1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
3.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
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Harvard Law School
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Harvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is considered to be one of the most prestigious in the world. The school is ranked third by the U. S. News & World and its acceptance rate was 15. 4% in the 2013–14 admissions cycle, and its yield rate of 66. 2% was the second-highest of any law school in the United States. It is ranked first in the 2016 QS World University Rankings, Harvard Law admitted 16. 5% of applicants in its most recent class, compared to 9. 2% at Yale and 11. 2% at Stanford. With a current enrollment of 1,990, HLS has about as many students as its three closest-ranked peer institutions, first-ranked Yale, second-ranked Stanford, and fourth-ranked Chicago, combined. The first-year class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students, Harvards uniquely large class size and its prestige have led the law school to graduate a great many distinguished alumni in the judiciary, government, and the business world. According to Harvard Laws 2015 ABA-required disclosures,95. 33% of the Class of 2014 passed the Bar exam. Harvard Law Schools founding is linked to the funding of Harvards first professorship in law, paid for from a bequest from the estate of Isaac Royall. Today, it is home to the largest academic law library in the world, the current dean of Harvard Law School is Martha Minow, who assumed the role on July 1,2009. The law school has 328 faculty members, Harvard Law Schools founding is traced to the establishment of a law department at Harvard in 1817. Dating the founding to the year of the creation of the law department makes Harvard Law the oldest continuously-operating law school in the nation, William & Mary Law School opened first in 1779, but closed due to the American Civil War, reopening in 1920. The University of Maryland School of Law was chartered in 1816, but did not begin classes until 1824, and also closed during the Civil War. Or a Professor of Physick and Anatomy, whichever the said overseers and Corporation shall judge to be best. ”The value of the land, when fully liquidated in 1809, was $2,938, the Harvard Corporation allocated $400 from the income generated by those funds to create the Royall Professorship of Law in 1815. The dean of the law school traditionally held the Royall chair, deans Elena Kagan, royalls Medford estate, the Isaac Royall House, is now a museum which features the only remaining slave quarters in the northeast United States. The Royall family coat-of-arms, which shows three stacked wheat sheaves, was adopted as the school crest in 1936, topped with the university motto, in March 2016, following requests by students, the school decided to remove the emblem because of its association with slavery. By 1827, the school, with one faculty member, was struggling, nathan Dane, a prominent alumnus of the college, then endowed the Dane Professorship of Law, insisting that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. For a while, the school was called Dane Law School, in 1829, John H. Ashmun, son of Eli Porter Ashmun and brother of George Ashmun, accepted a professorship and closed his Northampton Law School, with many of his students following him to Harvard. Enrollment remained low through the 19th century as university legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice, at Harvard, Langdell also developed the case method of teaching law, now the dominant pedagogical model at U. S. law schools
5.
Harvard Business School
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Harvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The school offers a large full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, HBX and it owns Harvard Business Publishing, which publishes business books, leadership articles, online management tools for corporate learning, case studies, and the monthly Harvard Business Review. Initially established by the faculty, it received independent status in 1910. The first dean was historian Edwin Francis Gay, the goal was an institution of higher learning that would offer a master of arts degree in the humanities field, with a major in business. In discussions about the curriculum, the suggestion was made to concentrate on business topics such as banking, railroads. Professor Lowell said the school would train qualified public administrators whom the government would have no choice but to employ, Harvard was blazing a new trail by educating young people for a career in business, just as its medical school trained doctors and its law faculty trained lawyers. From the start the school enjoyed a relationship with the corporate world. Within a few years of its founding many business leaders were its alumni and were hiring other alumni for starting positions in their firms, at its founding, the school accepted only male students. The Training Course in Personnel Administration, founded at Radcliffe College in 1937, was the beginning of training for women at Harvard. HBS took over administration of that program from Radcliffe in 1954, in 1959, alumnae of the one-year program were permitted to apply to join the HBS MBA program as second-years. In December 1962, the faculty voted to allow women to enter the MBA program directly, the first women to apply directly to the MBA program matriculated in September 1963. HBS is consistently ranked among the business schools in the world. It was ranked tied for 1st in the United States by U. S. News & World Report in 2017, No.1 in the U. S. by Bloomberg Businessweek, students can join one or more of the more than 80 clubs on campus. The Student Association is the interface between the MBA student body and the faculty/administration. The Summer Venture in Management Program is a management training program for rising college seniors designed to increase diversity and opportunity in business education. Participants must be employed in an internship and be nominated by and have sponsorship from their company or organization to attend. HBX, is a learning initiative announced by the Harvard Business School in March 2014 to host online university-level courses. Initial programs are the Credential of Readiness and Disruptive Strategy with Clayton Christensen, leading with Finance was added to the catalog in August 2016
6.
The Fifth Estate (film)
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The Fifth Estate is a 2013 thriller film directed by Bill Condon, about the news-leaking website WikiLeaks. The film stars Benedict Cumberbatch as its editor-in-chief and founder Julian Assange, anthony Mackie, David Thewlis, Alicia Vikander, Stanley Tucci, and Laura Linney are featured in supporting roles. The films name is a used to describe the people who operate in the manner of journalists outside the normal constraints imposed on the mainstream media. The film performed poorly at the box office and garnered mixed critical reaction, receiving criticism for its screenplay and direction, the story opens in 2010, with the release of the Afghan War Logs. It then flashes back to 2007, where journalist Daniel Domscheit-Berg meets Australian computer hacker Julian Assange for the first time, Daniels interest in online activism has led him to Assange, with whom he has corresponded by email. They begin working together on WikiLeaks, a devoted to releasing information being withheld from the public while retaining anonymity for its sources. Their first major target is a private Swiss bank, Julius Baer, despite Baers filing of a lawsuit and obtaining an injunction, the judge dissolves the injunction, allowing Julian and Daniel to reclaim the domain name. At first Daniel enjoys changing the world, viewing WikiLeaks as a noble enterprise, however, the relationship between the two becomes strained over time. Assange openly mocks Daniels concerns about issues, implying his own life has been more troubling. Assanges abrasive manner and actions, such as abandoning Daniel at his parents house after having accepted their dinner invitation, Daniel begins to fear that Assange may be closer to a con-man than a mentor. He also notices that Assange constantly gives different stories about why his hair is white, Assange at first tells Daniel that WikiLeaks has hundreds of workers, but Daniel later finds out that Daniel and Assange are the only members. Most importantly to Daniel, Assange frequently claims that protecting sources is the number one goal. Daniels girlfriend tells him that she believes in his cause, Assange wants to leak the documents immediately, but Daniel insists that they review the documents first. Later, several major newspapers agree to cooperate with WikiLeaks in releasing the documents while spinning WikiLeaks positively, however, both Daniel and the newspapers require the names in the documents be redacted both to protect sources and to assist in the media spin, to which Assange reluctantly agrees. Daniel realizes that Assange has no intention of following through on this promise and is grooming a right-hand man to replace Daniel, the newspapers release the redacted documents. The resulting media and public uproar forces informants to flee from their countries of residence, before Assange can go further, however, Daniel and the other members of the original WikiLeaks team delete the site and block Assanges access to the server. Daniel later talks with a reporter from The Guardian, and the two fear that giving Assange such a platform was a mistake. The reporter tells Daniel that while Assange may be untrustworthy, he had done a thing by uncovering secret dealing in the government and business world
7.
