Joseph Ralston

Joseph W. Ralston
General Joseph W. Ralston
Born	(1943-11-04) November 4, 1943 (age 74) Hopkinsville, Kentucky
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	United States Air Force
Years of service	1965–2003
Rank	General
Commands held	Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
Battles/wars	Vietnam War
Awards	Defense Distinguished Service Medal (2) Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit (3) Distinguished Flying Cross (4) Meritorious Service Medal (3) Air Medal (20) Air Force Commendation Medal (5) French Légion d'honneur German Merit Cross of the Federal Republic (Order of Merit)
Other work	Board of Directors, URS Corporation

General Joseph W. Ralston (born November 4, 1943) is currently the United States Special Envoy for Countering the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and holds senior positions in various defense related corporations. He previously served as the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (from 1996 to 2000) as well as Supreme Allied Commander for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Europe.

Career[edit]

Military career[edit]

Ralston served in the United States Air Force from 1965 to 2003. He served in operational command at squadron, wing, numbered air force and major command, as well as various staff and management positions at every level of the United States Air Force.

Ralston became Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1996. He was favorite to become Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1997, however following revelations of a secret affair he remained Vice Chairman until May 2000. He then became Supreme Allied Commander for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Europe until January 2003 when he retired.

Bill Clinton writes in his memoirs My Life that Ralston was used to resolve a potentially sticky situation with Pakistan in which the US would use Pakistani airspace to strike at the Al-Qaeda organization meeting in Afghanistan following the US Embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. There was US concern that Pakistan's intelligence services would tip off the targets or even worse assume the missiles over Pakistan came from India, potentially triggering a nuclear conflict on the Indian sub-continent. As Clinton writes on page 799 of My Life, "we decided to send the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Joe Ralston, to have dinner with the top Pakistani military commander at the time the attacks were scheduled. Ralston would tell him (the Pakistani general) what was happening a few minutes before our missiles invaded Pakistani airspace, too late to alert the Taliban or Al-Qaeda, but in time to avoid having them shot down or sparking a counterattack on India."

In September 2006, he was assigned as Special Envoy for Countering the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) by the President of the United States George W. Bush.^[1] The PKK is a Kurdish separatist group designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, Turkey and the European Union.

Ralston was one of at least three retired four-star generals asked by Bush administration to oversee both wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Ralston and the two other generals, however, all declined this position.^[2]

Corporate career[edit]

He is director of the Timken Company and the URS Corporation, is on the Board of Directors of Lockheed Martin and has been Vice Chairman of the Cohen Group, since March 2003.^[3] He also sits on the advisory board of the American Turkish Council, an American-Turkish lobby group.

Controversies[edit]

This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (May 2013)

In 1997, at the retirement of John M. Shalikashvili, the then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Ralston was the top candidate to succeed him to the highest position in the military. A scandal erupted when it became public that he had an adulterous affair with a CIA employee during the 1980s. Ralston claimed this was while he and his wife Linda were separated.^[4]

Defense Secretary William Cohen backed Ralston despite the controversy, declaring that Ralston's secret, adulterous relationship 13 years ago wouldn't "automatically disqualify" him from becoming the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.^[5] There were allegations of double standards, as 1st Lt Kelly Flinn was forced out of the Air Force following after being charged with adultery a month prior.

Ralston withdrew his name from consideration^[6] and remained Vice Chairman until 2000, when he was appointed Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, in which function he served from 2000 to 2003, taking over from U.S. Army general Wesley Clark. In this capacity, he was the highest-ranking officer in NATO. He retired on March 1, 2003.

Alleged conflict of interest[edit]

Ralston holds various senior positions in defense and security-related corporations, simultaneously with his diplomatic role as "anti PKK coordinator". Critics allege Ralston is using his influence as special envoy to secure large governmental weapons contracts for the corporations he has directorship over. The Boston Globe described him as "an arms merchant in diplomat's clothing."^[7]

On 26 October 2006, the Kurdish National Congress of North America issued a press release demanding "the immediate resignation" of General Joseph Ralston:^[8]

Ralston's appointment came at a time when Turkey was finalizing the sale of 30 new Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft (approx. $3 billion) and as Turkey was due to make a decision on the $10 billion purchase of the new Lockheed Martin F-35 JSF aircraft. The sale for the F-16's was approved by the United States Congress in mid-October and Turkey's decision in favor of the F-35 JSF was announced on October 25, shortly after Ralston's recent stay in Ankara, ostensibly to counter the PKK.

