1.
National Rail
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The name and the accompanying double arrow symbol are the intellectual property of the Secretary of State for Transport. The National Rail logo was introduced by ATOC in 1999, and was used on the Great Britain public timetable for the first time in the edition valid from 26 September in that year. Rules for its use are set out in the Corporate Identity Style Guidelines published by the Rail Delivery Group, the NR title is sometimes described as a brand. As it was used by British Rail, the operator before franchising, its use also maintains continuity and public familiarity. National Rail should not be confused with Network Rail, the two networks are generally coincident where passenger services are run. Most major Network Rail lines carry traffic and some lines are freight only. About twenty privately owned operating companies, each franchised for a defined term by government. The Rail Delivery Group is the association representing the TOCs and provides core services. It also runs Rail Settlement Plan, which allocates ticket revenue to the various TOCs, and Rail Staff Travel and it does not compile the national timetable, which is the joint responsibility of the Office of Rail Regulation and Network Rail. Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain, the look and feel of signage, liveries and marketing material is largely the preserve of the individual TOCs. However, National Rail continues to use BRs famous double-arrow symbol and it has been incorporated in the National Rail logotype and is displayed on tickets, the National Rail website and other publicity. The trademark rights to the arrow symbol remain state-owned, being vested in the Secretary of State for Transport. The double arrow was already prescribed for indicating a railway station, the lettering used in the National Rail logotype is a modified form of the typeface Sassoon Bold. It is a misconception that Rail Alphabet was also used for printed material. The British Rail typefaces of choice from 1965 were Helvetica and Univers, TOCs may use what they like, examples include Futura, Helvetica, Frutiger, Bliss, and a modified version of Precious by London Midland. Several conurbations have their own metro or tram systems, most of which are not part of National Rail, LO now also possesses some infrastructure in its own right, following the reopening of the former East London line of London Underground as the East London Railway of LO. Heathrow Express and Eurostar are also not part of the National Rail network despite sharing of stations, northern Ireland Railways were never part of British Rail, which was always confined to Great Britain, and therefore are not part of the National Rail network. National Rail services have a common ticketing structure inherited from British Rail, through tickets are available between any pair of stations on the network, and can be bought from any station ticket office
2.
Scottish Gaelic
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Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to as Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. The 2011 census of Scotland showed that a total of 57,375 people in Scotland could speak Gaelic at that time, the census results indicate a decline of 1,275 Gaelic speakers from 2001. A total of 87,056 people in 2011 reported having some facility with Gaelic compared to 93,282 people in 2001, only about half of speakers were fully literate in the language. Nevertheless, revival efforts exist and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 has increased, Scottish Gaelic is neither an official language of the European Union nor the United Kingdom. Outside Scotland, a group of dialects collectively known as Canadian Gaelic are spoken in parts of Atlantic Canada, mainly Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In the 2011 census, there were 7,195 total speakers of Gaelic languages in Canada, with 1,365 in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island where the responses mainly refer to Scottish Gaelic. About 2,320 Canadians in 2011 also claimed Gaelic languages as their mother tongue, with over 300 in Nova Scotia, aside from Scottish Gaelic, the language may also be referred to simply as Gaelic. In Scotland, the word Gaelic in reference to Scottish Gaelic specifically is pronounced, outside Ireland and Great Britain, Gaelic may refer to the Irish language. Scottish Gaelic should not be confused with Scots, the Middle English-derived language varieties which had come to be spoken in most of the Lowlands of Scotland by the modern era. Prior to the 15th century, these dialects were known as Inglis by its own speakers, from the late 15th century, however, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as Erse and the Lowland vernacular as Scottis. Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a language from Irish. Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to Dál Riata until the 8th century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth, by 900, Pictish appears to have become extinct, completely replaced by Gaelic. An exception might be made for the Northern Isles, however, however, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of Gaelicisation was clearly underway during the reigns of Caustantín and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, by the 10th century, Gaelic had become the dominant language throughout northern and western Scotland, the Gaelo-Pictic Kingdom of Alba. Its spread to southern Scotland, was even and totalizing. Place name analysis suggests dense usage of Gaelic in Galloway and adjoining areas to the north and west as well as in West Lothian, less dense usage is suggested for north Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire. In south-eastern Scotland, there is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken, the area shifted from Cumbric to Old English during its long incorporation into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria
3.
