José or Joseph Penso de la Vega, best known as Joseph de la Vega, was a Sephardic Jewish merchant in diamonds, financial expert, moral philosopher and poet, residing in Amsterdam. He became famous for his masterpiece Confusion of Confusions. Vega's work is the first study written about the Amsterdam Stock Exchange and its participants, the shareholders. In a stilted style he describes the whole gamut, running from options, futures contracts, margin buying, to bull and bear conspiracies, even some form of stock-index trading. The publication of Confusión de Confusiones helped lay the foundations for modern fields of technical analysis and behavioral finance.

Euronext Amsterdam is a stock exchange based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Formerly known as the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, it merged on 22 September 2000 with the Brussels Stock Exchange and the Paris Stock Exchange to form Euronext. The registered office of Euronext, itself incorporated in the Netherlands a public limited company, is also located in the exchange.