site and public operations began in July 1970. Before public operations could commence, many hours of work were necessary to build operating track and install overhead wire which, at first. Over the years, the Museum has incrementally extended its line along Falls Road that includes now turning loops at the north and south ends of its line. Completion of the Museums entire streetcar line was realized in October 2008 with the completion of its double tracking project, the track gauge is 5 ft 4 1⁄2 in, which is unique. The Baltimore Streetcar Museum houses the collections of the Baltimore Streetcar Museum. Car #4533, a United Railways and Electric Company One-Man Safety model, a predecessor of the PCC car and about equal to one in every respect, In service until 1955, Car #7407, a Baltimore Transit Company PCC, built by the Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company. At present this is the only regularly operating Pullman PCC in any Museum and this car was built in 1944, and became the very last streetcar to turn a revenue wheel for BTC on November 3,1963. On many occasions, passengers may ride one of the BSMs latest acquisitions and this car was built by the St. Louis Car Co. for The Philadelphia Transportation Co. in 1947, and lasted in SEPTA service until 1992. During the spring, summer and fall, passengers may ride the BSMs Car #1164. This car also is exclusively hand braked, even Santa Claus comes to visit the children during the Museums Santas Streetcar event which operates for two weekends in December. One of the cars is decked out in Christmas finery and Santa welcomes everyone to the Museum. Car 417, built by the Baltimore City Passenger Railway as a car, later re-built as a cable car trailer. This car operates on special occasions and is reported to be the oldest operating electric streetcar in America. Photos of some of the BSM collection are available at the links, PCC7407, Peter Witt 6119, Car 1164, Car 554. The Museums streetcar operations is handled by a staff, composed exclusively of Museum members
14.
Route 27 (MTA Maryland)
–
Route 27 is a bus route operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in Baltimore. The line currently runs from the Reisterstown Plaza Metro Subway Station in northwest Baltimore to Port Covington in South Baltimore through downtown, the line also serves the communities of Pimlico, Mt. Washington, Cross Keys, Hampden, and Cherry Hill, and the Greyhound bus terminal. The bus route is the successor to the 10 Roland Park,12 Westport, the northern portion of the present Route 27 is nearly identical to the No.25 streetcar line that operated during Baltimores streetcar era. The Hampden line in Baltimore was the first electric streetcar that operated in the United States, the no.25 designation was used for service on Falls Road up until 1959. Service on Falls Road was provided by Route 10 between 1959 and 1982, then by Route 27 since 1982, the no.25 streetcar started operating in 1897. The initial route of the line was along the Falls Road corridor, the ultimate goal of the construction of the line was to provide rail service to Pennsylvania. The line then operated to Gwynn Oak Junction, and had branches to Cheswolde, in 1901, the route was modified to serve Remington and Hampden. In 1923, the line was shortened from Pikesville to Key Avenue in Cheswolde, in 1936, Camden Station was made into the southern terminus. The conversion from a line to buses took place in stages in 1949. First, the no.25 bus line operated from Mt. Washington to Camden Station, the Mt. Washington to Belvedere section became a part of the no.25 bus in 1951. No.47 service would eventually be absorbed into Bus Route 5, the no.25 bus line would become a part of Route 10 in 1959, which it would remain a part of until 1982. There were two routings through North Baltimore between 36th Street and Coldspring Lane, one along Falls Road, and the other via Roland Avenue and this structure remained in place as part of Route 27 until 2008. In 1970, the no.25 designation was assigned to a line that is operated by the Baltimore Streetcar Museum, in 1982, Route 10, which at the time was operating from Pimlico to Dundalk, was once again split to allow better schedule adherence. But with no.25 being unavailable due to its use for the streetcar museum, the no.27 designation had previously been used for one other service in Baltimore transit history. The Washington Boulevard streetcar line, which started operating in 1905, was designated no.27 and this was converted into an electric trolley bus in 1938, and a rubber tire bus in 1957, when it absorbed then Route 52, and was extended to Lansdowne. In 1959, this route was combined with Bus Route 11, and remained a part of Route 11 until 2008, when the service was split from Route 11, and became a part of Route 36. In 1992, in conjunction with the opening of the Central Light Rail Line, service between Howard Street and Little Italy, and selected trips to Canton were eliminated. The lines frequency was reduced, as the line duplicated light rail service
15.