Jordanhill
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Jordanhill is an affluent area of the West End of the city of Glasgow, Scotland. The area consists largely of terraced housing dating from the early to mid 20th century, with detached and semi-detached homes. The University of Strathclyde has a faculty in the area. The area was part of the Jordanhill Estate within the parish of Renfrew centred on Jordanhill House. Before the twentieth century, Jordanhill was an area, similar to neighbouring Knightswood. The building of more affluent residences was coincidental with the expansion of Glasgow, the site of the house was sold to Jordanhill Teacher Training College, and is now the home of the Strathclyde University Faculty Of Education. The area consists largely of terraced housing dating from the early to mid 20th century, with detached and semi-detached homes. Jordanhill, Temple and Knightswood have been linked to stories of the Knights Templar, when asked, the Lord Lyon King of Arms rebutted a proposal to include the Maltese cross of the Knights of St. John in the crest of Jordanhill College. Jordanhill may be related to the family name Jardine, there are a number of parks in Jordanhill and the immediate vicinity, as well as large playing fields on the Jordanhill Campus. Jordanhill is directly adjacent to Victoria Park, one of the largest green spaces in Glasgow and home to the Fossil Grove, the area has excellent transport links. Jordanhill railway station has regular train services to central Glasgow on the North Clyde and Argyle lines. The Clyde Tunnel is located nearby, giving access to the south of the city. There are two pubs in the area, both are situated on Crow Road, near the railway station and this area used to be home to a branch of The Jolly Giant Toy Superstores, based on Crow Road. Jordanhill School is located on Chamberlain Road at the foot of the hill on which Jordanhill College sits and it is now a state comprehensive school. It had previously been an independent demonstration school for Jordanhill College, private school the High School of Glasgow is also located in the Jordanhill vicinity. Saint Thomas Aquinas Secondary School is a Catholic secondary school located on Mitre Road in the part of Jordanhill. It has several primary schools, including Corpus Christi, Notre Dame, St Pauls, St. Peters, St. Brendans, St. Patricks in, St. Clares. There are two churches in Jordanhill, both located on Woodend Drive, off Crow Road, Jordanhill Parish Church and All Saints Church
4.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide
7.
Abellio ScotRail
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Abellio ScotRail, operating services under the name ScotRail, is the national train operating company of Scotland. A subisidary of Abellio, it has operated the ScotRail franchise since 1 April 2015, in November 2013, Transport Scotland announced that Abellio, Arriva, FirstGroup, MTR Corporation and National Express had been shortlisted to bid for the new ScotRail franchise. In October 2014, the franchise was awarded to Abellio, the franchise will operate for seven years with a three-year extension available contingent on performance criteria being met. Abellio began operating the franchise on 1 April 2015, on 6 September 2015, Abellio ScotRail commenced operating services on the Borders Railway. In June 2016 the RMT union announced that train guards would be going in strike several times during the months in protest of more driver only trains. An agreement was reached in September 2016, bringing an end to the dispute and it was agreed that the new Class 385 trains will have the doors controlled by both the driver and guard, with the driver opening the doors and the guard closing them. On 20 January 2017 the Managing Director of ScotRail and the ScotRail alliance stepped down from his role after 18 months in the company, within a few days Alex Hynes was named as the new Managing Director. The franchise agreement requires the introduction of Great Scottish Scenic Railway trains on the West Highland, Far North, Kyle, Borders Railway, steam special services are also promoted by Abellio ScotRail. Abellio ScotRail operates 354 stations in Scotland, not included are Glasgow Prestwick Airport station, owned and operated by the airport, as well as both Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Central, which are managed by Network Rail. Abellio ScotRail operates Lockerbie even though none of its services call there and it also took over management of Dunbar, previously operated by Virgin Trains East Coast, in June 2015. Abellio ScotRails fleet is maintained at Edinburgh Haymarket, Glasgow Eastfield, Glasgow Shields Road, Corkerhill, Abellio ScotRail began operations with the rolling stock below, mainly transferred from First ScotRail, Abellio ScotRail has mentioned the following as part of the future rolling stock. This new rolling stock will result in 10 Class 156, eight Class 158 and 21 Class 170s returning to their leasing companies, five of the 156s, all the 158s and 16 of the 170s released will join Northern when their leases expires in 2018. Transport Scotland negotiated to retain an extra 13 Class 170s to support services through Fife to Aberdeen, media related to Abellio ScotRail at Wikimedia Commons Official website
8.