Spotlight (film)
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Spotlight is a 2015 American biographical crime drama film directed by Tom McCarthy and written by McCarthy and Josh Singer. It is based on a series of stories by the Spotlight team that earned The Globe the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. The film stars Mark Ruffalo, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, John Slattery, Stanley Tucci, Brian dArcy James, Liev Schreiber, Spotlight was shown in the Out of Competition section of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival. It was also shown at the Telluride Film Festival and the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, the film was released on November 6,2015, by Open Road Films and grossed $90 million worldwide. It won numerous guilds and critics awards, and was named one of the finest films of 2015 by various publications. Spotlight won the Academy Award for Best Picture along with Best Original Screenplay from six nominations in total and this also marks the first film to win Best Picture from a different mini-major studio than Lionsgate, Summit, Miramax, or TWC. In 1976, at a Boston Police station, two policemen discuss the arrest of a Catholic priest for child molestation and the presence of a high ranking cleric talking to the mother of the children. The Assistant District Attorney then enters the precinct and tells the cops not to let the press get wind of what happened, the arrest is hushed up, and the priest is released. In 2001, The Boston Globe hires a new editor, Marty Baron, Baron meets Walter Robby Robinson, the editor of the newspapers Spotlight team, a small group of journalists writing investigative articles that take months to research and publish. Journalist Michael Rezendes contacts Garabedian, who declines to be interviewed. Though he is not to, Rezendes reveals that he is on the Spotlight team. Through Phil Saviano, who heads the victims rights group Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and they learn through Richard Sipe, a former priest who worked at trying to rehabilitate pedophile priests, that statistically there should be approximately 90 abusive priests in Boston. Through their research, they develop a list of 87 names, when the September 11 attacks occur, the team is forced to deprioritize the story. They regain momentum when Rezendes learns from Garabedian that there are publicly available documents that confirm Cardinal Law was made aware of the problem and ignored it. The story goes to print with a web link to the documents that expose Cardinal Laws inaction, the following morning, the Spotlight team is inundated with phone calls from victims coming forward to tell their stories. Mark Ruffalo as Michael Rezendes Michael Keaton as Walter Robby Robinson Rachel McAdams as Sacha Pfeiffer Liev Schreiber as Marty Baron John Slattery as Ben Bradlee, Jr. When McCarthy was asked how he and his co-author tackled the research and writing process, he stated, As I said, that’s probably some indication of how intimidating it was. And yeah, it was a lot of work, but it was exciting work and it was really interesting work, parsing through details of not just the investigation, but its findings, and trying to determine what was most helpful in telling our story
8.
Damien Chazelle
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Damien Sayre Chazelle is an American director and screenwriter. The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival and went on to receive five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. It also received a record-tying 14 Academy Award nominations, winning six including Best Director, Chazelle was born to a Roman Catholic family in Providence, Rhode Island. His mother, Celia Chazelle, is an American-Canadian writer and professor of history at The College of New Jersey and his father, Bernard Chazelle, is a French-American Eugene Higgins Professor of computer science at Princeton University, originally from Clamart, France. Chazelle has a sister, Anna, who is an actress and his maternal grandfather, John Sayre Martin, Jr. is the son of John Sayre Martin, who worked for Paramount Pictures in London, and Eileen Earle, who was a stage actress. Filmmaking was Chazelles first love, but he wanted to be a musician. He has said he had a music teacher, who was the inspiration for the character of Terence Fletcher in Chazelles breakout film Whiplash. Unlike the films protagonist Andrew Neiman, however, Chazelle stated that he knew instinctively he never had the talent to be a great musician and he studied filmmaking in the Visual and Environmental Studies department at Harvard University and graduated in 2007. At Harvard he lived in Currier House as roommates with the composer, Chazelles debut as a writer and director was the film Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench. Chazelle has shared screenplay credit with director Ed Gass-Donnelly on The Last Exorcism Part II,2013 and he is also credited as the screenwriter on 2013s Grand Piano, a thriller that has an anxious pianist dealing with a death threat during a concert. Chazelle has stated in interviews that he was working as a writer for hire but had the ambition to direct his own script, Chazelle described Whiplash as a writing reaction to being stuck on another script. I just thought, thats not working, let me put it away and he stated he initially did not want to show the script around, as it felt too personal, and I put it in a drawer. Whiplash gained interest from producers, but nobody wanted to make the film. Whiplash won the Sundance Film Festival Short Prize in 2013 as a short and in 2014 the top audience, the film also took the grand prize and the audience award for favorite film at the 40th Deauville American Film Festival. On January 15,2015, Whiplash received 5 Academy Award nominations and it won three of them, Best Supporting Actor for Simmons, Best Achievement in Film Editing and Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, on February 22,2015. Chazelle co-wrote 10 Cloverfield Lane, which was released on March 11,2016, Chazelle was brought in by J. J. Abrams Bad Robot Productions to re-write a draft, with the intention of Chazelle directing. However, Chazelle ultimately chose to direct Whiplash instead and his musical, La La Land, starring Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone, opened the Venice International Film Festival on August 31,2016. It began a limited release in the United States on December 9,2016 and it has received rave reviews from critics
9.
First Man (film)
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First Man, The Life of Neil A. Armstrong is the official biography of Neil Armstrong, the astronaut who became the first man to walk on the Moon on July 20,1969. Written by James R. Hansen, it was published in 2005 by Simon & Schuster, the book describes Armstrongs involvement in the United States space program, culminating with the fateful Apollo 11 mission, while also detailing his personal life and upbringing. The book has received a reception from several individuals associated with astronomy. Examples include American media figure Walter Cronkite and English public intellectual Sir Patrick Moore, academic and author James Hansen is also known for serving as a professor of history at Auburn University in Alabama. He additionally serves as director of that institutions Honors College, the writing process began in October 1999, when Hansen first wrote to Armstrong asking if he could author the book. Hansen persisted, sending what he described as a box of his work. One of the items included was the authors well-received biography, titled From the Ground Up, Armstrong felt impressed with the style of Hansens work. In June 2002, Armstrong and Hansen signed a formal agreement, two months later, Armstrong signed an official letter for Hansen that said Hansen had his full support and encouraged others to provide what he needed to write a book. After questioning as to why, after years of reluctance, he had consented to a full biography, Armstrong replied simply. The book describes Armstrongs pleasant and broadly conventional early life, the young man becomes more and more fascinated by aircraft and flying, and he even earns his pilots licence before he has qualifications to drive an automobile. Armstrongs father remarks that his son never had a girl and didnt need a car, to get out to that airport. The young Armstrong becomes a naval aviator, the administration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration take an interest in Armstrongs combination of calmness and personal skill coupled with his above-average intellect. Although contrasting somewhat with many of his colleagues, the Apollo 11 crew winding up as amiable strangers, the fact that Armstrong gets chosen to be first down on the lunar surface is a surprise, with astronaut Edwin Buzz Aldrin Jr. being expected to get priority. The mission itself proceeds spectacularly well, and Armstrong gives his famous line, Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. The historic nature of the event means that Armstrong must adapt to being one of the most famous men on the planet, interested in spreading his knowledge to younger generations, he eschews a celebrity status by serving as a lecturer in engineering at the University of Cincinnati. English astronomer and public intellectual Sir Patrick Moore praised the book and he concluded, This is an important book and should be in every scientific library. James Hansen contributes a host of fascinating new insights into not only the character of Apollo 11s enigmatic commander and it is a book for all time. In early 2003, actor-director Clint Eastwood and production people at the studio Warner Brothers bought the rights to First Man
10.
