1.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Benjamin Franklin, 1777
2.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
Yale University
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Charter creating Collegiate School, which became
Yale College, October 9, 1701
Yale University
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Yale University
Seal
Yale University
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A Front View of Yale-College and the College Chapel, Daniel Bowen, 1786.
Yale University
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First diploma awarded by
Yale College, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, 1702.
3.
Harvard Law School
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Harvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is considered to be one of the most prestigious in the world. The school is ranked third by the U. S. News & World and its acceptance rate was 15. 4% in the 2013–14 admissions cycle, and its yield rate of 66. 2% was the second-highest of any law school in the United States. It is ranked first in the 2016 QS World University Rankings, Harvard Law admitted 16. 5% of applicants in its most recent class, compared to 9. 2% at Yale and 11. 2% at Stanford. With a current enrollment of 1,990, HLS has about as many students as its three closest-ranked peer institutions, first-ranked Yale, second-ranked Stanford, and fourth-ranked Chicago, combined. The first-year class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students, Harvards uniquely large class size and its prestige have led the law school to graduate a great many distinguished alumni in the judiciary, government, and the business world. According to Harvard Laws 2015 ABA-required disclosures,95. 33% of the Class of 2014 passed the Bar exam. Harvard Law Schools founding is linked to the funding of Harvards first professorship in law, paid for from a bequest from the estate of Isaac Royall. Today, it is home to the largest academic law library in the world, the current dean of Harvard Law School is Martha Minow, who assumed the role on July 1,2009. The law school has 328 faculty members, Harvard Law Schools founding is traced to the establishment of a law department at Harvard in 1817. Dating the founding to the year of the creation of the law department makes Harvard Law the oldest continuously-operating law school in the nation, William & Mary Law School opened first in 1779, but closed due to the American Civil War, reopening in 1920. The University of Maryland School of Law was chartered in 1816, but did not begin classes until 1824, and also closed during the Civil War. Or a Professor of Physick and Anatomy, whichever the said overseers and Corporation shall judge to be best. ”The value of the land, when fully liquidated in 1809, was $2,938, the Harvard Corporation allocated $400 from the income generated by those funds to create the Royall Professorship of Law in 1815. The dean of the law school traditionally held the Royall chair, deans Elena Kagan, royalls Medford estate, the Isaac Royall House, is now a museum which features the only remaining slave quarters in the northeast United States. The Royall family coat-of-arms, which shows three stacked wheat sheaves, was adopted as the school crest in 1936, topped with the university motto, in March 2016, following requests by students, the school decided to remove the emblem because of its association with slavery. By 1827, the school, with one faculty member, was struggling, nathan Dane, a prominent alumnus of the college, then endowed the Dane Professorship of Law, insisting that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. For a while, the school was called Dane Law School, in 1829, John H. Ashmun, son of Eli Porter Ashmun and brother of George Ashmun, accepted a professorship and closed his Northampton Law School, with many of his students following him to Harvard. Enrollment remained low through the 19th century as university legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice, at Harvard, Langdell also developed the case method of teaching law, now the dominant pedagogical model at U. S. law schools
Harvard Law School
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Langdell Hall at night
Harvard Law School
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Harvard Law School
Harvard Law School
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Austin Hall
Harvard Law School
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Langdell in the winter
4.
Harvard Business School
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Harvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The school offers a large full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, HBX and it owns Harvard Business Publishing, which publishes business books, leadership articles, online management tools for corporate learning, case studies, and the monthly Harvard Business Review. Initially established by the faculty, it received independent status in 1910. The first dean was historian Edwin Francis Gay, the goal was an institution of higher learning that would offer a master of arts degree in the humanities field, with a major in business. In discussions about the curriculum, the suggestion was made to concentrate on business topics such as banking, railroads. Professor Lowell said the school would train qualified public administrators whom the government would have no choice but to employ, Harvard was blazing a new trail by educating young people for a career in business, just as its medical school trained doctors and its law faculty trained lawyers. From the start the school enjoyed a relationship with the corporate world. Within a few years of its founding many business leaders were its alumni and were hiring other alumni for starting positions in their firms, at its founding, the school accepted only male students. The Training Course in Personnel Administration, founded at Radcliffe College in 1937, was the beginning of training for women at Harvard. HBS took over administration of that program from Radcliffe in 1954, in 1959, alumnae of the one-year program were permitted to apply to join the HBS MBA program as second-years. In December 1962, the faculty voted to allow women to enter the MBA program directly, the first women to apply directly to the MBA program matriculated in September 1963. HBS is consistently ranked among the business schools in the world. It was ranked tied for 1st in the United States by U. S. News & World Report in 2017, No.1 in the U. S. by Bloomberg Businessweek, students can join one or more of the more than 80 clubs on campus. The Student Association is the interface between the MBA student body and the faculty/administration. The Summer Venture in Management Program is a management training program for rising college seniors designed to increase diversity and opportunity in business education. Participants must be employed in an internship and be nominated by and have sponsorship from their company or organization to attend. HBX, is a learning initiative announced by the Harvard Business School in March 2014 to host online university-level courses. Initial programs are the Credential of Readiness and Disruptive Strategy with Clayton Christensen, leading with Finance was added to the catalog in August 2016
Harvard Business School
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Baker Library
Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School
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Inside a Harvard Business School classroom
Harvard Business School
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History
5.
The West Wing
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The West Wing is an American serial political drama television series created by Aaron Sorkin that was originally broadcast on NBC from September 22,1999, to May 14,2006. The West Wing was produced by Warner Bros, for the first four seasons, there were three executive producers, Aaron Sorkin, Thomas Schlamme, and John Wells. The West Wing received acclaim from critics, as well as praise from political science professors, in total, The West Wing won three Golden Globe Awards and 26 Emmy Awards, including the award for Outstanding Drama Series, which it won four consecutive times from 2000 through 2003. In the years since its run, it has appeared on lists of the greatest television dramas ever made. The Writers Guild of America also ranked it #10 in its 101 Best-Written TV Series list, the West Wing employed a broad ensemble cast to portray the many positions involved in the daily work of the federal government. The President, the First Lady, and the Presidents senior staff, numerous secondary characters, appearing intermittently, complement storylines that generally revolve around this core group. Sam Seaborn is the Deputy Communications Director and he departs the White House following the re-election of President Bartlet to run for Congress. He is recruited to become Santos Deputy Chief of Staff at the series end, mandy Hampton is Josh Lymans ex-girlfriend and a media consultant contracted by the Bartlet administration. She departs without explanation following the first season, charlie Young is originally the Personal Aide to the President and later a Deputy Special Assistant to the Chief of Staff. He is in a relationship with Zoey Bartlet, at the series end he begins to study law at Georgetown. She succeeds Leo McGarry as Chief of Staff and departs White House at the end of the Bartlet administration, post-series, she marries Danny Concannon and has a child. He is fired from the Bartlet administration during a leak investigation and he has twin children with his ex-wife who is a congresswoman from Maryland. Leo McGarry, Bartlets close personal friend and Chief of Staff, following a heart attack, he becomes Counselor to the President, and later the Democratic Candidate for Vice President. Josh Lyman, is the Deputy Chief of Staff to Leo McGarry and C. J. Cregg, when Santos is elected, Josh becomes White House Chief of Staff. Josiah Jed Bartlet is the President of the United States, an economist by training, he is a former Congressman and Governor from New Hampshire who unexpectedly won the Democratic Party nomination. He suffers from multiple sclerosis, a fact he hides from the electorate. Donna Moss is the Senior Assistant to Josh Lyman and she later departs to be a spokesperson for the Russell campaign and then the Santos campaign. Upon Santos election, she becomes Chief of Staff to the First Lady, abbey Bartlet is the First Lady, Jeds wife, and a physician
The West Wing
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The West Wing
The West Wing
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Sam Seaborn and
Josh Lyman converse in the hallway in one of The West Wing 's noted tracking shots.
