1.
David B. Henderson
–
David Bremner Henderson, a ten-term Republican Congressman from Dubuque, Iowa, was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1903. He was the first Congressman from west of the Mississippi River, the last Civil War veteran, the second foreign-born person, Henderson was born in Old Deer, Scotland on March 14,1840. He emigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in Winnebago County, Illinois. His family soon moved to a farm near Clermont, in Fayette County and he attended the common schools, and the Upper Iowa University at Fayette, Iowa. He served in the Union Army during the Civil War and was wounded twice, once in the neck and later in the leg. He initially enlisted in the Union Army on September 15,1861, as a private in Company C and he was elected and commissioned first lieutenant of that company. In the Battle of Fort Donelson, he was shot in the neck in the charge over the breastworks. After returning to the Regiment in April 1862, he lost one foot and he was discharged on February 26,1863 due to his wounds, and returned to Iowa. He was a lawyer prior to pursuing his political career. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1865 and he was in private practice in Dubuque until 1882. In 1882, he was elected as a Republican to represent Iowas 3rd congressional district in the U. S. House and he served in the Forty-eighth and the nine succeeding Congresses, from March 4,1883 to March 4,1903. He first ran for Speaker following the 1888 elections, finishing well behind Thomas Brackett Reed, prior to his election as speaker, he served as the chairman of the Committee on Militia, and chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary. Henderson was a debater and an intense Republican partisan. He seems to have loved a fight, he got enough of them from his very first term, exercising his power of personal vituperation. I would rather spend an eternity in hell with a Confederate than an eternity in heaven with a northern Copperhead and his secret for political success came from combining mainstream Republican causes with those dear to the hearts of his farmland constituency. In the summer of 1886, he led House forces in favor of levying a tax on oleomargarine. At the same time he sponsored a bill to raise the benefits for widows by fifty percent. His commitment to legislation, general and individual, marked his whole career
2.
Champ Clark
–
James Beauchamp Champ Clark was a prominent American politician in the Democratic Party from the 1890s until his death. A Representative of Missouri from 1893 to 1895 and from 1897 to 1921 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in 1912. Clark was born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, to John Hampton Clark, through his mother, he was the first cousin twice removed of the famous lawyer-turned-murderer Jereboam O. Beauchamp. He is also descended from the famous John Beauchamp through his mother. He graduated from Bethany College where he was initiated into Delta Tau Delta Fraternity, and Cincinnati Law School and moved to Missouri in 1875 and he eventually settled in Bowling Green, Missouri, the county seat of Pike County. He served a principal at Marshall College from 1873 to 1874, Clark was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1892. After a surprise loss in 1894 to William M. Treloar, he regained the seat in 1896, and remained in the House until his death, Clark ran for House Minority Leader in 1903 but was defeated by John Sharp Williams of Mississippi. After Williams ran for the Senate in 1908, Clark ran again for the position and won, when the Democrats won control of the House in 1911, Clark became Speaker. In 1911, Clark gave a speech that helped to decide the election in Canada, Clark went on to suggest in his speech that the treaty was the first step towards the end of Canada, a speech that was greeted with prolonged applause according to the Congressional Record. Remarks about the absorption of one country by another grate harshly on the ears of the smaller, the Conservative Party of Canada, which opposed the treaty, won the Canadian election in large part because of Clarks speech. Clarks Speakership was notable for two things, Clarks skill from 1910 to 1914 in maintaining party unity to block William Howard Tafts legislation and then pass Wilsons. Also, Clark split the party in 1917 and 1918, when he opposed Wilsons decision to bring the United States into World War I, in addition, Clark opposed the Federal Reserve Act, which concentrated financial power in the hands of eastern banks. Clarks opposition to the Federal Reserve Act is said to be the reason that Missouri is the state granted two Federal Reserve Banks. Clark was defeated in the Republican landslide of 1920 and died shortly thereafter in his home in Washington, Champ Clark is the namesake of the small community of Champ, Audrain County, Missouri. The former Clark National Forest likewise was named after him, Clark married to Genevieve Bennett Clark on December 14,1881. Together, they had two children, Joel Bennett Clark and Genevieve Clark Thomson, bennet served as a United States Senator from Missouri from 1933 to 1945. Genevieve was a suffragette and a candidate for the House of Representatives for Louisiana, specific General Garraty, John A. and Mark C. New York, Oxford University Press,1999, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
3.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
4.
Illinois
–
Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
5.
Samuel W. Moulton
–
Samuel Wheeler Moulton was an educator, attorney, state legislator, and U. S. Samuel Moulton was born in Wenham, Essex County, Massachusetts, the Moulton family was one of old Massachusetts stock, with Samuel descending from James Moulton, who likely arrived in Essex County from Norfolk, England in the early 1630s. Moulton attended public schools in Essex County, after completing his primary and secondary education, he moved to Kentucky, where he taught school for several years, and then to Mississippi where he continued to teach. While teaching in Mississippi, Samuel met Mary H. Affleck, census records show they were married in 1844, but the 1776-1935 Mississippi Marriage Index does not show a marriage between the two. Similarly, the 1763-1900 Illinois Marriage Index does not show a record of marriage between Samuel and Mary, the newly married Moultons moved to Illinois in 1845 and settled in Oakland, Coles County where he commenced the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1847 and started a practice in Sullivan and he moved to Shelbyville, Illinois in 1849 and continued the practice of law. Moulton was a contemporary of another central Illinois attorney named Abraham Lincoln, Moulton and Lincoln were co-counsel on a legal case in Illinois on May 25,1852 in Shelbyville. In Shelby County Circuit Court, Lincoln and Moulton were co-counsel in the slander case Johnson v. Hardy, with Hardy being defended by Lincoln and he was also a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1856, and President of the Illinois State Board of Education. Although not widely documented, Moulton served during the Civil War in the United States Army Provost Marshal General and he was not clearly a well-regarded member of this organization, as President Lincoln personally wrote to Moulton on July 31,1863. Lincoln wrote that he had strongly urged on the ground of persistent disobedience of orders. Lincoln further wrote that he was, unwilling to do anything in your case which may seem unnecessarily harsh, or at variance with the feelings of personal respect and esteem, with which I have always regarded you. He concluded by writing, t is unnecessary for me to state however and you of course recognize as clearly as I do the importance of this rule. I hope you will conclude to go on in your present position under the regulations of the Department, I wish you would write to me. I am very truly your friend and Obt Servt, a Lincoln He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1862 to the Thirty-eighth Congress, and was elected as an at-large Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress. Of note, during the Thirty-ninth Congress, Moulton and fellow Shelbyville attorney Anthony Thornton served as contemporaries in the same chamber. Given that the population of Shelby County had only reached 25,476 residents by 1870, Moulton ran for Governor of Illinois in 1868, but having no war record, he was shelved by the military element in the convention. He was defeated by John Palmer, who went on to win the general election, clearly, given Moultons issues with command authority during the Civil War, his experience was not considered robust enough to qualify as military experience. Sometime after Moulton left federal elected office in 1867, he disaffiliated with the Republican Party and he was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-seventh and Forty-eighth Congresses and served as chairman of the Committee on Mileage
6.