Upper Dublin High School
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Upper Dublin High School is a four-year public high school located in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is the high school in the Upper Dublin School District. Upper Dublin High School is recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, in 2007, the school was named the No.1 high school in Montgomery County by the Philadelphia Inquirer. The school was also ranked No.8 in Philadelphia Magazines 100 Best Public, the high school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and certified by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The school has a 99%+ graduation rate, and more than 95% of graduates continue on to a two or four-year college, Upper Dublin High School is represented at each service academy and almost all top universities. After months of deliberations, the board decided to move forward. On March 20,2007, the voters in Upper Dublin were presented with a referendum and they approved, despite the risk of a significant tax increase. Initial estimates of the new construction is $119 million, the construction was to occur in stages on the site of the current building and demolition of the oldest wing began in summer 2008. It was completed in the Summer of 2012, on time and within budget, the Team identifies, intervenes, and refers those students for help. Students in the class are provided with the opportunity to investigate career opportunities in the final three weeks of the year. Students at Upper Dublin High School have the option to attend the Eastern Center for Arts and Technology, the campus is located in Willow Grove and is owned by nine school districts in Eastern Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. They include Abington, Bryn Athyn, Cheltenham, Hatboro-Horsham, Jenkintown, Upper Moreland Lower Moreland, Springfield, programs taken at the Eastern Center are considered part of the high school program and count as elective credit toward graduation. They give students the opportunity to reinforce their career path after high school, get ready for employment, the school has 14 male varsity sports and 13 female varsity sports recognized by PIAA. The school also has a cheerleading squad, kim Gallagher – Sprinted 800 meters to a silver medal in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics and a bronze in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Suzy Kolber – ESPN Monday Night Football sideline reporter and host of NASCAR Countdown, john Tartaglia – Tony Award nominee for Avenue Q and star of Disney Channels Johnny and the Sprites. Zach Pfeffer – Midfielder, Philadelphia Union, josh Singer - Emmy nominated writer/script supervisor for The West Wing, Lie To Me, and Fringe. Academy Award winning co-script writer for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on Spotlight
11.
Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
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Fort Washington is a census-designated place and suburb of Philadelphia in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,446 at the 2010 census, the Fort Washington area was settled by many German immigrants. One such person was Philip Engard who immigrated in 1728, Engard purchased 100 acres on what was to be named Susquehanna Road and Fort Washington Avenue. By the mid-18th century the area came to be known as Engardtown, from December 5–8,1777, the Battle of White Marsh was fought here between British and American forces. Throughout the encampment, Washington was headquartered at the Emlen House, British commander General William Howe observed the American lines from the bell tower of St. Thomas Episcopal Church, site of the British encampment on December 5. Today, Fort Washington State Park contains the area in which the primary American defenses were situated, the exact number of deaths is uncertain, but 59 were killed instantly and dozens more perished from their injuries. On January 1,1946, the Township of Upper Dublin was created, parts of Fort Washington were also incorporated into Whitemarsh Township. The primary center of business and industry in Upper Dublin Township is the Fort Washington Office Park, there are more than 65 buildings of various sizes up to 658,535 square feet. The park contains the offices of over 100 different companies, including Honeywell, Aetna, AccuWeather, Eastern National, Genworth Financial, Feith Systems, the office park was also home to the corporate headquarters of CDNow, the pioneering online music retailer. It is also home to a branch of The Paul Green School of Rock Music, in recent years, the Fort Washington Office Park has experienced a vacancy rate higher than that of other commercial/industrial parks in the region, due in some part to problems with flooding. The Fort Washington Office Park was also home to the Fort Washington Expo Center. Opened in 1993, the Expo Center hosted some of the regions biggest consumer and trade shows, the Expo Center closed in 2006 after the building was sold to Liberty Property Trust who renovated the center into Class A office space. The center, which can accommodate 2,800 employees, was leased to GMAC Mortgage who took over the space in 2007 and their building is based on a 110-acre site and has a workforce of 2,600 employees. Johnson and Johnson closed this plant in April 2010 after a series of manufacturing led to embarrassing product recalls for faulty manufacturing practices. Fort Washington Elementary School Upper Dublin High School Upper Dublin High School is located on Loch Alsh Avenue,1. 8% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,680 people,1,161 households, the population density was 1,349.9 people per square mile. There were 1,173 housing units at a density of 430. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the community was 91. 30% White,3. 04% African American,0. 08% Native American,5. 03% Asian,0. 11% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 71% of the population
12.
Valedictorian
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The chosen valedictorian is often the student with the highest ranking among their graduating class. So the valedictory address generally is considered a farewell to classmates. In Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland, India, and the United Kingdom, in Australia, the title is sometimes awarded to a member of a graduating university class on the basis of contribution to the school rather than academic success. The highest-ranking student in a class is often referred to as dux. In France the term Major de promotion is used, although the term is not related to any ceremonial role, how an individual school confers the title is typically based upon the highest grade point average. Some institutions confer the title on the class chosen to deliver the final graduation address, regardless of the speakers academic credentials. Generally, the graduate deemed to be the highest academically ranked student in the class, historically and traditionally, however, schools confer the title upon the highest ranking graduate of the class, who thereby earns the honor of delivering the valedictory address. In other schools, the position may be elected by the body or appointed directly by the school administration based on various systems of merit. Some schools may feature co-valedictorians in lieu of conferring the title on an individual from among the graduating class. This may occur in the case of a tie in grade point averages. The awarding of the valedictorian honor may be the subject of heated controversy, some schools have dropped the honor or changed the rules to allow multiple recipients. In turn, such changes have led to complaints that it is unfair to change the rules after a competition has begun. The New Jersey Commissioner of Education, for example, required schools to make changes to valedictorian award policy effective only for the freshman class. Another New Jersey case raised the question of whether accommodations for students under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and related laws should affect valedictorian honors. In Hornstine v. Township of Moorestown, a U. S. District Court judge blocked the Moorestown Superintendent of Schools from retroactively changing school policy to deny a disabled student sole honors. The valedictory address, or valediction, is the closing or farewell statement delivered at a graduation ceremony and it is an oration at commencement exercises in U. S. and some Canadian high schools, colleges, and universities delivered by one of the graduates. The mode of discourse generally is inspirational and persuasive, the various aims of this address are to inspire the graduates and to thank individuals responsible for their successes while reflecting on youthful frivolity and the accomplishments of the class. Class rank Dux Grade inflation Latin honors Salutatorian
13.
Presidential Scholars Program
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The United States Presidential Scholars Program is a program of the Department of Education that recognizes the academic achievements of distinguished US citizens graduating high school. It is described as one of the Nations highest honors for high school students in the United States of America, in 1979 it was expanded to recognize students who demonstrate exceptional scholarship and talent in the visual, creative, and performing arts. In 2015, the program was expanded again to recognize students who demonstrate ability and accomplishment in career. Annually, the presidentially-appointed White House Commission on Presidential Scholars chooses up to 161 U. S, Presidential Scholars from among that years senior class. To commemorate their achievements, the scholars are individually awarded the Presidential Medallion in a ceremony sponsored by the White House, all candidates are invited to apply to the program in January of their graduation year. Semifinalists are announced in Mid-April and all Scholars are announced the first week of May, the National Recognition Program in Washington, DC usually occurs in June. The United States Department of Education then examines the test records for the top 30 males, the combined file of scores from the top male examinees and top female examinees are then ranked from high to low in each state. The scores associated with the top 20 male examinees and top 20 female examinees are used to identify the candidates in each state, when ties occur in the threshold score, more than 20 persons of that gender are invited in that state. In addition, each Chief State School Officer may nominate up to ten male and ten candidates, residing in the CSSOs jurisdiction. Additionally, the program is partnering with several organizations that will each nominate up to 10 candidates from their individual programs. Each year approximately 4,000 students are invited to apply to the program, candidates then go through a rigorous application process where they must submit candidacy materials, including essays, self-assessments, secondary school reports, and transcripts. Candidates are evaluated on their achievement, personal characteristics, leadership, service, and other extracurricular activities. In mid-April approximately 800 Semifinalists are chosen by a committee of qualified individuals experienced in secondary and post-secondary education. Six to twenty Semifinalists are identified for each state/jurisdiction, the number of Semifinalists identified per state/jurisdiction is proportionate to the number of candidates for that state. In May, the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars makes the selection of up to 161 Presidential Scholars. One male student and one female Scholar are chosen from each state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, in addition, up to fifteen Scholars are chosen at-large. The National YoungArts Foundation reviews approximately 12,000 candidates annually of 15- to 18-year-old artists in the fields of visual, literary, performing, from these they select the top 600-700 artists in the nation as National Winners. 171 of these Winners travel to Miami, Florida for National YoungArts Week and these 171 Winners are then narrowed down to 60 nominees that are recommended to the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars
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National Merit Scholarship Program
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The highest-achieving students in the National Merit Scholarship Program are designated as National Merit Scholars. Finalists and semi-finalists are also given recognition for their academic and extracurricular achievements, each years Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test is the qualifying test for a students entry to a particular years competitions. About 1.5 million students in some 22,000 high schools enter the National Merit Scholarship competition annually when they take the Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. This serves to screen program entrants, measuring critical reading ability, mathematics problem-solving ability, Semifinalists are designated on a state representational basis, contingent on the total number of entrants and in proportion to each state’s percentage of the nation’s high school graduating seniors. Semifinalists are the highest-scoring program entrants in each state and represent the top 0. 5% percent of the senior students. To be considered for a National Merit Scholarship, Semifinalists have to fulfill requirements to advance to Finalist standing, each Semifinalist submits a detailed scholarship application, which includes essays and information about extracurricular achievements, awards, and leadership positions. Semifinalists also have to have an academic record, be endorsed and recommended by a school official. From the Semifinalist group, a number of students, varying from year to year. By the conclusion of the competition, a group of Finalists are chosen to receive prestigious National Merit Scholarships totaling nearly $35 million. Scholarship winners represent fewer than 1% of the pool of student entrants. Lawful permanent resident who intends to become a U. S. citizen at the earliest opportunity allowed by law, students completing high school in three years or less must be in the last or next-to-last year of high school when they take the test. The NMSC uses the PSAT/NMSQT as the screen of over 1.5 million program entrants. In the spring of the year, NMSC determines a national Selection Index qualifying score for Commended recognition. Qualification levels also vary by state, and qualifying levels are higher in states such as New Jersey. For the 2009/2010 school year, a score of 217 was required in California to qualify, notification is mailed to school principals in April regarding students who scored at or above this level. The principals then notify their students of their status and these students are given the opportunity to identify two colleges or universities to which they would like NMSC to send their scores. Early the next September, NMSC determines Selection Index qualifying scores for further recognition by state, about 16,000 of the 50,000 are recognized as National Merit Semifinalists in this process. The Selection Index qualifying scores for Semifinalist standing vary from state to state, each state is allocated a percentage of Semifinalists based on the percentage of that states graduating seniors out of the nations total
15.