The West Wing
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A 2003 plot twist has
House Speaker Glen Allen Walken (
John Goodman) become
Acting President when
Zoey Bartlet is kidnapped.
The West Wing
–
Matt Santos and
Leo McGarry at the 2006
Democratic National Convention
6.
Law and Order: Special Victims Unit
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Law & Order, Special Victims Unit is an American police procedural, legal, crime drama television series set in New York City, where it is also primarily produced. In the style of the original Law & Order, episodes are often ripped from the headlines or loosely based on crimes that have received media attention. Created and produced by Dick Wolf, the series premiered on NBC on September 20,1999, the show began its 18th season on September 21,2016, and has aired 404 original episodes as of April 5,2017. As the series progressed, additional supporting characters were added as allies of the detectives in the New York County Manhattan District Attorneys office, certain episodes will go into detail about detectives personal lives and how they may or may not tie into the crimes dealt with during the show. Typical episodes follow the detectives and their colleagues as they investigate and prosecute sexually based offenses, on February 1,2016, the series was renewed for an eighteenth season. The season premiered on Wednesday, September 21,2016 at 9 p. m. on NBC, the crime inspired Dick Wolf to write the story for the season one episode of Law & Order titled Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die. Even after writing the episode, however, the continued to haunt Wolf. The original title of the show was Sex Crimes, reflecting the nature of the crimes depicted on the show. Initially there was concern among the producers that, should Sex Crimes fail, additionally, Ted Kotcheff wanted to create a new series that was not dependent upon the original series for success. Wolf felt, however, that it was important and commercially desirable to have Law & Order in the title, the first episode, Payback, premiered on NBC on September 20,1999. Executive producer Neal Baer left Law & Order, SVU as show-runner at the end of twelve, after eleven years on the show. Baer was replaced by former Law & Order, Criminal Intent executive producer/showrunner Warren Leight, in March 2015 it was announced that Warren Leight signed a three-year deal with Sony Pictures Television, that will allow him to work on SVU one more season, its seventeenth. Leight joined the show in season thirteen and it was announced on March 10,2016 that original Law & Order veteran producer Rick Eid would take Leights place as showrunner/executive producer starting in season 18. Creator Dick Wolf commented to The Hollywood Reporter, Im extremely pleased that Rick had decided to rejoin the family and hope that he will be here for years to come. Many exterior scenes of Law & Order, Special Victims Unit are filmed on location in New York City, Wolfs home town, as the NYPD encounters varied law enforcement challenges on a daily basis, the backdrop provides the writers a supply of ideal locations from which to choose. When searching for a place to film the interiors of the show, the show moved into the studio space at Chelsea Piers that had been occupied by the original Law & Order series until its cancellation in May 2010. Fort Lee, New Jersey served as the location for Detective Elliot Stablers residence in Queens. The show originally aired on Monday nights at 9,00 p. m. ET for the first nine episodes, from September 20 through November 29,1999
Law and Order: Special Victims Unit
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Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Law and Order: Special Victims Unit
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SVU shooting on location in
Central Park at night
Law and Order: Special Victims Unit
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Cast of seasons 4–5 (2002–04), from left:
Ice-T,
Richard Belzer,
Mariska Hargitay,
Dann Florek,
Christopher Meloni,
B. D. Wong,
Stephanie March
Law and Order: Special Victims Unit
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Cast of season 9 (2007–08), from left:
Diane Neal, Wong,
Tamara Tunie, Meloni, Florek, Hargitay, Ice-T, Belzer,
Adam Beach
7.
Lie to Me
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Lie to Me is an American crime drama television series. It originally ran on the Fox network from January 21,2009 to January 31,2011, in May 2009, the show was renewed for a second season consisting of 13 episodes, Season two premiered on September 28,2009. On November 24,2009, Fox ordered an extra nine episodes for two, bringing the season order to 22 episodes. On May 12,2010, Entertainment Weekly reported that Lie to Me received a 13-episode third season pick-up, the third season of Lie to Me was originally set to premiere on November 10,2010. On September 28,2010, the date was moved up to October 4,2010, Lie to Me was officially canceled by Fox on May 11,2011. Dr. Ekman has served as an advisor to police departments and anti-terrorism groups and he is also the author of 15 books, including Telling Lies and Emotions Revealed. Though often confronted by peoples skepticism, Lightman uses any technique he deems necessary to reach the truth and he is divorced and shares custody of his teenage daughter. His mother committed suicide while he was young, an event that led him to discovering and researching microexpressions. There is evidence he was involved with British Intelligence in Northern Ireland and he has also admitted to being an MI6 intelligence agent during the Yugoslav Wars in an attempt to gain the trust of an intelligence agent that he was interrogating. Lightman is a West Ham United supporter as he himself in Season 2. He can also be wearing a Claret and Blue scarf in one of the later episodes of Season 2. The character is based on Dr. Paul Ekman, a psychologist and expert on language and facial expressions at University of California. Kelli Williams as Dr. Gillian Foster, Dr. Lightmans psychologist colleague in The Lightman Group who analyses patterns of voice, language and she can be somewhat impulsive but is very professional with the clients and subjects in public. While she occasionally disagrees with some of Lightmans actions, she has a pact with Lightman. Her husbands lack of candor often challenges this, When Cal believes her husband, Alec, is cheating on her, he ignores what he is seeing. It is later revealed that he was not cheating on her but was trying to overcome his drug addiction, Gillian had adopted a baby who was eventually returned to the birth mother. This character is based on Dr. Maureen O’Sullivan, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of San Francisco, brendan Hines as Eli Loker, an employee of The Lightman Group. Unlike Torres, whom Lightman calls a natural, Loker acquired his skills in reading people through academic education, during Season 1, he also adheres to Radical Honesty and thus rarely lies, even if that makes him appear rude or undiplomatic
Lie to Me
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Tim Roth, who plays the role of lead character Cal Lightman
Lie to Me
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Hayley McFarland, who plays the role of Emily Lightman
8.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
Fox Broadcasting Company
–
Fox Broadcasting Company
9.
