Spanish people
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Within Spain there are a number of nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the countrys complex history and diverse culture. There are several commonly spoken languages, most notably Basque. There are many populations outside Spain with ancestors who emigrated from Spain, the Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. As a result of Roman colonization, the majority of languages, with the exception of Basque. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial conquered the peninsula in 409 AD. The Iberian Peninsula was conquered and brought under the rule of the Arab Umayyads in 711 and by the Berber North African dynasties the Almohads, in the early 16th century the Kingdom of Navarre was also conquered. In parallel, a wave of emigration began to the Americas began with over 16 million people emigrating to the Americas during the colonial period. In the post-colonial period, a further 3.5 million Spanish left for the America
Franciscan
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The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. These orders include the Order of Friars Minor, the Order of Saint Clare, Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval from the Pope in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the Pope disallowed ownership of property, the austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties, Saint Clare, under Franciss guidance, founded the Poor Clares in 1212, which remains a Second Order of the Franciscans. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in final revision of the Rule in 1223, the degree of observance required of members remained a major source of conflict within the order, resulting in numerous secessions. The Order of Friars Minor, previously known as the Observant branch, is one of the three Franciscan Fi
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Francis of Assisi, founder of the Order of Friars Minor; oldest known portrait in existence of the saint, dating back to St. Francis' retreat to
Subiaco (1223–1224)
Ranchos of California
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The Spanish and later Mexican governments encouraged settlement of Alta California by giving prominent men large land grants called ranchos, usually two or more square leagues. Land-grant titles were government-issued, permanent, unencumbered property-ownership rights to land called ranchos, devoted to raising cattle and sheep, the owners of the ranchos attempted to pattern themselves after the landed gentry of Spain. Their workers included Californian Native Americans who had learned to speak Spanish, Spain made about 30 grants between 1784 and 1821, and Mexico granted about 270 more between 1833 and 1846. The ranchos established land-use patterns and place names that are still in use in California today, Rancho boundaries became the basis for Californias land survey system, and can still be found on modern maps and land titles. Ranchos were partially based on geography, such as access to river water, Land development in the 20th and 21st century often follow the boundaries of the ran
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Sketch map or diseño of Rancho Providencia, 1840s.
Mission Indians
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Spanish explorers arrived on Californias coasts as early as the mid-16th century. In 1769 the first Spanish Franciscan mission was built in San Diego, local tribes were relocated and conscripted into forced labor on the mission, stretching from San Diego to San Francisco. Disease, starvation, over work, and torture decimated these tribes, many were baptized as Roman Catholics by the Franciscan missionaries at the missions. Mission Indians were from many regional Native American tribes, their members were often relocated together in new mixed groups, for instance, the Payomkowishum were renamed Luiseños after the Mission San Luis Rey, and the Acjachemem were renamed the Juaneños after the Mission San Juan Capistrano. The Catholic priests forbade the Indians from practicing their native culture, resulting in the disruption of many linguistic, spiritual. When Mexico gained its independence in 1834, it assumed control of the Californian missions from the Franciscans, Mexico secularized the
Mission Santa Cruz
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Mission Santa Cruz was a Spanish mission founded by the Franciscan order in present-day Santa Cruz, California. The settlement was the site of the first autopsy in Alta California, the current Holy Cross Church was built on the site of the original mission church in 1889, and it remains an active parish of the Diocese of Monterey. A section of stone wall from one of the mission buildings. A reduced-scale replica chapel was built near the site in the 1930s. Todays Plaza Park occupies the location as the original plaza. The complex at one time included as many as 32 buildings, the only surviving mission building, a dormitory for native acolytes, has been restored to its original appearance and functions as a museum of the Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park. The Santa Cruz mission was originally consecrated by Padre Fermin Lasuen on August 28,1791 and it was one of the smaller missions, in the fourth military district under protection of the Presidio of San Francisco. The mission was
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The half-size Mission Santa Cruz replica
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Mission Santa Cruz
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Inside the half-size mission chapel replica
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Holy Cross Church (circa 1900)
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4
Monterey, California
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The City of Monterey in Monterey County is located on the southern edge of Monterey Bay, in the Northern Portion of Californias Central Coast. It stands at an elevation of 26 feet above sea level, the 2010 census recorded a population of 27,810. Monterey was the capital of Alta California under both Spain and Mexico and it was the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. In 1846 the U. S. flag was raised over the Customs House, the city had Californias first theater, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper. The city and surrounding area have attracted artists since the late 19th century, until the 1950s, there was an abundant fishery. Among Montereys notable present-day attractions are the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Cannery Row, Fishermans Wharf, long before the arrival of Spanish explorers, the Rumsen Ohlone tribe, one of seven linguistically distinct Ohlone groups in California, inhabited the area now known as Monterey. They subsi
2.
