1.
Newspaper
–
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Berliner (format)
–
Berliner, or midi, is a newspaper format with pages normally measuring about 315 by 470 millimetres. The Berliner format is slightly taller and marginally wider than the tabloid/compact format, the Berliner format is an innovation in press and an alternative to the broadsheet format. The name refers to the city of Berlin, and was contrasted with North German. The French business newspaper Les Échos changed to this format in September 2003, a recent European newspaper to join this trend is Het Financieele Dagblad, the daily Dutch newspaper that is focused on business and financial matters on 26 March 2013. Student publication The University Observer became Irelands first Berliner-sized paper in September 2009, the Independent in London considered adopting this format, but could not afford to buy new presses, it ultimately became a tabloid size. The most recent European newspaper using the format is the UKs post-referendum pop-up The New European, although the daily Berliner Zeitung is occasionally called simply Berliner, it is not printed in Berliner format. The majority of the national quality dailies use the larger broadsheet format known as nordisch, the daily Journal and Courier in Lafayette, Indiana, began using Berliner format for its daily edition on 31 July 2006. It was the first newspaper in North America to be produced in this format, the Chronicle in Laurel, Mississippi, which began publication in April 2012 uses the Berliner layout. The Bucks County Herald in Lahaska, Pennsylvania, began using Berliner format in 2009, major papers such as the Chicago Tribune and The Cincinnati Enquirer have tested the format. Since then, numerous newspapers throughout the United States and Canada have adopted a page format similar to Berliner. In some instances, only the width has changed from the broadsheet page. For example, the New York Times used a 22-inch tall by 13. 5-inch wide page and it still refers to itself as a broadsheet, even though its size is closer to Berliner. In Nepal, the Nepali Times became the first and the newspaper using this format. In Pakistan, the English daily Pakistan Today is published in the Berliner format, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz has been published in this format since 18 February 2007. Though very rarely used in Metropolitan Manila, the Berliner is the most popular format in the Philippines, in the Ilocandia, some of the well-known names are the Zigzag Weekly, the Northern Dispatch—commonly called as Nordis—and the Northern Philippine Times. In the Visayas, the Panay News also uses this format, though not published for commercial purposes, the official publication of the Caritas Manila uses a slightly narrower Berliner format. In March 2009, South Koreas JoongAng Ilbo adopted the Berliner format, also in the same month, Turkeys Gazete Habertürk and Zaman adopted a variation of this format as 350 by 500 mm and become two of the first Turkish newspaper to do so. The format is called Ciner format in Turkey because it is unique, on 1 June 2012, the UAEs leading English language newspaper, Gulf News, adopted the Berliner format, the first ever in the Middle East
3.
Jung District, Seoul
–
Jung District, literally meaning Central District, is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. It is located on the side of the Han River. Located in the heart of Seoul, Jung District is an area with a variety of old, located here is the Gwangtonggwan, the oldest continuously-operating bank building in Korea. It was registered as one of protected monuments on March 5,2001. In addition, together with sites as Myeongdong Cathedral and the Bank of Korea Museum. And Myeongdong is one of the most famous shopping areas in South Korea, Jung District is one of the most significant business cores of Seoul. Major newspapers such as The Chosun Ilbo and JoongAng Ilbo, The Dong-a Ilbo are also based in Jung District, the headquarters of South Korean food company CJ Cheil Jedang is in the CJ Cheiljedang Building in Ssangnim-dong, near the Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station. Air France operates an office on the 11th floor of the Korean Air Building in Jung District. Air China has an office on the 1st and 2nd floors of the Hansuang Building in Seosomun-dong in Jung District, all Nippon Airways operates the Seoul Office in Room 1501 on the 15th floor of the Center Building in Sogong-dong, Jung District. Hainan Airlines operates its South Korea office in Suite 1501 of the Samyoung Building in Sogong-dong, MIAT Mongolian Airlines has its Seoul Branch Office in the Soonhwa Building in Sunhwa-dong. In the 1980s Korean Air had its headquarters in Jung District, color, Green Tree, Pine tree Flower, Rose Bird, Korean magpie Jung District is the center of Seoul. Because this, historically it was a place for many scholars who stayed in Seoul to discuss. Han Myeong Hoe, scholar and tactician in the early Joseon Dynasty Park Ji won, namgung Uk, activist for the Korean independence movement The National Human Rights Commission of Korea has its headquarters in the Gumsegi Building in Jung District. The Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal formerly had its headquarters in the S1 Building in Sunhwa-dong, Jung District, the offices of the KMST are now in Sejong City. Jung District, Seoul travel guide from Wikivoyage Jung-gu Official site in English Resident offices and maps of Jung-gu
4.
Seoul
–
The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
5.
South Korea
–
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
6.
Hangul
–
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
7.
Hanja
–
Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
8.
Culture of Korea
–
The traditional culture of Korea refers to the shared cultural heritage of the Korean Peninsula. Since the mid-20th century, the peninsula has been split politically between and, resulting in a number of cultural differences, before Joseon Dynasty, the practice of Korean shamanism was deeply rooted in the Korean culture. Music, there is a distinction between court dance and folk dance, common court dances are jeongjaemu performed at banquets, and ilmu, performed at Korean Confucian rituals. Jeongjaemu is divided into native dances and forms imported from Central Asia, ilmu are divided into civil dance and military dance. Many mask dramas and mask dances are performed in regional areas of Korea. The traditional clothing is the genja, it is a kind of dress that women wear on festivals. It is pink with multiple symbols around the neck area, traditional choreography of court dances is reflected in many contemporary productions. Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art, is central to the classic Korean dance, taekkyeon, being a complete system of integrated movement, found its core techniques adaptable to mask, dance and other traditional artforms of Korea. The earliest paintings found on the Korean peninsula are petroglyphs of prehistoric times, with the arrival of Buddhism from India via China, different techniques were introduced. These techniques quickly established themselves as the techniques, but indigenous techniques still survived. There is a tendency towards naturalism with subjects such as landscapes, flowers. Ink is the most common material used, and it is painted on paper or silk. In the 18th century indigenous techniques were advanced, particularly in calligraphy, Arts are both influenced by tradition and realism. For example, Han’s near-photographic Break Time at the Ironworks shows muscular men dripping with sweat, jeong Son’s Peak Chonnyo of Mount Kumgang is a classical Korean landscape of towering cliffs shrouded by mists. There is a set of handicrafts produced in Korea. Most of the handicrafts are created for an everyday use. Traditionally, metal, wood, fabric, lacquerware, and earthenware were the materials used. Ancient handicrafts, such as red and black pottery, share similarities with pottery of Chinese cultures along the Yellow River, the relics found of the Bronze Age, however, are distinctive and more elaborate
9.
History of Korea
–
The Lower Paleolithic era in the Korean Peninsula began roughly half a million years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC, and the Neolithic period began after 6000 BC, followed by the Bronze Age by 800 BC, and the Iron Age around 400 BC. According to the mythic account recounted in the Samguk Yusa, the Gojoseon kingdom was founded in northern Korea, the Gija Joseon was purportedly founded in 12th century BC, and its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era. The written historical record on Gojoseon can be found from early 7th century BC, the Jin state was formed in southern Korea by the 3rd century BC. In the 2nd century BC, Gija Joseon was replaced by Wiman Joseon which fell to the Han China near the end of the century and this resulted in the fall of Gojoseon and led to succeeding warring states, the Proto–Three Kingdoms period that spanned the later Iron Age. From the 1st century, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla grew to control the peninsula, in 698, Dae Jo-yeong established Balhae in old territories of Goguryeo, which led to the North South States Period. In the late 9th century, Silla was divided into the Later Three Kingdoms, during the Goryeo period, laws were codified, a civil service system was introduced, and culture influenced by Buddhism flourished. However, Mongol invasions in the 13th century brought Goryeo under its influence until the mid-14th century, in 1392, General Yi Seong-gye established the Joseon dynasty after a coup that overthrew the Goryeo dynasty in 1388. After enjoying a period of peace for two centuries, the Joseon dynasty faced foreign invasions and internal fractional strifes, beginning in 1592 until 1637. Henceforth, Joseon gradually became more and more isolationist and stagnant, by the mid 19th century, with the country unwilling to modernize, and encroachment of European powers, Joseon Korea was forced to sign unequal treaties with foreign powers. However, in 1905, the Korean Empire was forced to sign a treaty and in 1910 Japan annexed the Korean Empire. Korean resistance was manifested in the widespread nonviolent March 1st Movement of 1919, thereafter the resistance movements, coordinated by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile, were largely active in neighboring Manchuria, China and Siberia. Figures from these organizations would become important in post WWII Korea. After the end of WW2 in 1945, the country was divided into an area, protected by the Soviets. In 1948, when the failed to agree on the formation of a single government. The new premier of North Korea, Kim il-Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a cease-fire in 1953, both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991. While both countries were essentially military rule after the war, South Korea eventually liberalized
10.