Samuel T. Busey
–
Samuel Thompson Busey was a U. S. Samuel Busey was born in Greencastle, Indiana but moved with his parents to Urbana and he attended the public schools and went on to study law where he attended commercial college and law lectures in 1859 and 1860. During the Civil War he served as first sergeant and then first lieutenant of the Urbana Zouaves in 1861 and 1862 and he later served as a lieutenant colonel August 22,1862 and was promoted to colonel January 7,1863. He was Brevetted brigadier general of Volunteers April 9,1865 and he mustered out of the service July 22,1865, in Chicago, Illinois and engaged in banking from 1867 to 1888. He later served as mayor of Urbana 1880-1889, Busey was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second Congress defeating Joseph Gurney Cannon. He was a candidate for reelection in 1892 to the Fifty-third Congress. This pattern would be repeated 22 years later by fellow Democrat banker Frank T. OHair and he died in a boating accident in Mantrap Township, Hubbard County, Minnesota August 12,1909 while on a family vacation. His niece, Annie McClain, was killed in the same accident and he was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, Urbana, Illinois. List of American Civil War generals United States Congress, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-10-19 This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
7.
John James McDannold
–
John James McDannold was a Democrat and State court judge in Illinois in 1886. From 1893 to 1895, he was the U. S, McDannold was born in Mount Sterling, Brown County, Illinois on August 28,1851. McDannold attended public schools and a school in Quincy, Illinois. He was admitted to the bar of Illinois in September 1874, McDannold was appointed master in chancery for Brown County in October 1885. He was elected county judge of Brown County in 1886, and re-elected in November 1890, he served until October 2,1892, McDannold was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-third Congress. He moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1895 and resumed the practice of law and he died in Chicago on February 3,1904. He was interred in City Cemetery, Mount Sterling, Illinois and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, John James McDannold entry at The Political Graveyard John James McDannold at Find a Grave
8.
Thomas M. Jett
–
Thomas Marion Jett was a U. S. Born near Greenville, Illinois, Jett attended the common schools and he taught school in Bond and Montgomery Counties, Illinois. He was admitted to the bar in 1887 and commenced practice in Nokomis, Illinois and he moved to Hillsboro, Illinois, and served as prosecuting attorney of Montgomery County 1889-1896. Jett was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1902. He resumed the practice of law in Hillsboro, Illinois and he was also interested in agricultural pursuits. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1900 and 1908 and he was elected as a judge of the circuit court, fourth judicial district of Illinois, in 1909. He was reelected in 1915,1921,1927, and 1935 and he was a member of the appellate court of the second district of Illinois 1922-1936. He died in Litchfield, Illinois, January 10,1939 and he was interred in Oak Grove Cemetery, Hillsboro, Illinois. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov. Thomas M. Jett Historical Society of Montgomery County Illinois
9.
Frank Trimble O'Hair
–
Frank Trimble OHair was a U. S. He was born near Paris, Illinois on March 12,1870, OHair attended the common schools and was graduated from the law department of De Pauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, in 1893. He joined the Illinois State Bar Association the same year and commenced practice in Paris, Illinois, OHair was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-third Congress from March 4,1913 to March 3,1915, defeating former Speaker of the House Joseph Gurney Cannon. He was a candidate for reelection in 1914 to the Sixty-fourth Congress. This repeated the pattern of fellow Democrat banker Samuel T. Busey who took Cannons seat for one congressional interval 22 years earlier and he resumed the practice of his profession in Paris, Illinois, until his death there August 3,1932. He was interred in Edgar Cemetery, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
10.
Benjamin F. Marsh
–
Benjamin Franklin Marsh was a U. S. Representative from Illinois in the late 19th century to early 20th century and he was also a lawyer, soldier, agriculture manager, stock raiser, and Illinois State Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner. Benjamin Marsh was born in Warsaw, Illinois and he first studied law in Warsaw, and after attending law school was admitted to the bar in 1860. He continued to study law after the American Civil War until 1877, benjamin enlisted into the 16th Illinois Infantry Regiment as a Private. He was later commissioned as a Colonel, benjamin received the Purple Heart when he received a piece of shrapnel in the foot. He participated in such as Shiloh, and the Antietam. He served until 1866 and when the war ended he continued his law practices until 1877, benjamin Marsh first started his way into the Illinois Government office by becoming the Republican candidate for membership of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention and was elected. In 1877 he was elected as a Republican to the 45th, 46th and 47th Congress, Marsh then became chairman for the Committee on Pensions, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1882 to the 48th Congress. Then, Marsh became Delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1888, and was elected to the 53rd, 54th, 55th, and 56th Congresses and he then became chairman on the Committee of the Militia. Marsh then was unsuccessful when he ran for reelection for the 57th Congress, but was successful when he ran for election to the 58th and 59th, Representative Lawyer Agricultural Manager 1889 State Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner Delegate to the Republican National Convention Marsh died in office in 1905. He is buried at Oakland Cemetery in Warsaw, Illinois, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Benjamin Franklin Marsh, late a representative from Illinois, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1907
11.