Baltimore County, Maryland
–
Baltimore County is a county in the U. S. state of Maryland. Since 1854, the county seat has been in Towson, Baltimore County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. The county is part of the Northeast Megalopolis stretching from Boston to Washington. As of 2009, the countys workforce totalled 410,100, with 25% employed in the fields of education, health, and human services, 10% in retailing, and less than 1% in agriculture. The county is home to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Towson University, Goucher College, in 1674, a proclamation of the Proprietor, established the then extensive boundary lines for old Baltimore County. In 1674, a portion of northeastern Baltimore County, as well as a portion of northwestern Kent County, was split off to create Cecil County. In 1748, a portion of western Baltimore County, as well as a portion of Prince Georges County to the south, were split off to create Frederick County, in 1773, Harford County to the east was split off from Baltimore County. In 1837, another part of western Baltimore County was combined with a part of eastern Frederick County to create Carroll County, the Baltimore County court sessions had been held in private residences before 1674, with a small amount of documentary evidence. Since 1712, the seat had been located in old Joppa, later by 1724, the Assembly authorized Thomas Tolley, Capt. John Taylor, Daniel Scott, Lancelot Todd and John Stokes to purchase 20 acres from a tract named Taylors Choice after John Taylor who also held other parcels in the area. The Ordinance directed that the land be divided into 40 lots with streets and alleys to accompany the courthouse and jail which had already been previously erected. By 1750 there were some 50 houses, a church, courthouse,3 stone warehouses, inns, taverns, stores and these events have been commemorated ever since by Defenders Day on September 12th. A second city-county courthouse constructed in 1805–1809 was moved to the side of the Square at North Calvert. The first county seat of Baltimore County was known today as Old Baltimore and it was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County. In 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house, the site of the court house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House. The court house on the Bush River referenced in the 1683 Act was in all likelihood the one created by the 1674 Act, Old Baltimore was in existence as early as 1674, but we dont know what if anything happened on the site prior to that year. The exact location of Old Baltimore was lost for years and it was certain that the location was somewhere on the site of the present-day Aberdeen Proving Grounds, a U. S. Army weapons testing facility
16.
Garrison, Maryland
–
Garrison is a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, adjacent to Owings Mills. It consists mainly of the McDonogh area and Valley Centre, the population was 8,823 at the 2010 census. Garrison is located at 39°24′4″N 76°45′4″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.2 square miles, of which 0. 12% is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,969 people,3,459 households, the population density was 2,551.5 people per square mile. There were 3,696 housing units at a density of 1,183. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 77. 54% White,17. 09% African American,0. 13% Native American,3. 35% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 92% from other races, and 0. 97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 27% of the population, in 2000, 14% of Garrison residents identified as being of Russian American heritage. This was the second highest percentage of Russian Americans of any place in Maryland after Pikesville, the majority of them are of Jewish ancestry. 2% of Garrisons residents were of Ukrainian descent and 1% were descended from other Eastern European countries, 8% were German, 7% Polish, 5% Irish, 4% English, 3% Italian, 2% Lithuanian, and 2% French. 35. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.90. In the CDP, the population was out with 22. 0% under the age of 18,10. 3% from 18 to 24,34. 4% from 25 to 44,23. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $56,520, and the median income for a family was $62,171. Males had an income of $45,286 versus $37,472 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,236, about 4. 6% of families and 5. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 4% of those under age 18 and 9. 3% of those age 65 or over
17.
Brooklandville, Maryland
–
Brooklandville is an unincorporated community in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States near where the Jones Falls Expressway meets the Baltimore Beltway. The general area is a part of Lutherville, and some addresses in the area are considered to be in Lutherville, though Brooklandville has a postal zone and post office of its own. Some notable landmarks in the area, including the Park School of Baltimore and St. Pauls Schools are technically within Brooklandville, however, addresses within the main office complex in the area, Green Spring Station, are considered to be within Lutherville. Seminary Avenue also begins very close to the location, the complex has offices for several large companies, as well as some upscale shops, restaurants, banks, and the largest indoor tennis facility in the Mid-Atlantic. The main roads in the Brooklandville area are Falls Road, Greenspring Valley Road, Joppa Road, the Green Spring Station complex on weekdays is served by the Maryland Transit Administrations Bus Route 60 every 40–60 minutes. This bus links to the Mt. Washington Light Rail Stop, free service to Green Spring Station from the Johns Hopkins Medical Campus is available on the hospitals Green Spring Shuttle hourly on weekdays. Maryvale Preparatory is an independent Catholic girls school and it was used as a filming location for the 1997 Clint Eastwood movie Absolute Power, as the Washington DC mansion of Walter Sullivan. Marty Bass - Brooklandville resident, WJZ weatherman Johns Hopkins Greenspring home page Johns Hopkins Green Spring Shuttle schedule Green Spring Racquet Club Brooklandville House The Cloisters
18.