Since the PKK insurgency began in 1983, 30,000 people have died and over 3,000 Kurdish villages have been destroyed, often by U.S. supplied planes.^[9] Critics are concerned that hard line anti-PKK policies influenced by conflicting interests would compromise the prospects for longterm solution to the Kurdish-Turkish issue.^[10]

On October 1, 2006, the PKK announced a unilateral cease-fire in south-east Turkey, a move that the Turkish government has rejected:^[11]

The PKK had to stop fighting anyway because of the winter, but the PKK, backed by Iraqi Kurds, are acting as if this were a major political decision, not a move dictated by a practical necessity. Of course, we don't take it seriously.

Speaking before the Eurasian Strategic Research Center (ASAM) in Istanbul, Ralston mirrored the Turkish government's rhetoric :^[12]

I want to be clear on this point: The US will not negotiate with the PKK. We will not ask Turkey to negotiate with the PKK. And I pledge to you that I will never meet with the PKK.

Education[edit]

Military career summary[edit]

Assignments[edit]

• July 1965 - August 1966, student, pilot training, Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas
• August 1966 - April 1967, student, F-105 combat crew training school, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
• April 1967 - October 1969, F-105 combat crew member, 67th Tactical Fighter Squadron, later 12th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Kadena Air Base, Japan
• October 1969 - December 1969, student, F-105 Wild Weasel pilot training, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
• January 1970 - October 1970, F-105 Wild Weasel pilot, 354th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand
• October 1970 - December 1971, F-105 Wild Weasel instructor pilot, 66th Fighter Weapons Squadron, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
• December 1971 - June 1973, Fighter Requirements Officer and Project Officer for F-15 and lightweight fighter programs, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Requirements, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
• June 1973 - June 1975, Assistant Operations Officer, 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron, then Chief, Standardization and Evaluation Division, 4th Tactical Fighter Wing, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina
• June 1975 - June 1976, student, Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
• June 1976 - July 1979, Tactical Fighter Requirements Officer, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research and Development, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
• July 1979 - July 1980, Operations Officer, later, Commander, 68th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Moody Air Force Base, Georgia
• July 1980 - August 1983, Special Assistant, later, Executive Officer to the commander, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
• August 1983 - June 1984, student, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
• June 1984 - February 1986, Special Assistant for low observables technology, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development and Acquisition, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
• February 1986 - March 1987, Commander, 56th Tactical Training Wing, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
• March 1987 - June 1990, Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, later, Deputy Chief of Staff for Requirements, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
• June 1990 - December 1991, Director of Tactical Programs, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Washington, D.C.
• December 1991 - July 1992, Director of Operational Requirements, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
• July 1992 - July 1994, Commander, Alaskan Command, Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Command Region, 11th Air Force and Joint Task Force Alaska, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska
• July 1994 - June 1995, Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
• June 1995 - February 1996, Commander, Headquarters Air Combat Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
• March 1996 - April 2000, Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C.
• May 2000 - January 2003, Commander, U.S. European Command and Supreme Allied Commander Europe, NATO, Mons, Belgium

Flight information[edit]

Awards and decorations[edit]

Command Pilot Badge

	Defense Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
	Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
	Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters
	Distinguished Flying Cross with three oak leaf clusters
	Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
	Air Medal (20 awards in total)
	Air Medal
	Air Force Commendation Medal with four oak leaf clusters
	Presidential Unit Citation
	Joint Meritorious Unit Award with oak leaf cluster
	Outstanding Unit Award
	Organizational Excellence Award with oak leaf cluster
	Combat Readiness Medal
	National Defense Service Medal with two bronze service stars
	Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
	Vietnam Service Medal with three service stars
	Air Force Overseas Short Tour Service Ribbon
	Air Force Overseas Long Tour Service Ribbon with oak leaf cluster
	Air Force Longevity Service Award with one silver and three bronze oak leaf clusters
	Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
	Air Force Training Ribbon
	NATO Non-Article 5 medal for the Balkans
	Unknown foreign award
	Légion d'honneur (Officier) (France)[13]
	Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit (Germany)
	Royal Norwegian Order of Merit, Grand Cross
	Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, First Class (Estonia)[14]
	Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Palm
	Vietnam Campaign Medal

Effective dates of promotion[edit]

Insignia	Rank	Date
	Second Lieutenant	24 July 1965
	First Lieutenant	24 Jan 1967
	Captain	24 Jul 1968
	Major	01 Dec 1973
	Lieutenant Colonel	01 Apr 1978
	Colonel	01 Jun 1981
	Brigadier General	01 Mar 1988
	Major General	01 Aug 1990
	Lieutenant General	13 Jul 1992
	General	01 Jul 1995

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=6840".
• Appearances on C-SPAN