Strathclyde Partnership for Transport
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This includes responsibility for operating Glasgows Subway, the third oldest in the world, after the London and Budapest underground railways. In the 1980s it was replaced by the Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive, section 40 of the Local Government etc. The new national agency Transport Scotland was created at the same time, at this latest reorganisation SPT gained responsibility for planning for all regional transport though it lost a number of specific powers relating to rail franchising and concessionary fares. There will be no change in abbreviation or branding or in its operational functions. The bus deregulation by the Transport Act 1985 deregulated the bus industry, the main bus operator in Glasgow City is now First Glasgow. SPT owns Glasgows Buchanan Bus Station, the largest bus station in Scotland and they used a new livery which was a variation of the previous GCT colours of green, yellow and cream. The new livery had Verona green on the panels. A stylised GG logo was applied to the yellow side panels. At bus stops, pennents had GG branding along with Scottish Bus Group branding on bus stops that were used by the SBG. At the start of the 1980s GGPTE was replaced by SPTE, logos also changed, stylised Trans-Clyde lettering was displayed below the GG logo, which SPTE was also using on rail services and the Underground at the time. Gradually the GG logo was discontinued, and Trans-Clyde was used although a Volvo Citybus prototype was branded in the same livery with Strathclyde instead. Bus Stop pennents was replaced with Trans-Clyde branding, Bus stop pennents were given Strathclyde Transport branding by having a sticker placed on top of the old Trans-Clyde name. The name lasted until 1986 due to deregulation of the bus industry, The orange and black scheme was kept. New bus stop pennents were given with Strathclyde Transport branding but without Scottish Bus Group branding, the Regional Council logo was briefly retained, later on Strathclydes Buses was used alone. However some Leyland Atlanteans from the Nottingham & Newcastle fleets were bought to add to the new Olympians, the bus service was still in PTE control until 1993 when Strathclydes Buses became employee-owned. At that time SPTE acquired Buchanan Bus Station from Scottish Citylink which led to a refurbishment completed in 1995. Both Strathclydes Buses and GCT colour Schemes lasted until 1996 when First Glasgow took over Strathclydes Buses, a new segregated bus scheme is currently being planned between Glasgow city centre and Glasgow Harbour called Clyde Fastlink. Currently SPT bus stop pennents have SPT branding with the council area logo next to the SPT logo
9.
Side platform
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A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
10.
Suburb
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
11.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
12.