Lake Roland (park)
–
Construction companies, including pavilions, playgrounds, trails, bridges and even a dog park. Under the new administration of Baltimore Countys Parks and Recreation, the park was reopened to the public on Friday and it formed the third largest municipal landscaped park in the country. Lake Roland Historic District, declared in 1992, is a historic district in Baltimore City and Baltimore County, Maryland. The central portion of the district is occupied by Lake Roland, with a stone dam capped by a stone valve house. The lake was developed in the mid 19th century as a part of the municipal water system. The lake is surrounded by areas and woods. In 1945, the park was designated as the Robert E. Lee Memorial Park after General Robert E. Lee and this was done at the request of a wealthy Baltimorean Elizabeth B. In the aftermath of the 2015 Charleston church shooting and in response to the controversy revolving the display of Confederate symbols. On September 28,2015, the Baltimore County renamed the park to Lake Roland on September 28,2015 after being approved to do so by the Baltimore City Council. Currently the Park covers over 500 acres, has a nature center. Pavilions, and waterfront activities, and many other recreational opportunities
19.
Mount Washington, Baltimore
–
Mount Washington is an area of northwest Baltimore, Maryland. It is a city historic district and divided into two sections, South Road/Sulgrave to the Southeast and Dixons Hill to the North. Historically, Mount Washington was a small area, though mostly within the Baltimore city limits, but mixed with some of these areas within Baltimore County as Pikesville. These two areas were at one time viewed as an area, but since the construction of Interstate 83, these areas have been separated. This, most notably, includes the Central Light Rail line and it has a stop located in historic Mount Washington Village. Light Rail service operates to downtown Baltimore, Hunt Valley, currently, MTA also operates three public bus lines in Mount Washington Village, all of which originate at the Reisterstown Plaza Metro Subway Station. Most of the families send their children to some of the many private schools in the area. The neighborhood has been the home of the Mount Washington Lacrosse Club since its establishment in 1904, Mount Washington dominated the sport at the club and collegiate level for much of the 20th century. Since 1999, Mount Washington has shared its home field, Norris Field on Kelly Avenue, Mount Washington is also home of one of the most prestigious swimming clubs in the world, the North Baltimore Aquatic Center or NBAC for short. The NBAC is home to many Olympic swimmers including Michael Phelps, Katie Hoff, Patrick Kennedy, Theresa Andrews, Anita Nall, Beth Botsford, Whitney Metzler, NBAC is also home to Paralympian Ian Silverman. Charles L. MD-57, Mount Washington Mills, Falls Road & Cotton Avenue, Baltimore, Independent City, MD,5 photos,2 color transparencies,1 photo caption page
20.
Druid Hill Park
–
Druid Hill Park is a 745-acre urban park in northwest Baltimore, Maryland. Its boundaries are marked by Druid Park Drive, Swann Drive and Reisterstown Road, and the Jones Falls Expressway. Inaugurated in 1860, Druid Hill Park, a urban park, ranks with Central Park in New York City. After its purchase, Druid Hill Park was inaugurated by Swann on October 19,1860 and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Local residents often refer to the park as Dru Hill Park, the park was designed by Howard Daniels, landscape designer retained by the newly created and appointed Board of Park Commissioners, and John H. B. Latrobe, who designed the gateways to the Park and the made to the early-19th-century Nicholas Rogers mansion that already stood in the site. George A. Frederick, the 21-year-old Baltimore architect who won the commission for Baltimore City Hall in 1860. The Mansion House now functions as the administration building of the Baltimore City Zoo. The Park served as a hill for winter sledding during the 1940s. Like Central Park in New York Citys central urban Manhattan of the 1850s designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Druid Hill was at the northern edges of urban development at the time of its establishment. The northern end of the park, which some of the oldest forest growth in the state of Maryland, has never been landscaped. Roadways through this section of the park have been closed to traffic since the late 1970s or early 1980s. A well-known Osage Orange tree, said to be hundreds of old, was brought down by Storm Sandy in October 2012. The southern end of the park was a destination for city dwellers for a number of decades. Druid Hill Lake, the parks most notable waterway, was constructed in 1863, with the advent of automobiles, the parks many winding roadways became popular with car dealers who took potential buyers there to teach them to drive. Many of the parks older fountains and man-made ponds have been drained, however, many of their structures remain partially or completely intact. Druid Hill Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 22,1973, the Park is also included in the newly organized Baltimore National Heritage Area in the 2010s in cooperation with the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior. When the Park first opened in 1860, recreation facilities such as pools and this practice was finally challenged on July 11,1948, when 24 black tennis players, protesting the Citys discriminatory policies, were arrested for playing on the parks white-only tennis courts
21.