Construction on the
Custom House began in 1814 under Spanish rule. This photo dates from 1936.
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Monterey Wharf and Harbor area
Figueroa Mountain
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Figueroa Mountain is a summit in Santa Barbara County in the U. S. state of California. It is in the San Rafael Mountains, part of the Transverse Ranges group of ranges, the mountain is located in Los Padres National Forest. Figueroa Mountain was named for a member of the well-known southern California family, the Figueroa Mountain Recreation Area has excellent spring wildflower displays after wet winters. Late March brings out the early blooming specimens such as purple shooting stars, later arrivals on the mountain include chocolate lilies, and the scarlet Indian paintbrush. The open grassland areas support a profusion of annual species including goldfields, sky lupine, other favorites include pitcher sage and blue dicks. The plant community here is an inland central oak woodland dominated by oak, blue oak, interior live oak. The companion shrub species are manzanita, coffeeberry and redberry and gooseberry and currants
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Figueroa flower field, 2005.
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Figueroa Mountain
San Rafael Mountains
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The San Rafael Mountains are a mountain range in central Santa Barbara County, California, U. S. separating the drainages of the Santa Ynez River and the Santa Maria River. They are part of the Transverse Ranges system of Southern California which in turn are part of the Pacific Coast Ranges system of western North America. Most of the range is within the Los Padres National Forest. The highest peaks include Big Pine Mountain, San Rafael Mountain and McKinley Mountain, the highest peak at the southern edge of the range is Little Pine Mountain. Hurricane Deck is a block of sandstone that can be found deep in the San Rafael Wilderness. The Sisquoc River headwaters are on the slopes of Big Pine Mountain. It is a designated Wild and Scenic River of the United States, Sisquoc Falls,250 feet high, is located on a tributary of the Sisquoc RIver to the west of Big Pine Mountain. Climate is moderate, with hot dry summers and cool to cold wet winters, snow sometimes falls on the higher slopes be
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San Rafael Mountains from near
La Cumbre Peak with McKinley Mountain and San Rafael Mountain visible in the distance
Los Padres National Forest
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Los Padres National Forest is a United States national forest in southern and central California. Administered by the United States Forest Service, Los Padres includes most of the land along the California coast from Ventura to Monterey. Elevations range from sea level to 8,847 feet, the forest is approximately 1,950,000 acres in area, of which 1,762,400 acres or about 88% are public lands, the rest are privately owned inholdings. The forest is divided between two noncontiguous areas, the northern division is within Monterey County and includes the beautiful Big Sur Coast and scenic interior areas. This is a popular area for hiking, with 323 miles of hiking trails and 11 campgrounds. This division also contains the Ventana Wilderness, home to the California condor, the forest is also adjacent to the Angeles National Forest, which is in Los Angeles County in Southern California and is nearby Carrizo Plain National Monument in eastern San Luis Obispo County. Forest headquarters are locat
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Jameson Reservoir is center. To the right are the Santa Ynez Mountains, to the left the Los Padres back country and Old Man Mountain. In the far distance is Reyes Peak.