Science-fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
Science-fiction
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A futuristic setting is a common but not a necessary hallmark of science fiction. A common thread in science fiction is exploring the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations on people's lives.
Science-fiction
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Speculative fiction
Science-fiction
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H. G. Wells
Science-fiction
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Jules Verne
10.
Fringe (TV series)
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Fringe is an American science fiction television series created by J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci. It premiered on the Fox Broadcasting network on September 9,2008, the team uses fringe science and FBI investigative techniques to investigate a series of unexplained, often ghastly occurrences, which are related to mysteries surrounding a parallel universe. The series has been described as a hybrid of fantasy and procedural dramas and serials, influenced by film and television such as Lost, The X-Files, Altered States. The series began as a traditional mystery-of-the-week series and became more serialized in later seasons, most episodes contain a standalone plot, with several others also exploring the series overarching mythology. Critical reception was at first lukewarm but became more favorable after the first season, the show, as well as the cast and crew, were nominated for many major awards. Despite its move to the Friday night death slot and low ratings and it also spawned two six-part comic book series, an alternate reality game, and three novels. They are supported by Phillip Broyles, the director, and Agent Astrid Farnsworth. The team is also watched silently by a group of bald, the ZFT threat appears to end when Peter kills Jones as he attempts travel to a parallel universe. Olivia comes to learn she was a child test subject for Walter years ago for a drug, Cortexiphan. Walter is forced to tell Peter that he is from the universe, a replacement for his own Peter. On return, they fell through the ice but were saved by the Observer September, who told Walter of the importance of the boy, Walters crossing is what caused the singularities in the parallel universe, with Reiden Lake at their epicenter. Walter has been looking for a sign of forgiveness in the form of a white tulip, Season 3 presents episodes that alternate between the two universes. Walternate, Walters doppelgänger in the universe, is the U. S. Secretary of Defense and has set events in motion to assemble the Machine. By happenstance, Fauxlivia becomes pregnant with Peters child, Henry, Walternate orchestrated acceleration of the pregnancy to gain a sample of the babys blood, which he uses to activate the machine. Season 4 begins in a timeline, one in which September had failed to save the alternate version of Peter in 1985. This creates a butterfly effect influencing the main characters pasts but otherwise stabilizing both universes due to the creation of the bridge, Peter is pulled into this new timeline due to the actions of the alternate timelines Fringe team, which includes Lincoln Lee. September also reveals to Peter that the Observers needed to erase Peters son, Henry, to assure their future will be created, the Fringe division is forced to close the dimensional bridge, but this fails to stop Bells plan. Walter is left with one choice, to shoot and kill Olivia, her death disrupting the process, Olivias death is only temporary, as the Cortexiphan in her body is consumed to repair the bullet wound, leaving her alive and healthy but lacking her psionic abilities
Fringe (TV series)
–
One of Fringe 's location titles. In this example, from "
Olivia ", the episode takes place in the parallel universe's version of Manhattan, which is spelled with only one "t". One key change in the parallel universe was that while the
September 11 attacks occurred, the
World Trade Center towers were not destroyed.
Fringe (TV series)
–
The title card from seasons 1–2.
Fringe (TV series)
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Marketing posters used to promote the series featured one of the glyphs used in the show's interstitial, each being a twist on a common image. Pictured is a leaf with an embedded
isosceles triangle.
Fringe (TV series)
–
The cast and crew of Fringe at the 2010
San Diego Comic-Con. From left to right:
Jasika Nicole (Astrid Farnsworth),
Blair Brown (Nina Sharp),
Lance Reddick (Phillip Broyles),
John Noble (Walter Bishop),
Joshua Jackson (Peter Bishop),
Anna Torv (Olivia Dunham), and executive producers
J. H. Wyman and
Jeff Pinkner
11.
Spotlight (film)
–
Spotlight is a 2015 American biographical crime drama film directed by Tom McCarthy and written by McCarthy and Josh Singer. It is based on a series of stories by the Spotlight team that earned The Globe the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. The film stars Mark Ruffalo, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, John Slattery, Stanley Tucci, Brian dArcy James, Liev Schreiber, Spotlight was shown in the Out of Competition section of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival. It was also shown at the Telluride Film Festival and the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, the film was released on November 6,2015, by Open Road Films and grossed $90 million worldwide. It won numerous guilds and critics awards, and was named one of the finest films of 2015 by various publications. Spotlight won the Academy Award for Best Picture along with Best Original Screenplay from six nominations in total and this also marks the first film to win Best Picture from a different mini-major studio than Lionsgate, Summit, Miramax, or TWC. In 1976, at a Boston Police station, two policemen discuss the arrest of a Catholic priest for child molestation and the presence of a high ranking cleric talking to the mother of the children. The Assistant District Attorney then enters the precinct and tells the cops not to let the press get wind of what happened, the arrest is hushed up, and the priest is released. In 2001, The Boston Globe hires a new editor, Marty Baron, Baron meets Walter Robby Robinson, the editor of the newspapers Spotlight team, a small group of journalists writing investigative articles that take months to research and publish. Journalist Michael Rezendes contacts Garabedian, who declines to be interviewed. Though he is not to, Rezendes reveals that he is on the Spotlight team. Through Phil Saviano, who heads the victims rights group Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and they learn through Richard Sipe, a former priest who worked at trying to rehabilitate pedophile priests, that statistically there should be approximately 90 abusive priests in Boston. Through their research, they develop a list of 87 names, when the September 11 attacks occur, the team is forced to deprioritize the story. They regain momentum when Rezendes learns from Garabedian that there are publicly available documents that confirm Cardinal Law was made aware of the problem and ignored it. The story goes to print with a web link to the documents that expose Cardinal Laws inaction, the following morning, the Spotlight team is inundated with phone calls from victims coming forward to tell their stories. Mark Ruffalo as Michael Rezendes Michael Keaton as Walter Robby Robinson Rachel McAdams as Sacha Pfeiffer Liev Schreiber as Marty Baron John Slattery as Ben Bradlee, Jr. When McCarthy was asked how he and his co-author tackled the research and writing process, he stated, As I said, that’s probably some indication of how intimidating it was. And yeah, it was a lot of work, but it was exciting work and it was really interesting work, parsing through details of not just the investigation, but its findings, and trying to determine what was most helpful in telling our story
Spotlight (film)
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Theatrical release poster
12.
American Jews
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American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans, are Americans who are Jews, either by religion, ethnicity, or nationality. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their US-born descendants, Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term and this constitutes between 1. 7% and 2. 6% of the total U. S. population. Jews have been present in what is today the United States of America since the mid-17th century, however, they were small in number, with at most 200 to 300 having arrived by 1700. The majority were Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry, until after 1720 when Ashkenazi Jews from Central, after passage of the Plantation Act of 1740, Jews were specifically permitted to become British citizens and immigrate to the colonies. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America and they primarily became merchants and shop-owners. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution, many Jews also emigrated from Romania. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration, most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the worlds major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, in addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture,500,000 American Jews fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage, more recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been successful in many fields. Scholars debate whether the historical experience for Jews in the United States has been such a unique experience as to validate American exceptionalism. Korelitz shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the ‘’Menorah Journal’’ between 1915 and 1925, siporin uses the family folklore of ethnic Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed, many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the more in charge of his life
American Jews
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David René de Rothschild
American Jews
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Betty Friedan
American Jews
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Rashida Jones
American Jews
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Joe Lieberman, he was the first Jewish Democratic Party vice-presidential candidate.