Koreans
–
Koreans are an ethnic group native to the whole Korean Peninsula and southeastern Manchuria. Over the course of the 20th century, significant Korean communities have emerged in Australia, Canada, United States and, to a lesser extent, as of 2013, there were an estimated 7.4 million ethnic Korean expatriates around the planet. South Koreans refer to themselves as Hanguk-in, or Hanguk-saram, both of which mean Korean nation people, when referring to members of the Korean diaspora, Koreans often use the term Han-in. North Koreans refer to themselves as Joseon-in or Joseon-saram, both of which literally mean Joseon people, using similar words, Koreans in China refer to themselves as Chaoxianzu in Chinese or Joseonjok in Korean, which are cognates that literally mean Joseon ethnic group. Ethnic Koreans living in Russia and Central Asia refer to themselves as Koryo-saram, alluding to Goryeo, Koreans are the descendants of the peoples that migrated for over 13. 000-7.000 years from Southeast Asia and todays Russian Far East into the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria. Later Chinese and other, often said to be Siberian or paleo-Asian tribes migrated into parts of Korea, archaeological evidence suggests that most of the later arriving tribes were migrants from south-central Siberia. During the Four Commanderies of Han some Chinese clans migrated to northern Korea, susumu Ōno, Ki-Moon Lee and Choong-Soon Kim suspect that proto-Dravidian people migrated to Korea and parts of Japan. Susumu Ōno suggest also an Austronesian immigration into the Korean peninsula, the largest concentration of dolmens in the world is found on the Korean Peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35, 000-100,000 dolmen, Korean males also exhibit a moderate frequency of Haplogroup C-M217. About 2% of Korean males belong to Haplogroup D-M174, the D1b-M55 subclade has been found with maximal frequency in a small sample of the Ainu people of Japan, and is generally frequent throughout the Japanese Archipelago. Haplogroup D4 is the modal haplogroup among Koreans and among Northeast Asians in general. Haplogroup B, which very frequently in many populations of Southeast Asia, Polynesia. Haplogroup A has been detected in approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans, Haplogroup A is the most common mtDNA haplogroup among the Chukchi, Eskimo, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. The language of the Korean people is the Korean language, which uses Hangul as its writing system with some Hanja. There are more than 78 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide, estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Koreas population has been extremely difficult. Until release of data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population, thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il-sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were made available to the outside world
11.
Demographics of South Korea
–
In June 2012, South Koreas population reached 50 million. The number of minorities was negligible. Koreans tend to equate nationality or citizenship with membership in a single, homogeneous ethnic group, a common language and race also are viewed as important elements in Korean identity. The idea of multiracial and multiethnic nations still strikes many South Koreans as odd or even contradictory, immigration from first world nations is generally seen as a good thing, accepting immigrants who are dark-skinned is seen as absurd and unacceptable. Most immigrants who come from such as Pakistan and Indonesia are usually prevented from putting down roots due to the employment permit system. In the first official census, taken in 1949, the population of South Korea was calculated at 20,188,641 people. The 1985 census total was 40,466,577, population growth was slow, averaging about 1. 1% annually during the period from 1949 to 1955, when the population registered at 21.5 million. Growth accelerated between 1955 and 1966 to 29.2 million or an average of 2. 8%. As of January 1,1989, the population of South Korea was estimated to be approximately 42.2 million, the proportion of the total population under fifteen years of age has risen and fallen with the growth rate. In 1955 approximately 41. 2% of the population was under fifteen years of age, a percentage that rose to 43. 5% in 1966 before falling to 38. 3% in 1975,34. 2% in 1980, and 29. 9% in 1985. The decline in the growth rate and in the proportion of people under fifteen years of age after 1966 reflected the success of official and unofficial birth control programs. The government of President Syngman Rhee was conservative in such matters, there were 502,000 South Koreans sterilized in 1984, as compared with 426,000 in the previous year. The 1973 Maternal and Child Health Law legalized abortion, in 1983 the government began suspending medical insurance benefits for maternal care for pregnant women with three or more children. It also denied tax deductions for expenses to parents with two or more children. As in China, cultural attitudes posed problems for family planning programs, the government encouraged married couples to have only one child. This has been a prominent theme in public service advertising, which stresses have a single child, total fertility rates fell from 6.1 births per female in 1960 to 4.2 in 1970,2.8 in 1980, and 2.4 in 1984. The number of births, recorded as 711,810 in 1978. This development stirred apprehensions among family planning experts of a new baby boom, by 1986, however, the number of live births had declined to 806,041
12.
Demographics of North Korea
–
The demographics of North Korea, a country in eastern Asia, are known through national censuses and international estimates. The Central Bureau of Statistics of North Korea conducted the most recent census in 2008, the population density is 199.54 inhabitants per square kilometre, and the 2014 estimated life expectancy is 69.81 years. In 1980, the rose at a near consistent, but low. Since 2000, North Koreas birth rate has exceeded its death rate, in terms of age structure, the population is dominated by the 15–64-year-old segment. The median age of the population is 32.9 years, nowadays, North Korean women have on average 2 children, against 3 in the early 1980s. According to The World Factbook, North Korea is racially homogeneous and contains a small Chinese community, the 2008 census listed two nationalities, Korean and Other. Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910, in which the Korean peninsula was occupied by Japanese. In 1945, when Japan was defeated in World War II, negotiations on unification failed, and in 1948 two separate countries were formed, North and South Korea. Korean is the language of North Korea. As of 2008,8. 86% of the older than 5 years old have attained academic degrees. In 2000, North Korea spent 38. 2% of its expenditures on education, social insurance, estimates show that, in 2012, gross domestic product per capita was $1,800. The most significant sources of employment were machine building and manufacturing of products, military products. In 2006, the unemployment rate was between 14. 7% and 36. 5%, the 2008 census enumerated 5,887,471 households, averaging 3.9 persons per house. Average urbanization rate was 60. 3% in 2011, until the release of official data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population, thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il-sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were made available to the outside world. Although the country lacks trained demographers, accurate data on household registration, migration, in their 1992 manoguege, The Population of North Korea, Eberstadt and Banister use the data given to the UNFPA and make their own assessments. They place the population at 21.4 million persons in mid-1990
13.
Korean diaspora
–
The Korean diaspora consists of roughly seven million people, both descendants of early emigrants from the Korean Peninsula, as well as more recent emigres from Korea. Nearly four-fifths of expatriate Koreans live in just three countries, China, the United States, and Japan, other countries with greater than 0. 5% Korean minorities include Canada, Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and Vietnam. All these figures include both permanent migrants and sojourners, thus, there is no single name for the Korean diaspora. Historically used term gyopo has come to have negative connotations as referring to people who, as a result, others prefer to use the term dongpo. Dongpo has a more transnational implication, emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups, official appellation used by North Korea for Korean citizens living outside the Korean Peninsula is haeoe gugmin whereas South Korea uses the term jaeoe gungmin to refer to entire Korean diaspora. Both terms translate as overseas nation or overseas people, prior to the modern era, Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries, as Jaeeun Kim described it, The congruence of territory, polity, and population was taken for granted. Koreans amount to 40. 4% of the population of the country. Three-quarters of the Koreans living in Japan are Japanese-born, and most are legal aliens, however, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia in 1938. Korea gained its independence after the Surrender of Japan in 1945 after World War II but was divided into North and South. After the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 and they are considered to be one of the major minorities. Their population grew to about 2 million, they stayed mostly in northeastern China and their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997. Between 1.5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States, a handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphans of the Korean War, in which the United States was an ally of South Korea. Thousands were adopted by American families in the following the war. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas, europe and Latin America were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. Korean immigration to Latin America was documented as early as the 1950s, North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile in 1953, however, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s. As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to Latin America and established small businesses in the textiles industry. Brazil has Latin Americas largest Koreatown in São Paulo, there are also Koreatowns in cities such as Buenos Aires, Argentina, Guatemala City, Guatemala, Lima, Peru, mexico Citys Korean population is estimated to be around 30,000
14.
South Korean nationality law
–
South Korean nationality law defines who is a South Korean citizen, as well as the procedures by which one may be naturalized into South Korean citizenship or renounce it. By being born in South Korea to parents who are stateless, by being acknowledged by a South Korean national parent while still a minor. By meeting the requirements for naturalization, a minor can apply with a foreigner parent who is applying for naturalization. This is known as Article 7 of the Addenda and those that fail to apply by the deadline may still be able to acquire South Korean nationality by applying for Special Naturalization. Under the Constitution of South Korea, North Korean citizens are recognized as South Korean nationals. However, in practice, a formal evaluation needs to take place which requires proof of North Korean nationality. Additionally, North Korean citizens do not have protection from South Korea per se. Additionally, South Korean law defines the term Overseas Korean as referring to South Korean nationals who reside overseas as well as Koreans with a Foreign Nationality. The latter group is composed of former South Korean nationals who gave up their South Korean nationality and it is important to note that not every descendant of a South Korean can be counted as an Overseas Korean or Korean with a Foreign Nationality under this law. There are three types of naturalization under South Korean law, General naturalization An applicant, Must have had domicile in South Korea for more than five consecutive years. Must have the ability to maintain a living on his/her own assets or skills, must have basic knowledge befitting a South Korean national, such as an understanding of the Korean language, customs, and culture. Simple naturalization An applicant, Must be legally adult, must have the ability to maintain a living based on their own assets or skills, or be a dependent member of a family capable of such. Must have basic knowledge befitting a South Korean national, such as an understanding of the Korean language, customs, must have had domicile in South Korea for more than three consecutive years. Be either, Those whose either parent have been a South Korean national in the past, born in South Korea, whose either parent was also born in South Korea. Adopted children of a South Korean national, who was of an adult age according to Korean Civil Law at the time of adoption. Special Naturalization There are many forms of special naturalization, with different requirements, however, the basic requirements are, Must be of good conduct. Must have basic knowledge befitting a South Korean national, such as an understanding of the Korean language, customs, Foreigners with at least one parent of South Korean nationality, except foster children who were adopted after they have become adults according to South Korean civil law. Those who acquire South Korean nationality by naturalization normally must give up foreign nationality within six months or forfeit South Korean nationality, an exception to this is draft-age males, who must complete or be exempted from military service before being allowed to forfeit Korean nationality
15.