Charles Eugene Fuller
–
Charles Eugene Fuller was a U. S. Born near Belvidere, Illinois, Fuller attended the common schools and he was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced practice in Belvidere, Illinois. He was city attorney of Belvidere in 1875 and 1876 and served as prosecuting attorney for Boone County and he served in the State senate 1878-1882, a member of the State house of representatives 1882-1888 and again a member of the State senate 1888-1892. Fuller raised a regiment for the war with Spain and was commissioned colonel of the Thirteenth Illinois Infantry by Governor John Riley Tanner. He served as judge of the judicial circuit 1897-1903. He served as president of the Peoples Bank of Belvidere for many years. Fuller was involved in the prosecution of serial killer Thomas Neill Cream in 1881 and in his pardon, Fuller was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-eighth and to the four succeeding Congresses. He was a candidate for reelection in 1912 to the Sixty-third Congress. Fuller was elected to the Sixty-fourth and to the five succeeding Congresses and served from March 4,1915, until his death at a hospital in Rochester, Minnesota, on April 5,1917, he voted against declaring war on Germany. He served as chairman of the House Committee on Invalid Pensions and he was interred in Belvidere Cemetery, Belvidere, Illinois. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
12.
William P. Holaday
–
William Perry Holaday was a U. S. Representative from the state of Illinois, Holaday was born near Ridge Farm, Illinois. He attended the schools and Vermilion Academy in nearby Vermilion Grove. He entered Penn College in Oskaloosa, Iowa, then transferred to the University of Missouri, Holaday received his Law degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana in 1905, and was admitted to the bar the same year. His initial legal practice was in Danville, Illinois, Holaday served as assistant prosecuting attorney of Vermilion County from 1905 until 1907. He served as member of the State house of representatives from 1909 until 1923, Holaday was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-eighth and to the four succeeding Congresses. He was a candidate for reelection in 1932 to the Seventy-third Congress. Holaday died in Georgetown, Illinois, on 29 January 1946 and he was interred in Georgetown Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
13.
Illinois's 14th congressional district
–
The 14th congressional district of Illinois is represented by Republican Randy Hultgren. The congressional district covers parts of DeKalb, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Lake, McHenry and Will counties, the representatives for these districts were elected in the 2012 primary and general elections, and the boundaries became effective on January 5,2013. A map of the redistricting can be here, Illinois redistricting Google Map. The 14th district was represented by Republican Dennis Hastert, who was the longest serving Republican Speaker of the House in U. S. history, the previous holder of this GOP record, Joseph Gurney Cannon represented the district in his early career from 1873-1883. A special election was held on March 8,2008, democrat Bill Foster defeated Republican Jim Oberweis by 52. 5% to 47. 5%. However, Foster failed to win re-election in 2010, Republican Randy Hultgren won back the seat for the GOP and was sworn in when the 112th Congress convened. As of May 2015, two members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Illinoiss 14th congressional district are alive. Illinoiss 14th congressional district special election,2008 Illinoiss congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Washington Post page on the 14th District of Illinois U. S. Census Bureau - 14th District Fact Sheet
14.
Illinois's 15th congressional district
–
The 15th Congressional District of Illinois is located in eastern/southeastern Illinois. Republican John Shimkus represents the district, all or parts of Centralia, Charleston, Danville, Edwardsville, Effingham, Glen Carbon, Mattoon and Rantoul will be included. The representatives for these districts were elected in the 2012 primary and general elections, republican John Shimkus, previously representing the 19th district, was on the 2012 ballot for the 15th congressional district. Angela Michael, a nurse and pro-life activist, ran on a single-issue pro-life Democratic ticket. Shimkus is pursuing reelection again in district, but faces a primary challenge from Illinois State Senator Kyle McCarter with Tea Party backing and funding from the Club for Growth. District created March 4,1873 As of May 2015, two members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Illinoiss 15th congressional district are alive. The most recent representative to die was Tim Lee Hall on November 12,2008, the most recently serving representative to die was Edward Rell Madigan on December 7,1994. Illinoiss congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, census Bureau - 15th District Fact Sheet
15.
Illinois's 12th congressional district
–
The 12th Congressional District of Illinois has been represented by Republican Rep. Mike Bost since 2015. All or parts of Belleville, Cahokia, Carbondale, Collinsville, East St. Louis, Granite City, Herrin, Marion, Mt. Vernon, OFallon, Shiloh and Swansea are included. The representatives for these districts were elected in the 2012 primary and general elections, as of May 2015, two former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Illinoiss 12th congressional district are alive. The most recent representative to die was Phil Crane on November 8,2014, Illinoiss congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present, bioguide. congress. gov, washington Post page on the 12th District of Illinois U. S. Census Bureau - 5th District Fact Sheet
16.
Illinois's 18th congressional district
–
The 18th Congressional District of Illinois covers central and western Illinois, including all of Jacksonville and Quincy and parts of Bloomington, Peoria, and Springfield. Republican Aaron Schock had represented the district since January 2009, special elections were called to select Schocks replacement, with a primary on July 7 and the main election on September 10,2015, which was won by Republican State Senator Darin LaHood. Abraham Lincoln served much of the area now lies within the 18th district for a single term. It also contains most of the territory that was represented by future United States Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, from 1949 to 2015, it was represented by men who attended Bradley University, and from 1957 from 2015 by a Bradley graduate. All or parts of Bloomington, Chatham, Jacksonville, Lincoln, Macomb, Morton, Normal, Peoria, Quincy, the representatives for these districts were elected in the 2012 primary and general elections, and the boundaries became effective on January 5,2013. * Write-in and minor candidate notes, In 1994, write-ins received 955 votes, in 1998, write-ins received 2 votes. In 2008, Green Party candidate Sheldon Schafer received 9,857 votes, in 2010, Schafer received 11,256 votes. Ray LaHood decided not to seek re-election in 2008 and was chosen by Barack Obama to serve as U. S. Secretary of Transportation, Illinois State Representative Aaron Schock of Peoria won the seat for the Republicans in the November 4,2008 election. His main opponent was Democrat Colleen Callahan, of Kickapoo, a radio, Green Party candidate and educator Sheldon Schafer, of Peoria, was in a distant third place on the ballot. Current representative, Darin LaHood received criticism from constituents for declining to hold a town hall during the February 2017 recess. LaHood argued that he did not need to hold a town hall because he received 72% of the vote in 2016, as of January 2017, two former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Illinoiss 18th congressional district are alive. Illinoiss congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, census Bureau - 18th District map
17.