Jones Falls Trail
–
Jones Falls Trail is a hiking and bicycling trail in Baltimore, Maryland. It mostly runs along the length of the namesake Jones Falls and it also incorporates the bike path encircling Druid Hill Reservoir and its namesake park. The Jones Falls Trail forms a segment of the East Coast Greenway and it is projected to extend from the Baltimore waterfront at the Inner Harbor north to the Mount Washington neighborhood, passing through Cylburn Arboretum and Mount Washington Arboretum. The Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks owns, manages, at present, the Jones Falls Trail begins in downtown Baltimore and winds its way north to the Cylburn neighborhood. It has on-street sections, paths parallel to city streets, the parallel trail transitions to Pratt Street and continues eastward to Market Street, where it ends, the Jones Falls Trail then turns north onto Market Street on a wide sidewalk. The trail then turns east onto the sidewalk of Lombard Street. As it then meets President Street, it turns once again after crossing said street. The Trail then meets an alignment that follows the Fallsway and it follows to the west until it meets Madison Street, at which point the Trail alignment switches to the east side of the street. Upon reaching Saint Paul Street, the Trail turns north along the streets east side, passing over the Jones Falls once more and passing to the east of Penn Station. After crossing Maryland Avenue, the Jones Falls Trail follows Falls Roads sidewalk into the Jones Falls Valley, passing underneath the bridges Howard Street and North Avenue use to cross the valley. After passing the Baltimore Streetcar Museum, the Trail returns to the west side of the road, separated from MD25 by a barrier and trees. The Trail turns west here, passing high over the Jones Falls once more and crossing I-83 once again, in Druid Hill Park, the Jones Falls Trail includes the entire loop road around Druid Lake Reservoir, a bike path that runs clockwise around it. Going along this route, the passes by the Maryland Zoo. It features a number of curves, branching paths. In Woodberry, the Jones Falls Trail becomes a route once more. It turns immediately to the right onto Clipper Park Road, utilizing its entire length to Clipper Road, here, the East Coast Greenway separates from the Jones Falls Trail, the trail turns to the north, while the greenways route turns south. This intersection is also nearby the Woodberry station, Clipper Road becomes one-way to motor vehicles, but the trail continues in both directions. The trail then separates from the once again, entering another heavily wooded area
22.
CSXT
–
CSX Transportation is a Class I railroad in the United States. The main subsidiary of the CSX Corporation, the railroad is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, CSX operates one of the three Class I railroads serving most of the East Coast, the other two being the Norfolk Southern Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway. It also serves the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, together CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway have a duopoly over all east-west freight rail traffic east of the Mississippi River. As of October 1,2014, CSXs total public stock value was slightly over $32 billion, CSX Transportation was formed on July 1,1986, by combining the Chessie System and Seaboard System Railroad. The origin of the Chessie System was the former Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, which had merged with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, on June 6,1998, the STB approved the CSX–NS application and set August 22,1998, as the effective date of its decision. CSX acquired 42 percent of Conrails assets, and NS received the remaining 58 percent, as a result of the transaction, CSXs rail operations grew to include some 3,800 miles of the Conrail system. CSX began operating its trains on its portion of the Conrail network on June 1,1999, CSX now serves much of the eastern U. S. with a few routes into nearby Canadian cities. The name came about during merger talks between Chessie System, Inc. and Seaboard System Railroad, Inc. commonly called Chessie, the company chairmen said it was important for the new name to include neither of those names because it was a partnership. Employees were asked for suggestions, most of which consisted of combinations of the initials, at the same time a temporary shorthand name was needed for discussions with the Interstate Commerce Commission. CSC was chosen but belonged to a company in Virginia. The lawyers decided to use CSX, and the name stuck, in the public announcement, it was said that CSX is singularly appropriate. C can stand for Chessie, S for Seaboard, and X, however, in the August 9,2016 article on the Railway Age website stated that. And the X was for Consolidated, the T had to be added to CSX when used as a reporting mark because reporting marks that end in X means that the car is owned by a leasing company or private car owner. Its current slogan, How Tomorrow Moves, appeared in 2008, in 2014 Canadian Pacific Railway approached CSX with an offer to merge the two companies, but CSX declined and in 2015 Canadian Pacific made an attempt to purchase and merge with Norfolk Southern. In 2017 CSX announced Hunter Harrison as its new chief executive, CSX added 5 new directors to their board, including Harrison and Mantle Ridge founder Paul Hilal. Mantle Ridge owns 4.9 percent of CSX, CSX operates two regions of five divisions each, the Northern, based in Calumet City, Illinois, and Southern, based in Jacksonville, Florida. The CEO of CSX is Hunter Harrison as of Feb 2017, o823, Q740 and Q741, Q743, and Q745—which consists of Tropicana cars that carry fresh orange juice between Bradenton, Florida, and the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey. The train also runs from Bradenton to Fort Pierce, Florida, in the 21st century, the Juice Train has been studied as a model of efficient rail transportation that can compete with trucks and other modes in the perishable-goods trade
23.