Korean language
–
It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
16.
History of Korean
–
The Korean language is attested from the early centuries of the Common Era in Chinese characters. The Featural writing system called hangul was introduced only in the fifteenth century, Korean being a language isolate, Proto-Korean is not a well-defined term, referring to the language spoken in prehistoric Korea during the Bronze and Iron ages. Other theories are the Dravido-Korean theory, or a connection to Austronesian, homer Hulbert claimed the Korean language was Ural-Altaic in his book, The History of Korea. The classification of Korean as Altaic was introduced by Gustaf John Ramstedt, but even within the Altaic hypothesis, a possible Korean–Japonic grouping within Altaic has been discussed by Samuel Martin, Roy Andrew Miller and Sergei Starostin. Others, notably Alexander Vovin, interpret the affinities between Korean and Japanese as an effect caused by geographic proximity sprachbund. Old Korean corresponds to the Korean language from the beginning of the Three Kingdoms of Korea to the part of the North–South States Period. Use of Classical Chinese by Koreans began in the century or earlier. It is unclear whether Old Korean may have been a tonal language and it is assumed that Old Korean was divided into dialects, corresponding to the three kingdoms. These hypothetical subdivisions of Old Korean are also known as Buyeo languages, of these, the Sillan language is the best attested due to the political domination of Later Silla by the seventh century. Only some literary records of Unified Silla, changed into Goryeo text, are extant, thus, the languages of the Three Kingdoms period are generally examined through official government names and local district names. The point at which Old Korean became Middle Korean is assessed variously by different scholars, the line is sometimes drawn during late Goryeo and sometimes around the 15th century in the early Joseon. There is very little literature for research of Old Korean, the first texts in Old Korean were written using hanja to represent the sound and grammar of the local language. Additional information about the language is drawn from various proper nouns recorded in Korean and Chinese records, various systems were used, beginning with ad hoc approaches and gradually becoming codified in the Idu script and the hyangchal system used for poetry. These were arrangements of Chinese characters to represent the language phonetically, Middle Korean corresponds to Korean spoken from the 10th to 16th centuries, or from the era of Goryeo to the middle of Joseon. The language standard of this period is based on the dialect of Kaesong because Goryeo moved the city to the northern area of the Korean Peninsula. A Chinese Song dynasty writer, Sūn Mù 孫穆, in his Jīlínlèi shì 雞林類事, recorded Goryeo-era Korean, from a phonological perspective however, the usefulness of studying this material is limited due to logographic nature of hanja. Ming dynasty Chinas Bureau of Translators compiled a Chinese-Korean vocabulary of Joseon-era Korean, there were tones in Middle Korean. The creation of the Hunminjeongeum, the name for hangul, was begun in 1443, and promulgated in September or October 1446 by Sejong the Great
17.
Korean dialects
–
A number of Korean dialects are spoken in the Korean Peninsula. The peninsula is mountainous and each dialects territory corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions of Korea. Most of the dialects are named for one of the traditional Eight Provinces of Korea, one is sufficiently distinct from the others to be considered a separate language, the Jeju language. In South Korea, Standard Korean is defined by the National Institute of the Korean Language as the speech of Seoul widely used by the well-cultivated. In practice, it not to include features that are found exclusively in Seoul. Despite North–South differences in the Korean language, the two standards are still broadly intelligible, one notable feature within the divergence is the Norths lack of anglicisms due to isolationism and self-reliance—pure/invented Korean words are used in replacement. Korea is a country, and Korean is consequently divided into numerous small local dialects. There are few clear demarcations, so classification is necessarily to some extent arbitrary. Nonetheless, the divisions are commonly cited in the literature, Hamgyŏng dialect. Spoken in the Hamgyong Province region, the northeast corner of Pyongan Province, nine vowels, the eight of the standard language plus ö. Northwestern dialects Pyongan dialect, spoken in Pyongyang, Pyongan Province, Chagang Province, Hwanghae dialect, spoken in Hwanghae Province of North Korea. Commonly included among the Central dialects, but do not fit there comfortably, spoken in the historical Yukchin region of northeastern North Hamgyŏng province, far removed from Pyŏngan, but has more in common with Pyŏngan dialects than with the surrounding Hamgyŏng dialects. Commonly divided along provincial boundaries, Gyeonggi dialect, also called the Seoul dialect, spoken in the Gyeonggi Province, Seoul and Incheon cities, the basis of the standard language for both Koreas. Yeongseo dialects, spoken in Yeongseo, Gangwon Province and neighbouring Kangwon Province to the west of the Taebaek Mountains, though commonly subsumed under Gangwon dialect, Yeongseo is quite distinct from the Yeongdong dialects to the east of the mountains. Chungcheong dialects, spoken in the Chungcheong Province region of South Korea, Yeongdong dialects, spoken in Yeongdong, Gangwon Province and neighbouring Kangwon Province to the east of the Taebaek Mountains. Though commonly subsumed under Gangwon dialect, Yeongdong is quite distinct from the Central Korean dialects to the west of the mountains, Gyeongsang dialects, also called Southeastern dialects, spoken in Gyeongsang Province of South Korea, including the cities of Daegu, Busan and Ulsan. This dialect is distinguished from the Seoul dialect because its pitch is more varied. Six vowels, i, e, a, eo, o, u. Jeolla dialect, also called Southwestern dialects, spoken in the Jeolla Province region of South Korea, including the city of Gwangju
18.
Korean phonology
–
This article is a technical description of the phonetics and phonology of Korean. Unless otherwise noted, statements in this article refer to pyojuneo based on Seoul dialect, Korean has many allophones, so it is important here to distinguish morphophonemes from corresponding phonemes and allophones. For each stop and affricate, there is a three-way contrast between unvoiced segments, which are distinguished as plain, tense, and aspirated. The plain segments, sometimes referred to as lax or lenis, are considered to be the basic or unmarked members of the Korean obstruent series. The tense segments, also referred to as fortis, hard, in hangul, the Korean alphabet as well as all widely used romanization systems for Korean, they are represented as doubled plain segments, ㅃ pp, ㄸ tt, ㄲ kk. As it was suggested from the Middle Korean spelling, the tense consonants came from the consonant clusters sC-, pC-, psC-. The aspirated segments are characterized by aspiration, a burst of air accompanied by the onset of voicing. Also, the segments are distinguished from the tense and aspirated phonemes by changes in vowel quality. The IPA symbol ⟨◌͈⟩, resembling a double straight quotation mark, shown here with a placeholder circle, is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͈ɕ/. Its official use in the Extensions to the IPA is for strong articulation, the Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice, but it is not yet known how typical that is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering. According to a recent study, this glottalization is disappearing from the consonants, while the lax and aspirated consonants are slack. /p, t, tɕ, k/ are voiced between voiced sounds but voiceless elsewhere, among younger generations, they may be just as aspirated as /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ in initial position, the primary difference is that the following vowel carries a low tone. /pʰ, tʰ, tɕʰ, kʰ/ are strongly aspirated, more so than English voiceless stops, /tɕ͈, tɕʰ, tɕ~dʑ/ may be pronounced /ts͈, tsʰ, ts~dz/ by some speakers, especially before back vowels. The analysis of /s/ as phonologically plain or aspirated has been a source of controversy in the literature and its characteristics are nearest to those of plain stops, as it generally undergoes intervocalic voicing word-medially. It shows moderate aspiration word-initially, but no aspiration word-medially, /s, s͈/ are palatalized before /i, j/. /m, n/ tend to be denasalized word-initially, /ŋ/ appears only between vowels and in the syllable coda. /l/ is a flap between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/, and is or at the end of a word, before a consonant other than /h/
19.