Argyle Line
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The Argyle Line is a suburban railway located in West Central Scotland. It connects the Lanarkshire towns of Lanark, Larkhall and Motherwell to West Dunbartonshire via central Glasgow using sub-surface running and it takes its name from Glasgows Argyle Street, under which a significant section of the line runs via a cut-and-cover tunnel. The line was developed by Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive and British Rail, the term Argyle Line is loosely used in two contexts, to describe an urban passenger train service, and to describe a length of railway infrastructure. The train service extends considerably beyond the Argyle Line infrastructure, connecting the areas of North Clydeside with Motherwell, Larkhall. I. e. a train from Blantyre continues via Whifflet, there is one intermediate siding at Exhibition Centre, used to for turning back westbound trains. The stations are of island or two-platform design, the route serves the commercial and shopping districts of Glasgows central area. The south-eastern extremity of the service is the two-platform station at Lanark. Passing through Motherwell, the trains leave the West Coast Main Line again to call at Bellshill before rejoining the main line at Uddingston. The Hamilton Circle line converges at Newton, trains approaching Motherwell from Holytown or Coatbridge Central, cross the WCML to travel onto the Hamilton Circle, before calling at Airbles. Between here and Hamilton Central, a spur from Larkhall joins, the line then passes through Hamilton West, Blantyre and Newton before rejoining the West Coast Main Line as far as Rutherglen. At Dalmarnock Junction, trains diverge northwards to enter the infrastructure of the Argyle Line, West of Exhibition Centre Station, the line to Partick and Hyndland, diverges to form a burrowing junction. Westbound trains rise up an incline to join the North Clyde line from Queen Street station. This steep section originally gave access to the sidings at Queens Dock from the Stobcross Railway, Eastbound trains enter what is now known as Kelvinhaugh Tunnel, immediately to the West of Sandyford Street. The mouth of the Stobcross Depot Tunnel can be seen from the Eastbound platform of Exhibition Centre Station, going North-westwards, Partick is the fifth busiest in Scotland. Trains then either travel towards Dalmuir via Yoker, or go via Anniesland to Milngavie or Dalmuir and on Sundays, for a few years from the re-opening, the northbound West Highland sleeping car train from London Euston used the route on Saturdays only. It was detached from another portion at Mossend and diesel-hauled via the Rutherglen & Coatbridge line, at its opening, the rolling stock on the Argyle Line was Class 314 electric multiple units, which were then new. These were accompanied by a number of the older Class 303 Blue Train sets from the North Clyde route, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Class 311 trains also operated on this route. The Argyle Line is operated by Class 320s and Class 318s with the occasional Class 334 appearing, in November 1979, the Argyle Line was created, as joint venture by British Rail and the Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive, by reopening most of the former route
13.
North Clyde Line
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The North Clyde Line is a suburban railway in West Central Scotland. The route is operated by Abellio ScotRail, as a result of the incorporation of the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and the Edinburgh to Bathgate Line, this route is the fourth rail link between Glasgow and Edinburgh. Fifty years later, in 2010, the line was extended by Network Rail east from Airdrie, the main core of the route runs from Edinburgh Waverley to Helensburgh Central via Bathgate and Glasgow Queen Street. To the east of the city centre, there is a branch to Springburn. The lines from Partick to Dalmuir and Milngavie are also used by Argyle Line services, in the east, the line between Newbridge Junction and Edinburgh Waverley is shared with the Glasgow to Edinburgh via Falkirk Line and the Edinburgh to Dunblane Line. Some sections of the North Clyde Line are also traversed by freight trains, the line runs through central Glasgow, and the principal station on the line is Glasgow Queen Street. The section through the city centre runs in tunnels between High Street and the former Finnieston station. This is the oldest stretch of railway in Glasgow, opened as the Glasgow City & District Railway in 1886. Like most of Glasgows suburban railways, the North Clyde Lines as they are today were built piecemeal from a patchwork of routes from various Victorian-era railway companies. Following nationalisation in 1948, all of the lines came under the ownership of British Railways, a number of former LNER branch lines which fed into the North Clyde system were closed during the 1950s because they duplicated former LMS lines. Other lines closed due to lack of traffic, or later because they were not selected for inclusion in the electrification project. After ceremony on Saturday 5 November 1960, a public service of electric trains ran on Sunday. As insulation technology improved these lines were converted to 25 kV. In October 2010, the line between Bathgate and Airdrie opened complete with electrification at 25 kV for crew training and charter trains, the section between Bathgate and Haymarket was also electrified at 25 kV. This work was carried out as part of the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link, the former Caledonian Railway lines in north-west Glasgow and Dunbartonshire closed to passengers and then freight. However, the section from Rutherglen through Glasgow Central was reopened as the Argyle Line in 1979, a new flying junction was built east of Partick to connect the Argyle Line with the North Clyde Line. On 17 December 1979, Partickhill station was replaced by the new Partick slightly to the south, pleasure steamer operations on Loch Lomond ceased in the 1980s, leading to the closure of Balloch Pier terminus station on 28 September 1986. The catenary from the section to Balloch Pier was then used to reopen the line east of Airdrie to a new terminus at Drumgelloch in May 1989
14.