Santa Barbara County, California
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Santa Barbara County, California, officially the County of Santa Barbara, is a county located in the southern portion of the state of California, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 423,895, the county seat is Santa Barbara, and the largest city is Santa Maria. Santa Barbara County comprises the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, most of the county is part of the California Central Coast. Mainstays of the economy include engineering, resource extraction, winemaking, agriculture. The software development and tourism industries are important employers in the part of the county. Southern Santa Barbara County is sometimes considered the cultural boundary of Southern California. The Santa Barbara County area, including the Northern Channel Islands, was first settled by Native Americans at least 13,000 years ago, europeans first contacted the Chumash in AD1542, when three Spanish ships under the command of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo explored
Figueroa Street
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One of the longer streets in the city, it runs in a north/south direction for more than 30 miles between the neighborhoods of Wilmington and Eagle Rock of Los Angeles. From its south end at Harry Bridges Boulevard to Downtown Los Angeles, the only portion of this segment of Figueroa Street that lies outside Los Angeles city limits is in the city of Carson. South of the Financial District, Figueroa Street services some popular locations including the University of Southern California, the Los Angeles Convention Center, and Staples Center/L. A. An early routing of Figueroa Street in this area was part of U. S. Route 66. The noted Figueroa Street Tunnels were once a part of that stretch of roadway. After resuming at San Fernando Road, Figueroa continues to run parallel to the Arroyo Seco Parkway until it reaches York Boulevard in Highland Park. Afterwards, it heads north to its terminus with the Ventura Freeway, some of the southern termini was once part of U. S. Early maps produced by th
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Staples Center at 12th Street
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Metro Local Line 81 bus stop at Figueroa and 65th Streets, Los Angeles, California. Metro Local Line 81 runs on Figueroa Street.
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Variety Arts Center Building, 938-940 South Figueroa, 1980, Julius Shulman photo
Figueroa Street Tunnels
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The Figueroa Street Tunnels are a set of four four-lane tunnels that carry northbound traffic on State Route 110 through Elysian Park in Los Angeles, California, United States. From south to north, the four tunnels measure 755,461,130, and 405 feet in length,46.5 feet in width, and 28.3 ft in height. The north three tunnels opened in 1931 as a bypass to a section of North Broadway, the southernmost opened in 1935, connections were added in 1937 to the Figueroa Street Viaduct,1940 to the Arroyo Seco Parkway, and 1953 to the Four Level Interchange. A new alignment for southbound traffic, passing through a cut to the west of the tunnels, traffic through the tunnels is heavy at almost all times of day. At the north end of the tunnels is an interchange with Interstate 5, there are also sharp exit and entrance ramps on the right side at Solano Avenue after the first tunnel. Since the tunnels incorporation into Arroyo Seco Parkway, Figueroa Street has been discontinuous and it merges into SR1
1.