Tradition
–
A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes, there are about 150 new traditions made each year. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of years—the word tradition itself derives from the Latin tradere or traderer literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is assumed that traditions have ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways, one way tradition is used more simply, often in academic work but elsewhere also, is to indicate the quality of a piece of information being discussed. For example, According to tradition, Homer was born on Chios and this tradition may never be proven or disproven. In another example, King Arthur, by tradition a true British king, has inspired many well loved stories, of course whether they are documented fact or not does not decrease their value as cultural history and literature. Aside from this use in describing the quality of information, various scholarly fields define the term differently, for example, anthropology and biology have each defined tradition it more precisely than in conventional, as described below, in order to facilitate scholarly discourse. The concept of tradition, as the notion of holding on to a time, is also found in political and philosophical discourse. For example, it is the basis of the concept of traditionalism. In artistic contexts, tradition is used to decide the correct display of an art form, for example, in the performance of traditional genres, adherence to guidelines dictating how an art form should be composed are given greater importance than the performers own preferences. A number of factors can exacerbate the loss of tradition, including industrialization, globalization, in response to this, tradition-preservation attempts have now been started in many countries around the world, focusing on aspects such as traditional languages. Tradition is usually contrasted with the goal of modernity and should be differentiated from customs, conventions, laws, norms, routines, rules and similar concepts. The English word tradition comes from the Latin traditio, the noun from the verb traderere or tradere, it was used in Roman law to refer to the concept of legal transfers. As with many other terms, there are many definitions of tradition. Tradition can also refer to beliefs or customs that are Prehistoric, with lost or arcane origins, originally, traditions were passed orally, without the need for a writing system. Tools to aid this process include poetic devices such as rhyme, the stories thus preserved are also referred to as tradition, or as part of an oral tradition. Even such traditions, however, are presumed to have originated at some point, Traditions are often presumed to be ancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may sometimes be much less natural than is presumed
20.
Korean philosophy
–
Korean philosophy focused on a totality of world view. The emotional content of Shamanism, and the unpredictable, and some aspects of Neo-Confucianism were integrated into it, traditional Korean thought has been influenced by a number of religious and philosophical thought-systems over the years. As the main influences on life in Korea, often Korean Shamanism, Buddhism, see main articles, Korean Buddhism, Korean Buddhist Temples Korean Buddhist thinkers refined ideas originally introduced from China into a distinct form. The Three Kingdoms of Korea introduced Buddhism to Japan, from where it was popularized in the West, Korean Buddhism consists mostly of the Seon lineage, which is derivative of the Chen Buddhism of China and precursor to Zen Buddhism known in the West through Japan. Buddhist temples can be found in most parts of Korea and many are considered national treasures, see main article, Korean Confucianism One of the most substantial influences in Korean intellectual history was the introduction of Confucian thought as part of the cultural exchange from China. This dynasty arose out of the dictatorships and chaos of the preceding era. Transition in this era was from Buddhism to an approach to Neo-Confucianism. Much work was done, especially on commentaries, and the Chu Hsi school represented indeed the golden age of Korean religious philosophy, the philosopher Hwadam moved to integrate i and ki and spoke of Great Harmony. For Yulgok, original nature and physical nature coalesce into one human nature, in particular, his concept of single-mindedness had a lasting influence on the Japanese neo-Confucianists of the Tokugawa period. That was the point of Yulgoks integration of sincerity with single-mindedness, in this respect Korean neo-Confucianism made a break with the Cheng-Chu school of Chinese neo-Confucianism, which was overly speculative. The strong influence of low church Christianity, through missionary schools, the discussion of Korean Christianity and Korean Christian philosophy is complicated with many divisions, and discussed in articles elsewhere. In the republican period, post-1945, Marxism–Leninism in the north was built on the Confucian yangban scholar-warriors of earlier times, the main influence in North Korea has been since 1996, the notion of The Red Banner Spirit. This system of belief encourages the North Korean people to build a kangsong taeguk and this philosophy was created by the three generals of Mt. Paektu, referring to former North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, his father Kim Il-sung and his natural mother Kim Jong-suk. Again little is known of philosophical publications on this subject, deBary, Theodore, The Rise of Neo-Confucianism in Korea, New York, Columbia University Press,1985
21.
Etiquette in South Korea
–
In South Korea, etiquette, or the code of social behavior that governs human interactions, is largely derived from Korean Confucianism and focuses on the core values of this religion. In addition to general behaviour, etiquette in South Korea also determines how to behave with respect to social status. Although most aspects of etiquette are accepted by the country at large, customs can be localized to regions or influenced by other cultures, namely China, Japan. There are several points of etiquette in South Korea that are defined by either cultural taboos or broader concerns about manners, the following three practices are examples of widespread and recognizable concerns to native South Koreans as a whole. Using the number four is considered unlucky, even ominous, as the pronunciation of the word four and it is also considered bad luck to select the fourth floor in an elevator, some are even built without a fourth floor button. Gifts are also given in multiples of four, whereas giving items in multiples of seven is considered lucky. Kissing in public is looked down upon and seen as highly immodest among older individuals in South Korea and this has become less taboo with the current generation of young adults, but is still widely discouraged by elders. Dressing well is important in South Korea, it is considered a sign of respect, wearing a suit and tie is typically appropriate in formal situations, such as meeting new people. South Koreans also dress well for civic activities, especially in cities like Seoul. South Koreans usually shake hands when they meet for the first time, in order to show respect, individuals support their right forearms with their left hand. The bow is also a traditional South Korean greeting and is accompanied by a handshake among men. South Koreans consider it a violation to be touched by someone who is not a relative or close friend. Touching, patting, or back slapping is to be avoided during interactions, in addition, direct eye contact between juniors and seniors should be avoided because it is seen as impolite or even a challenge. Table etiquette in South Korea can be traced back to the Confucian philosophies of the Joseon period, traditionally when dining, South Koreans use cushions to sit on the floor and eat from a low table. The floor is generally heated by the ondol, a heating system. This custom is common at many restaurants in South Korea. The dining area in a restaurant is generally on a raised platform, today, most restaurants also have tables and chairs for visitors who feel uncomfortable sitting on the floor. Unlike the Chinese or Japanese, South Koreans never raise a rice bowl to their mouth, during a meal, bowls and dishes remain on the table
22.
Marriage in South Korea
–
Marriage in South Korea is similar to that in the West, but has unique features of its own, especially due to the influence of Korean Confucianism. Marriage in South Korea is a union between a man and a woman, a man over 18 and a woman over 18 years old may marry with their parents or guardians consent, and a person over 20 may marry freely. Marriage is not for the individual but rather for the desire of the family, if one decides to get married, they must get consent from the whole family. In the past it was considered a taboo for a man. From this cultural influence, the article 809 of the Korean Civil code regulated marriages within a clan in the past, however, the Korean Constitutional Court found this piece of legislation unconstitutional and asked for an amendment by the legislative branch in a 1997 decision. Five judges found it unconstitutional and two asked for amendment by the branch, whereas another two opposed the outcome of this decision. The court specifically asked the legislative branch to amend the current civil code article 809 paragraph 1 by the end of 1998, pre-Ceremony Traditional Korean weddings are based around and centered around traditional Confucian values. Every aspect of the wedding, from the arrangement of the marriage to the ceremony and post celebrations, had important, in traditional Korean culture, like many traditional cultures, marriage between a man and a woman were decided by the bride and grooms elders. As in Confucian values family and the customs of a family is placed above all, marriage is considered the most important passage in ones life. This is not only the union between two individuals but two families, additionally, a marriage was a way, particularly among elite families, as a way of developing and/or maintaining a social status. For these reasons, a significant amount of time was spent in preparation before finally performing the wedding ritual. The first step is called the Eui hon, or ‘matchmaking’, once the response from the bride is sent back to the groom, if agreed, the groom then sets up a date for the ceremony. This second step is called Napchae, or ‘date setting’, the grooms year, month, day, and hour, which is known as Saju, is written on a paper and wrapped in bamboo branches and tied with red and blue thread. Lastly, the package is wrapped with a red and blue cloth, the birthdate of the groom is sent to a fortuneteller which sets the date based on the Saju. That date is then sent back to the groom, the last step in pre-ceremonial traditions is called the Napp’ae, or exchanging valuables. Once the date is set the groom then sends a box to the bride which is known as a Ham, in the Ham there is typically three items. The Hanseo, the Ch’aedan, and the Honsu, of the three the most important is the Hanseo, or marriage papers. This is given to the bride in dedication to wed only one husband, the wife is expected to keep this paper forever, upon death the papers are buried with the wife as well
23.