Jordanhill College
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Jordanhill Campus is an historic 30. 9-acre estate within the boundaries of Jordanhill, Glasgow, Scotland, which developed as a country estate. It is best known and most recently used as the home to the Faculty of Education of the University of Strathclyde. His sixth son Thomas Crawford was a soldier who lead the 1571 capture of Dumbarton Castle, there he built a house, possibly on or close to the foundations of an original hunting lodge. In the 1700s, one of his descendants also called Lawrence Crawford extended and refurbished the old house, by the early 1800s, and after the death of their father, all three sons could afford to retire. As third son, James had no access to the landed estate. He then spent a further £4,000 extending and modernising the manor house, by 1809, the estate was sustained by its four associated farms of Whiteinch, Windyedge, Woodend and Anniesland. Having married Mary Wilson that year, Smith improved access to the house by gravelling the road to the Anniesland toll road. A keen leisure sailor, in 1827 Smith bought the Baths Hotel at Helensburgh, with seven children, after two of his daughters caught tuberculosis, the family relocated temporarily to Portugal and rented out the house for five years. After the death of daughters, the family returned to the estate in 1846, but in 1847 Mrs. Smith died of pneumonia. Comfortable but with less of a fortune, Smith devoted his remaining twenty years to church works, after the death of his father in 1866, his son Archibald Smith inherited the by now neglected Jordanhill estate. In 1862 he published patents and papers to solve these, which brought him the Gold Medal of the Royal Society. However, an 1872 government award of £2,000 for his compass research allowed him to replace the worst houses on the estate with new homes, after his mothers death in 1913, James Parker Smith inherited the estate. Educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Cambridge, like his father he qualified as a barrister, after marriage to his cousin, he had devoted himself to politics, becoming Liberal Unionist MP for Glasgow Partick in 1890. In January 1900, Smith had been appointed assistant private secretary to Joseph Chamberlain, after losing his seat in 1906, like his mother he began selling off more pieces of land four housing development, including the former Gartnavel farm for the new Royal Lunatic Asylum. Approached by the University which was looking for a site on which to establish a teacher training college. Many of the Smith family are buried in the graveyard surrounding Renfrew Parish Church, in 1837, former merchant and educational pioneer David Stow had opened the Dundas Vale Normal Seminary, the first purpose-built institution in Europe for the training of teachers. For the rest of the century, Protestant teacher training in Glasgow was split between colleges run by the two church factions, the Scottish Education Department therefore decided that teacher training could no longer be left to the churches but must become a national concern. These Provincial Committees, however, operated within a framework of control by SED which provided the finances, approved the courses
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University of Strathclyde
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The University of Strathclyde is a Scottish public research university located in Glasgow, United Kingdom. Founded in 1796 as the Andersonian Institute, it is Glasgows second-oldest university and it takes its name from the historic Kingdom of Strathclyde. The University of Strathclyde is Scotlands third-largest university by number of students, with students, the institution was awarded University of the Year 2012 and Entrepreneurial University of the year 2013 by Times Higher Education. Entry into many of the courses in the university is competitive and this means that successful applicants to Strathclyde have the third-highest average score in Scotland, and is ranked twelfth overall in the UK. It is also one of the 39 old universities in the UK comprising the second cluster of elite universities after Oxbridge. The University later named its city centre campus after him, in 1828, the institution was renamed Andersons University, partially fulfilling Andersons vision of two universities in the city of Glasgow. The name was changed in 1887, to reflect the fact there was no legal authority for the use of the title of university. Undergraduate students could qualify for degrees of the University of Glasgow or the equivalent Associate of the Royal College of Science, the University of Strathclyde was the UKs first technological university reflecting its history, teaching and research excellence in technological education. In 1993, the University incorporated Jordanhill College of Education, in July 2015, Her Majesty The Queen has opened the Technology and Innovation Centre, at the University of