The Whiffenpoofs
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The Yale Whiffenpoofs are a collegiate a cappella singing group. Established at Yale University in 1909, it is the oldest such group in the United States, the line-up changes each year, and former members include Cole Porter. The Whiffenpoofs perform near the Yale campus and tour the United States, established in 1909 and best known for The Whiffenpoof Song, the group is composed of senior men who compete in the spring of their junior year for 14 spots. The Whiffs best-known alumnus may be Cole Porter, who sang in the 1913 line-up, the Whiffenpoofs have performed for generations at a number of venues, including the Lincoln Center, the White House, the Salt Lake Tabernacle, Oakland Coliseum, Carnegie Hall and the Rose Bowl. The group has appeared on television shows as Jeopardy. The Today Show, Saturday Night Live,60 Minutes, Gilmore Girls, The West Wing, in December 2010, the group appeared on NBCs a cappella competition The Sing-Off, they were eliminated fourth, on the second show. During the school year, the Whiffenpoofs perform on Monday nights at Morys, known formally as Morys Temple Bar. Beginning in 2010, the group sings on Wednesdays at New Havens Union League Café, the Whiffenpoofs travel extensively during the school year and take a three-month world tour during the summer. The groups business manager and musical director, known in Whiff tradition respectively as the Popocatepetl, an alumni organization maintains close ties with the group. The word whiffenpoof originated in the 1908 operetta Little Nemo by Victor Herbert, as recently as November 20,2016 the group voted against admitting women. Votes have been taken since the 1970s, each vote has denied female singers the opportunity to join the group. Women are allowed show auditions but are never tapped for the group, a record number of women turned out for the most recent auditions. Women have matriculated at Yale since 1969, the Whiffenpoof Song, the groups traditional closing number, was published in sheet music form in 1909. The song has been covered many times and it became a hit for Rudy Vallee in 1937 and later in 1947 for Bing Crosby, credited to Bing Crosby with Fred Waring and The Glee Club. It has also recorded by Elvis Presley, Count Basie, Perry Como, the Ames Brothers, the Statler Brothers. The chorus was used in the 1949 movie 12 OClock High with Gregory Peck and it was used in the 1952 movie Monkey Business. When the tune comes on the radio, Cary Grant starts singing it to Marilyn Monroe, later Ginger Rogers sings it to Grant and describes it as our song. And later still, Grant sings it to Rogers when he is locked out of the hotel room and they sing the first part of the songs chorus with the special effect sheep choir adding the ending Baa
16.
The Yale Alley Cats
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The Yale Alley Cats are an all male, undergraduate a cappella singing group at Yale University. The Alley Cats were founded in 1943, making them the third oldest underclassman a cappella group at Yale, the group’s early repertoire was based in jazz, and its current arrangements cover Motown, pop music, folk music, and various other music genres. Each year, the Cats go on three tours, many of them international, performing for public and private audiences, all of the groups music are arrangements written by current and past members. Their performances have entertained audiences world-wide, including Martha Stewart and President Barack Obama, the Alley Cats first album on the Bridge Records, Inc. label also made it onto the 52nd Grammy Awards entry list for Best Pop Vocal Album. Every year, the travels to numerous destinations during their winter, spring. Dave Lieberman 03, Host of Food Networks Good Deal with Dave Lieberman, joe Farrell 97, Host of Trading Spaces, Family. Josh Singer 94, Co-writer of the Academy Award-winning screenplay, Spotlight George R. Steel 94, General Manager, former General Director of the Dallas Opera. Allen Murabayashi 94, Founding employee and Senior Vice President of Engineering at HotJobs. com, manoel Felciano 92, Tony Award-nominated Actor of Sweeney Todd. David J. Tang 89, Artistic and acting Executive Director of Firebird Arts Alliance,82, Professor of Classics, University of Colorado, Boulder Jeffrey Klitz 81, Conductor, Musician, Arranger for Broadway and other theatrical endeavors. In the summer of 1943, four Yale undergraduate students climbed Saybrook Tower to serenade the night with Henry Careys Sally in Our Alley and their singing awoke the College Master who quickly yelled at them to stop it. Your singing sounds like a bunch of screeching alley cats, the Master then quieted the young gentlemen and sent them to bed, but the performance marked the groups founding and taking the name, The Yale Alley Cats. Each year, freshmen audition in a process known as Rush. In the tradition of many Yale a cappella groups, the current Alley Cats “tap” freshmen to sing with the group for three years, the Gamble The Very Best of the Yale Alley Cats Noir Maneki Neko Ghost of a Chance Classic Ninth Live Day & Night Est
17.