Guilford County, North Carolina
–
Guilford County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 488,406, since 1938, an additional county court has been located in High Point, North Carolina. The county was formed in 1771, Guilford County is included in the Greensboro-High Point, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Guilford County were a Siouan-speaking people called the Saura, beginning in the 1740s, settlers arrived in the region in search of fertile and affordable land. As population increased, the North Carolina colonial legislature organized the county in 1771, from parts of Rowan and it was named for Francis North, Earl of Guilford, father of Frederick North, Lord North, British Prime Minister from 1770 to 1782. Friedens Church, whose name means peace in German, is in eastern Guilford County, at 6001 NC Hwy 61 North and it is a historic church established by some of the earliest European settlers in this area. According to a history, Rev. Friedens Church built a log structure in 1745. The second building, completed about 1771, was substantial and was used for a century. That third building was destroyed by fire on January 8,1939, the church was rebuilt and reopened in May 1939. The Quaker meeting also played a role in the European settlement of the county. Numerous Quakers still live in the county, New Garden Friends Meeting, established in 1754 and first affiliated with a Pennsylvania meeting, still operates in Greensboro. Alamance Presbyterian Church, a log structure, was built in 1762, the congregation was not officially organized until 1764 by the Rev. Henry Patillo, pastor of Hawfields Presbyterian Church. It has operated since then on the site in present-day Greensboro. According to the history, the congregation has built five churches on that site. On March 15,1781, during the American Revolution, the Battle of Guilford Court House was fought just north of present-day Greensboro between Generals Charles Cornwallis and Nathanael Greene and this battle marked a turning point in the Revolutionary War in the South. His decision ultimately led to his later in 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia, by a combined force of American. In 1779 the southern third of Guilford County was separated as Randolph County, in 1785, following the American Revolution, the northern half of its remaining territory was organized as Rockingham County. In 1808, Greensboro replaced the hamlet of Guilford Court House as the county seat and it was more centrally located, making it a better location for travelers of the time
18.
Danville, Illinois
–
Danville is a city in and the county seat of Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 33,027, Danville was founded in 1827 on 60 acres of land donated by Guy W. Smith and 20 acres donated by Dan W. Beckwith. The sale of lots was set for April 10,1827 and advertised in newspapers in Indianapolis, Indiana, the first post office was established in May of the same year in the house of Amos Williams, organizer of Vermilion and Edgar Counties and a prominent Danville citizen. Williams and Beckwith drew up the first plat map, the city was named after Dan Beckwith at Williams suggestion, although Beckwith suggested the names Williamsburg and he died in 1835 of pneumonia contracted on a horseback ride back from Washington, he was 40 years old. Danville became an industrial city in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries. From the 1850s to the 1940s, Danville was an important coal mining area, the coal formation underlying eastern Illinois and western Indiana is named the Danville Member, after the area where it was first discovered. With the closure of the mines and many factories, Danvilles economic base suffered in the half of the 20th century. The former mines were converted into lakes, creating fishing and recreation opportunities at such as Kickapoo State Recreation Area. Danville is located approximately 120 miles south of Chicago,35 miles east of Champaign-Urbana, Illinois Route 1, U. S. Route 136, and U. S. Route 150 intersect in Danville, Interstate 74 passes through the south end of town. Lake Vermilion is located on the northwest side of town, according to the 2010 census, Danville has a total area of 17.967 square miles, of which 17.89 square miles is land and 0.077 square miles is water. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.99 inches inches in February to 4.70 inches inches in June, Danville is the principal city of the Danville Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Danville and Vermilion County. As of the census of 2000, there were 33,904 people,13,327 households, the population density was 1,994.0 people per square mile. There were 14,886 housing units at a density of 875.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 70. 19% White,24. 37% African American,0. 21% Native American,1. 20% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,2. 09% from other races, and 1. 92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 57% of the population,33. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 3.01. In the city, the population was out with 24. 9% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,27. 7% from 25 to 44,21. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 99.3 males
19.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
20.
Alma mater
–
Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
21.
University of Cincinnati
–
The University of Cincinnati is a comprehensive public research university in Cincinnati, in the U. S. state of Ohio, and a part of the University System of Ohio. In the 2010 survey by Times Higher Education, the university was ranked in the top 100 universities in North America, beginning with the 2011 edition of the U. S. This includes being the number 3 ranked university in the nation in the Up-and-Coming National Universities section of the 2014 edition, in 2014, U. S. News & World Report ranked UC in the top 200 of universities worldwide. The university garners roughly $400 million per annum in research funding, ranking 22nd among public universities in the United States. The school offers over 100 bachelors degrees, over 300 degree-granting programs, with an economic impact of over $3.5 billion per year, it is the largest single employer in Greater Cincinnati. In 1819, Cincinnati College and the Medical College of Ohio were founded in Cincinnati, local benefactor Dr. Daniel Drake founded and funded the Medical College of Ohio. William Lytle of the Lytle family donated the land, funded the Cincinnati College and Law College, the college survived only six years before financial difficulties forced it to close. In 1835, Daniel Drake reestablished the institution, which joined with the Cincinnati Law School. In 1858, Charles McMicken died of pneumonia and in his will he allocated most of his estate to the City of Cincinnati to found a university, the universitys board of rectors changed the institutions name to the University of Cincinnati. By 1893, the University expanded beyond its primary location on Clifton Avenue, as the university expanded, the rectors merged the institution with Cincinnati Law School, establishing the University of Cincinnati College of Law. In 1896, the Ohio Medical College joined Miami Medical College to form the Ohio-Miami Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati in 1909. As political movements for temperance and suffrage grew, the university established Teachers College in 1905, the Queen City College of Pharmacy, acquired from Wilmington College, became the present James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy. In 1962, the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music was acquired by the university, the Ohio legislature in Columbus declared the university a municipally-sponsored, state-affiliated institution in 1968. During this time, the University of Cincinnati was the second oldest and second-largest municipal university in the United States, by an act of the legislature, the University of Cincinnati became a state institution in 1977. In 1989, President Joseph A. Steger released a Master Plan for a stronger academy, over this time, the university invested nearly $2 billion in campus construction, renovation, and expansion ranging from the student union to a new recreation center to the medical school. It included renovation and construction of buildings, a campus forest. Upon her inauguration in 2005, President Nancy L. Zimpher developed the UC|21 plan, in addition, it includes putting liberal arts education at the center, increasing research funding, and expanding involvement in the city. In 2009, Gregory H. Williams was named the 27th president of the University of Cincinnati and his presidency expanded the accreditation and property of the institution to regions throughout Ohio to compete with private and specialized state institutions, such as Ohio State University
22.