Looking northeast through the third and fourth tunnels
Figueroa at Wilshire
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Figueroa at Wilshire, formerly Sanwa Bank Plaza, is a 53-storey,218.5 m skyscraper in Los Angeles, California. It is the eighth tallest building in Los Angeles and it was designed by Albert C. Martin & Associates, and developed by Hines Interests Limited Partnership. It won the Rose Award for Outstanding New Office Building in 1991, the tower was constructed from 1988 to 1990 on the site of the former St. Pauls Episcopal Cathedral
Rancho Los Alamitos
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Rancho Los Alamitos takes its name from a Mexican land grant in southwestern Los Angeles County and northwestern Orange County, California. Los Alamitos means the Little Cottonwoods or Poplars in Spanish, after the native Fremont Cottonwood trees there and it is also sometimes referred to as Bixby Ranch, after its last private owners. The early 19th century adobe ranch house, still stands today, the history of the 85, 000-acre Rancho Los Alamitos is almost a microcosm for the history of expansion throughout Southern California, from the Native Americana cultures to contemporary times. The area was first the location of the major circa 500 C. E. - 1780s Tongva—Gabrieliño sacred ceremonial and trading village of Povuunga, after Spanish occupation the ownership was to change and the boundaries would shrink many times. The rancho building itself is located near Puvunga springs alongside on one of the few hills, Alamitos Mesa. Nietos grant was not only one of the first three awarded by the
Rancho San Pascual
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Rancho San Pascual also known as Rancho el Rincón de San Pascual was a 14, 403-acre Mexican land grant in present-day Los Angeles County, California given to Juan Marine in 1834 by José Figueroa. Rancho San Pascual land now includes the cities of Pasadena, South Pasadena, and portions of San Marino, after the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was secularized in 1834, the rancho was granted by Governor Figueroa to Juan Mariné, a retired artillery lieutenant. Juan Marines wife Maria Antonia Sepulveda had died in 1831, Juan Marine died in 1838, and José Pérez and Enrique Sepúlveda were granted title to Rancho San Pascual by Mexican Governor Alvarado in 1839. Both built small houses near the Arroyo Seco. Perez died in 1841 and Enrique Sepulveda died in 1843, Rancho San Pascual was once again abandoned. Manuel Garfias, a lieutenant in the Mexican Army, denounced the former grant, manuel Garfias was granted title to Rancho San Pasqual by Mexican Governor Micheltorena in 1843. Garfias served in Mi
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the maj
Kevin Starr
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After an impoverished childhood, he received degrees from various universities where he studied history and literature. Beginning in 1973, Starr wrote nine books on the history of California during his career, from 1994 to 2004 Starr was Californias State Librarian. In 2006 he was presented a National Humanities Medal from President George W. Bush for his work as a scholar and historian, and in 2010 was inducted into the California Hall of Fame. Kevin Starr was born on Sept.3,1940, in San Francisco, to Owen Starr, a machinist and he was a seventh generation Californian. Starrs parents divorced when he was a child, when he was six his mother had a nervous breakdown, after which Starr and his younger brother, James, were placed in a Roman Catholic orphanage in Ukiah. Five years later, he and his brother were reunited with their mother and he attended St. Boniface School in the Tenderloin neighborhood. He later enrolled in the University of San Francisco, a Jesuit institution, at the scho
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial
1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Fra
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
KEYT-TV
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KEYT-TV is the ABC-affiliated television station for Santa Barbara, Santa Maria and San Luis Obispo, California. Owned by News-Press & Gazette Company, it is the station to Fox affiliate KKFX-CD. It also operates CBS affiliate KCOY-TV, KEYTs studios are located at 730 Miramonte Drive on TV Hill, overlooking downtown Santa Barbara. Syndicated programming featured on this station includes Live. with Kelly and Michael, OK TV, The Dr. Oz Show, Extra, TMZ, kEYT-TV first signed on the air on July 24,1953. During the 1950s, the station ran programming from all four TV networks, ABC, CBS, DuMont, KEYT operates morning, evening and nighttime newscasts. KEYT channel 3 has identified its local newscasts as KEY News since the 1980s, on September 7,2012, News-Press & Gazette Company announced that it had entered into an agreement to purchase KEYT from Smith Media for $14.3 million. The transaction, which was approved by the Federal Communications Commission on November 6, was completed November 19,
Santa Barbara, California
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Santa Barbara is the county seat of Santa Barbara County in the U. S. state of California. Situated on a section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States. Santa Barbaras climate is described as Mediterranean, and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera. The population of the county in 2010 was 423,895. In 2004, the sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment. Education in particular is well represented, with four institutions of learning on the south coast. The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city, as does Amtrak, U. S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles to the southeast and San Francisco to the northwest. Behind the city, in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains, is the Los Padres National Forest, Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary are located approximately 20 miles offshore. Evidence of human habitation of the area begins at least 13,000 years ago, an estimated 8,0
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The coastline of Santa Barbara
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Seal
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Mural Room (formerly Board of Supervisors' Hearing Room) within the Santa Barbara County Courthouse. Wall murals depict the history of Santa Barbara. The room is used occasionally as a courtroom.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with
Spanish Empire
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The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish Empire became the foremost global power of its time and was the first to be called the empire on which the sun never sets, the Spanish Empire originated during the Age of Discovery after the voyages of Christopher Columbus. Following the Spanish–American War of 1898, Spain ceded its last colonies in the Caribbean and its last African colonies were granted independence or abandoned during Decolonisation of Africa finishing in 1976. The unity did not mean uniformity, nevertheless, some historians assert that Portugal was part of the Spanish monarchy at the time, while others draw a clear distinction between the Portuguese and Spanish empires. During the 15th century, Castile and Portugal became territorial and commercial rivals in the western Atlantic. The conquest was completed with the campaigns of the armies of the Crown of Castile between 1478 and 1496, when the islands of Gran Canaria, La Palma, and Tenerife w
1.