Children's Television Workshop
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They spent two years, from 1966 to 1968, researching, developing, and raising money for the new series. Cooney was named as the Workshops first executive director, which was termed one of the most important television developments of the decade. Sesame Street premiered as a series of Public Broadcasting Service PBS in the United States during November 1969, gerald S. Lesser and Edward L. They also hired a staff of producers and writers, after the initial success of Sesame Street, they began to plan for its continued survival, which included procuring additional sources of funding and creating other television series. By 2005, income from the CTWs international co-productions of the series was $96 million, by 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for $15–17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees. Cooney resigned as CEO during 1990, David Britt was named as her replacement, during 2014, Ming was succeeded by Jeffrey D. Dunn. During the late 1960s, 97% of all American households owned a television set, early childhood educational research at the time had shown that when children were prepared to succeed in school, they earned better grades and learned more effectively. Children from low-income families, however, had fewer resources than children from families to prepare them for school. The topic of psychology had grown during this period. During the winter of 1966, Joan Ganz Cooney hosted what she called a little dinner party at her apartment near Gramercy Park, attending were her husband Tim Cooney, her boss Lewis Freedman, and Lloyd and Mary Morrisett, whom the Cooneys knew socially. Cooney was a producer of films at New York public television station WNDT. Cooney was committed to using television to change society, and Morrisett was interested in using television to reach numbers of needy kids. A week later, Cooney and Freedman met with Morrisett at the office of Carnegie Corporation to discuss doing a feasibility study for creating a television program for preschoolers. Cooney was chosen to perform the study and she reported her findings in a fifty-five-page document entitled The Potential Uses of Television in Preschool Education. For the next two years, Cooney and Morrisett researched and developed the new show, acquiring $8 million funding for Sesame Street, due to her professional experience, Cooney always assumed the shows natural network would be PBS. Morrisett was amenable to broadcast it by commercial stations, but all three major networks rejected the idea, Davis, considering Sesame Streets licensing income years later, termed their decision a billion-dollar blunder. Morrisett was responsible for acquisition, and was so successful at it that writer Lee D. Mitgang later said that it defied conventional media wisdom. Cooney was responsible for the creative development, and for hiring the production
18.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
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Sesame Street
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Sesame Street is a long-running American childrens television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Hensons Muppets, animation, short films, humor. The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history, with the creation of Sesame Street, producers and writers of a childrens television show used, for the first time, educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content. It was also the first time a shows educational effects were studied, the show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, there were independently produced versions, or co-productions, in 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street, and by the shows 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was the childrens television show in the United States. A1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old, in 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. As of 2014, Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards—more than any other childrens show, Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a television show that would master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them. The program premiered on television stations on November 10,1969. It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory, initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, Sesame Street has evolved from its initial inception. According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become an American institution, the cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The shows success continued into the 1980s, Sesame Streets curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes, for example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999 and due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, upon its fortieth anniversary in 2009, the show received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy at the 36th Daytime Emmy Awards. In April 2017, Sesame Street will introduce a new puppet called Julia with Autism to the show, and will be voiced by Stacey Gordon, who started Puppet Pie and has a son on the autism spectrum. From its first episode, Sesame Street has structured its format by using a visual style, fast-moving action, humor
20.
McKinsey & Company
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McKinsey & Company is a worldwide management consulting firm. It conducts qualitative and quantitative analysis in order to evaluate management decisions across the public, widely considered the most prestigious management consultancy, McKinseys clientele includes 80% of the worlds largest corporations, and an extensive list of governments and non-profit organizations. More current and former Fortune 500 C. E. O. s are alumni of McKinsey than of any other company, James P. Gorman, and many more. McKinsey publishes the McKinsey Quarterly, funds the McKinsey Global Institute research organization, publishes reports on management topics and its practices of confidentiality, influence on business practices, and corporate culture have experienced a polarizing reception. McKinsey was founded in 1926 by James O. McKinsey in order to apply accounting principles to management, McKinsey died in 1937, and the firm was restructured several times, with the modern-day McKinsey & Company emerging in 1939. Marvin Bower is credited with establishing McKinseys culture and practices in the 1930s based on the principles he experienced as a lawyer, the firm developed an up or out policy, where consultants who are not promoted are asked to leave. McKinsey was the first management consultancy to hire recent college graduates, in the 1980s and 1990s, the firm expanded internationally and established new practice areas. It had 88 staff in 1951 and 7,700 by the early 2000s, McKinseys consulting has helped to establish many of the norms in business and contributed to many of the major successes and failures in business in the modern era. McKinsey & Company was founded under the name James O. McKinsey & Company in 1926 by James McKinsey and he conceived the idea after witnessing inefficiencies in military suppliers while working for the U. S. Army Ordnance Department. The firm called itself an accounting and management firm and started out giving consulting on using accounting principles as a management tool, Mr. McKinseys first partners were Tom Kearney, hired in 1929, and Marvin Bower, hired in 1933. In its first few years, the firm grew quickly and began developing rapport among corporations, in 1935, Mr. McKinsey left the firm temporarily to serve as the Chairman and CEO of client Marshall Fields as it implemented the restructuring plan created by his firm. A Wellington project that accounted for 55 percent of McKinsey, Wellington & Companys billings was about to expire and Kearney, Bower wanted to expand nationally and hire young business school graduates, whereas Kearney wanted to stay in Chicago and hire experienced accountants. Additionally, in 1937 James O. McKinsey died after catching pneumonia and this led to the division of McKinsey, Wellington & Company in 1939. The accounting practice returned to Scovell, Wellington & Company, while the management engineering practice was split into McKinsey & Company, the New York office purchased exclusive rights to the McKinsey name in 1946. McKinsey & Company grew quickly in the 1940s and 50s, especially in Europe and it had 88 staff in 1951 and more than 200 by the 1960s, including 37 in London by 1966. In the same year, McKinsey had six offices in major US cities like San Francisco, Los Angeles and these foreign offices were primarily in Europe, such as in London, Paris, Amsterdam, as well as in Melbourne. By this time, one third of the companys revenues originated from its European offices, guy Crockett stepped down as managing director in 1950, and Marvin Bower was elected in his place. McKinseys profit-sharing, executive and planning committees were formed in 1951, the organizations client base expanded especially among governments, defense contractors, bluechip companies and military organizations in the post-World War II era
21.
John Wells (filmmaker)
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John Marcum Wells is an American theater, film and television producer, writer and director. He is best known for his role as producer and showrunner of the television series ER, Third Watch, The West Wing, Southland. His company, John Wells Productions, is based at Warner Bros. studios in Burbank. Wells is also a leader, and was elected president of the Writers Guild of America, West in 2009. Wells was born in Alexandria, Virginia, the son of Marjorie Elizabeth and Llewellyn Wallace Wells and he has English, Irish, Scottish, Swedish, and Norwegian ancestry. Wells graduated from the Carnegie Mellon School of Drama in 1979, a studio theatre at Carnegie Mellon University bears his name. While at CMU, he was one of the earliest actors to work at City Theatre, Wells was a producer on the 1987 film Nice Girls Dont Explode. He joined the staff of the short-lived CBS drama series. He began writing for television with an episode of CBS Summer Playhouse entitled Roughhouse in 1988 and he was hired as a producer for the second season of ABC drama series China Beach in 1988. The show was created by John Sacret Young and William Broyles, Jr. Wells wrote five episodes for the first season – X-Mas Chn. VN,67, Tet 68, Vets and both parts of the season finale The World. He was promoted to supervising producer for the season of China Beach in 1989. He wrote three episodes for the third season – Dear China Beach, Magic, and The Thanks of a Grateful Nation. He returned as a producer for the fourth and final season in 1990. He was involved in writing ten further episodes and he co-wrote the story for the season premiere with Sacret Young, Carol Flint and Lydia Woodward and wrote the teleplay himself. He co-wrote the fourteenth episode Rewind with Flint and he co-wrote the teleplay and co-wrote the story for the series finale Hello Goodbye along with Sacret Young. Wells wrote sixteen episodes of the series in total and he frequently worked with producer/director Mimi Leder on China Beach and she helmed six of the episodes he wrote. China Beach also marked the start of Wells working relationship with casting director John Frank Levey, editors Randy Jon Morgan and Jacque Toberen and directors Rod Holcomb, Wells worked on two television films in 1992 Angel Street and The Nightman
22.