Jesa
–
Jesa is a ceremony commonly practiced in Korea. Jesa functions as a memorial to the ancestors of the participants, jesa are usually held on the anniversary of the ancestors death. The majority of Catholics, Buddhists and nonbelievers practice ancestral rites, the Catholic ban on ancestral rituals was lifted in 1939, when the Pope Pius XII of the Catholic Church formally recognized ancestral rites as a civil practice. Many Korean American Christians, particularly Protestants, no longer practice this rite, there are several kinds of ancestor rituals such as gijesa, charye, seongmyo, myosa. Gijesa is a service which is held on the day of the ancestors death every year. Gijesa is performed until upwards of five generations of ancestors in the eldest descendants house. Memorial services that are performed on Chuseok or New Years Day are called charye, On April 5 and before Chuseok, Koreans visit the tombs of their ancestors, then, they offer food, fruits, and wine, and finally make bows in front of the tombs. Memorial services that are performed in front of tombs are called seongmyo Finally Myosa are performed at the site in the lunar month of October to conduct in memory of old ancestors. The shinwi or memorial tablet, which symbolizes the presence of the ancestor, is placed at the center of the table. In modern days, the daughter or younger son of the family may perform these rites, the rice bowls and individual offerings to the male ancestors are placed to the west, and those of females to the east. Two candles are also laid on both ends of the table, and a holder is placed in the middle. In front of the shrine, they set up written prayer, a typical rite is generally performed following this sequence, Kangshin - Several ritual greetings call the spirits down then follow. Choheon - The eldest male descendant makes the first offering of rice wine, at the conclusion of the first ritual offering, the eldest son would show his respects by performing a ritual bow twice. Aheon - The second eldest male descendant makes an offering of liquor as well, jongheon - The third eldest male descendant makes an offering of liquor as well. Offerings are continued to be made until no high-ranking male descendants are left, sapsi - The main course is served by the eldest male ancestor, to the memorial tablet, by sticking a spoon into the middle of the rice bowl. Yushik - The ancestors receive the offerings and partake in the meal, to do so, participants leave the room, called hapmun. Afterward, in gyemun - participants return to the room, after a few minutes and this is signaled by the eldest male descendant clearing his throat twice. Heonda - Tea, brewed from roasted rice is offered to the ancestors, cheolsang - All the attendants at the ceremony bow twice and the spirits are sent off until the next year
24.
Korean tea ceremony
–
The Korean tea ceremony or darye is a traditional form of tea ceremony practiced in Korea. Darye literally refers to etiquette for tea or day tea rite and has kept among Korean people for an over a thousand years. The chief element of the Korean tea ceremony is the ease, Tea ceremonies are now being revived in Korea as a way to find relaxation and harmony in the fast-paced new Korean culture, and continuing in the long tradition of intangible Korean art. Records from the Goryeo Dynasty show that tea offerings were made in Buddhist temples to the spirits of revered monks, important national rituals involving tea drinking were being presided over by the government officials of the Tabang department. There is at least one recorded in the Goryeosa Yaeji, or The Official History of Goryeo. During the Joseon Dynasty, the drinking of tea continued and was further refined. Tabang sustained and organized main royal ceremony, the royal Yi family and the aristocracy used tea for simple rites, the Day Tea Rite was a common daytime ceremony, whereas the Special Tea Rite was reserved for specific occasions. They were codified in the 1474 National Five Rites and these terms are not found in other countries. But plantation problems changed many ways Korean tea was governed, unlike tea plantation areas in China or Japan, the climate of the Korean Peninsula is much colder and Tea harvesting season occurs just before the spring. So at that period, the tea tree forested areas in the mountains were still so cold, the old Korean name of tea, 설록, means the first flush tea leaf was harvested on the snow field of a mountain. This situation brought lots of trouble during the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty, the tea tree forested area is also the traditional Breadbasket of Korea and the tea leaf harvesting season and cereal seeding season overlap each other. Because of its value, farmers who lived around tea tree forested regions paid a steep tea tax to the King, so harvesting and treating tea leaf is pointed out as the major cause of the decrease in annual tea crop harvest. In the Goryeo Dynasty, there were hundreds of appeals by many lieges, and finally at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, recorded in the YuDuRyuRok, farmers burnt or chopped their tea trees to protest their tea tax. In the case of Joseon Dynasty, governed based by Confucianism, Tabang was sustained for tea ceremony, because of this reason, the development of the tea industry was prevented for a very long time. And except Yangban and the Royal family, Korean original tea drinking culture, however, by the middle of the Joseon dynasty, there appears to have been a decline in tea drinking except for the ceremony for anniversary. Altogether, that would be enough silver to buy ten thousand horses, King Seonjo, however, replied We do not have a tea drinking custom in our country. Towards the end of the Joseon Dynasty, commoners joined the trend, mainly Scholars of Silhak, like Jeong Yak-yong, Kim Jeong-hui, had interests in tea drinking culture and its production at their exile period on tea forested region. These people corresponded with monks who still had tea drinking culture and it started from Silla and Goryeo Dynasty that monks formed and administrated tea forest around the temple and it pass down as their possession
25.
Korean mask
–
Korean masks have a long tradition with the use in a variety of contexts. Masks are called tal in Korean, but they are known by many others names such as gamyeon, gwangdae, chorani, talbak. Korean Mask come with black cloth attached to the sides of the designed to cover the back of the head. The present uses are as masks for tourist souvenirs, or on cell-phones where they hang as good-luck talismans. There are two ways to categorize masks, religious masks and artistic masks, religious masks were often used to ward off evil spirits and the artistics masks were mostly used in dances and theater shows. Masks which use for dance in Korea are about 250 types, masks in central district usually look pretty and similar to human face more and in the southern province masks are for satire and Shamanistic. The often horrifying or grotesque masks were used in shamanistic practices for their ability to evoke fear, the masks were often made of alder wood, with several coats of lacquer to give the masks gloss, and waterproof them for wearing. They were usually painted, and often had hinges for mouth movement. Typically one sees the following some of which are designated as cultural properties. The Hahoe, Sandae and Talchum are all traditional Korean mask dramas of ritual. Hahoe Byeolsin gut is a kind of exorcist play while performers wear mask such as yangbantal, bunetal, seonbital, gaksital, chorangital, halmital, jujital, jungital, baekjeongtal, and imaetal. The mask play of Hahoe Byeolsin Exorcism itself was classified as important intangible cultural asset #69 by the South Korean government on November 17,1980, Hahoe and Byeolsin masks themselves were also labelled South Korean national treasure #121 at the same time. The Hahoe mask dance is one of the dramas of Pungcheon Hahoe village in Andong city. 11 Korean culture Korean theatre Korean art Hahoe village Talchum Korean performance masks Korean Drama Traditional
26.
Kisaeng
–
Kisaeng, sometimes called ginyeo, were artists who worked to entertain others, such as the yangbans and kings. They were also courtesans, providing sexual services, first appearing in Goryeo, kisaeng were governments legal entertainers, required to perform various functions for the state. Many were employed at court, but they were spread throughout the country. They were carefully trained and frequently accomplished in the arts, poetry. Aside from entertainment, these roles included medical care and needlework, kisaengs play an important role in Korean conceptions of the traditional culture of the Joseon. Some of Koreas oldest and most popular stories, such as Chunhyangjeon, although the names of most real kisaeng have been forgotten, a few are remembered for an outstanding attribute, such as skill or loyalty. The most famous of these is the 16th-century Hwang Jini, throughout the Goryeo and Joseon periods, kisaeng held the status of cheonmin, the lowest in society. They shared this status with other entertainers, as well as butchers, status was hereditary, so the children of a kisaeng were also of cheonmin status, and daughters automatically became kisaeng as well. Beginning in the Goryeo period, the offices in each district kept a registry of kisaeng. The same practice was followed for conscripted slaves, kisaeng could only be released from their position if a hefty price was paid to the government, this could only be done by a wealthy patron, typically a high government official. Many kisaeng were skilled in poetry, and numerous sijo composed by kisaeng have survived and these often reflect themes of heartache and parting, similar to poems composed by scholars in exile. In addition, some of the most famous poems were composed to persuade prominent scholars to spend the night. Indeed, the style came to be associated with kisaeng women. Kisaeng attached to a government office were known as gwan-gi. They were separately entered on the census rolls, the kisaeng were regarded as of significantly higher status than the slaves, although technically they were all of cheonmin rank. In Koreas structured, hierarchical society, gisaeng were technically slaves, for this reason, they were sometimes spoken of as possessing the body of the lower class but the mind of the aristocrat. The career of most kisaeng was very short, generally peaking at age 16 or 17, only a few kisaeng were able to maintain their business for very long beyond this time. It may be for this reason that the training institutes accepted entrants as young as eight
27.
Hanjeungmak
–
Intensely hot and dry, it uses traditionally burning wood of pine to heat a domelike kiln made of stone. The first mention of hanjeungmak, initially referred to as Hanjeungso, is found in the Annals of Sejong in the 15th century, the record also state that the Korean kiln saunas were used for medicinal purposes. At that time, hanjeungmaks were state-supported kiln saunas maintained by Buddhist monks, since 1429, the saunas were constructed separating facilities for men and women. There are a picture painted by Kim Jun geun in the 19th century depicting a hanjeungmak, nowadays, hanjeungmaks are incorporated into Korean-style spa, jjimjilbang rather than an independent facility. Bulgama installed in jjimjilbang is a variety of hanjeungmak, heated with higher temperature, sometimes the dome-shaped walls of kiln rooms are plastered with loam, salt, minerals
28.