Strathclyde. The centrepiece building has long been the massive Royal College Building, started in 1903 and completed in 1912, it was partially opened in 1910 and at the time was the largest educational building in Europe for technical education. Originally built as the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College Building, it now houses Bioscience, Chemistry, meanwhile, a new biomedical sciences building was opened in early 2010. It was designed by Shepparrd Robson, and aims to bring the multi-faceted disciplines of the Institute together under one roof, sited on Cathedral Street in Glasgow, the 8,000 m2 building is the gateway to the University campus and city centre from the motorway. The James Weir Building has been reconstructed and reopened in 2014 after a fire resulted in many rooms being unusable. The Architecture Building, completed in 1967, is considered to be the best post-war building on campus and it was designed by Frank Fielden and Associates, Frank Fielden being the Professor of Architecture in the Architecture School at the time. In 2012, Historic Scotland granted Listed Building Status to it, along with the Wolfson Building designed by Morris,2012 also saw the 20th Century Society select the Architecture Building as their Building of the Month for September due to its cultural significance and enduring appeal. The Andersonian Library is the library of the University of Strathclyde. Established in 1796, it is one of the largest of its type in Scotland and it is situated in the Curran building. Situated over 5 floors at present, the Andersonian Library has more than 2,000 reader places,450 computer places and extensive wi-fi zones for laptop use
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Clyde Tunnel
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The Clyde Tunnel is a crossing beneath the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. Two parallel tunnel tubes connect the districts of Whiteinch to the north, efforts to improve the transport infrastructure of Glasgow post-World War II were hit by the problem of crossing the Clyde. The solution — to build a tunnel beneath the river — was not a new one, however, the Clyde Tunnel project was to be built in the boom of the car era and would be a much larger project. It was given the light in 1948 but financial difficulties prevented work from beginning until 1957. A tunnelling shield, based on Marc Isambard Brunels design used for the Thames Tunnel a century earlier, was used to dig the two tunnels, the tunnels were cut perfectly circular with the road deck sitting a third of the way up. Under each road deck is the tunnel and ventilation ducts. 16 miners operated the shield working shifts in an air environment to ensure that the rock. The digging itself would be only with great difficulty due to the geology of the area. Work on the tunnel was halted for a time after an explosion when compressed air escaped through the tunnel lining into the river, flushing outward in a fountain. The first completed tunnel tube, for traffic, was eventually opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 July 1963. The total cost of the project was £10 million, the tunnels are each 762 metres long with a gradient approaching 6% or 1,16. The width of the river at this point is 123 m, each road tunnel carries two lanes of traffic as part of the A739 road, and are completely separate except for a very small crossover passage between the road tunnels at the nadir. They are monitored and controlled from the two Portal towers, one at end of the tunnel, where CCTV monitors the entirety of the tunnel. Beneath the tunnel decks run foot and cycle tunnels, and below those the tunnels services. The estimate for traffic levels in the tunnel was between 9,000 and 13,000 vehicles per day during construction, on the first day of opening,22,000 vehicles used the tunnel, current estimates for traffic levels are around 65,000 vehicles per day. For these works, which began in March 2005 and were scheduled to last until at least April 2006 and this work, however has been beset with problems, the works were completed in 2010. Signs informing road users of the tunnel bore closures have had the completion date blanked out. The roadworks are coinciding with the Hold Your Breath project aiming to add an artistic experience to travel through the tunnel
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Glasgow Central station