Columbus and the Catholic Monarchs (The return of Columbus to Spain).
2.
Flag
4.
Upon the death of
Ferdinand the Catholic, the lordship of the Spanish Indies became Kingdoms of the Indies.
Pedro Fages
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Fages was born in Guissona, Lérida/Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. In 1762 he entered the infantry in Catalonia in 1762. In May 1767 Fages, commissioned as a lieutenant in the newly formed Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia, set sail from Cádiz along with a company of light infantry and he and his men served under Domingo Elizondo in Sonora. In 1769, Fages was selected by visitador José de Gálvez to lead the portion of the Gaspar de Portolá-led expedition to found San Diego. Lieutenant Fages sailed from Guaymas to the Baja California port of La Paz, then on January 9,1769, he boarded the galleon San Carlos, captained by Vicente Vila and bound for San Diego. Also on board were Franciscan friar Fernando Parrón, engineer and cartographer Miguel Costansó, surgeon Pedro Prat, after sailing nearly 200 miles beyond San Diego due to cartography errors, the San Carlos doubled back south. It finally arrived in San Diego Bay on April 29, with scurvy-ridden troops, in his letter reporting
Fernando Rivera y Moncada
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Fernando Javier Rivera y Moncada was a soldier who served in the Baja California peninsula and Alta California, participating in several early overland explorations. Fernando Rivera y Moncada served as third Governor of Alta California from 1774-1777, Rivera was born near Compostela, New Spain. His father, Don Cristóbal de Rivera, was locally prominent, Rivera was born of Don Cristóbals second wife, Josefa Ramón de Moncada. Rivera had a total of 10 siblings and half-siblings, he was ninth in birth order, Rivera entered military service in 1742, serving in Loreto, Baja California, at a time when that peninsula was almost totally under the control of Jesuit missionaries. In 1751 Rivera was elevated over several older and higher ranking soldiers to the command of that presidio and he participated in the important reconnaissances of the northern peninsula together with the Jesuit missionary-explorers Ferdinand Konščak and Wenceslaus Linck. In 1755 Rivera married Doña María Teresa Dávalos,
Felipe de Neve
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Felipe de Neve was fourth governor of Alta California, from 1775 to 1782. Neve is considered a founder of Los Angeles, California and helped to settle towns of Santa Barbara, Felipe de Neve was appointed governor of the Californias in 1775. For two years he was based at Loreto, Baja California, then moved to Monterey, California, Moraga is also known as the founder of El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the present day city of San Jose, California. On 29 November 1777, Moraga founded San José on orders from Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa and it was the first Spanish colonial pueblo in the northern region of Las Californias Province, which became its own Alta California Province in 1804. The city served as a community to support the Presidio of San Francisco. In 1781, later in Neves tenure, he founded the Pueblo de Los Ángeles, Neve had applied to Viceroy Bucareli for permission to establish a settlement near the Los Angeles River, where Father Juan Crespí had met local Tongva Indian
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Statue of Felipe de Neve in the
Los Angeles Plaza. The inscription reads: "Felipe de Neve (1728-84). Governor of California 1775-82. In 1781, on orders from King Carlos III of Spain, Felipe de Neve selected a site near the River Porciuncula and laid out the town of El Pueblo de La Reina de Los Angeles, one of two pueblos he founded in Alta California."[sic]
Diego de Borica
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Diego de Borica was a Basque Spanish explorer and the seventh governor of Las Californias from 1794 to 1800, and is credited by some authors with defining Alta- and Baja-Californias official borders. Others hold José Joaquín de Arrillaga responsible for designing that territorial division in 1804 and he died on August 19,1800 in Durango, Mexico. Diego de Borica y Retegui was born in Vitoria-Gasteiz to a family holding ties with the one of Fermin Lasuén, in 1780 Diego de Borica married Maria Magdalena de Urquidi, a Mexican-Basque and direct descendant of one of the founders of Durango, Mexico. As the governor, Diego de Borica and Father Fermín Lasuén determined that five more missions were needed in 1795 along El Camino Real, Borica sent expeditions from four different missions to find suitable new settlements that were no more than one days travel as military escorts were necessary. By August 1796, Borica notified Viceroy Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca that no increase in troops was neces