13.
Upper Dublin High School
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Upper Dublin High School is a four-year public high school located in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is the high school in the Upper Dublin School District. Upper Dublin High School is recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, in 2007, the school was named the No.1 high school in Montgomery County by the Philadelphia Inquirer. The school was also ranked No.8 in Philadelphia Magazines 100 Best Public, the high school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and certified by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The school has a 99%+ graduation rate, and more than 95% of graduates continue on to a two or four-year college, Upper Dublin High School is represented at each service academy and almost all top universities. After months of deliberations, the board decided to move forward. On March 20,2007, the voters in Upper Dublin were presented with a referendum and they approved, despite the risk of a significant tax increase. Initial estimates of the new construction is $119 million, the construction was to occur in stages on the site of the current building and demolition of the oldest wing began in summer 2008. It was completed in the Summer of 2012, on time and within budget, the Team identifies, intervenes, and refers those students for help. Students in the class are provided with the opportunity to investigate career opportunities in the final three weeks of the year. Students at Upper Dublin High School have the option to attend the Eastern Center for Arts and Technology, the campus is located in Willow Grove and is owned by nine school districts in Eastern Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. They include Abington, Bryn Athyn, Cheltenham, Hatboro-Horsham, Jenkintown, Upper Moreland Lower Moreland, Springfield, programs taken at the Eastern Center are considered part of the high school program and count as elective credit toward graduation. They give students the opportunity to reinforce their career path after high school, get ready for employment, the school has 14 male varsity sports and 13 female varsity sports recognized by PIAA. The school also has a cheerleading squad, kim Gallagher – Sprinted 800 meters to a silver medal in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics and a bronze in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Suzy Kolber – ESPN Monday Night Football sideline reporter and host of NASCAR Countdown, john Tartaglia – Tony Award nominee for Avenue Q and star of Disney Channels Johnny and the Sprites. Zach Pfeffer – Midfielder, Philadelphia Union, josh Singer - Emmy nominated writer/script supervisor for The West Wing, Lie To Me, and Fringe. Academy Award winning co-script writer for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on Spotlight
Upper Dublin High School
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The front of Upper Dublin High School
14.
Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
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Fort Washington is a census-designated place and suburb of Philadelphia in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,446 at the 2010 census, the Fort Washington area was settled by many German immigrants. One such person was Philip Engard who immigrated in 1728, Engard purchased 100 acres on what was to be named Susquehanna Road and Fort Washington Avenue. By the mid-18th century the area came to be known as Engardtown, from December 5–8,1777, the Battle of White Marsh was fought here between British and American forces. Throughout the encampment, Washington was headquartered at the Emlen House, British commander General William Howe observed the American lines from the bell tower of St. Thomas Episcopal Church, site of the British encampment on December 5. Today, Fort Washington State Park contains the area in which the primary American defenses were situated, the exact number of deaths is uncertain, but 59 were killed instantly and dozens more perished from their injuries. On January 1,1946, the Township of Upper Dublin was created, parts of Fort Washington were also incorporated into Whitemarsh Township. The primary center of business and industry in Upper Dublin Township is the Fort Washington Office Park, there are more than 65 buildings of various sizes up to 658,535 square feet. The park contains the offices of over 100 different companies, including Honeywell, Aetna, AccuWeather, Eastern National, Genworth Financial, Feith Systems, the office park was also home to the corporate headquarters of CDNow, the pioneering online music retailer. It is also home to a branch of The Paul Green School of Rock Music, in recent years, the Fort Washington Office Park has experienced a vacancy rate higher than that of other commercial/industrial parks in the region, due in some part to problems with flooding. The Fort Washington Office Park was also home to the Fort Washington Expo Center. Opened in 1993, the Expo Center hosted some of the regions biggest consumer and trade shows, the Expo Center closed in 2006 after the building was sold to Liberty Property Trust who renovated the center into Class A office space. The center, which can accommodate 2,800 employees, was leased to GMAC Mortgage who took over the space in 2007 and their building is based on a 110-acre site and has a workforce of 2,600 employees. Johnson and Johnson closed this plant in April 2010 after a series of manufacturing led to embarrassing product recalls for faulty manufacturing practices. Fort Washington Elementary School Upper Dublin High School Upper Dublin High School is located on Loch Alsh Avenue,1. 8% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,680 people,1,161 households, the population density was 1,349.9 people per square mile. There were 1,173 housing units at a density of 430. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the community was 91. 30% White,3. 04% African American,0. 08% Native American,5. 03% Asian,0. 11% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 71% of the population
Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
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Emlen House
Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
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Location of Fort Washington in Pennsylvania
15.
Valedictorian
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The chosen valedictorian is often the student with the highest ranking among their graduating class. So the valedictory address generally is considered a farewell to classmates. In Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland, India, and the United Kingdom, in Australia, the title is sometimes awarded to a member of a graduating university class on the basis of contribution to the school rather than academic success. The highest-ranking student in a class is often referred to as dux. In France the term Major de promotion is used, although the term is not related to any ceremonial role, how an individual school confers the title is typically based upon the highest grade point average. Some institutions confer the title on the class chosen to deliver the final graduation address, regardless of the speakers academic credentials. Generally, the graduate deemed to be the highest academically ranked student in the class, historically and traditionally, however, schools confer the title upon the highest ranking graduate of the class, who thereby earns the honor of delivering the valedictory address. In other schools, the position may be elected by the body or appointed directly by the school administration based on various systems of merit. Some schools may feature co-valedictorians in lieu of conferring the title on an individual from among the graduating class. This may occur in the case of a tie in grade point averages. The awarding of the valedictorian honor may be the subject of heated controversy, some schools have dropped the honor or changed the rules to allow multiple recipients. In turn, such changes have led to complaints that it is unfair to change the rules after a competition has begun. The New Jersey Commissioner of Education, for example, required schools to make changes to valedictorian award policy effective only for the freshman class. Another New Jersey case raised the question of whether accommodations for students under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and related laws should affect valedictorian honors. In Hornstine v. Township of Moorestown, a U. S. District Court judge blocked the Moorestown Superintendent of Schools from retroactively changing school policy to deny a disabled student sole honors. The valedictory address, or valediction, is the closing or farewell statement delivered at a graduation ceremony and it is an oration at commencement exercises in U. S. and some Canadian high schools, colleges, and universities delivered by one of the graduates. The mode of discourse generally is inspirational and persuasive, the various aims of this address are to inspire the graduates and to thank individuals responsible for their successes while reflecting on youthful frivolity and the accomplishments of the class. Class rank Dux Grade inflation Latin honors Salutatorian
Valedictorian
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Puyallup High School valedictorian speaking at the school's 2005 graduation
16.