The West Wing
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The West Wing is an American serial political drama television series created by Aaron Sorkin that was originally broadcast on NBC from September 22,1999, to May 14,2006. The West Wing was produced by Warner Bros, for the first four seasons, there were three executive producers, Aaron Sorkin, Thomas Schlamme, and John Wells. The West Wing received acclaim from critics, as well as praise from political science professors, in total, The West Wing won three Golden Globe Awards and 26 Emmy Awards, including the award for Outstanding Drama Series, which it won four consecutive times from 2000 through 2003. In the years since its run, it has appeared on lists of the greatest television dramas ever made. The Writers Guild of America also ranked it #10 in its 101 Best-Written TV Series list, the West Wing employed a broad ensemble cast to portray the many positions involved in the daily work of the federal government. The President, the First Lady, and the Presidents senior staff, numerous secondary characters, appearing intermittently, complement storylines that generally revolve around this core group. Sam Seaborn is the Deputy Communications Director and he departs the White House following the re-election of President Bartlet to run for Congress. He is recruited to become Santos Deputy Chief of Staff at the series end, mandy Hampton is Josh Lymans ex-girlfriend and a media consultant contracted by the Bartlet administration. She departs without explanation following the first season, charlie Young is originally the Personal Aide to the President and later a Deputy Special Assistant to the Chief of Staff. He is in a relationship with Zoey Bartlet, at the series end he begins to study law at Georgetown. She succeeds Leo McGarry as Chief of Staff and departs White House at the end of the Bartlet administration, post-series, she marries Danny Concannon and has a child. He is fired from the Bartlet administration during a leak investigation and he has twin children with his ex-wife who is a congresswoman from Maryland. Leo McGarry, Bartlets close personal friend and Chief of Staff, following a heart attack, he becomes Counselor to the President, and later the Democratic Candidate for Vice President. Josh Lyman, is the Deputy Chief of Staff to Leo McGarry and C. J. Cregg, when Santos is elected, Josh becomes White House Chief of Staff. Josiah Jed Bartlet is the President of the United States, an economist by training, he is a former Congressman and Governor from New Hampshire who unexpectedly won the Democratic Party nomination. He suffers from multiple sclerosis, a fact he hides from the electorate. Donna Moss is the Senior Assistant to Josh Lyman and she later departs to be a spokesperson for the Russell campaign and then the Santos campaign. Upon Santos election, she becomes Chief of Staff to the First Lady, abbey Bartlet is the First Lady, Jeds wife, and a physician
23.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
24.
Conversion to Judaism
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The procedure and requirements for conversion depend on the sponsoring denomination. A conversion in accordance with the process of a denomination is not a guarantee of recognition by another denomination, in some cases, a person may forgo a formal conversion to Judaism and adopt some or all beliefs and practices of Judaism. However, without a conversion, many highly observant Jews will reject a converts Jewish status. There are some groups that have adopted Jewish customs and practices, for example, in Russia the Subbotniks have adopted most aspects of Judaism without formal conversion to Judaism. However, if Subbotniks, or anyone without a conversion, wish to marry into a traditional Jewish community or immigrate to Israel. A male convert to Judaism is referred to by the Hebrew word ger, the word is rendered by the Greek proselyte as used in the Septuagint to denote a stranger. In Karaite Judaism a Ger is a non-Jew who has yet to convert to Judaism. After a Ger converts to Judaism, they are no longer considered a Ger, the word ger comes from the Hebrew verb lagur meaning to reside or to sojourn. In the Hebrew Bible ger is defined as a foreigner, or sojourner, Rabbi Marc Angel writes, The Hebrew ger literally means resident and refers to a non-Israelite who lived among the Israelite community. When the Torah commands compassion and equal justice for the ger, Rabbinic tradition interpreted the word ger as referring to proselytes. The Jews were not converts in Egypt, but rather foreigners, another passage which may be relevant to a process of conversion involves non-Jewish women captured in war who could be adopted forcibly as wives. Another verse which has interpreted as referring to non-Jews converting to Judaism is Esther 8,17. In Modern Hebrew, ger refers to a convert to Judaism, according to Maimonides, converts were accepted since the beginning of Jewish history, and the foreign wives of Jewish leaders - such as Samson and Solomon - were converts. For Rabbinic Judaism, the laws governing conversion are based on codes of law and texts, including discussions in the Talmud, through the Shulkhan Arukh and these rules are held as authoritative by Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism. Jewish law is interpreted as somewhat discouraging proselytizing, and religious gerut is also somewhat discouraged. In the past, rabbis often rejected potential converts three times, and if they remained adamant in their desire to convert, they would allow them to begin the process. However, a rabbi convinced of the prospective converts sincerity may allow him or her to follow the process of conversion and this requires the person to appear before an established three-judge Jewish religious court known as a beth din to be tested and formally accepted. Conservative Judaism takes a lenient approach in application of the halakhic rules than Modern Orthodox Judaism
25.
Daniel Domscheit-Berg
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Daniel Domscheit-Berg, previously known under the pseudonym Daniel Schmitt, is a German technology activist. He is best known for his role until September 2010 as a spokesperson for whistleblower organization WikiLeaks in Germany and he is the author of Inside WikiLeaks, My Time with Julian Assange at the Worlds Most Dangerous Website. After leaving WikiLeaks, he announced plans in January 2011 to open a new website for anonymous online leaks called OpenLeaks and this decision was revoked in February 2012. In 2011, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine in its FP Top 100 Global Thinkers, with Sami Ben Gharbia, Domscheit-Berg began working with WikiLeaks after meeting Assange at the Chaos Computer Clubs annual conference in 2007. On 25 September 2010, after reportedly being suspended by Assange for questioning him too much, I no longer want to take responsibility for it, and thats why I am leaving the project. Domscheit-Berg was highlighted in the Sveriges Television programme WikiRebels - The Documentary, a book about his experience with and separation from WikiLeaks was released in Germany in February 2011, entitled Inside WikiLeaks, Meine Zeit bei der gefährlichsten Website der Welt. An English translation followed some days later by Australian publisher Scribe Publications, in Domscheit-Bergs book he criticizes Julian Assanges leadership style and handling of the Afghan War Diaries. Domscheit-Berg stated he would destroy WikiLeaks data when leaving WikiLeaks and he wanted to be sure that duplicates would be confirmed deleted by a notary with an affidavit. Domscheit-Berg apparently told weekly Der Freitag that I took no documents from WikiLeaks with me, Domscheit-Berg was eventually kicked out of Chaos Computer Club due to his conduct during the mediation and for requesting the Chaos Computer Club to test OpenLeaks security. This decision was revoked in February 2012 by the assembly of the Chaos Computer Club. In December 2010, Domscheit-Berg announced the intention to start a site named OpenLeaks with the intention of being more transparent than WikiLeaks, in these last months, the WikiLeaks organization has not been open any more. Instead of publishing the documents, Domscheit-Berg said that his proposed OpenLeaks process would send the documents to various news entities or publishers. OpenLeaks was supposed to start operations in January 2011. Inside WikiLeaks, Meine Zeit bei der gefährlichsten Website der Welt, inside WikiLeaks, my time with Julian Assange at the worlds most dangerous website. Carlton North, City of Melbourne, Scribe Publications, inside WikiLeaks, My Time with Julian Assange at the Worlds Most Dangerous Website. Former WikiLeaks Spokesman Disputes Claims About Destroyed Files, I Doubt Domscheit-Bergs Integrity, Top German Hacker Slams OpenLeaks Founder. WikiLeaks Bank Of America Bombshell May Have Been Destroyed, OpenLeaks on Facebook Daniel Domscheit-Berg collected news and commentary at Der Spiegel A conversation on the ideological split between Wikileaks/Openleaks, Fillip
26.
WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy
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WikiLeaks, Inside Julian Assanges War on Secrecy is a 2011 book by British journalists David Leigh and Luke Harding. It tells the story of Julian Assange, WikiLeaks, and the leak by Chelsea Manning of classified material to the website in 2010 and it was published by Guardian Books in February 2011. The book describes Assanges childhood and details about his work creating and expanding WikiLeaks and it explains how his surname comes from his stepfather, a touring puppet theater owner, and not his biological father, a choice that Assange made himself. In response to the publication, WikiLeaks posted on Twitter. We will be taking action. ’ The Hindu writer, Hasan Suroor, said Assanges concern is that the book is critical of robust style and his alleged tendency to be a control freak. When Douglas Murray relayed these comments in a debate on the 9th of April,2011, Assange interjected “We are in the process of suing The Guardian in relation to that comment. ”The Guardian claimed the day that they had ‘not received any notification of such action from WikiLeaks or its lawyers’. In the book, Leigh mentioned the password to a set of unredacted classified US State Department cables, WikiLeaks had earlier distributed multiple copies of files containing all these cables, and others had mirrored their files with BitTorrent. WikiLeaks blamed Leigh and The Guardian for unnecessarily disclosing the password, in response The Guardian said Its nonsense to suggest the Guardians WikiLeaks book has compromised security in any way. According to The Guardian, WikiLeaks had indicated that the password was temporary, Wikileaks replied that others posted the files online, and as they were publicly available, the password was still useful. The cables contained in the file had their form and thus they did have all the names that were erased for the safety of the informants. Specifically, the book mentions about the password, The story behind Wikileaks, Guardian Books to publish Wikileaks title next month. Редактор The Guardian опроверг иск Ассанжа к изданию, fundador de WikiLeaks reanuda batalla legal contra su extradición. Fundador do Wikileaks se disfarçou de mulher para fugir da CIA, Assange svojega očeta dolgo ni poznal, Od njega je podedoval uporniške gene in analitični um. Transparency Terrorist, Review of WikiLeaks, Inside Julian Assanges War on Secrecy
27.
First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong
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First Man, The Life of Neil A. Armstrong is the official biography of Neil Armstrong, the astronaut who became the first man to walk on the Moon on July 20,1969. Written by James R. Hansen, it was published in 2005 by Simon & Schuster, the book describes Armstrongs involvement in the United States space program, culminating with the fateful Apollo 11 mission, while also detailing his personal life and upbringing. The book has received a reception from several individuals associated with astronomy. Examples include American media figure Walter Cronkite and English public intellectual Sir Patrick Moore, academic and author James Hansen is also known for serving as a professor of history at Auburn University in Alabama. He additionally serves as director of that institutions Honors College, the writing process began in October 1999, when Hansen first wrote to Armstrong asking if he could author the book. Hansen persisted, sending what he described as a box of his work. One of the items included was the authors well-received biography, titled From the Ground Up, Armstrong felt impressed with the style of Hansens work. In June 2002, Armstrong and Hansen signed a formal agreement, two months later, Armstrong signed an official letter for Hansen that said Hansen had his full support and encouraged others to provide what he needed to write a book. After questioning as to why, after years of reluctance, he had consented to a full biography, Armstrong replied simply. The book describes Armstrongs pleasant and broadly conventional early life, the young man becomes more and more fascinated by aircraft and flying, and he even earns his pilots licence before he has qualifications to drive an automobile. Armstrongs father remarks that his son never had a girl and didnt need a car, to get out to that airport. The young Armstrong becomes a naval aviator, the administration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration take an interest in Armstrongs combination of calmness and personal skill coupled with his above-average intellect. Although contrasting somewhat with many of his colleagues, the Apollo 11 crew winding up as amiable strangers, the fact that Armstrong gets chosen to be first down on the lunar surface is a surprise, with astronaut Edwin Buzz Aldrin Jr. being expected to get priority. The mission itself proceeds spectacularly well, and Armstrong gives his famous line, Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. The historic nature of the event means that Armstrong must adapt to being one of the most famous men on the planet, interested in spreading his knowledge to younger generations, he eschews a celebrity status by serving as a lecturer in engineering at the University of Cincinnati. English astronomer and public intellectual Sir Patrick Moore praised the book and he concluded, This is an important book and should be in every scientific library. James Hansen contributes a host of fascinating new insights into not only the character of Apollo 11s enigmatic commander and it is a book for all time. In early 2003, actor-director Clint Eastwood and production people at the studio Warner Brothers bought the rights to First Man
28.
Sesame Workshop
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They spent two years, from 1966 to 1968, researching, developing, and raising money for the new series. Cooney was named as the Workshops first executive director, which was termed one of the most important television developments of the decade. Sesame Street premiered as a series of Public Broadcasting Service PBS in the United States during November 1969, gerald S. Lesser and Edward L. They also hired a staff of producers and writers, after the initial success of Sesame Street, they began to plan for its continued survival, which included procuring additional sources of funding and creating other television series. By 2005, income from the CTWs international co-productions of the series was $96 million, by 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for $15–17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees. Cooney resigned as CEO during 1990, David Britt was named as her replacement, during 2014, Ming was succeeded by Jeffrey D. Dunn. During the late 1960s, 97% of all American households owned a television set, early childhood educational research at the time had shown that when children were prepared to succeed in school, they earned better grades and learned more effectively. Children from low-income families, however, had fewer resources than children from families to prepare them for school. The topic of psychology had grown during this period. During the winter of 1966, Joan Ganz Cooney hosted what she called a little dinner party at her apartment near Gramercy Park, attending were her husband Tim Cooney, her boss Lewis Freedman, and Lloyd and Mary Morrisett, whom the Cooneys knew socially. Cooney was a producer of films at New York public television station WNDT. Cooney was committed to using television to change society, and Morrisett was interested in using television to reach numbers of needy kids. A week later, Cooney and Freedman met with Morrisett at the office of Carnegie Corporation to discuss doing a feasibility study for creating a television program for preschoolers. Cooney was chosen to perform the study and she reported her findings in a fifty-five-page document entitled The Potential Uses of Television in Preschool Education. For the next two years, Cooney and Morrisett researched and developed the new show, acquiring $8 million funding for Sesame Street, due to her professional experience, Cooney always assumed the shows natural network would be PBS. Morrisett was amenable to broadcast it by commercial stations, but all three major networks rejected the idea, Davis, considering Sesame Streets licensing income years later, termed their decision a billion-dollar blunder. Morrisett was responsible for acquisition, and was so successful at it that writer Lee D. Mitgang later said that it defied conventional media wisdom. Cooney was responsible for the creative development, and for hiring the production
29.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
30.
Preston Sturges
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Preston Sturges was an American playwright, screenwriter, and film director. In 1941, he won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film The Great McGinty and it is not uncommon for a Sturges character to deliver an exquisitely turned phrase and take an elaborate pratfall within the same scene. A tender love scene between Henry Fonda and Barbara Stanwyck in The Lady Eve was enlivened by a horse, which repeatedly poked its nose into Fondas head. Sturges famously sold the story for The Great McGinty to Paramount Pictures for $1, in return for being allowed to direct the film, Sturges was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Mary Estelle Dempsey and travelling salesman Edmund C. His maternal grandparents, Catherine Campbell Smyth and Dominick dEste Dempsey, were immigrants from Ireland, when Sturges was three years old, his eccentric mother left America to pursue a singing career in Paris, where she annulled her marriage with Prestons father. Returning to America, Dempsey met her husband, the wealthy stockbroker Solomon Sturges. According to biographers, Solomon Sturges was diametrically opposite to Mary and this included her close friendship with Isadora Duncan, as the young Sturges would sometimes travel from country to country with Duncans dance company. Mary also carried on an affair with Aleister Crowley and collaborated with him on his magnum opus Magick. As a young man, Sturges bounced back and forth between Europe and the United States, as Sturges spent much of his childhood and youth in France, he ended up fluent in French and a Francophile who always considered France his second home. In 1916, he worked as a runner for New York stock brokers, the next year, he enlisted in the United States Army Air Service, and graduated as a lieutenant from Camp Dick in Texas without seeing action. While at camp, Sturges wrote an essay, Three Hundred Words of Humor, returning from camp, Sturges picked up a managing position at the Desti Emporium in New York, a store owned by his mothers fourth husband. He spent eight years there, until he married the first of his four wives, in 1928, Sturges performed on Broadway in Hotbed, a short-lived play by Paul Osborn, and Sturges first produced play, The Guinea Pig, opened in Massachusetts. The play was a success and Sturges moved it to Broadway the following year and that same year also saw the opening of Sturges second play, the hit Strictly Dishonorable. Written in just six days, the play ran for sixteen months and earned Sturges over $300,000 and it attracted interest from Hollywood, and Sturges was writing for Paramount by the end of the year. Three other Sturges stage plays were produced from 1930 to 1932, one of them a musical, by the end of the year, he was working more in Hollywood as a writer-for-hire, operating on short contracts, for Universal, MGM, and Columbia studios. He also sold his screenplay for The Power and the Glory to Fox. The film told the story of a self-involved financier via a series of flashbacks and flashforwards, Sturges later recalled, The film made a lot of enemies. Writers at that time worked in teams, like piano movers, and my first solo script was considered a distinct menace to the profession
31.
