1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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United States Seventh Fleet
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The Seventh Fleet is a numbered fleet of the United States Navy. Fleet Activities Yokosuka, in Yokosuka, Japan, with units based in Japan. It is part of the United States Pacific Fleet, at present, it is the largest of the forward-deployed U. S. fleets, with 60 to 70 ships,300 aircraft and 40,000 Navy and Marine Corps personnel. In 1994, 7th Fleet was assigned the responsibility as Commander. The Seventh Fleet was formed on 15 March 1943 in Brisbane, Australia, during the Second World War and it served in the South West Pacific Area under General Douglas MacArthur. The Seventh Fleet commander also served as commander of Allied naval forces in the SWPA, most of the ships of the Royal Australian Navy were also part of the fleet from 1943 to 1945 as part of Task Force 74. The Seventh Fleet—under Admiral Thomas C, kinkaid—formed a large part of the Allied forces at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history. After the end of the war, the 7th Fleet moved its headquarters to Qingdao, after the war, on 1 January 1947, the Fleets name was changed to Naval Forces Western Pacific. In late 1948, the Fleet moved its base of operations to the Philippines, where the Navy, following the war, had developed new facilities at Subic Bay. Peacetime operations of the Seventh Fleet were under the control of Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet, on 19 August 1949 the force was designated as United States Seventh Task Fleet. On 11 February 1950, just prior to the outbreak of the Korean War, the force assumed the name United States Seventh Fleet, Seventh Fleet units participated in all major operations of the Korean and Vietnamese Wars. The first Navy jet aircraft used in combat was launched from a Task Force 77 aircraft carrier on 3 July 1950, the landings at Inchon, Korea were conducted by Seventh Fleet amphibious ships. The battleships Iowa, New Jersey, Missouri and Wisconsin all served as flagships for Commander, Seventh Fleet during the Korean War. Over the next decade the Seventh Fleet responded to numerous crisis situations including contingency operations conducted in Laos in 1959, during September 1959, in the autumn of 1960, and again in January 1961, the Seventh Fleet deployed multiship carrier task forces into the South China Sea. Once again the fleet moved into Southeast Asian waters, by the end of April 1961, most of the Seventh Fleet was deployed off the Indochinese Peninsula preparing to initiate operations into Laos. At the same time, shorebased air patrol squadrons and another three Marine battalion landing teams stood ready in Okinawa and the Philippines to support the afloat force, the contending Laotian factions concluded a cease-fire on 8 May 1961, but it lasted only a year. In June 1963 the Seventh Fleet held Flagpole 63, a joint naval exercise with the Republic of Korea, Seventh Fleet represented the first official entrance of the United States into the Vietnam War, with the Gulf of Tonkin incident. Between 1950 and 1970, the U. S, Seventh Fleet was known by the tongue-in-cheek nickname Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club since most of the fleets operations were conducted from the Tonkin Gulf at the time
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North Carolina State University
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North Carolina State University is a public research university located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the University of North Carolina system and is a land, sea, the university forms one of the corners of the Research Triangle together with Duke University in Durham and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The North Carolina General Assembly founded the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now NC State, on March 7,1887, Today, NC State has an enrollment of more than 34,000 students, making it the largest university in the Carolinas. NC State has historical strengths in engineering, statistics, agriculture, life sciences, textiles and design, the graduate school offers 104 masters degrees,61 doctoral degrees, and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. The North Carolina General Assembly founded NC State on March 7,1887 as a land-grant college under the name North Carolina College of Agriculture, in the segregated system, it was open only to white students. As a land-grant college, NC State would provide a liberal and practical education while focusing on tactics, agriculture. Since its founding, the university has maintained these objectives while building on them, after opening in 1889, NC State saw its enrollment fluctuate and its mandate expand. In 1918, it changed its name to North Carolina State College of Agriculture, during the Great Depression, the North Carolina state government, under Governor O. Max Gardner, administratively combined the University of North Carolina, the Womans College, and NC State. This conglomeration became the University of North Carolina in 1931, following World War II, the university grew and developed. Bill enabled thousands of veterans to college, and enrollment shot past the 5,000 mark in 1947. State College created new programs, including the School of Architecture and Landscape Design in 1947, the School of Education in 1948. In the summer of 1956, following the US Supreme Court ruling in Brown v, in 1962, State College officials desired to change the institutions name to North Carolina State University. Consolidated university administrators approved a change to the University of North Carolina at Raleigh, frustrating many student, in 1963, State College officially became North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina. The at Raleigh part is omitted even on official documents such as diplomas. In 1966, single-year enrollment reached 10,000, in the 1970s enrollment surpassed 19,000 and the School of Humanities and Social Sciences was added. Celebrating its centennial in 1987, NC State reorganized its internal structure, also in this year, it gained 700 acres of land that was developed as Centennial Campus. Since then, NC State has focused on developing its new Centennial Campus and it has invested more than $620 million in facilities and infrastructure at the new campus, with 62 acres of space being constructed. Sixty-one private and government agency partners are located on Centennial Campus, NC State has almost 8,000 employees, nearly 35,000 students, a $1.01 billion annual budget, and a $984 million endowment
4.