Presidential Scholars Program
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The United States Presidential Scholars Program is a program of the Department of Education that recognizes the academic achievements of distinguished US citizens graduating high school. It is described as one of the Nations highest honors for high school students in the United States of America, in 1979 it was expanded to recognize students who demonstrate exceptional scholarship and talent in the visual, creative, and performing arts. In 2015, the program was expanded again to recognize students who demonstrate ability and accomplishment in career. Annually, the presidentially-appointed White House Commission on Presidential Scholars chooses up to 161 U. S, Presidential Scholars from among that years senior class. To commemorate their achievements, the scholars are individually awarded the Presidential Medallion in a ceremony sponsored by the White House, all candidates are invited to apply to the program in January of their graduation year. Semifinalists are announced in Mid-April and all Scholars are announced the first week of May, the National Recognition Program in Washington, DC usually occurs in June. The United States Department of Education then examines the test records for the top 30 males, the combined file of scores from the top male examinees and top female examinees are then ranked from high to low in each state. The scores associated with the top 20 male examinees and top 20 female examinees are used to identify the candidates in each state, when ties occur in the threshold score, more than 20 persons of that gender are invited in that state. In addition, each Chief State School Officer may nominate up to ten male and ten candidates, residing in the CSSOs jurisdiction. Additionally, the program is partnering with several organizations that will each nominate up to 10 candidates from their individual programs. Each year approximately 4,000 students are invited to apply to the program, candidates then go through a rigorous application process where they must submit candidacy materials, including essays, self-assessments, secondary school reports, and transcripts. Candidates are evaluated on their achievement, personal characteristics, leadership, service, and other extracurricular activities. In mid-April approximately 800 Semifinalists are chosen by a committee of qualified individuals experienced in secondary and post-secondary education. Six to twenty Semifinalists are identified for each state/jurisdiction, the number of Semifinalists identified per state/jurisdiction is proportionate to the number of candidates for that state. In May, the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars makes the selection of up to 161 Presidential Scholars. One male student and one female Scholar are chosen from each state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, in addition, up to fifteen Scholars are chosen at-large. The National YoungArts Foundation reviews approximately 12,000 candidates annually of 15- to 18-year-old artists in the fields of visual, literary, performing, from these they select the top 600-700 artists in the nation as National Winners. 171 of these Winners travel to Miami, Florida for National YoungArts Week and these 171 Winners are then narrowed down to 60 nominees that are recommended to the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars
Presidential Scholars Program
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2010 Presidential Scholars with President
Barack Obama and Secretary of Education
Arne Duncan
17.
National Merit Scholarship Program
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The highest-achieving students in the National Merit Scholarship Program are designated as National Merit Scholars. Finalists and semi-finalists are also given recognition for their academic and extracurricular achievements, each years Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test is the qualifying test for a students entry to a particular years competitions. About 1.5 million students in some 22,000 high schools enter the National Merit Scholarship competition annually when they take the Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. This serves to screen program entrants, measuring critical reading ability, mathematics problem-solving ability, Semifinalists are designated on a state representational basis, contingent on the total number of entrants and in proportion to each state’s percentage of the nation’s high school graduating seniors. Semifinalists are the highest-scoring program entrants in each state and represent the top 0. 5% percent of the senior students. To be considered for a National Merit Scholarship, Semifinalists have to fulfill requirements to advance to Finalist standing, each Semifinalist submits a detailed scholarship application, which includes essays and information about extracurricular achievements, awards, and leadership positions. Semifinalists also have to have an academic record, be endorsed and recommended by a school official. From the Semifinalist group, a number of students, varying from year to year. By the conclusion of the competition, a group of Finalists are chosen to receive prestigious National Merit Scholarships totaling nearly $35 million. Scholarship winners represent fewer than 1% of the pool of student entrants. Lawful permanent resident who intends to become a U. S. citizen at the earliest opportunity allowed by law, students completing high school in three years or less must be in the last or next-to-last year of high school when they take the test. The NMSC uses the PSAT/NMSQT as the screen of over 1.5 million program entrants. In the spring of the year, NMSC determines a national Selection Index qualifying score for Commended recognition. Qualification levels also vary by state, and qualifying levels are higher in states such as New Jersey. For the 2009/2010 school year, a score of 217 was required in California to qualify, notification is mailed to school principals in April regarding students who scored at or above this level. The principals then notify their students of their status and these students are given the opportunity to identify two colleges or universities to which they would like NMSC to send their scores. Early the next September, NMSC determines Selection Index qualifying scores for further recognition by state, about 16,000 of the 50,000 are recognized as National Merit Semifinalists in this process. The Selection Index qualifying scores for Semifinalist standing vary from state to state, each state is allocated a percentage of Semifinalists based on the percentage of that states graduating seniors out of the nations total
National Merit Scholarship Program
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Logo of the National Merit Scholarship Corporation
18.
The Whiffenpoofs
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The Yale Whiffenpoofs are a collegiate a cappella singing group. Established at Yale University in 1909, it is the oldest such group in the United States, the line-up changes each year, and former members include Cole Porter. The Whiffenpoofs perform near the Yale campus and tour the United States, established in 1909 and best known for The Whiffenpoof Song, the group is composed of senior men who compete in the spring of their junior year for 14 spots. The Whiffs best-known alumnus may be Cole Porter, who sang in the 1913 line-up, the Whiffenpoofs have performed for generations at a number of venues, including the Lincoln Center, the White House, the Salt Lake Tabernacle, Oakland Coliseum, Carnegie Hall and the Rose Bowl. The group has appeared on television shows as Jeopardy. The Today Show, Saturday Night Live,60 Minutes, Gilmore Girls, The West Wing, in December 2010, the group appeared on NBCs a cappella competition The Sing-Off, they were eliminated fourth, on the second show. During the school year, the Whiffenpoofs perform on Monday nights at Morys, known formally as Morys Temple Bar. Beginning in 2010, the group sings on Wednesdays at New Havens Union League Café, the Whiffenpoofs travel extensively during the school year and take a three-month world tour during the summer. The groups business manager and musical director, known in Whiff tradition respectively as the Popocatepetl, an alumni organization maintains close ties with the group. The word whiffenpoof originated in the 1908 operetta Little Nemo by Victor Herbert, as recently as November 20,2016 the group voted against admitting women. Votes have been taken since the 1970s, each vote has denied female singers the opportunity to join the group. Women are allowed show auditions but are never tapped for the group, a record number of women turned out for the most recent auditions. Women have matriculated at Yale since 1969, the Whiffenpoof Song, the groups traditional closing number, was published in sheet music form in 1909. The song has been covered many times and it became a hit for Rudy Vallee in 1937 and later in 1947 for Bing Crosby, credited to Bing Crosby with Fred Waring and The Glee Club. It has also recorded by Elvis Presley, Count Basie, Perry Como, the Ames Brothers, the Statler Brothers. The chorus was used in the 1949 movie 12 OClock High with Gregory Peck and it was used in the 1952 movie Monkey Business. When the tune comes on the radio, Cary Grant starts singing it to Marilyn Monroe, later Ginger Rogers sings it to Grant and describes it as our song. And later still, Grant sings it to Rogers when he is locked out of the hotel room and they sing the first part of the songs chorus with the special effect sheep choir adding the ending Baa
The Whiffenpoofs
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The Yale Whiffenpoofs
The Whiffenpoofs
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Whiffenpoofs of 1912 (dressed in tutus) posing with Louie Linder (in tophat), 1912
19.