Baltimore Belt Line
–
It included the Howard Street Tunnel, the Mount Royal Station and the first mainline railroad electrification in the United States. The line is operated by CSX Transportation as part of its Baltimore Terminal Subdivision. In 1884, the PW&B was purchased by the Pennsylvania Railroad, a rival of the B&O. The B&O then proceeded to build its Philadelphia Branch to connect to the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, the combination also provided a connection to the Staten Island Railway, which served as the terminal switching company for the B&Os New York freight service. Connecting the new Philadelphia Branch to the rest of the B&O system was an engineering challenge. A new surface line across the center of town was politically impossible, building around the outskirts of town would have required massive regrading and bridging, as the terrain is extremely hilly and the line would cut across every watershed flowing into the harbor. As a temporary expedient, traffic was handled through Baltimore on carfloats, the route the B&O chose started from the existing end of track at Camden station, at the west end of the Inner Harbor. A tunnel was constructed directly under Howard Street, heading north until just before it crossed the existing PRR line, at the north portal of the tunnel, Mount Royal Station was constructed. The cost of construction drove the railroad into bankruptcy shortly after the line opened in 1895, lower-level platforms were added at the east end of B&Os Camden Station in 1897. The Howard Street Tunnel, originally a 1. 4-mile long tunnel under Howard Street in downtown Baltimore, took four, the tunnel is brick-lined with iron-arched centerings. At the time of completion it was considered innovative for its use of electricity for illumination, inside the tunnel, there was an underground platform for trains serving Camden Station. The Howard Street Tunnel is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, by this time the Pennsylvania Railroad line through Baltimore and points south had been in operation for twenty years. Due to the nature of the area traversed and the hilly terrain, much of its line through town was in tunnels. Large chimneys were constructed above the Pennsylvania line, in a not entirely successful attempt to disperse the fumes from the coal-fired locomotives. This equipment was delivered beginning in 1895, and the first train pulled by a locomotive operated through the Howard Street Tunnel on June 27,1895. The grade on the portion was downhill to Camden Station, therefore traffic heading southbound, from Mount Royal Station. Since the engine was not working, the produced was relatively light. When northbound passenger trains stopped at Mt. Royal Station at the end of the tunnel
24.
U.S. Route 1 in Maryland
–
U. S. Route 1 is the easternmost and longest of the major north–south routes of the United States Numbered Highway System, running from Key West, Florida to Fort Kent, Maine. In the U. S. state of Maryland, an 80. 86-mile segment of the runs through central Maryland between Mount Rainier and Rising Sun. US1 is paralleled by several major highways as it passes through Maryland, including Interstate 95, the Baltimore–Washington Parkway, U. S. Route 29, thus, US1 has lost its significance as a long distance route through the state. It is often congested, however, because it remains a major route in the towns it traverses. US1 leaves the District of Columbia and enters Maryland at the City of Mount Rainier in Prince Georges County, the highway heads northeast from Eastern Avenue as Rhode Island Avenue, a four-lane divided street with parking through a downtown-like commercial area. US1 meets 34th Avenue and Perry Street at a roundabout, the highway leaves Mount Rainier and enters Brentwood, where the highway meets MD208. US1 passes through North Brentwood as a divided highway without parking through a mix of residences. The median widens as the highway crosses Northwest Branch and enters the City of Hyattsville, the highway begins to closely parallel CSXs Capital Subdivision and MARCs Camden Line as it reduces to a four-lane undivided highway, passing Prince Georges District Court. US1 curves to the north and the name changes to Baltimore Avenue at Farragut Street. US1 continues north through downtown Hyattsville, gaining a center turn lane before entering the town of Riverdale Park, the highway enters a densely populated residential area, passing between Riverdale Park to the east and the town of University Park to the west. Shortly after the highway enters the City of College Park on the east, only buses may enter Queens Chapel Road from US1. The highway fully enters College Park and enters the area that makes up the downtown of the college town. After the intersection with College Avenue and Regents Drive, US1 passes through the campus of the University of Maryland, College Park, including the historic Rossborough Inn, the highway leaves the campus after intersecting Campus Drive and crossing Paint Branch. US1 continues through the part of College Park as a five-lane road with center turn lane. The highway intersects Greenbelt Road, which is unsigned MD430, all movements not provided in the interchange require using Greenbelt Road to connect between US1 and MD193. After intersecting Cherry Hill Road, US1 becomes a divided highway, at Sunnyside Avenue, the highway reduces to a five-lane road with center turn lane and passes through a suburban commercial area in the unincorporated town of Beltsville. The highway meets Rhode Island Avenue at an intersection and MD212 at a more orthogonal intersection before curving north. The highway passes between a commercial strip on the side of the highway and an industrial area on the east side of the railroad tracks
25.