Dennis Hastert
–
He represented Illinoiss 14th congressional district in the House for twenty years,1987 to 2007. He is the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House in history, Hastert grew up in rural Illinois. He graduated from Wheaton College with a degree in economics in 1964, from 1965 to 1981, Hastert was a high school teacher and coach. He lost a 1980 bid for the Illinois House of Representatives and he was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1986, and re-elected every subsequent election until he retired in 2007. Hastert rose through the Republican ranks in the House, becoming chief deputy whip, as Speaker of the House, Hastert supported the George W. Bush administrations foreign and domestic policies. In May 2015, Hastert was indicted on charges of structuring bank withdrawals to evade bank reporting requirements. Federal prosecutors said that the money was to compensate for and conceal deliberately-unspecified misconduct by Hastert against an unnamed individual years earlier, soon afterward, public accusations emerged that Hastert had sexually abused three male students when he was a teacher more than three decades earlier. In October 2015, Hastert entered into an agreement with prosecutors. Under the agreement, Hastert pleaded guilty to the charge. At the sentencing hearing later that month, Hastert admitted that he had sexually abused boys whom he coached. The judge in the referred to Hastert as a serial child molester and imposed a sentence of fifteen months in prison. He entered the Federal Medical Center prison in Rochester, Minnesota on June 22,2016, Hastert was born on January 2,1942, in Aurora, Illinois, the eldest of three sons of Naomi and Jack Hastert. Hastert is of Luxembourgeois and Norwegian descent on his fathers side, Hastert grew up in a rural Illinois farming community. His middle-class family owned a farm business and a family farm. As a young man, Hastert also worked shifts in the familys Plainfield restaurant, The Clock Tower, Hastert became a born-again Christian as a teenager, during his sophomore year of high school. Hastert attended Oswego High School, where he was a star wrestler, Hastert briefly attended North Central College, but later transferred to Wheaton College, a Christian liberal arts college. Jim Parnalee, Hasterts roommate at North Central who transferred him to Wheaton, was a Marine Corps Reserve member who in 1965 became the schools first student to be killed in Vietnam. Hastert continued to visit Parnalees family each year in Michigan, because of a wrestling injury, Hastert never served in the military
23.
Strom Thurmond
–
James Strom Thurmond was an American politician who served for 48 years as a United States Senator from South Carolina. He ran for president in 1948 as the States Rights Democratic Party candidate, Thurmond represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 until 2003, at first as a Democrat and, after 1964, as a Republican. He left office as the member of either house of Congress to reach the age of 100 while still in office. Thurmond holds the record as the member of Congress to serve exclusively in the Senate. He is also the longest-serving Republican member of Congress in U. S. history, at 14 years, he was also the longest-serving Dean of the United States Senate in U. S. history. In opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1957, he conducted the longest filibuster ever by a senator, at 24 hours and 18 minutes in length. In the 1960s, he opposed the civil legislation of 1964 and 1965 to end segregation and enforce the constitutional rights of African-American citizens. He invariably insisted he had never been a racist, but was opposed to federal authority. He attributed the movement to Communist agitators, starting in the 1970s, he moderated his position on race, but continued to defend his early segregationist campaigns on the basis of states rights in the context of Southern society at the time. He never fully renounced his earlier viewpoints, six months after Thurmond died in 2003, his mixed-race, then 78-year-old daughter Essie Mae Washington-Williams revealed he was her father. Her mother Carrie Butler had been 16 years old and working as his familys maid when Thurmond initiated a relationship with her. Although Thurmond never publicly acknowledged Essie Mae Washington, he paid for her education at a black college. She said she kept silent out of respect for her father and his children by his marriage eventually acknowledged her. Her name has since been added as one of his children to his memorial at the state capital, James Strom Thurmond was born on December 5,1902, in Edgefield, South Carolina, the son of Eleanor Gertrude and John William Thurmond, a lawyer. His ancestry included English and German and he attended Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina, where he was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. Thurmond graduated in 1923 with a degree in horticulture, Thurmond paid for his daughters college education and provided other support. Essie Mae Washington was raised by her aunt and uncle, and was not told about Thurmond as her father until she was in high school. After college, Thurmond worked as a farmer, teacher and athletic coach until 1929, Thurmond studied law with his father as a legal apprentice and was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1930
24.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
25.
Adolph J. Sabath
–
Adolph Joachim Sabath was an American politician. He served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Chicago, Illinois, from 1907 until his death in Bethesda, Maryland on November 6,1952. Born in Záboří, he immigrated to America at age 15, became active in real estate and he served in local offices until election to Congress from the Jewish West Side in 1907. He was active in state and national Democratic party affairs, attending many conventions and he was a leading opponent of prohibition in the 1920s. He denounced the factions, the Anti-Saloon League “and their allied forces and co-workers, the Ku Klux Klan fanatics. ”Every year from 1925 to 1933, he consistently submitted bills in the House of Representatives, to amend the Eighteenth Amendment. In 1929, he came to the defense of his large immigrant constituency by countering claims that they were responsible for the surge in activity during the 1920s. As a leading Democrat he chaired the powerful Rules Committee after 1937, Sabath was an avid New Dealer and an interventionist who strongly supported war against Germany. It was Sabath who nominated a teenage Hyman G. Rickover to the United States Naval Academy and he died of liver disease on November 6,1952 and was buried at Forest Home Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois, near Chicago. James A. Robinson, The House Rules Committee, Sabath papers, with bio Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress
26.