The Yale Alley Cats
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The Yale Alley Cats are an all male, undergraduate a cappella singing group at Yale University. The Alley Cats were founded in 1943, making them the third oldest underclassman a cappella group at Yale, the group’s early repertoire was based in jazz, and its current arrangements cover Motown, pop music, folk music, and various other music genres. Each year, the Cats go on three tours, many of them international, performing for public and private audiences, all of the groups music are arrangements written by current and past members. Their performances have entertained audiences world-wide, including Martha Stewart and President Barack Obama, the Alley Cats first album on the Bridge Records, Inc. label also made it onto the 52nd Grammy Awards entry list for Best Pop Vocal Album. Every year, the travels to numerous destinations during their winter, spring. Dave Lieberman 03, Host of Food Networks Good Deal with Dave Lieberman, joe Farrell 97, Host of Trading Spaces, Family. Josh Singer 94, Co-writer of the Academy Award-winning screenplay, Spotlight George R. Steel 94, General Manager, former General Director of the Dallas Opera. Allen Murabayashi 94, Founding employee and Senior Vice President of Engineering at HotJobs. com, manoel Felciano 92, Tony Award-nominated Actor of Sweeney Todd. David J. Tang 89, Artistic and acting Executive Director of Firebird Arts Alliance,82, Professor of Classics, University of Colorado, Boulder Jeffrey Klitz 81, Conductor, Musician, Arranger for Broadway and other theatrical endeavors. In the summer of 1943, four Yale undergraduate students climbed Saybrook Tower to serenade the night with Henry Careys Sally in Our Alley and their singing awoke the College Master who quickly yelled at them to stop it. Your singing sounds like a bunch of screeching alley cats, the Master then quieted the young gentlemen and sent them to bed, but the performance marked the groups founding and taking the name, The Yale Alley Cats. Each year, freshmen audition in a process known as Rush. In the tradition of many Yale a cappella groups, the current Alley Cats “tap” freshmen to sing with the group for three years, the Gamble The Very Best of the Yale Alley Cats Noir Maneki Neko Ghost of a Chance Classic Ninth Live Day & Night Est
The Yale Alley Cats
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Yale Alley Cats of 2013-2014
20.
Sesame Street
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Sesame Street is a long-running American childrens television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Hensons Muppets, animation, short films, humor. The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history, with the creation of Sesame Street, producers and writers of a childrens television show used, for the first time, educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content. It was also the first time a shows educational effects were studied, the show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, there were independently produced versions, or co-productions, in 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street, and by the shows 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was the childrens television show in the United States. A1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old, in 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. As of 2014, Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards—more than any other childrens show, Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a television show that would master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them. The program premiered on television stations on November 10,1969. It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory, initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, Sesame Street has evolved from its initial inception. According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become an American institution, the cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The shows success continued into the 1980s, Sesame Streets curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes, for example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999 and due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, upon its fortieth anniversary in 2009, the show received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy at the 36th Daytime Emmy Awards. In April 2017, Sesame Street will introduce a new puppet called Julia with Autism to the show, and will be voiced by Stacey Gordon, who started Puppet Pie and has a son on the autism spectrum. From its first episode, Sesame Street has structured its format by using a visual style, fast-moving action, humor
Sesame Street
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Co-creator
Joan Ganz Cooney, in 1985
Sesame Street
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Welcome sign at entrance to ETS headquarters. The ETS conducted the early summative studies about Sesame Street.
Sesame Street
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The
Kaufman Astoria Studios, where Sesame Street is taped.
Sesame Street
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Jim Henson, creator of the
Muppets, in 1989
21.
John Wells (filmmaker)
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John Marcum Wells is an American theater, film and television producer, writer and director. He is best known for his role as producer and showrunner of the television series ER, Third Watch, The West Wing, Southland. His company, John Wells Productions, is based at Warner Bros. studios in Burbank. Wells is also a leader, and was elected president of the Writers Guild of America, West in 2009. Wells was born in Alexandria, Virginia, the son of Marjorie Elizabeth and Llewellyn Wallace Wells and he has English, Irish, Scottish, Swedish, and Norwegian ancestry. Wells graduated from the Carnegie Mellon School of Drama in 1979, a studio theatre at Carnegie Mellon University bears his name. While at CMU, he was one of the earliest actors to work at City Theatre, Wells was a producer on the 1987 film Nice Girls Dont Explode. He joined the staff of the short-lived CBS drama series. He began writing for television with an episode of CBS Summer Playhouse entitled Roughhouse in 1988 and he was hired as a producer for the second season of ABC drama series China Beach in 1988. The show was created by John Sacret Young and William Broyles, Jr. Wells wrote five episodes for the first season – X-Mas Chn. VN,67, Tet 68, Vets and both parts of the season finale The World. He was promoted to supervising producer for the season of China Beach in 1989. He wrote three episodes for the third season – Dear China Beach, Magic, and The Thanks of a Grateful Nation. He returned as a producer for the fourth and final season in 1990. He was involved in writing ten further episodes and he co-wrote the story for the season premiere with Sacret Young, Carol Flint and Lydia Woodward and wrote the teleplay himself. He co-wrote the fourteenth episode Rewind with Flint and he co-wrote the teleplay and co-wrote the story for the series finale Hello Goodbye along with Sacret Young. Wells wrote sixteen episodes of the series in total and he frequently worked with producer/director Mimi Leder on China Beach and she helmed six of the episodes he wrote. China Beach also marked the start of Wells working relationship with casting director John Frank Levey, editors Randy Jon Morgan and Jacque Toberen and directors Rod Holcomb, Wells worked on two television films in 1992 Angel Street and The Nightman
John Wells (filmmaker)
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Wells at a ceremony to receive a star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame, January 2012
22.