Jjimjilbang
–
A jjimjilbang is a large, gender-segregated public bathhouse in Korea, furnished with hot tubs, showers, Korean traditional kiln saunas and massage tables. Jjimjil is derived from the words meaning heating, many of the sleeping rooms have themes or elements to them. Usually jjimjilbangs will have rooms with temperatures to suit guests preferred relaxing temperatures. The walls are decorated with woods, minerals, crystals, stones, the elements used have traditional Korean medicinal purposes in the rooms. Most jjimjilbangs are open 24 hours and are a weekend getaway for Korean families. During the week, many hardworking Korean men, whose families live out of the city for cost savings, the cost is around 8, 000-12,000 won to enter, and one can sleep overnight and enjoy the bathhouse and sauna. Jjimjilbangs usually operate 24 hours a day, in the entrance, there are the doors labelled “men” or “women” and shoes are to be stored using a given key. Once inside, the locker key is exchanged with another locker key to store clothes. Afterwards bathers walk into the bathhouse area and take a shower. Then, one should wear the clothes, which are received with the locker key. In the bathing areas, there are kiln saunas with themes including a jade, a salt, or mineral kiln, often there are several kilns with temperatures ranging from 60 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature of the kilns is displayed on a sign at the entrance, jjimjilbangs are kept in a very sanitary condition for the health of patrons, and most are cleaned continuously. No harsh chemicals are used in the waters or saunas, all wet areas prohibit the use of clothing for safety reasons. With the extreme heat of the baths and steam rooms, it is believed that toxic chemicals can leach out of apparel and it is also believed that if you wear a swimsuit or cover up you may be trying to hide a disease. Recently, the quality and healthiness of some jjimjilbangs were questioned. Concerns about the clothes increasing atopy symptoms in patients, or even of accidentally hosting parasites, were voiced, iced Sikhye is a sweet rice beverage. Baked eggs are eggs slow-cooked in the hottest sauna and they are eaten like a hard-boiled egg. Miyeokguk is a made from miyeok, a type of seaweed
29.
Korean court music
–
Korean court music refers to the music developed in the Joseon Dynasty. Very little is known about the music of earlier Korean kingdoms. It was partly modeled on the music of China, known as yayue. Korean court music also has similarities with the music of Japan. There are three kinds of Korean court music, aak, a form of Chinese ritual music, a pure Korean form called hyangak. There is also a genre of chamber music called jeongak
30.
Korean mythology
–
Korean mythology consists of national legends and folk-tales which come from all over the Korean Peninsula. The origin may be a blend of Korean shamanism, Buddhist, Chinese myths, Confucian and Taoist legends, the legends may also vary greatly by region, even within the country. For example, the people of Jejudo have a different lifestyle from that of the mainland. In Korean shamanism, animism was dominant as the source for religious life for the Korean people. With the arrival of Buddhism in the 3-4th century, the myths, Korean shamanism has a large influence on the Korean. It, too, has an influence on the myths. Early in Korean myth, often men were equated to birds and this often held true for later myths not based in Muism. Examples can be seen through the Samgungnyusa, where men often transformed into birds, for example, the early goddess, Yuhwa, was said to be the Yellow River nymph but Hae Mosu was said to be a sky god. In the tale about Suro, Suro was said to transform into a bird—as did his opponent and this is very consistent throughout the Three Kingdoms period as seen in the Samgungnyusa. Mountains were often also talked about being sacred, and often show up in myths, legends. Kings were often delivered to the top of mountains, gods came down to mountains, the cosmology of Korea has changed over time as new religions have been imported into the country and been slowly syncretized. Also, there are regional differences with the older mythology rather than the newer mythology when the country became united. It was not in a time, but out of the realm of time itself. Sanshin, Bonhyangshin, and generals were often worshipped as gods and took part in many myths, as well as many animals, particularly talking animals as in the legend of Ungnyeo Bear Woman, who was a bear who turned into a human. Despite this basic commonality, the religion and myths varied a lot by location, Hae Mosu, Jumong and Yuhwa were gods from Goguryeo, but Koenegitto, Grandmother Seolmundae, Koeulla, Puella and Yangeul were from Jeju island. Each kingdom and specific region may have had their own form of worship and this changed with the introduction of Buddhism, where Buddhism both adopted traditional practices and vice versa. This included the change of the afterlife, which gained a heaven, hell and these realms now ere called Iseung, Yongwangguk, and Jeoseung. Two other realms are mentioned, Okhwang, located in the sky
31.
Korean cuisine
–
Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Korean cuisine is based on rice, vegetables, and meats. Traditional Korean meals are noted for the number of dishes that accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice. Kimchi is almost always served at every meal, commonly used ingredients include sesame oil, doenjang, soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger, pepper flakes, gochujang and cabbage. Ingredients and dishes vary by province, many regional dishes have become national, and dishes that were once regional have proliferated in different variations across the country. Korean royal court cuisine once brought all of the regional specialties together for the royal family. Meals are regulated by Korean cultural etiquette, grains have been one of the most important staples of the Korean diet. Early myths of the foundations of various kingdoms in Korea center on grains, one foundation myth relates to Jumong, who received barley seeds from two doves sent by his mother after establishing the kingdom of Goguryeo. During the pre-modern era, grains such as barley and millet were the staples and were supplemented by wheat, sorghum. Rice is not a crop to Korea, and millet was likely the preferred grain before rice was cultivated. Rice became the grain of choice during the Three Kingdoms period, particularly in the Silla, rice was such an important commodity in Silla that it was used to pay taxes. The Sino-Korean word for tax is a character that uses the character for the rice plant. The preference for rice escalated into the Joseon period, when new methods of cultivation and new varieties emerged that would help increase production. As rice was prohibitively expensive when it first came to Korea, the grain was mixed with other grains to stretch the rice. White rice, which is rice with the bran removed, has been the form of rice since its introduction into the cuisine. The most traditional method of cooking the rice has been to cook it in a pot called a sot or musoe sot. This method of rice cookery dates back to at least the Goryeo period, the sot is still used today, much in the same manner as it was in the past centuries. Rice is used to make a number of items, outside of the bowl of plain white rice
32.
Gimbap
–
Gimbap is a Korean dish made from cooked rice and various other ingredients rolled in gim and served in bite bite-size slices. Gimbap is often eaten during picnics or outdoor events, or as a lunch, served with danmuji. It is also a popular food in Korea and abroad. The word gim refers to edible seaweed in the genus Porphyra, the word bap refers to cooked grains, without qualifiers usually cooked rice. The word gimbap isnt found in Korean language until the modern era, production of gim in Gyeongsang and Jeolla Provinces is reported in the books from 15th century, such as Gyeongsang-do Jiriji and Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam. Eating cooked rice rolled in gim is also a custom of standing in Korea. Yeoryang Sesigi, a Joseon book from 1819, describes the dish using the word bokssam, however, there are two different and conflicting versions of the origin of modern form of gimbap. Some sources say it was derived from norimaki, a Japanese sushi variant, other sources say the food was developed from the local tradition of rolling bap and banchan in gim. Nowadays, gimbap and norimaki are treated as distinct dishes in both Japan and Korea, the former called kinpapu in Japanese and the latter called gimchobap or norimaki in Korean. Gimbap usually contains more ingredients and is seasoned with sesame oil, the literal translation of the word gimbap is seaweed rice. These two things are the most basic components of gimbap, from there, you can find many variations on the filling, including fish, meat, eggs, and vegetables, whether pickled, roasted, or fresh. Traditionally, the rice is seasoned with salt and sesame oil/perilla oil. Popular protein ingredients are fish cakes, imitation crab meat, eggs and/or seasoned beef rib-eye, vegetables usually include cucumbers, spinach, carrots and danmuji. After the gimbap has been rolled and sliced, it is served with danmuji. Short grain white rice is used, although short-grain brown rice. Rarely, sweet rice is mixed in gimbap rice, nowadays, the rice in gimbap can be many kinds of black rice, boiled rice and cereals etc. Gim is dried, pressed seaweed made from the edible species, gim may be roasted and seasoned with oil and salt, roasted but unseasoned, or raw and unseasoned. The oil used for roasting gim is traditionally sesame oil, however, today, corn and canola oils are commonly used
33.
Patbingsu
–
Patbingsu is a Korean shaved ice dessert with sweet toppings such as chopped fruit, condensed milk, fruit syrup, and red beans. Varieties with ingredients other than red beans are called bingsu and also with the anglicized spelling bingsoo, the snack is highly popular in Korea. The food originally began as ice shavings with red bean paste and it was traded among government officials. Many varieties of patbingsu exist in contemporary culture, the early forms of patbingsu consisted of shaved ice and two or three ingredients, such as, red bean paste, tteok, and ground nut powder. The earliest forms of patbingsu can be found in the Joseon Dynasty, government records show officials sharing crushed ice topped with various fruits. The modern forms of patbingsu are reputed to have originated during the period of Korea under Japanese rule with the introduction of a red bean paste dish. However, the combination of a red paste and shaved ice is a Korean invention. During the Korean War, foreign influence led to the inclusion of such as fruit cocktail, ice cream, fruits, nuts, cereal, and syrups. In the 1970s and 1980s, popular ingredients included fruit cocktail, whipped cream, currently, there are a variety of patbingsu types and flavors. Many bingsus do not follow the tradition and some do not include the red bean paste, some popular flavors are, green tea, coffee, and yogurt. Patbingsu can be found at most fast food restaurants, cafes, patbingsu is also a very popular dessert at cafés in Vancouver, New Yorks, Los Angeles, or Atlantas Koreatown. Korean cuisine Ais kacang Baobing Halo halo Kakigori Grattachecca
34.