Time (magazine)
–
Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
27.
Annapolis, Indiana
–
Annapolis is an unincorporated community in Penn Township, Parke County, Indiana, United States. Annapolis was first settled in 1825 or 1826 and it was platted on February 4,1837, by settlers William Maris, Sr. and John Moulder. As of 1910, its population was about 200 and it was probably named after Annapolis, Maryland. A post office was established at Annapolis in 1837, and remained in operation until 1905, Annapolis is located in northwestern Parke County, about 1 mile north of Bloomingdale and less than one mile west of U. S. Route 41. History of Parke and Vermillion Counties Indiana, indianapolis, B. F. Bowen and Company
28.
Terre Haute, Indiana
–
Terre Haute is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States, near the states western border with Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,785. Located along the Wabash River, Terre Haute is the capital of the Wabash Valley. The city is home to higher education institutions, including Indiana State University, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College. Terre Haute is notable for being the home of Socialist Party of America leader and five-time presidential nominee, Debs and the Federal Correctional Complex. Terre Haute is located alongside the bank of the Wabash River in western Indiana. The city lies about 75 miles west of Indianapolis, according to the 2010 census, Terre Haute has a total area of 35.272 square miles, of which 34.54 square miles is land and 0.732 square miles is water. The Wabash River dominates the geography of the city, forming its western border. Small bluffs on the east side of city mark the edge of the flood plain. Lost Creek and Honey Creek drain the northern and southern sections of the city, in the late 19th century, several oil and mineral wells were productive in and near the center of the city. That well produced oil into the 1920s, Terre Haute is at the intersection of two major roadways, U. S.40 from California to Maryland and US41 from Copper Harbor, Michigan to Miami, Florida. Terre Haute is located 77 miles southwest of Indianapolis and within 185 miles of Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfa, Terre Hautes name was derived from the French phrase terre haute, meaning Highland. It was likely named by French explorers in the area in the early 18th century to describe the unique location above the Wabash River, at the time the area was claimed by the French and British, these highlands were considered the border between Canada and Louisiana. The construction of Fort Harrison in 1811 marked the beginning of a permanent population of European-Americans. A Wea Indian village already existed near the fort, and the orchards, the village of Terre Haute, then a part of Knox County, Indiana, was platted in 1816. Growth really began when the founders won the bid to make it the county seat when Vigo County was formed in March 1818. When the villages 1,000 residents voted to incorporate in 1832, Terre Haute became a town, early Terre Haute was a center of farming, milling and pork processing
29.
John Palmer Usher
–
John Palmer Usher was a U. S. administrator who served in the Cabinet of President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. Born in Brookfield, New York, Usher trekked west in 1839 to locate in Terre Haute in western Indiana where he became a law partner with William D. Griswold in the firm of Griswold & Usher. An outstanding trial lawyer, Usher traveled the circuit in Indiana and Illinois during the 1840s and 1850s, becoming acquainted with Abraham Lincoln of Springfield and he also became a mentor to young Joseph Gurney Cannon. While Usher was serving as the elected Indiana Attorney General in March 1862, then-secretary Caleb Blood Smith had little interest in the job, and, with declining health, soon delegated most of his responsibilities to Usher. When Smith resigned in December 1862, Usher became Secretary effective January 1,1863, Usher served as the Secretary of the Interior between 1863 and 1865. He was known as genial, courteous, and unobtrusive secretary, when William P. Fessenden resigned as Secretary of the Treasury in March 1865, Lincoln nominated Hugh McCulloch from Indiana to replace Fessenden at Treasury. Lincoln did not want two men from Indiana in his cabinet, Usher dated his resignation March 8,1865 with an effective date of May 15. His resignation was accepted by Lincoln on March 9 and Usher continued to serve until May 15, Lincoln had nominated his close friend James Harlan to replace Usher. Harlan had been confirmed by the Senate and took over as Secretary of Interior under now President Andrew Johnson, Usher became general solicitor for the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division, and was active in promoting the building of the railroad west from Kansas City. Later called the Kansas Pacific, the road was consolidated with the Union Pacific in 1880. Usher built a house in Lawrence, Kansas, completing it in 1873, Usher served one term as mayor of Lawrence. His house still stands at 1425 Tennessee Street and is on the National Register of Historic Places and it has been the home of the Alpha Nu chapter of Beta Theta Pi fraternity at the University of Kansas since 1912. Usher died of cancer at the age of 73 and he is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Lawrence. Usher is portrayed by Dakin Matthews in Steven Spielbergs Lincoln, mr. Lincolns White House, John Palmer Usher Biography The Department of Everything Else, Highlights of Interior History
30.
United States Secretary of the Interior
–
The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the U. S. Department of the Interior. The Secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board, the Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. The U. S. Department of the Interior should not be confused with the Ministries of the Interior as used in other countries. Ministries of the Interior in these other countries correspond primarily to the Department of Homeland Security in the U. S, Cabinet and secondarily to the Department of Justice. On December 13,2016, President-elect Donald Trump picked Ryan Zinke for the position of Interior Secretary, the most recent to die was William P. Clark, Jr. on August 10,2013. List of Secretaries of the Interior List of Secretaries of the Interior The Department of Everything Else, Highlights of Interior History
31.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
32.
Abraham Lincoln
–
Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
33.
Cincinnati
–
Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
34.