The Fifth Estate (film)
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The Fifth Estate is a 2013 thriller film directed by Bill Condon, about the news-leaking website WikiLeaks. The film stars Benedict Cumberbatch as its editor-in-chief and founder Julian Assange, anthony Mackie, David Thewlis, Alicia Vikander, Stanley Tucci, and Laura Linney are featured in supporting roles. The films name is a used to describe the people who operate in the manner of journalists outside the normal constraints imposed on the mainstream media. The film performed poorly at the box office and garnered mixed critical reaction, receiving criticism for its screenplay and direction, the story opens in 2010, with the release of the Afghan War Logs. It then flashes back to 2007, where journalist Daniel Domscheit-Berg meets Australian computer hacker Julian Assange for the first time, Daniels interest in online activism has led him to Assange, with whom he has corresponded by email. They begin working together on WikiLeaks, a devoted to releasing information being withheld from the public while retaining anonymity for its sources. Their first major target is a private Swiss bank, Julius Baer, despite Baers filing of a lawsuit and obtaining an injunction, the judge dissolves the injunction, allowing Julian and Daniel to reclaim the domain name. At first Daniel enjoys changing the world, viewing WikiLeaks as a noble enterprise, however, the relationship between the two becomes strained over time. Assange openly mocks Daniels concerns about issues, implying his own life has been more troubling. Assanges abrasive manner and actions, such as abandoning Daniel at his parents house after having accepted their dinner invitation, Daniel begins to fear that Assange may be closer to a con-man than a mentor. He also notices that Assange constantly gives different stories about why his hair is white, Assange at first tells Daniel that WikiLeaks has hundreds of workers, but Daniel later finds out that Daniel and Assange are the only members. Most importantly to Daniel, Assange frequently claims that protecting sources is the number one goal. Daniels girlfriend tells him that she believes in his cause, Assange wants to leak the documents immediately, but Daniel insists that they review the documents first. Later, several major newspapers agree to cooperate with WikiLeaks in releasing the documents while spinning WikiLeaks positively, however, both Daniel and the newspapers require the names in the documents be redacted both to protect sources and to assist in the media spin, to which Assange reluctantly agrees. Daniel realizes that Assange has no intention of following through on this promise and is grooming a right-hand man to replace Daniel, the newspapers release the redacted documents. The resulting media and public uproar forces informants to flee from their countries of residence, before Assange can go further, however, Daniel and the other members of the original WikiLeaks team delete the site and block Assanges access to the server. Daniel later talks with a reporter from The Guardian, and the two fear that giving Assange such a platform was a mistake. The reporter tells Daniel that while Assange may be untrustworthy, he had done a thing by uncovering secret dealing in the government and business world
The Fifth Estate (film)
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Theatrical release poster
The Fifth Estate (film)
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Benedict Cumberbatch (left) portrayed
Julian Assange (right).
The Fifth Estate (film)
23.
Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Award
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Academy Awards
Academy Award
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31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Award
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81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Award
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Pantages Theatre, 2008
24.
Conversion to Judaism
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The procedure and requirements for conversion depend on the sponsoring denomination. A conversion in accordance with the process of a denomination is not a guarantee of recognition by another denomination, in some cases, a person may forgo a formal conversion to Judaism and adopt some or all beliefs and practices of Judaism. However, without a conversion, many highly observant Jews will reject a converts Jewish status. There are some groups that have adopted Jewish customs and practices, for example, in Russia the Subbotniks have adopted most aspects of Judaism without formal conversion to Judaism. However, if Subbotniks, or anyone without a conversion, wish to marry into a traditional Jewish community or immigrate to Israel. A male convert to Judaism is referred to by the Hebrew word ger, the word is rendered by the Greek proselyte as used in the Septuagint to denote a stranger. In Karaite Judaism a Ger is a non-Jew who has yet to convert to Judaism. After a Ger converts to Judaism, they are no longer considered a Ger, the word ger comes from the Hebrew verb lagur meaning to reside or to sojourn. In the Hebrew Bible ger is defined as a foreigner, or sojourner, Rabbi Marc Angel writes, The Hebrew ger literally means resident and refers to a non-Israelite who lived among the Israelite community. When the Torah commands compassion and equal justice for the ger, Rabbinic tradition interpreted the word ger as referring to proselytes. The Jews were not converts in Egypt, but rather foreigners, another passage which may be relevant to a process of conversion involves non-Jewish women captured in war who could be adopted forcibly as wives. Another verse which has interpreted as referring to non-Jews converting to Judaism is Esther 8,17. In Modern Hebrew, ger refers to a convert to Judaism, according to Maimonides, converts were accepted since the beginning of Jewish history, and the foreign wives of Jewish leaders - such as Samson and Solomon - were converts. For Rabbinic Judaism, the laws governing conversion are based on codes of law and texts, including discussions in the Talmud, through the Shulkhan Arukh and these rules are held as authoritative by Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism. Jewish law is interpreted as somewhat discouraging proselytizing, and religious gerut is also somewhat discouraged. In the past, rabbis often rejected potential converts three times, and if they remained adamant in their desire to convert, they would allow them to begin the process. However, a rabbi convinced of the prospective converts sincerity may allow him or her to follow the process of conversion and this requires the person to appear before an established three-judge Jewish religious court known as a beth din to be tested and formally accepted. Conservative Judaism takes a lenient approach in application of the halakhic rules than Modern Orthodox Judaism
Conversion to Judaism
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Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795
Conversion to Judaism
–
A portion of the
Pentateuch in Hebrew, British Library Oriental MS. 1,497 containing Numbers 6:3-10, dated 12th century. Lines of the Pentateuch alternate with the
Targum ascribed to
Onkelos (a convert to Judaism)
25.
Sesame Workshop
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They spent two years, from 1966 to 1968, researching, developing, and raising money for the new series. Cooney was named as the Workshops first executive director, which was termed one of the most important television developments of the decade. Sesame Street premiered as a series of Public Broadcasting Service PBS in the United States during November 1969, gerald S. Lesser and Edward L. They also hired a staff of producers and writers, after the initial success of Sesame Street, they began to plan for its continued survival, which included procuring additional sources of funding and creating other television series. By 2005, income from the CTWs international co-productions of the series was $96 million, by 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for $15–17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees. Cooney resigned as CEO during 1990, David Britt was named as her replacement, during 2014, Ming was succeeded by Jeffrey D. Dunn. During the late 1960s, 97% of all American households owned a television set, early childhood educational research at the time had shown that when children were prepared to succeed in school, they earned better grades and learned more effectively. Children from low-income families, however, had fewer resources than children from families to prepare them for school. The topic of psychology had grown during this period. During the winter of 1966, Joan Ganz Cooney hosted what she called a little dinner party at her apartment near Gramercy Park, attending were her husband Tim Cooney, her boss Lewis Freedman, and Lloyd and Mary Morrisett, whom the Cooneys knew socially. Cooney was a producer of films at New York public television station WNDT. Cooney was committed to using television to change society, and Morrisett was interested in using television to reach numbers of needy kids. A week later, Cooney and Freedman met with Morrisett at the office of Carnegie Corporation to discuss doing a feasibility study for creating a television program for preschoolers. Cooney was chosen to perform the study and she reported her findings in a fifty-five-page document entitled The Potential Uses of Television in Preschool Education. For the next two years, Cooney and Morrisett researched and developed the new show, acquiring $8 million funding for Sesame Street, due to her professional experience, Cooney always assumed the shows natural network would be PBS. Morrisett was amenable to broadcast it by commercial stations, but all three major networks rejected the idea, Davis, considering Sesame Streets licensing income years later, termed their decision a billion-dollar blunder. Morrisett was responsible for acquisition, and was so successful at it that writer Lee D. Mitgang later said that it defied conventional media wisdom. Cooney was responsible for the creative development, and for hiring the production
Sesame Workshop
–
CTW Co-founder Joan Ganz Cooney, in 1985
Sesame Workshop
–
Co-founder Lloyd Morrisett, in 2010
Sesame Workshop
–
Jim Henson, (1989), creator of the
Muppets
Sesame Workshop
–
The
South African co-production
Takalani Sesame, with its unique set and some of the show's characters.