Electrical engineering
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Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
5.
Grumman F-14 Tomcat
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The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is an American supersonic, twin-engine, two-seat, variable-sweep wing fighter aircraft. The Tomcat was developed for the United States Navys Naval Fighter Experimental program after the collapse of the F-111B project, the F-14 was the first of the American teen-series fighters, which were designed incorporating air combat experience against MiG fighters during the Vietnam War. The F-14 first flew in December 1970 and made its first deployment in 1974 with the U. S. Navy aboard USS Enterprise, replacing the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. The F-14 served as the U. S. Navys primary maritime air superiority fighter, fleet defense interceptor, the Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night pod system were added in the 1990s and the Tomcat began performing precision ground-attack missions. In the 1980s F-14s were used as land-based interceptors by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force during the Iran–Iraq War, where they saw combat against Iraqi warplanes. Iranian F-14s reportedly shot down at least 160 Iraqi aircraft during the war, while only 12 to 16 Tomcats were lost, the Tomcat was retired from the U. S. Navys active fleet on 22 September 2006, having been supplanted by the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. The F-14 remains in service with the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, the U. S. Navy needed a Fleet Air Defense aircraft with a more powerful radar and longer range missiles than the F-4 Phantom II carried to intercept both enemy bombers and missiles. The Navy was directed to participate in the Tactical Fighter Experimental program with the U. S. Air Force by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. The Navy strenuously opposed the TFX as it feared compromises necessary for the Air Forces need for an attack aircraft would adversely impact the aircrafts performance as a fighter. Weight and performance issues plagued the U. S. Navy F-111B variant for TFX, the F-111 manufacturer General Dynamics partnered with Grumman on the Navy F-111B. With the F-111B program in distress, Grumman began studying improvements, in 1966, the Navy awarded Grumman a contract to begin studying advanced fighter designs. Grumman narrowed down these designs to its 303 design, the Navy studied the need for VFAX, an additional fighter that was agiler than the F-4 Phantom for air-combat and ground-attack roles. Grumman continued work on its 303 design and offered it to the Navy in 1967, the company continued to refine the design into 1968. In July 1968, the Naval Air Systems Command issued a request for proposals for the Naval Fighter Experimental program, VFX called for a tandem two-seat, twin-engined air-to-air fighter with a maximum speed of Mach 2.2. It would also have a built-in M61 Vulcan cannon and a close air support role. The VFXs air-to-air missiles would be either six AIM-54 Phoenix or a combination of six AIM-7 Sparrow, bids were received from General Dynamics, Grumman, Ling-Temco-Vought, McDonnell Douglas and North American Rockwell, four bids incorporated variable-geometry wings. McDonnell Douglas and Grumman were selected as finalists in December 1968, Grumman was selected for the contract award in January 1969. Upon winning the contract for the F-14, Grumman greatly expanded its Calverton, Long Island, much of the testing, including the first of many compressor stalls and multiple ejections, took place over Long Island Sound
6.