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Glasgow Central is the major mainline rail terminus in Glasgow, Scotland. The station was opened by the Caledonian Railway on 1 August 1879 and is one of nineteen managed by Network Rail and it is the northern terminus of the West Coast Main Line, and for inter-city services between Glasgow and England. The other main railway station in Glasgow is Glasgow Queen Street. With over 30 million passengers in 2015-16, Glasgow Central is the twelfth-busiest railway station in Britain, according to Network Rail, over 38 million people use it annually, 80% of whom are passengers. The station is protected as a category A listed building, the station was built over the site of Grahamston village, whose central street was demolished to make way for the station platform. In 1890, a solution of widening the bridge over Argyle Street. It was also intended to increase Bridge Street station to eight through lines. The Glasgow Central Railway was taken over by the Caledonian Railway in 1890, by 1900 the station was again found to be too small, passenger numbers per annum on the high-level station having increased by 5.156 million since the first extension was completed in 1890. Passenger usage per annum in 1899 was 16.841 million on the station and 6.416 million on the low-level station. The station is on two levels, the High-Level station at the level as Gordon Street, which bridges over Argyle Street. Between 1901 and 1905 the original station was rebuilt, the station was extended over the top of Argyle Street, and thirteen platforms were built. An additional eight-track bridge, the Caledonian Railway Bridge, was built over the Clyde, Bridge Street station was then closed. Also during the 1901–1905 rebuild a series of sidings was created at the end of Platforms 11 and 12 on the bridge over the River Clyde and these were named West Bank Siding, Mid Bank Siding and East Bank Siding. A dock siding – No.14 Dock was created at the end of Platform 13. Central Station has a spacious concourse containing shops, catering outlets, ticket offices and it is fronted by the Central Hotel on Gordon Street, designed by Robert Rowand Anderson. The station building houses a long line of shops and bars down the Union Street side. The undercroft of the station is not open to the public, it houses private car-parking. Underneath the Umbrella is an array of shops and bars, as well as the Arches nightclub, theatre, gallery
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Artisan
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Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist. The adjective artisanal is sometimes used in describing hand-processing in what is viewed as an industrial process. Thus, artisanal is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a word to describe or imply some relation with the crafting of handmade food products, such as bread. Many of these have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are now commonly made on a larger scale with automated mechanization in factories. Artisans were the dominant producers of products prior to the Industrial Revolution. In ancient Greece, artisans were drawn to agoras and often built workshops nearby, during the Middle Ages, the term artisan was applied to those who made things or provided services. It did not apply to unskilled manual labourers, Artisans were divided into two distinct groups, those who operated their own businesses and those who did not. Those who owned their businesses were called masters, while the latter were the journeymen, one misunderstanding many people have about this social group is that they picture them as workers in the modern sense, employed by someone. The most influential group among the artisans were the masters, the business owners, the owners enjoyed a higher social status in their communities. Shokunin is a Japanese word for artisan or craftsman, which implies a pride in ones own work. In the words of shokunin Tashio Odate, Shokunin means not only having technical skill, a social obligation to work his best for the general welfare of the people, obligation both material and spiritual. Applied art Artist Arts and Crafts movement Caste — Tarkhan Guild Handicraft The dictionary definition of artisan at Wiktionary History of Artisans
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Miner
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A miner is a person who extracts ore, coal, or other mineral from the earth through mining. There are two senses in which the term is used, in its narrowest sense, a miner is someone who works at the rock face, cutting, blasting, or otherwise working and removing the rock. In a broader sense, a miner is working within a mine. Mining is one of the most dangerous trades in the world, in some countries, miners lack social guarantees and in case of injury may be left to cope without assistance. Different functions of the individual miner, many of the roles are specific to a type of mining, such as coal mining. Roles considered to be miners in the narrower sense have included, Hewer, collier, a hewer who hews coal with a pick. Driller, who works a rock drill to bore holes for placing dynamite or other explosives, other roles within mines that did not involve breaking rock have included, Loader, who loads the mining carts with coal at the face. Putter, who works the carts around the mine, barrow-man, who transported the broken coal from the face in wheelbarrows. Hurrier, who transported coal carts from a mine to the