Pedro de Alberni
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Don Pedro de Alberni, sometimes known as Pere dAlberní i Teixidor in Catalan was a Spanish soldier who served the Spanish Crown for almost all his life. He spent most of his career in colonial Mexico. He is notable for his role in the exploration of the Pacific Northwest in the 1790s, Pedro de Alberni was born on January 30,1747, to a noble and wealthy family of Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain. His father, Jaume dAlberní i Antolí, was notary public, the couple had five sons and two daughters. In accordance to Catalan civil law, the oldest brother, Josep Antoni, was named heir to the Alberni estate, the remaining siblings received a small amount of money. For this reason, the rest of the joined the military service. One brother, Gerònim, went to the Regiment of Córdoba, one of the sisters became a nun. Pedro joined Spains Second Regiment of the Light Infantry on July 17,1762 to fight as a cadet in the campaign of Portugal during the Seven Years War when he was fifteen years old. He remained w
3.
A view of the Habitations in
Nootka Sound. In: "A Collection of Voyages round te World... Captain Cook's First, Second, Third and Last Voyages...." Volume V,
London, 1790, page 1767.
1824 Constitution of Mexico
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The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 was enacted on October 4 of 1824, after the overthrow of the Mexican Empire of Agustin de Iturbide. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States and it was replaced by the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857. The victorious rebels issued a constitution, the Plan de Iguala. This plan reaffirmed many of the ideals of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, in the early days of the country, there was much disagreement over whether Mexico should be a federal republic or a constitutional monarchy. One of the leaders of the revolution became the first monarch, discontent with Agustins national government grew, Brigadier Antonio López de Santa Anna initiated an insurrection. Generals issued the Plan of Casa Mata on 1 February 1823, the plan won the support of the provinces because it included a provision granting local authority to the provincial deputations. The election of a new leg
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Original front of the 1824 Constitution
Manuel Victoria
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Manuel Victoria was governor of the Mexican-ruled territory of Alta California from January 1831 to December 6,1831. He was appointed governor on March 8,1830 by Lucas Alamán, the revolt, called Battle of Cahuenga Pass, against his governorship lead to his abbreviated twelve-month tenure, and subsequent exile. The Battle left one man dead on either side, although the rebels against governor retreated to the pueblo, they were victorious in defeat, the wounded governor resigned and returned to Mexico. He was not popular with the Californios, santiago Argüello was lieutenant of the San Diego Company, and commandant from 1830 to 1835. From 1831 to 1835, Argüello was captain of the company and took part, with his brother-in-law Agustín V. Zamorano, Jose Maria Avila of the Avila family of California also helped lead the revolt. He and fifty other Los Angeles leaders were imprisoned by Alcalde Vicente Sanchez for plotting against Victoria, an army of 150 men raised in San Diego by Jose Antoni
Mariano Chico
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Colonel Mariano Chico served one of the briefest terms as Alta California governor from April 1836 to July 1836. He was both preceded and succeeded by the equally unpopular Lieutenant Colonel Nicolas Gutierrez, who joined him in exile in Mexico on November 5,1836, San Diego, The San Diego Union
Juan Bautista Alvarado
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Juan Bautista Valentín Alvarado y Vallejo was a Californio and Governor of Alta California from 1836 to 1842. He was governor during the Revolution of 1836, when the territorial Diputación declared free and sovereign independence from Mexico and forced the Mexican commander, Alvarado also oversaw Californias brief rejoining with Mexico as a state. Alvarado was born in Monterey, Alta California, to Jose Francisco Alvarado and his grandfather Juan Bautista Alvarado accompanied Gaspar de Portolà as an enlisted man in the Spanish Army in 1769. His father died a few months after his birth and his mother remarried three years later, leaving Juan Bautista in the care of his grandparents, the Vallejo family and he and Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo grew up together in the Vallejo household. They were both taught by William Edward Petty Hartnell, an English merchant living in Monterey, in 1827 the eighteen-year-old Alvarado was hired as secretary to the territorial legislature. In 1829 he was arrest