Amtrak
–
Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
26.
Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel
–
The Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel is a double track, masonry arch railroad tunnel on the Northeast Corridor in Baltimore, Maryland, immediately to the south of Pennsylvania Station. Approximately 140 Amtrak and MARC passenger trains, as well as two trains, use the tunnel daily. Constructed by the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad under Winchester Street and Wilson Street in Baltimore, between 1916 and 1917, the PRR lowered the floor of the tunnel approximately 2 1⁄2 feet to accommodate larger trains. The work included the underpinning of the walls, installation of a concrete invert slab. The bases of the walls were chipped away to improve horizontal clearance. Prior to the electrification of the PRRs New York City to Washington main line in 1935, the smoke also was a nuisance to the residential neighborhoods above the tunnel. The tunnel was lined with gunite to waterproof the arch and prevent icicles from shorting out the catenary wires prior to the initiation of electrified operation. However, financial considerations prevented the PRR from constructing a new tunnel on the Presstman Street alignment. The curve at Pennsylvania Avenue was the biggest constraint, the PRR modified the tunnel walls and ceiling for a distance of 2,200 feet to improve clearance and enable high cars and piggyback trailers to traverse the tunnel without damaging their roofs. Additionally, a 928-foot long gauntlet track was installed on southbound track 3 to route trains 17 inches closer to the middle of the tunnel, however, trains could not operate on track 2 while track 3 and the gauntlet were being used. The gauntlet track effectively created a tunnel when in use, if a freight train broke down while using the gauntlet. Even with the gauntlet, cars with a gauge in excess of Plate C or in excess of 16 feet 3 inches high were prevented from using the tunnel. The tunnel underwent rehabilitation as part of the Northeast Corridor Improvement Project in the early 1980s, the repairs included replacing the existing invert, repairing the tunnel lining, upgrading the track structure, installing a new gauntlet track, and rehabilitating the tunnel drainage system. No fundamental change, however, was made in the tunnel’s difficult geometry, collectively, the tunnels height, speed, and capacity limitations threaten the ability for the Port of Baltimore to be competitive with increased shipping volumes. In June 2008, the U. S. House of Representatives voted to support a study of the impacts of different possible replacement tunnels. On January 28,2010, $60 million in funding was awarded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to conduct the study, estimates in 2013 put the cost around $1.5 billion. An outgrowth of the ARRA funds, the B&P Tunnel Project is an environmental and engineering study by the FRA, MDOT, the study has held multiple open houses in 2014–2015 to share information and solicit public input. The two remaining alternatives—Alternative 1 and Alternative 3 —will be carried forward, studied, and evaluated further in the next milestone, the Draft Environmental Impact Statement
27.
Daylighting (streams)
–
In urban design and urban planning, daylighting is the redirection of a stream into an above-ground channel. Typically, the goal is to restore a stream of water to a natural state. Daylighting is intended to improve the environment for a stream which had been previously diverted into a culvert, pipe. In the UK, the practice is known as deculverting. The term also refers to the process toward such projects. A general consensus has developed that protecting and restoring natural creeks functions is achievable over time in an environment while recognizing the importance of property rights. Natural features — open, vegetated swales, stormwater cascades, at the heart are plants, trees, and the deep, healthy soils that support them. All three combine to form a living infrastructure that, unlike pipes and vaults, increase in value over time. Some efforts to blend urban development with natural systems use innovative drainage design and landscaping instead of traditional curbs and gutters, pipes, one such demonstration project in the Pipers Creek watershed reduced imperviousness by more than 18 percent. The project built bioswales, landscape elements intended to remove silt and pollution from runoff water. From 2001 to 2003, the reduced the volume of stormwater leaving the street in a 2-year storm event by 98%. Such a reduction can reduce damage to water quality and habitats for species such as the iconic salmon. Unfortunately, the alternatives have a relatively expensive initial price, since they are usually replacing existing structures. Further, conventional systems generally do not consider full cost accounting, the NDS alternatives can also provide returns on investment by improving urban environments. The Street Edge Alternatives Street breaks most of the conventions of 150 years of standard American street design, narrow, curved streets, open drainage swales, and an abundance of diverse plants and trees welcome pedestrians as well as diverse species. Adjacent residents maintain city infrastructure in the form of gardens in front of their homes. The Natural Drainage System united the community visually, environmentally, the 110th Cascades SEA are a creek-like cascade of stair-stepped natural, seasonal pools that intercept, infiltrate, slow and filter over 21 acres of stormwater draining through the project. With impervious surfaces having replaced most of the ground cover in urban environments
28.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
29.