Tuscola, Illinois
–
Tuscola is a city in Douglas County, Illinois, United States. The population was 4,480 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Douglas County. Tuscola is located at 39°47′52″N 88°16′54″W, according to the 2010 census, Tuscola has a total area of 2.747 square miles, of which 2.74 square miles is land and 0.007 square miles is water. The founding Supervisor of Tuscola township was O. C, Hackett was elected Supervisor with a majority of only one vote over W. B. O. C. Hackett was the grandson of noted Kentucky frontiersman, O. C. planted Hacketts Grove, a sassafras grove situated on Section 31, Township 16, Range 9, on the east side of the township. Hacketts father, John Hackett, settled in nearby Coles County in 1835, family legend holds that Abraham Lincoln stayed at the Hackett farm during the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. Tuscola had two churches with mainly black congregations, the African Methodist Episcopal Church on North Niles, and the White Horse Riders church on Houghton Street. Unlike the neighboring town of Arcola, Tuscola did not have the ordinance, common in small Illinois towns at the time, the black and white people of Tuscola got along well. However, between 1922 and 1924 two large Ku Klux Klan gatherings were held in Tuscola, the 1924 rally consisted of nearly 2,000 Klan cars, a hundred marching Klansmen, burning crosses, and a naturalization ceremony in Tuscolas Ervin Park. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,448 people,1,885 households, the population density was 2,084.9 people per square mile. There were 2,000 housing units at a density of 937.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 11% White,0. 31% African American,0. 40% Native American,0. 52% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 20% from other races, and 0. 43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 06% of the population,29. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.93. In the city, the population was out with 25% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24, 29% from 25 to 44,21. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $39,608, and the median income for a family was $44,816. Males had an income of $35,063 versus $22,090 for females
35.
Shelbyville, Illinois
–
Shelbyville is a city in Shelby County, Illinois, along the Kaskaskia River. As of the 2010 census, the population was at 4,700 and it is the county seat of Shelby County. Shelby Memorial Hospital, located in town, is the only hospital. Shelbyville is located at 39°24′29″N 88°47′59″W, according to the 2010 census, Shelbyville has a total area of 4.016 square miles, of which 3.83 square miles is land and 0.186 square miles is water. Shelbyville was founded in 1827 and named in honor of Isaac Shelby, hero of the Revolutionary War, the history of Shelbyville begins with Barnett Bone, a Tennessean who, in 1835, built a log cabin along the Kaskaskia River. His cabin eventually became the county courthouse, the first businesses were blacksmith shops, a general store and stage coach stop, and a grist mill. The terminal moraine of the Wisconsin Glacier is located near Shelbyville and this is referred to as the Shelbyville Moraine. The Kaskaskia River has been dammed where it breaches the Shelbyville Moraine, the Army Corps of Engineers broke ground on the dam in 1963, and construction was completed in the early summer of 1970. Tours of the dam are given at 3 P. M, as of the census of 2010, there were 4,700 people,2,093 households, and 1,345 families residing in the city. The population density was 1205.13 people per square mile, there were 2,308 housing units at an average density of 619.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 26% White,0. 34% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 32% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 28% from other races, and 0. 49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 34% of the population,33. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the family size was 2.89. In the city, the population was out with 23. 0% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,25. 3% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $32,458, and the median income for a family was $39,205. Males had an income of $31,477 versus $18,710 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,596, about 6. 2% of families and 9. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 2% of those under age 18 and 13. 8% of those age 65 or over
36.
Mattoon, Illinois
–
Mattoon is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States. The population was 18,555 as of the 2010 census, one of the main factors determining the settlement of Mattoon and Coles County in general was the topography. Coles County straddled a timberline in the half and prairie in the north. The forested areas were primarily fed by two rivers, the Embarras River in the east and the Kaskaskia in the west. The prairie, known as the Grand Prairie, was generally wet, an early historian described the geography, Away from the timber to the north, the face of the country is generally quite level, broken only by long undulations. It is almost entirely prairie land in part, and was allowed to remain uncultivated until after the opening of the railroads. Groves could be scattered throughout the area. Early settlers to the area started homesteads in the timberline, which provided building materials, since the vast majority of early settlers came from wooded areas of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, the forests also provided a sense of familiarity. In 1826, Kentucky émigré Charles Sawyer became the first white man known to settle in the Mattoon area, levi Doty build Sawyers cabin while the latter returned to Kentucky to retrieve the rest of his family. Within a year, a few families very quickly settled around Sawyer in the area of Paradise Township, including Dr. John Epperson, settlers built log cabins using pegs. The luxuries of life were not seen the first years of the settlement. Corn was planted and remained a staple crop, gardens of potatoes and other vegetables were maintained. Hogs, which ran wild in the woods, provided pork, while deer, bears, wild turkeys, wolves proved troublesome to domesticated animals. The first school was established in 1827-28 in the Paradise Township, taking place in a makeshift cabin, the costs were $2. 50-3.00 per student. School was maintained in this location until 1844-45, when the first real schoolhouse was built in what would become Mattoon and that year, the Illinois State Legislature passed its first school laws, making Mattoon a forerunner for early education in the state. As the population grew, demand for a local government increased, on Christmas Day,1830, Coles County was established. The county was named after Edward Coles, the governor in Illinois who served in 1822. Settlers in the Mattoon area remained poor and humble, but their community remained close knit, in 1836, Old State Road, which runs along the southern end of town, became one of the first trails to be established in the Mattoon area
37.