VFA-41
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Strike Fighter Squadron 41 also known as the Black Aces, is a United States Navy strike fighter squadron based at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California, flying the F/A-18F Super Hornet. They are attached to Carrier Air Wing 9, which are currently deployed aboard the USS John C and their radio callsign is Fast Eagle and their tailcode is NG. VF-41 was established on 1 September 1950 at NAS Oceana, it is the fourth US Navy squadron to be designated VF-41, the Black Aces began flying the F2H-3 Banshee in 1953, deploying to the Mediterranean and Far East aboard USS Independence. On January 24,1956, VF-41 embarked with ATG-181 for the cruise of USS Forrestal near Guantanamo Bay Cuba. VF-41 again attached to ATG-181 embarked aboard USS Bennington on October 3,1956 for a Western Pacific deployment, the crew observed the 15th anniversary of Battle of the Coral Sea with ceremony at location of the battle conducted by veterans of the battle. ATG-181 returned to NAS Oceana on May 23,1957, in 1959, the Banshee was replaced by the F3H-2 Demon. In February 1962, VF-41 transitioned to the F-4B Phantom II and made a deployment to NAS Key West. In May 1965, the deployed to the western Pacific for seven months of combat operations during the Vietnam War. They flew a wide range of missions, fighter cover, reconnaissance escort, flak suppression, the next five deployments were on USS Franklin D. Roosevelt with CVW-6 tail code AE. In 1974, VF-41 transitioned from the F-4B to the F-4N, during that year VF-41 was awarded the COMNAVAIRLANT Safety S, which they also would receive in 1981,1989 and 1992. In April 1976 VF-41 transitioned to the F-14A Tomcat and their first cruise began in September 1979 as part of CVW-8 on the USS Nimitz, another cruise followed in 1980 to the Mediterranean. In 1980, Nimitz and VF-41 took part in a round the Horn cruise, while on this cruise, the carrier served as the seaborne base in response to the Iran hostage crisis and the subsequent attempted rescue of the U. S. Embassy hostages from Iran. VF-41 spent 144 continuous days at sea, the longest period the squadron had spent at sea without break since World War II, during workups for the 1981–1982 Mediterranean cruise, an EA-6B Prowler piloted by Marine Lieut. Steven E. White, crashed on the deck of the Nimitz, upon crashing onto the deck, the Prowler rammed broadside into six fueled F-14 Tomcats causing a fuel fire and ordnance to explode, including an AIM-7 Sparrow missile. The incident, which caused superficial damage to the Nimitz. While on deployment in the Mediterranean on August 19,1981, during a combat air patrol mission over the Gulf of Sidra. The incident marked the first Navy air combat confrontation since the Vietnam War and it was the first time a variable wing geometry aircraft shot down another variable wing geometry aircraft. 1981 was also the first year in which the squadron won the COMNAVAIRLANT Battle Efficiency E, VF-41 was also awarded the Battle E in 1985 and 1989
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Carrier Air Wing Five
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Carrier Air Wing Five is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Facility Atsugi, Japan. The air wing is attached to the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan and it was initially formed in 1943. It has participated in the Second World War, the Korean War, the Gulf War, Operation Southern Watch, the War in Afghanistan, all-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks, Detection, localization, and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control. Aerial photographic, sighting, and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations, airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets. In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search, much of the air wing will be transferred to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni in Yamaguchi prefecture in 2017 and early 2018. CVG-5 was the first air group to enter the Korean War, cVG-5 was renamed CVW-5 in 1963 when the Navy reclassified its air groups. In 1964, CVW-5 was called to action in the Gulf of Tonkin for a total of eight combat cruises, on 5 December 1965, a Broken Arrow incident occurred aboard the USS Ticonderoga, upon which CVW-5 was embarked. A Douglas A-4E Skyhawk attack aircraft of VA-65 carrying a nuclear weapon fell into the sea, on the 31st day after departing Subic Bay, the attack jet fell over the side during a training exercise while being rolled from the number 2 hangar bay to the number 2 elevator. The pilot, Lieutenant Douglas M. Webster, the aircraft, A-4E BuNo 151022, of VA-56 Champions, the accident occurred 80 miles from Okinawa. In 1973, CVW-5 embarked on USS Midway to become part of the first carrier/air wing team permanently forward deployed, to