Chesapeake Bay
–
It is the largest estuary in North America. With its northern portion in Maryland and the part in Virginia. More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the bays 64, 299-square-mile drainage basin, the bay is approximately 200 miles long from its northern headwaters in the Susquehanna River to its outlet in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 2.8 miles wide at its narrowest and 30 miles at its widest, total shoreline including tributaries is 11,684 miles, circumnavigating a surface area of 4,479 square miles. Average depth is 21 feet, reaching a maximum of 174 feet, the bay is spanned twice, in Maryland by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge from Sandy Point to Kent Island and in Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting Virginia Beach to Cape Charles. Known for both its beauty and bounty, the bay became emptier, with crabs, oysters. Recent restoration efforts begun in the 1990s have been ongoing and show potential for growth of the oyster population. The health of the Chesapeake Bay improved in 2015, marking three years of gains over the past four years, according to a new report by the University of Maryland, the word Chesepiooc is an Algonquian word referring to a village at a big river. It is the seventh oldest surviving English place-name in the U. S. first applied as Chesepiook by explorers heading north from the Roanoke Colony into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586. The name may refer to the Chesepian or Chesapeake people. They occupied an area which is now the Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, in 2005, Algonquian linguist Blair Rudes helped to dispel one of the areas most widely held beliefs, that Chesapeake means something like great shellfish bay. The name might actually have meant something like great water, or it might have just referred to a location at the bays mouth. In addition, the name is almost always prefixed by the in usage by local residents, The Chesapeake, The Chesapeake Bay, the Chesapeake Bay is an estuary to the North Atlantic, lying between the Delmarva Peninsula to the east and the North American mainland to the west. It is the ria, or drowned valley, of the Susquehanna River and it is not a fjord, because the Laurentide Ice Sheet never reached as far south as the northernmost point on the bay. The large rivers entering the bay from the west have broad mouths and are extensions of the ria for miles up the course of each river. The bay was formed starting about 10,000 years ago when rising sea levels at the end of the last ice age flooded the Susquehanna River valley. Parts of the bay, especially the Calvert County, Maryland and these cliffs, generally known as Calvert Cliffs, are famous for their fossils, especially fossilized shark teeth which are commonly found washed up on the beaches next to the cliffs. Scientists Cliffs is a community in Calvert County named for the desire to create a retreat for scientists when the community was founded in 1935
30.
Eastern Bay
–
The Eastern Bay is a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay located between Queen Annes County, Maryland and Talbot County, Maryland on the Eastern Shore. Its main tributaries include the Miles River and the Wye River and it is located south of the Chester River and north of the Choptank River and is connected to the Chester River via Kent Narrows. A ferry across the Eastern Bay run by the Claiborne-Annapolis Ferry Company used to connect the communities of Romancoke, Chesapeake Bay Program Watershed Profile Eastern Bay
31.
Mallows Bay
–
Mallows Bay is a small bay on the Maryland side of the Potomac River in Charles County, Maryland. The bay is the location of what is regarded as the largest shipwreck fleet in the Western Hemisphere and is described as a ship graveyard, Charles County operates Mallows Bay Park. This small park contains the graves of more than 230 United States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation ships sunk in the river, almost ninety were poorly constructed steamships built during World War I, in 1925 they were burned and scuttled in the bay. Bethlehem Steel then built a salvage basin during World War II to recover metal from the abandoned ships, the ships form a reef that hosts an array of wildlife. A0. 8-mile trail loops around Mallows Bay Park and the salvage basin, in 2010, a boat ramp and pier for recreational use was constructed to provide access to the Potomac River at Mallows Bay. It is popular to canoe or kayak among the ship ruins, the Ghost Fleet of Mallows Bay is a reference to the hundreds of ships whose remains still rest in the relatively shallow waters of Mallows Bay. Mallows Bay contains the largest collection of wrecks in the Western Hemisphere, more than 100 of the vessels are wooden steamships, part of a fleet built to cross the Atlantic during World War I. However, most of these ships were obsolete upon completion after the end of the war, the most distinct ship seen at Mallows Bay is the S. S. Accomac. The ships were stored in the James River until they were sold to the Western Marine & Salvage Company, the company moved the ships to the Potomac River at Widewater, Virginia and in 1925, they were towed to Mallows Bay. Western Marine went bankrupt and the ships remained where they lay, the bay was listed as an archaeological and historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. National Register of Historic Places listings in Charles County, Maryland Shomette, Ghost Fleet of Mallows Bay and Other Tales of the Lost Chesapeake. NOAA Nautical Chart 12288 - Potomac River Mallows Bay, what We Know About the Ghost Fleet of Mallows Bay
32.