1.
Juan Bautista Alvarado
Carlos Antonio Carrillo
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Carlos Antonio Carrillo, was Governor of Alta California from 1837 to 1838. He took his oath as Governor in Pueblo de Los Angeles, present day Los Angeles and he was also the great-grandfather of actor Leo Carillo. Carrillo was a Californio, one of the first children born at the Presidio of Santa Barbara and his father, José Raimundo Carrillo, was a soldier who came north with the Portolá expedition in 1769 and served at the Presidio of Santa Barbara for twelve years. From 1797 to 1825 Carlos Antonio served in the military at Monterey, as Alta Californias delegate to the Mexican Congress of the Union, Carrillo pursued Alta California judicial reform, but his ideas were rejected. In 1836, Carrillo joined the rebellious Juan Bautista Alvarado in demanding a more autonomous Alta California, in 1837, Carlos was appointed to replace Alvarado as governor, but Alvarado was able to reclaim the Governorship a year later. Governor Manuel Micheltorena gave a Mexican land grant of Santa Rosa Islan
Manuel Micheltorena
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José Manuel Micheltorena was a brigadier general of the Mexican Army, adjutant-general of the same, governor, commandant-general and inspector of the department of Alta California, then within Mexico. Micheltorena was the last non-Californian Mexican governor before Californian native son Pío Pico took office, Micheltorena received this appointment by the President of Mexico, Antonio López de Santa Anna and served from 30 December 1842, until his ouster in 1845. Micheltorena was instrumental in the privatisation of California land by rancho land grants, with his loyalties firmly seated in Mexico City, he faced criticism, opposition, and eventually war from the Californios in Alta California. Micheltorena lost to Juan Bautista Alvarado and the Californios in the 1845 Battle of Providencia, a History Of The New California - Its Resources And People. New York, The Lewis Publishing Company
Bear Flag Republic
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In June 1846, a number of American immigrants in Alta California rebelled against the Mexican departments government. The immigrants had not been allowed to buy or rent land and had threatened with expulsion from California because they had entered without official permission. Mexican officials were concerned about a war with the United States coupled with the growing influx of Americans into California. The rebellion was soon overtaken by the beginning of the Mexican–American War, the name California Republic appeared only on the flag the insurgents raised in Sonoma. It indicated their aspiration of forming a government for California. The insurgents elected military officers but no structure was ever established. The flag featured an image of a California grizzly bear and became known as the Bear Flag and the revolt as the Bear Flag Revolt. Three weeks later, on July 5,1846, the Republics military of 100 to 200 men was subsumed into the California Battalion commanded by U. S. Army Br
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Pío Pico
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US President James K Polk
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José Castro
John Drake Sloat
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John Drake Sloat was a commodore in the United States Navy who, in 1846, claimed California for the United States. Sloat was brought up by his maternal grandparents, Sloat then commanded the schooner Grampus during which he fought the Action of 2 March 1825 against the pirate ship of Roberto Cofresí. He later served on the ships Franklin and Washington, and from 1828 commanded the sloop St. Louis with the rank of master commandant and he was promoted to captain in 1837, and from 1840 to 1844 was in charge of the Portsmouth Navy Yard. He was a Military Governor of California for only twenty-two days and he retired with the rank of Captain in December 1861, and was promoted to Rear Admiral on the retired list in July 1866. Sloat was a Freemason, and belonged to St. Nicholas lodge No.321 in New York City and he died in New Brighton, New York, and was buried in Brooklyns Green-Wood Cemetery. Two destroyers have been named USS Sloat in his honor as well as a World War II Liberty ship, a maj
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John Drake Sloat
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The monument commemorating John D. Sloat.