surface, timberer, who fashions and installs timber supports to support the walls and ceiling in an underground mine. In addition to miners working underground, a mine employs other workers in duties at the surface, in addition to office staff of various sorts, these may include, Brakesman, who operate the winding engine. Mining engineers use the principles of math and science to develop solutions to technical problems for miners. In most cases, a degree in engineering, mining engineering or geological engineering is required. Because technology is changing, miners and mining engineers need to continue their education. The basics of mining engineering includes finding, extracting, and preparing minerals, metals and these mined products are used for electric power generation and manufacturing industries. Mining engineers also supervise the construction of mine operations and create ways to transport the extracted minerals to processing plants. Underground mining Miners apron Miners cap Miners habit Mining helmet Mooskappe, miners cap worn in the Harz
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Hillhead
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Hillhead is an area of Glasgow, Scotland. The land was the property of the Gibsons of Hillhead from 1702 until 1862, plots for housing development were made available by the Gibson family from the 1820s onwards. Hillhead was an independent police burgh from 1869, but as Glasgow grew during the century it was first swallowed up physically by the growing city. Byres Road is an important district to the city of Glasgow, featuring many of the citys most fashionable. The University of Glasgow is located in the area, having moved from its site on the High Street to its current Gilmorehill location in 1870. Consequently a great number of live in the area. The area is served by Hillhead subway station and Kelvinbridge subway station on the Glasgow Subway system, the two stops on either side of those are Kelvinhall in Partick, and St Georges Cross in Woodlands. The neoclassical colonnaded Wellington Church is located on University Avenue, directly opposite the University, the church is a Category A listed building. The archives about Hillhead are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow, Hillhead Jordanhill RFC Media related to Hillhead at Wikimedia Commons Hillhead Community Council Hillhead – Origins and History
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Partick
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Partick is an area of Glasgow on the north bank of the River Clyde, just across from Govan. To the west lies Whiteinch and to the east, Hillhead, Partick was a Police burgh from 1852 until 1912 when it was incorporated into the city. Partick is the area of the city most connected with the Highlands, some ATMs in the area display Gaelic. The modern name derives from the ancient Cumbric Peartoc and this was adopted into Scottish Gaelic as Peartaig, giving modern Gaelic Pearraig or Pàrtaig. Older anglicised forms include Perdyc and Perthick, Partick, of old Perdyec, from the Gaelic aper dhu ec, meaning the place at the confluence or mouth of the dark river. Although Partick remained a village until the middle of the 18th century, the Kings of Strathclyde had a residence there, and in 1136 David I granted the lands of Perdyc to the see of Glasgow. The Bishops of Glasgow had a seat in Partick. It was later the site of Partick Castle, a home of George Hutcheson. It is historically divided into three areas, south of Dumbarton Road, north of Dumbarton Road and the Partick Hill grand villas. Being within the sphere of influence of the University of Glasgow, traditional industries for the area were shipbuilding and the huge Meadowside Granary employed many residents also. The main street in Partick, Dumbarton Road, has a number of services for residents to use, Partick Burgh Hall is a venue located within Partick. It regularly holds community events and is owned and managed by Culture & Sport Glasgow, the hall was originally built in 1872 and has multiple rooms. The hall is staffed in order to accommodate events and to handle security, private events are also held in the hall. Partick Community Council is an organization which exists in the area to deal with issues within the community and it is the oldest community group in Partick and consists of around twenty elected members. The boundary of this runs from Byres Road to Crow Road. The council is funded by Glasgow City Council by way of an annual grant, examples of activities of the Community Council include, Neighbourhood Watch coordination. Partick Thistle Football Club were formed in the area in 1876, Partick railway station is a trunk station serving as an interchange between the local rail, Glasgow Subway and local bus systems. As well as being the fifth busiest train station in Scotland and it replaced the former Partickhill railway station in 1979
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