Sinepuxent Bay
–
Sinepuxent Bay is an inland waterway which connects Chincoteague Bay to Isle of Wight Bay, and is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Ocean City Inlet. It separates Sinepuxent Neck, in Worcester County, Maryland from Assateague Island, islands in the Sinepuxent Bay include Horn Island and Skimmer Island. It is crossed by the Harry W. Kelley Memorial Bridge on U. S. Route 50, the bay is the location of the islands that compose the Sinepuxent Bay Wildlife Management Area. Sinepuxent was a community on the mainland about a half mile north of the Verrazano Bridge. The current inlet, known as Ocean City Inlet, was cut by the great 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane, the new inlet was stabilized by rock jetties constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, with work commencing in October 1933
33.
Anacostia River
–
The Anacostia River /ænəˈkɒstiə/ is a river in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States. It flows from Prince Georges County in Maryland into Washington, D. C. where it joins with the Washington Channel to empty into the Potomac River at Buzzard Point and it is approximately 8.7 miles long. The name Anacostia derives from the early history as Nacotchtank. Heavy pollution in the Anacostia and weak investment and development along its banks have led to it becoming what many have called D. C. s forgotten river, in recent years, however, private organizations, local businesses, and the D. C. Maryland and federal governments have made joint efforts to reduce its pollution levels in order to protect the ecologically valuable Anacostia watershed, the mainstem of the Anacostia is formed by the confluence of the Northwest Branch and the Northeast Branch just north of Bladensburg, Maryland. Tributaries of these sources include Sligo Creek, Paint Branch, Little Paint Branch, Indian Creek, Upper Beaverdam Creek, Dueling Branch, tributaries of the mainstem Anacostia include Watts Branch, Lower Beaverdam Creek and Hickory Run. The watershed of the river roughly covers 176 sq mi in eastern Montgomery County and northern Prince Georges County, as well as parts of Washington, on earlier maps, the river was known as the Eastern Branch of the Potomac River until it received its current, official name. The Washington City Canal operated from 1815 until the mid-1850s, initially connecting the Anacostia to Tiber Creek and the Potomac River, the city canal fell into disuse in the late 19th century, and the city government covered over or filled in various sections. One of the biggest problems facing the Anacostia River is raw sewage that enters the river, the sewage creates a public health threat because of fecal coliform bacteria and other pathogens, it also impairs water quality and can create hypoxic conditions that lead to large fish kills. The Anacostia Watershed Society sued the Washington, D. C, water and Sewer Authority in 1999 for allowing more than 2,000,000,000 US gallons of combined sewage and urban runoff to flow into the river via its antiquated combined sewer overflow system. In settling the lawsuit, WASA agreed to invest $140 million on pump station rehabilitation, pipe cleaning and maintenance, the governments of Montgomery County and Prince Georges County also operate stormwater management programs in their respective jurisdictions. In late 2004, AWS and other organizations announced plans to sue the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission over similar problems with contamination from the Maryland suburbs. According to WSSC, more than 4,000,000 US gallons of raw sewage were released into Anacostia tributaries between January 2001 and June 2004. Another large source of pollution is the Washington Navy Yard. In May 2009, a Bandalong Litter Trap floating litter-control system was placed in the Watts Branch tributary of the Anacostia River as part of Mayor Adrian Fentys Green DC Agenda. In its first year of operation, it removed more than 500 pounds of litter per month from the river. The Bladensburg Waterfront Park, part of the Prince Georges County Department of Parks and Recreation, the Port Towns Community Boathouse at the park is home to the rowing crews of the University of Maryland, The Catholic University of America, and several local high schools. 11th Street Bridges Anacostia Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge John Philip Sousa Bridge List of rivers of Washington, D. C
34.
Back River (Maryland)
–
Back River is a tidal estuary in Baltimore County, Maryland, located about 2 miles east of the city of Baltimore. The estuary extends from the community of Rosedale, southeast for about 8.8 miles to the Chesapeake Bay, the watershed area is 39,075 acres and includes Essex Skypark Airport and the Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant. Back River is in an urbanized area and is subject to extensive urban runoff. The Maryland Department of the Environment has listed water quality impairments in the river for chlordane. The Herring Run tributary is listed as impaired due to levels of bacteria. The Back River watershed consists of 73 miles of streams in Baltimore County and Baltimore City