Bibimbap
–
Bibimbap, sometimes anglicized as bi bim bap or bi bim bop, is a Korean dish. The word literally means mixed rice, Bibimbap is served as a bowl of warm white rice topped with namul and gochujang, soy sauce, or doenjang. A raw or fried egg and sliced meat are common additions, the hot dish is stirred together thoroughly just before eating. In South Korea, Jeonju, Jinju, and Tongyeong are especially famous for their versions of bibimbap, in 2011, it was listed at number 40 on the Worlds 50 most delicious foods readers poll compiled by CNN Travel. The name bibimbap was adopted in the early 20th century, from the Joseon Period until the 20th century, Bibimbap was called goldongban, which means rice made by mixing various types of food. This dish was eaten on the eve of the lunar new year as the people at that time felt that they had to get rid of all of the leftover side dishes before the new year. The solution to this problem was to put all of the leftovers in a bowl of rice, Bibimbap is also thought to have been eaten by farmers during farming season as it was the easiest way to make food for a large amount of people. Bibimbap was served to the king usually as a lunch or a between-meal snack, Bibimbap is first mentioned in the Siuijeonseo, an anonymous cookbook from the late 19th century. There its name is given as 부븸밥, some scholars assert that bibimbap originates from the traditional practice of mixing all the food offerings made at an ancestral rite in a bowl before partaking in it. Since the late 20th century, bibimbap has become widespread in different countries and it is also served on many airlines connecting to South Korea. Vegetables commonly used in bibimbap include julienned cucumber, zucchini, mu, mushrooms, doraji, and gim, as well as spinach, soybean sprouts, and gosari. Dubu, either plain or sautéed, or a leaf of lettuce may be added, for visual appeal, the vegetables are often placed so adjacent colors complement each other. In the South Korean version, sesame oil, red pepper paste, the bowl is so hot that anything that touches it sizzles for minutes. Before the rice is placed in the bowl, the bottom of the bowl is coated with oil, making the layer of the rice touching the bowl cook to a crisp. This variation of bibimbap is typically served to order, with the egg and other ingredients mixed in the pot just prior to consumption. The city of Jeonju, the capital of the North Jeolla Province of South Korea, is famous throughout the nation for its version of bibimbap, the term hoe in the word means raw fish. The dish is popular along the coasts of Korea where fish are abundant, there are numerous other kinds of bibimbap as well, such as sprout bibimbap, wild herb bibimbap, and brass bowl bibimbap. Bibimbap ingredients are rich in symbolism, black or dark colours represent North and the kidneys – for instance, shiitake mushrooms, bracken ferns or laver
35.
Seolleongtang
–
Seolleongtang or ox bone soup is a Korean broth tang made from ox bones, brisket and other cuts. Seasoning is generally done at the table according to taste by adding salt, ground black pepper, red pepper, minced garlic. It is a dish of Seoul. Seolleongtang is typically simmered over a low flame over a period of hours to an entire day. It has a milky off-white, cloudy appearance and is eaten together with rice and several side dishes. In the Joseon dynasty, Koreans regularly made nationwide sacrifices to their ancestors, the nationwide sacrifice was called Sŏnnongje, and the altar for the sacrifice was called Sŏnnong dan, which dates back to the Silla Dynasty. King Sŏngjong had visited the sacrifice himself, and had eaten a meal with the people of Josŏn, there is another historical opinion preceding Joseon dynasty concerning the origin of seolleongtang. According to this, the food was originated by the Mongolian invasion of Koryo in 13C, Mongolian food Sulen is sliced and boiled beef with green onions, which developed into seolleongtang in Korea. Seonnongtang is now called seolleongtang for easier pronunciation, the second change is a vowel harmonization of the O sound affected by the Ŏ sound. Among common mis-beliefs related to the dish, the name may come from its white color and hearty taste. Therefore, several Korean dictionaries say that the hanja spelling such as 雪濃湯 is a usage for the dish. Nevertheless, the misspelling is used to refer to the soup in hanja, galbitang, beef short rib soup Samgyetang, chicken ginseng soup Haejangguk, soups eaten as a hangover remedy Gomguk Guk Korean cuisine List of Korean dishes List of soups
36.
Kimchi
–
There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made with different vegetables as the main ingredients. In traditional preparations, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool and these days, kimchi refrigerators are used instead. The term ji, which has its origins in archaic Korean dihi, has used to refer to kimchi since ancient times. The sound change can be described as, dihi > di > ji The Middle Korean form dihi is found in several books from Joseon. In Modern Korean, the remains as the suffix -ji in the standard language. The unpalatalized form di is preserved in Pyŏngan dialect, gimchi is the accepted word in both North and South Korean standard languages. Earlier forms of the word include timchɑi, a Middle Korean transcription of the Sino-Korean word 沈菜, timchɑi appears in Sohak Eonhae, the 16th century Korean rendition of the Chinese book, Xiaoxue. The word then became jimchui with the the loss of the vowel ɑ in Korean language, then gimchi, in Modern Korean, the hanja characters 沈菜 are pronounced chimchae, and are not used to refer to kimchi, or anything else. The word gimchi is not considered as a Sino-Korean word, older forms of the word are retained in many regional dialects, jimchae, jimchi, and dimchi. The English word kimchi perhaps originated from kimchi, the McCune–Reischauer transcription of the Korean word gimchi, the origin of kimchi dates back at least to the early period of the Three Kingdoms. A poem on Korean radish written by Yi Gyubo, a 13th century literatus, pickled radish slices make a good summer side-dish, Radish preserved in salt is a winter side-dish from start to end. The roots in the earth grow plumper everyday, Harvesting after the frost, however, early records of kimchi do not mention garlic or chili peppers. Kimchi was not red until the late 16th century, when chili peppers were introduced to Korea by Portuguese traders based in Nagasaki, the first mention of chili pepper is found in Jibong yuseol, an encyclopedia published in 1614. Sallim gyeongje, a 17‒18th century book on management, wrote on kimchi with chili peppers. However, it was not until the 19th century that the use of peppers in kimchi was widespread. The recipes from early 19th century closely resemble todays kimchi, a 1766 book, Jeungbo sallim gyeongje, reports kimchi varieties made with myriad of ingredients, including chonggak-kimchi, oi-sobagi, seokbak-ji, and dongchimi. However, napa cabbage was introduced to Korea at the end of 19th century, and whole-cabbage kimchi similar to its current form is described in Siuijeonseo. Kimchi is a dish of both North and South Korea. S
37.
Korean fried chicken
–
Korean fried chicken or KFC, usually called chikin in Korea, refers to a variety of fried chicken dishes from South Korea, including the basic huraideu chikin and spicy yangnyeom chikin. In South Korea, fried chicken is consumed as a meal, Korean fried chicken differs from typical American fried chicken because it is fried twice, the skin is therefore crunchier and less greasy. The chicken is seasoned with spices, sugar, and salt, prior to. Korean fried chicken restaurants commonly use small- or medium-sized chickens, these younger chickens result in more tender meat, after frying, the chicken is usually hand-painted with sauce using a brush in order to evenly coat the chicken with a thin layer. Pickled radishes, beer, and soju are often served with Korean fried chicken, the Korean word chikin refers to fried chicken, while the name for the domesticated fowl is dak. The word is shortened from peuraideu chikin, which is a transliteration of the English phrase fried chicken, according to the National Institute of Korean Language, the word chikin refers to a dish made by coating chopped chicken with flour, and frying or baking it. Fried chickens that are not chopped before frying are called tongdak, both chikin and tongdak are occasionally referred to as dak twigim. The unshortened form peuraideu chikin, despite being the transliteration, is not as popular in Korea. The more commonly used form, huraideu chikin, may have adopted in Korean owing to residual influence from the Japanese convention that persisted in Korea in the 1970s. The phrase huraideu chikin is often shortened to huraideu and refers to a chicken dish without the added seasonings post-frying. This is often used to differentiate it from yangnyeom chikin, the first modern-style fried-chicken franchise, Lims Chicken, was estabished in 1977 in the basement of Shinsegae Department Store, Chungmu-ro, Seoul. Pelicana Chicken claim to have invented the recipe for yangnyeom chikin, using gochujang and strawberry jam as seasoning, huraideu chikin – often simply referred to as huraideu, this is the basic fried chicken. Banban – shortened from yangnyeom ban, huraideu ban is often used to refer to chicken that is served half seasoned, ganjang chikin – fried chicken coated in ganjang-based sweet and savoury sauce, which is often also garlicky. Padak – fried chicken topped with or smothered with an amount of thinly shredded scallions. Tongdak – also called yennal-tongdak, this is a 1970s-style whole chicken deep-fried in oil
38.