Herman J. Mankiewicz
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Herman Jacob Mankiewicz was an American screenwriter, who, with Orson Welles, wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane. Earlier, he was the Berlin correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, alexander Woollcott said that Herman Mankiewicz was the funniest man in New York. Both Mankiewicz and Welles received Academy Awards for their screenplay and he was often asked to fix the screenplays of other writers, with much of his work uncredited. Occasional flashes of what came to be called the Mankiewicz humor and satire distinguished his films, the style of writing included a slick, satirical, and witty humor, which depended almost totally on dialogue to carry the film. It was a style that would become associated with the typical American film of that period. Among the screenplays he wrote or worked on, besides Citizen Kane, were The Wizard of Oz, Man of the World, Dinner at Eight, Pride of the Yankees, and The Pride of St. Louis. Mankiewiczs younger brother was Joseph L. Mankiewicz, also an Oscar-winning Hollywood director, screenwriter, film critic Pauline Kael credits Mankiewicz with having written, alone or with others, about forty of the films I remember best from the twenties and thirties. He was a key linking figure in just the kind of movies my friends, Herman Mankiewicz was born in New York City in 1897. His parents were of German Jewish ancestry, his father, Franz Mankiewicz, was born in Berlin and he arrived in the U. S. with his wife, a dressmaker named Johanna Blumenau, who was from the German-speaking Kurland region. The family lived first in New York and then moved to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in 1909, Hermans brother, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, was born, and both boys and a sister spent their childhood there. The family moved to New York City in 1913, and Herman graduated from Columbia University in 1917. After a period as managing editor of the American Jewish Chronicle, he became a cadet with the United States Army in 1917, and, in 1918. In 1919 and 1920, he director of the American Red Cross News Service in Paris. He took his bride overseas with him on his job as a foreign correspondent in Berlin from 1920 to 1922. He was a bookish, introspective child who, despite his intelligence, was never able to win approval from his father who was known to belittle his achievements. He became an alcoholic, which hurt his career by the late 1930s and his children were screenwriter Don Mankiewicz, politician Frank Mankiewicz, and novelist Johanna Mankiewicz Davis. While a reporter in Berlin for the Chicago Tribune, he also sent pieces on drama, at one point, he was hired in Berlin by dancer Isadora Duncan, to be her publicist in preparation for her return tour in America. At home again in the U. S. he took a job as a reporter for the New York World and he was known as a gifted, prodigious writer, and contributed to Vanity Fair, The Saturday Evening Post and numerous other magazines
32.
Orson Welles
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George Orson Welles was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who worked in theatre, radio, and film. In 1937 he and John Houseman founded the Mercury Theatre, an independent repertory company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941. It reportedly caused widespread panic when listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was actually occurring, although some contemporary sources claim these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated, they rocketed Welles to notoriety. His first film was Citizen Kane, which he co-wrote, produced, directed, Welles was an outsider to the studio system and directed only 13 full-length films in his career. He has been praised as the ultimate auteur, Welles followed up Citizen Kane with critically acclaimed films including The Magnificent Ambersons in 1942 and Touch of Evil in 1958. Although these three are his most acclaimed films, critics have argued other works of his, such as The Lady from Shanghai and Chimes at Midnight, are underappreciated. Known for his voice, Welles was an actor in radio and film, a Shakespearean stage actor. George Orson Welles was born May 6,1915, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, son of Richard Head Welles and he was named after his paternal great-grandfather, influential Kenosha attorney Orson S. Head, and his brother George Head. Despite his familys affluence, Welles encountered hardship in childhood and his parents separated and moved to Chicago in 1919. His father, who made a fortune as the inventor of a bicycle lamp, became an alcoholic. Beatrice died of hepatitis in a Chicago hospital May 10,1924, the Gordon String Quartet, which had made its first appearance at her home in 1921, played at Beatrices funeral. After his mothers death Welles ceased pursuing music and it was decided that he would spend the summer with the Watson family at a private art colony in Wyoming, New York, established by Lydia Avery Coonley Ward. There he played and became friends with the children of the Aga Khan, Welles briefly attended public school before his alcoholic father left business altogether and took him along on his travels to Jamaica and the Far East. When they returned they settled in a hotel in Grand Detour, Illinois, when the hotel burned down, Welles and his father took to the road again. During the three years that Orson lived with his father, some observers wondered who took care of whom, in some ways, he was never really a young boy, you know, said Roger Hill, who became Welless teacher and lifelong friend. Welles briefly attended school in Madison, Wisconsin, enrolled in the fourth grade. At Todd School, Welles came under the influence of Roger Hill, Hill provided Welles with an ad hoc educational environment that proved invaluable to his creative experience, allowing Welles to concentrate on subjects that interested him. Welles performed and staged theatrical experiments and productions there, Todd provided Welles with many valuable experiences, wrote critic Richard France
33.
Ring Lardner Jr.
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Ringgold Wilmer Ring Lardner Jr. was an American journalist and screenwriter blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios during the Red Scare of the late 1940s and 1950s. Born in Chicago, he was the son of Ellis and journalist and humorist Ring Lardner, and he was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, and Princeton University, where he joined the Socialist Club. In his sophomore year he enrolled at the Anglo-American Institute of the University of Moscow, Lardner returned to New York and, in 1935, briefly worked at the Daily Mirror before signing on as publicity director with David O. Selznick’s new movie company. Lardner joined the US Communist Party in 1937, Ring Lardner Jr. moved to Hollywood where he worked as a publicist and script doctor before writing his own material. This included Woman of the Year, a film won him an Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay in 1942. He also worked on the scripts for the films Laura, Brotherhood of Man, Forever Amber, the script of the latter earned him an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Lardner held strong left-wing views and during the Spanish Civil War he helped raise funds for the Republican cause and he was also involved in organizing anti-fascist demonstrations. His brother, James Lardner, was a member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, after the Second World War the House Un-American Activities Committee began an investigation into the Hollywood motion picture industry. In September 1947, the HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood and these people attended voluntarily and became known as friendly witnesses. During their interviews they named several people whom they accused of holding left-wing views, known as the Hollywood Ten, they claimed that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution clearly gave them the right to do this. The HUAC and the courts during appeals disagreed and all were guilty of contempt of Congress. Lardner was sentenced to 12 months in Danbury Prison and fined $1,000 and he had been dismissed by Fox on October 28,1947. Blacklisted by the Hollywood studios, Lardner worked for the couple of years on the novel The Ecstasy of Owen Muir. He moved to England for a time where he wrote under pseudonyms for television series such as The Adventures of Robin Hood. The blacklist was lifted when producer Martin Ransohoff and director Norman Jewison gave him credit for writing 1965s The Cincinnati Kid. Lardners later work included M*A*S*H, for which he won the Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay and his final film project was an adaptation of Roger Kahns book The Boys of Summer. According to Hungarian writer Miklós Vámos—who visited Lardner several times before his death—Lardner won an Academy Award for a movie he wrote under a pseudonym. Lardner refused to tell which movie it was, saying that it would be unfair to reveal it because the writer who allowed him to use his name as a front was doing him a big favor at the time