Robert F. Stockton
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Robert Field Stockton was a United States Navy commodore, notable in the capture of California during the Mexican–American War but also for causing the USS Princeton disaster of 1844. He was an innovator and an early advocate for a propeller-driven. Stockton was from a political family and also served as a U. S. Robert F. Stockton was born at Morven, Stockton Street, Princeton, New Jersey, into a political family, senator and Representative, and his grandfather, Judge Richard Stockton was Attorney General for New Jersey and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Robert F. Stockton was of English descent, and his family had been in what is now the United States since the colonial period. Stockton was appointed a midshipman in the U. S. Navy in September 1811, shortly after his 16th birthday, after that conflict, Lieutenant Stockton was assigned to ships operating in the Mediterranean, in the Caribbean and off the coast of West Africa. He was the first naval officer to act against
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Robert F. Stockton
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Commodore Robert F. Stockton
Stephen W. Kearny
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Stephen Watts Kearny, was one of the foremost antebellum frontier officers of the United States Army. He is remembered for his significant contributions in the Mexican–American War, the Kearny code, which was proclaimed on September 22,1846 in Santa Fe, established the law and government of the newly acquired territory of New Mexico, was named after him. Kearny was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Philip Kearny, Sr. stephen Watts Kearny went to public schools. After high school, he attended Columbia University in New York City for two years and he joined the New York Militia soon after he left school in 1812, beginning his military career. In the late 1820s after his career was established, Kearny met, courted and married Mary Radford, the couple had eleven children, of whom six died in childhood. In 1812 Kearny was commissioned as a First Lieutenant in the War of 1812 in the 13th Infantry Regiment, after the war, he chose to remain in the US Army. Kearny was promoted to captain
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Stephen W. Kearny
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Gen. Kearny proclaiming New Mexico part of the United States, August 15, 1846 on the Plaza in
Las Vegas, New Mexico.
Richard Barnes Mason
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Richard Barnes Mason was a career officer in the United States Army and the fourth military governor of California before it became a U. S. state. He came from an ancient American family and was a descendant of George Mason, constitution and father of the Bill of Rights. Gen. Mason is especially important to the history of California, because as military governor, Mason was an aristocratic Virginian, a large portly man, six feet in height. He possessed all the peculiarities of a Southerner, accentuated, but he was known to have confined Jefferson Davis to quarters, who was under his command. A Lt. Richard Barnes Mason, born in Fairfax County, Virginia, January 16,1797, was the son of George Mason and Elizabeth Mary Ann Barnes Hooe, Mason was commissioned into the Army in 1817 and served in the 1st U. S. Infantry during the Black Hawk War, in 1833, he transferred to the 1st U. S. Dragoons as its first Major. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1836, during the Mexican-American War,
18th Governor of Alta California
Mexican Army
General