United States presidential election, 1860
–
The United States presidential election of 1860 was the nineteenth quadrennial presidential election to select the President and Vice President of the United States. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6,1860, the United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. Incumbent President James Buchanan, like his predecessor Franklin Pierce, was a northerner with sympathies for the South and he recommended that Supreme Court Justice Robert Grier vote proslavery in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857. This was so unpopular it backfired on Buchanans presidency, allowing the Republican Party to win a majority in the House in 1858, in 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared. In the face of an opposition, the newly created Republican Party secured a majority of the electoral votes. The 1860 presidential election marked the end of the Souths political dominance over the nation, moreover, since 1791, Southerners had comprised a majority of the Supreme Court. The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions, three other candidates, Isaac Toucey from Connecticut, James Pearce from Maryland, and Jefferson Davis from Mississippi also received votes. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored “popular sovereignty”, was ahead on the first ballot, on the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but 51.5 votes short of nomination. In desperation, the agreed on May 3 to stop voting. The Democrats convened again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland and this time,110 Southern delegates walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution supporting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it. Some considered Horatio Seymour a compromise candidate for the National Democratic nomination at the convention in Baltimore. Seymour wrote a letter to the editor of his local newspaper declaring unreservedly that he was not a candidate for either spot on the ticket, after two ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president. Benjamin Fitzpatrick from Alabama was nominated for president, but he refused the nomination. That nomination ultimately went instead to Herschel Vespasian Johnson from Georgia, Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States Daniel S. When the Democrats reconvened in Baltimore, they rejoined and this larger group met immediately in Baltimore’s Institute Hall, with Cushing again presiding. They adopted the pro-slavery platform rejected at Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C, Breckinridge for President, and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for Vice President. Yancey and some of the bolters, almost entirely from the Lower South, met on June 28 in Richmond, along with the South Carolina and this convention affirmed the nominations of Breckinridge and Lane. Besides the Democratic Parties in the states, the Breckinridge/Lane ticket was also supported by the Buchanan administration
38.
United States Post Office Department
–
The Post Office Department was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, in the form of a Cabinet department officially from 1872 to 1971. It was headed by the Postmaster General, the Postal Service Act signed by President George Washington on February 20,1792, established the Department. Postmaster General John McLean, in office from 1823 to 1829, was the first to call it the Post Office Department rather than just the Post Office. The organization received a boost in prestige when President Andrew Jackson invited his Postmaster General, William T. Barry, the Post Office Act of 1872 elevated the Post Office Department to Cabinet status. The Postal Reorganization Act was signed by President Richard Nixon on August 12,1970 and it replaced the cabinet-level Post Office Department with the independent United States Postal Service on July 1,1971. The regulatory role of the services was then transferred to the Postal Regulatory Commission. Postage stamps and postal history of the United States
39.
52nd United States Congress
–
It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1891 to March 4,1893, during the third and fourth years of Benjamin Harrisons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the United States in 1880, the Senate had a Republican majority, and the House had a Democratic majority. May 5,1892, Geary Act February 13,1893, Harter Act, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Flower This list is arranged by chamber, then by state, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, Senators are listed by Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. Members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Official Congressional Directory for the 52nd Congress, Official Congressional Directory for the 52nd Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 52nd Congress, 2nd Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 52nd Congress, 2nd Session
40.
53rd United States Congress
–
It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1893 to March 4,1895, during the first two years of Grover Clevelands second presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890, both chambers had a Democratic majority. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. May 5,1893, Panic of 1893, A crash on the New York Stock Exchange started a depression. November 7,1893, Colorado women were granted the right to vote May 1,1894, Coxeys Army, the first significant American protest march, arrived in Washington, D. C. July 16,1894, Utah Enabling Act August 27,1894, Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act February 18,1895, Maguire Act of 1895 This list is arranged by chamber, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, bagby, elected December 4,1893 Clerk of the House, James Kerr Doorkeeper of the House, Alvin B. Hurt Postmaster of the House, Lycurgus Dalton Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, Charles R. Crisp Sergeant at Arms of the House, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, Extraordinary Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 2nd Session, Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 53rd Congress, 3rd Session
41.
Theodore Roosevelt
–
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
42.
United States Constitution
–
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states
43.
1904 Republican National Convention
–
The 1904 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in the Chicago Coliseum, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, on June 21 to June 23,1904. But the senator had died early in 1904 therefore ending all opposition in the Republican Party, Roosevelt was nominated by 994 votes to none. The other threat to Roosevelt, Indiana Senator Charles W. Fairbanks was nominated for Vice President, Vice President Roosevelt had ascended to the presidency in 1901 after the death of President William McKinley. As the 25th Amendment had not yet passed, there was no way to fill the vice presidential vacancy. So the 1904 convention had the task of choosing a new running mate for Roosevelt, hitt or Secretary of War William Howard Taft of Ohio. Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon of Illinois also had support among the delegates, however, the administration did not launch a fight over the nomination of Fairbanks, and Fairbanks was nominated by acclamation. There were significantly fewer speakers at the 1904 convention then there is at a typical convention today and this is because the convention at the time was much lower in viewership. Opening prayer by Rev. Thaddeus A. Snively, frank S. Black, Governor of New York. Albert J. Beveridge, United States Senator from Indiana, george A. Knight, Attorney and Businessman H. S. Edwards, Southern Writer William OConnell Bradley, Former Kentucky Governor Joseph B, fairbankss nomination speech was made by Iowa Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver and seconded by New York Senator Chauncey Depew. 1904 Democratic National Convention United States presidential election,1904 Republican Party platform of 1904 at The American Presidency Project
44.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
45.
59th United States Congress
–
It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1905 to March 4,1907, during the fifth and sixth years of Theodore Roosevelts presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900, both chambers had a Republican majority. June 8,1906, Antiquities Act June 29,1906, Hepburn Act June 30,1906, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, ch. 3915,34 Stat.768 June 30,1906, Meat Inspection Act 1906, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Palmer, Charles A. Stillings Secretary of the Senate, Charles G. Bennett of New York, sergeant at Arms of the Senate, Daniel M. Ransdell of Indiana, elected February 1,1900. Chaplain of the Senate The Rev. Edward E. Hale, Unitarian, clerk of the House, Alexander McDowell of Pennsylvania, elected December 4,1905. Sergeant at Arms of the House, Henry Casson of Wisconsin, doorkeeper of the House, Frank B. Lyon of New York, elected December 4,1905, postmaster of the House, Joseph C. McElroy of Ohio, elected December 4,1905. Clerk at the Speaker’s Table, Asher C, hinds Chaplain, The Rev. Henry N. Couden, Universalist, elected December 4,1905. Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Archived from the original on June 1,2006, archived from the original on June 1,2006. Official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 1st Session, official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 1st Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 1st Session, official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 2nd Session. Official Congressional Directory for the 59th Congress, 2nd Session