Yokosuka, CVW-5 began its final cruise aboard the Midway in October 1990 as part of Operation Desert Shield. From November to January 1991, the air wing participated in multinational exercises. On 17 January 1991, Operation Desert Storm began as CVW-5 aircraft launched a strike deep into Iraq. For the next 43 days the air wing flew 3,383 combat sorties, in August 1991, the USS Independence replaced the Midway. In August 1995, Independence and Carrier Air Wing 5 deployed to The Persian Gulf for a time in support of Operation Southern Watch. In July 1998, CVW-5 moved again, to USS Kitty Hawk, the Kitty Hawk left its berth at Fleet Activities Yokosuka in early April 2000 to begin a routine deployment to the Western Pacific. The carrier had spent the five weeks in Yokosuka following a 12-day sea trial in February. She first journeyed to Guam to rendezvous with the air wing, in addition to Guam, the ship made port calls throughout the Western Pacific and participated in Exercise Cobra Gold with the Royal Thai Armed Forces. The air wing contingent included eight F/A-18 Hornet aircraft from VFA-192 and VFA-195, also in DET A were three S-3 Vikings from VS-21, and two SH-60 Seahawks from HS-14
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Carrier Strike Group 3
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Carrier Strike Group 3 is a U. S. Navy carrier strike group. Carrier strike groups gain and maintain sea control as well as project naval airpower ashore, the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis is the groups current flagship. Other units assigned include Carrier Air Wing Nine, the Ticonderoga-class cruisers USS Mobile Bay and USS Antietam, between 2005 and 2013, the group made five deployments to the U. S. Fifth Fleet supporting U. S. ground forces in Iraq, on 18 December 2011, strike group aircraft flew the final carrier-based air mission over Iraq, effectively ending U. S. naval support for Operation New Dawn. The aircraft carrier Wasp was assigned to Carrier Division Three from November 1940, in April 1941 a Central Atlantic Neutrality Patrol was established under Admiral A. B. Cook, based at Bermuda. It comprised Carrier Division Three, the cruisers Quincy and Vincennes, on 7 December 1941, in the Atlantic Fleet, Carrier Division Three comprises Wasp and Ranger under Rear Admiral A. B. Cook. Commander Carrier Division Three served as Commander Task Force 77 during the Korean War, in 1966, Carrier Division Three was embarked aboard USS Enterprise flying missions in the Gulf of Tonkin off Vietnam. On 30 June 1973, Carrier Division 3 was redesignated Carrier Group 3, on returning home, the cycle begins once more. From 1989 to 1991, USS Carl Vinson served as the flagship for Carrier Group 3, during this period, Carrier Group 3 was one of three battle groups that took part in PACEX89. Seventh Fleet was deployed to Bahrain in order to serve as Commander, since ComUSNAVCENT operated from onboard ship, he established NAVCENT-Riyadh as a staff organization to provide continuous Navy representation at United States Central Command headquarters. This mission was assigned initially to Commander, Carrier Group Three, during succeeding months, the NAVCENT-Riyadh staff was augmented substantially but remained small, relative to the United States Army Central and CENTAF staffs. In November, the NAVCENT-Riyadh command was transferred from COMCARGRU3 to Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Group 5 and this change resulted in the Navy flag officer at NAVCENT Riyadhs remaining relatively junior to other Service representatives, particularly the Air Force. In the middle of 1992, the U. S. Navy made some organizational changes, the chart below shows the ships and aircraft of the group after the reorganization. Carrier Group Three, late 1992 From June 1993, Commander Carrier Group 3 had his flag aboard Abraham Lincoln, on 13 May 1997 Carrier Air Wing Eleven was reassigned to Commander, Carrier Group 3 and the USS Carl Vinson. Carrier Group 3 formed the core of the power during the initial phase of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001. At the time the group comprised USS Carl Vinson, Destroyer Squadron 9, the Task Force conducted strikes against Al Quida and Taliban forces in Afghanistan. Task Force 50 comprised over 59 ships from six nations including six aircraft carriers, Rear Admiral Evan M. Chanik was the last commander of Carrier Group 3. During his tenure, Admiral Chanik led the group through a reorganized Inter-Deployment Training Cycle which greatly compressed the training required for overseas deployment, on 1 October 2004, Carrier Group Three was redesignated as Carrier Strike Group Three
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Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
United States
United States Navy
Vice admiral
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