Tteok
–
Tteok is a class of Korean rice cakes made with steamed flour made of various grains, including glutinous or non-glutinous rice. Steamed flour can also be pounded, shaped, or pan-fried to make tteok, in some case, tteok is pounded from cooked grains. Tteok has been enjoyed not only as desserts or seasonal delicacies and it can range from elaborated versions made of various colors, fragrances, and shapes using nuts, fruits, flowers, and namuls, to plain white rice tteok used in home cooking. Some common ingredients for many kinds of tteok are red bean, soybean, mung bean, mugwort, pumpkin, chestnut, pine nut, jujube, dried fruits, sesame seeds and oil, Tteok is usually a food that is shared. Tteok offered to spirits are called boktteok and shared with neighbours and it is also one of the celebratory food that cannot be missed in banquets, rites, and various festive events. Tteokguk was shared to celebrate new year and songpyeon was shared on harvest festival, the below are cooking utensils to make tteok in the traditional Korean way. The steamed tteok is made by steaming rice or glutinous rice flour in siru, or an earthenware steamer. It is regarded as the basic and oldest form of tteok, the pounded tteok is made by using a pounding board or mortar after steamed first. In making pan-fried tteok, the dough is flattened like a pancake. The shaped tteok are made by kneading a dough with hot water which is shaped into balls. The main ingredients for steamed tteok or sirutteok are rice or glutinous rice, in some cases, other grains, beans, sesame seeds, wheat flour, or starch can be mixed with the rice. Various fruits and nuts are used as ingredients, such as persimmons, peaches or apricots, chestnuts, walnuts. In addition, vegetables with flavors or herbs can be used to flavor the tteok, danggwi leaves, seogi mushroom, radish, artemisia, pepper, and cheongju are the most common flavorings, and honey and sugar are used as sweeteners. In order to make steamed tteok or sirutteok, rice or glutinous rice is soaked in water for a while, the prepared rice flour is put in a siru and steamed. Seolgitteok is also called muritteok, regarded as the most basic form of sirutteok made only with rice, on the hand, in making kyeotteok, rice and glutinous rice are mixed. The name of kyeotteok derives from the adverb kyeokeyo in Korean because the tteok is made as such, baekseolgi - a variety of siru tteok. It literally means white snow tteok which is made of white rice, kongtteok - tteok made with various kinds of beans Jeungpyeon or Sultteok - tteok made with makgeolli Mujigae tteok - literally rainbow tteok, this variety of tteok has colorful stripes. Injeolmi, garaetteok, jeolpyeon and danja ” are commonly eaten pounded tteok, Rice and glutinous rice are peeled off to make grain particles or powder, and steamed in a siru and then pounded with the untensils
39.
Banchan
–
Banchan refers to small dishes of food served along with cooked rice in Korean cuisine. This word is used both in the singular and plural, the basic table setting for a meal called bansang usually consists of bap, guk or tang, gochujang or ganjang, jjigae, and kimchi. According to the number of added, the table setting is called 3 cheop,5 cheop,7 cheop,9 cheop,12 cheop bansang. Banchan are set in the middle of the table to be shared, at the center of the table is the secondary main course, such as galbi or bulgogi, and a shared pot of jjigae. Bowls of cooked rice and guk are set individually, banchan are served in small portions, meant to be finished at each meal and are replenished during the meal if not enough. Usually, the more formal the meals are, the more banchan there will be, jeolla province is particularly famous for serving many different varieties of banchan in a single meal. Banchan is thought to be a result of Buddhist influence at around the mid-Three Kingdoms period, Kimchi is fermented vegetables, usually baechu, seasoned with chili peppers and salt. This is the essential banchan of a standard Korean meal, some Koreans do not consider a meal complete without kimchi. Kimchi can be made with vegetables as well, including scallions, gat. Namul refers to steamed, marinated, or stir-fried vegetables usually seasoned with oil, salt, vinegar, minced garlic, chopped green onions, dried chili peppers. Bokkeum is a dish stir-fried with sauce, Kimchi bokkeum - Stir-fried kimchi, often with pork. Jeyook bokkeum - Stir-fried pork with gochujang sauce and onions, ojingeochae bokkeum — Stir-fried dried shredded squid seasoned with a mixture of gochujang, garlic, and mullyeot. Nakji bokkeum - Stir-fried baby octopus in spicy gochujang sauce, buseot bokkeum - Stir-fried mushrooms such as pyogo, oyster mushrooms, pine mushrooms. Jorim is a dish simmered in a seasoned broth, dubu-jorim — Tofu simmered in diluted soy sauce, a little bit of sesame oil, minced garlic, and chopped green onion. Jang-jorim — Beef simmered in soy sauce, optionally with hard-boiled eggs or hard-boiled quail eggs, gyeran-jjim — Mixed and seasoned eggs steamed in a hot pot. Jeon denotes a variety of pan-fried, pancake-like dishes, pajeon — Thin pancakes with scallions. Kimchijeon — Thin pancakes with old Kimchi, saengseon-jeon — Small portions of fish coated with eggs and pan-fried. Donggeurang ttaeng — Patty made with tofu, meat and vegetables, coated with eggs, danmuji — A pickled radish marinated in a natural yellow dye made from gardenia fruit
40.
Gochujang
–
Gochu-jang or red chili paste is a savory, spicy, and pungent fermented Korean condiment made from red chili, glutinous rice, fermented soybeans, and salt. Traditionally, it has been naturally fermented over years in large earthen pots outdoors, more often on a stone platform. According to the Jeungbo Sanrim gyeongje, gochujang was made by adding powdered red chili peppers and glutinous rice powder to soybean paste and this recipe is similar to the recipe used today to make gochujang. Sunchang County is famous for their gochujang, gochujang is strongly rooted in traditional daily life in Korea. Both commoners and nobles used gochujang as a source of food. China and Japan, the countries with which Korea has historically shared the most culture and trade, however, the first known record of gochujang is in a Chinese document called Sikui-simgam, and appears as Chojang. The record explains that people in ancient Korea commonly ate gochujang with boiled chickens, doenjang, green onion, and ginger, similar content was found in several other historical documents in China, such as a tenth-century document called Sasi-chanyo. Hangyank, Korean traditional medicine, recommends eating soup made with gochujang to treat weakened stomachs, gochujangs primary ingredients are red chili powder, glutinous rice powder mixed with powdered fermented soybeans, and salt. A small amount of sweetener, such as sugar, syrup, the finished product is a dark, reddish paste with a rich, piquant flavor. The making of gochujang at home began tapering off when production came into the mass market in the early 1970s. Now, most Koreans purchase gochujang at grocery stores or markets and it is still used extensively in Korean cooking to flavor stews, such as gochujang jjigae, marinate meat, such as gochujang bulgogi, and as a condiment for naengmyeon and bibimbap. Gochujang is also used as a base for making other condiments, chogochujang is a variant of gochujang made from gochujang with added vinegar and other seasonings, such as sugar and sesame seeds. It is usually used as a sauce for hoe and hoedeopbap. gochujang is used in various dishes like bibimbap and tteokbokki, also in salads, stews, soups and marinated meat dishes. Gochujang makes dishes spicier, but also somewhat sweeter
41.
Doenjang
–
Doenjang or soybean paste is a type of fermented bean paste made entirely of soybean and brine. It is also a byproduct of soy sauce production. The earliest soybean fermentation in Korea seem to have prior to the era of the Three Kingdoms. The Records of the Three Kingdoms, a Chinese historical text written and published in the 3rd century, in the section named Dongyi, in the Book of Wei. Jangdoks used for production are found in the mural paintings of Anak Tomb No.3 from the 4th century Goguryeo. Sikhwaji, a section from Goryeosa, recorded that doenjang and ganjang were included in the supplies in 1018, after a Khitan invasion, and in 1052. Joseon texts such as Guhwangchwaryo and Jeungbo sallim gyeongje contain the detailed procedures on how to brew good quality doenjang and ganjang, gyuhap chongseo explains how to pick a date for brewing, what to forbear, and how to keep and preserve doenjang and ganjang. Doenjang is made entirely of fermented soybean and brine, soup soy sauce is also made during the doenjang production. Meju, Korean soybean brick, is made around ipdong in early November, soybeans are soaked overnight, boiled in salt water, and then pounded in a mortar or coarsely ground in a millstone. About a doe or two does of pounded soybean is chunked, compressed, and shaped into a cube or a sphere called meju, the meju bricks are then dried in a cool shaded area for a week to several weeks until firm. When the bricks harden, they are tied with rice straws to the eave of the house, or put in the warm ondol room with rice straws, in jeongwol, the first month of the Lunar year, well fermented meju bricks are washed and sun-dried. After drying, the bricks are aged in onggi crocks with brine. Charcoal and chillies are added for their adsorbent and antibacterial properties, when fermented well, the aged meju chunks are mashed to become doenjang, and the filtrate is boiled to become ganjang. Though doenjang and ganjang are usually made together, doenjang can also be made without producing any filtrate, tojang – When the aged brine is boiled to become ganjang, the rest are mashed to become tojang. Jangjae – Smaller amount of brine is used from the beginning, No soy sauce is produced in the process, and the meju aged with the smaller amount of brine becomes jangjae, another type of doenjang. While traditional doenjang is made with soybeans and brine only, many variants of doenjang contain a fair amount of wheat flour just like most factory-made soy sauce does. Some current makers also add fermented, dried, and ground anchovies to accentuate doenjangs savory flavor, Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safetys Food Code classifies doenjang into three categories by their ingredients. Hansik-doenjang – doenjang made with traditional style meju and brine, doenjang – doenjang made with non-traditional meju and saline solution
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