26.
IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
IMDb
–
Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
27.
Preston Sturges
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Preston Sturges was an American playwright, screenwriter, and film director. In 1941, he won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film The Great McGinty and it is not uncommon for a Sturges character to deliver an exquisitely turned phrase and take an elaborate pratfall within the same scene. A tender love scene between Henry Fonda and Barbara Stanwyck in The Lady Eve was enlivened by a horse, which repeatedly poked its nose into Fondas head. Sturges famously sold the story for The Great McGinty to Paramount Pictures for $1, in return for being allowed to direct the film, Sturges was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Mary Estelle Dempsey and travelling salesman Edmund C. His maternal grandparents, Catherine Campbell Smyth and Dominick dEste Dempsey, were immigrants from Ireland, when Sturges was three years old, his eccentric mother left America to pursue a singing career in Paris, where she annulled her marriage with Prestons father. Returning to America, Dempsey met her husband, the wealthy stockbroker Solomon Sturges. According to biographers, Solomon Sturges was diametrically opposite to Mary and this included her close friendship with Isadora Duncan, as the young Sturges would sometimes travel from country to country with Duncans dance company. Mary also carried on an affair with Aleister Crowley and collaborated with him on his magnum opus Magick. As a young man, Sturges bounced back and forth between Europe and the United States, as Sturges spent much of his childhood and youth in France, he ended up fluent in French and a Francophile who always considered France his second home. In 1916, he worked as a runner for New York stock brokers, the next year, he enlisted in the United States Army Air Service, and graduated as a lieutenant from Camp Dick in Texas without seeing action. While at camp, Sturges wrote an essay, Three Hundred Words of Humor, returning from camp, Sturges picked up a managing position at the Desti Emporium in New York, a store owned by his mothers fourth husband. He spent eight years there, until he married the first of his four wives, in 1928, Sturges performed on Broadway in Hotbed, a short-lived play by Paul Osborn, and Sturges first produced play, The Guinea Pig, opened in Massachusetts. The play was a success and Sturges moved it to Broadway the following year and that same year also saw the opening of Sturges second play, the hit Strictly Dishonorable. Written in just six days, the play ran for sixteen months and earned Sturges over $300,000 and it attracted interest from Hollywood, and Sturges was writing for Paramount by the end of the year. Three other Sturges stage plays were produced from 1930 to 1932, one of them a musical, by the end of the year, he was working more in Hollywood as a writer-for-hire, operating on short contracts, for Universal, MGM, and Columbia studios. He also sold his screenplay for The Power and the Glory to Fox. The film told the story of a self-involved financier via a series of flashbacks and flashforwards, Sturges later recalled, The film made a lot of enemies. Writers at that time worked in teams, like piano movers, and my first solo script was considered a distinct menace to the profession
Preston Sturges
–
Barbara Stanwyck in
The Lady Eve (1941)
Preston Sturges
–
Preston Sturges
Preston Sturges
–
Veronica Lake and
Joel McCrea in
Sullivan's Travels (1941)
Preston Sturges
–
Akim Tamiroff,
Muriel Angelus and
Brian Donlevy in
The Great McGinty (1940)
28.
Herman J. Mankiewicz
–
Herman Jacob Mankiewicz was an American screenwriter, who, with Orson Welles, wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane. Earlier, he was the Berlin correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, alexander Woollcott said that Herman Mankiewicz was the funniest man in New York. Both Mankiewicz and Welles received Academy Awards for their screenplay and he was often asked to fix the screenplays of other writers, with much of his work uncredited. Occasional flashes of what came to be called the Mankiewicz humor and satire distinguished his films, the style of writing included a slick, satirical, and witty humor, which depended almost totally on dialogue to carry the film. It was a style that would become associated with the typical American film of that period. Among the screenplays he wrote or worked on, besides Citizen Kane, were The Wizard of Oz, Man of the World, Dinner at Eight, Pride of the Yankees, and The Pride of St. Louis. Mankiewiczs younger brother was Joseph L. Mankiewicz, also an Oscar-winning Hollywood director, screenwriter, film critic Pauline Kael credits Mankiewicz with having written, alone or with others, about forty of the films I remember best from the twenties and thirties. He was a key linking figure in just the kind of movies my friends, Herman Mankiewicz was born in New York City in 1897. His parents were of German Jewish ancestry, his father, Franz Mankiewicz, was born in Berlin and he arrived in the U. S. with his wife, a dressmaker named Johanna Blumenau, who was from the German-speaking Kurland region. The family lived first in New York and then moved to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in 1909, Hermans brother, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, was born, and both boys and a sister spent their childhood there. The family moved to New York City in 1913, and Herman graduated from Columbia University in 1917. After a period as managing editor of the American Jewish Chronicle, he became a cadet with the United States Army in 1917, and, in 1918. In 1919 and 1920, he director of the American Red Cross News Service in Paris. He took his bride overseas with him on his job as a foreign correspondent in Berlin from 1920 to 1922. He was a bookish, introspective child who, despite his intelligence, was never able to win approval from his father who was known to belittle his achievements. He became an alcoholic, which hurt his career by the late 1930s and his children were screenwriter Don Mankiewicz, politician Frank Mankiewicz, and novelist Johanna Mankiewicz Davis. While a reporter in Berlin for the Chicago Tribune, he also sent pieces on drama, at one point, he was hired in Berlin by dancer Isadora Duncan, to be her publicist in preparation for her return tour in America. At home again in the U. S. he took a job as a reporter for the New York World and he was known as a gifted, prodigious writer, and contributed to Vanity Fair, The Saturday Evening Post and numerous other magazines
Herman J. Mankiewicz
–
Herman J. Mankiewicz in the 1940s
Herman J. Mankiewicz
29.
Orson Welles
–
George Orson Welles was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who worked in theatre, radio, and film. In 1937 he and John Houseman founded the Mercury Theatre, an independent repertory company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941. It reportedly caused widespread panic when listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was actually occurring, although some contemporary sources claim these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated, they rocketed Welles to notoriety. His first film was Citizen Kane, which he co-wrote, produced, directed, Welles was an outsider to the studio system and directed only 13 full-length films in his career. He has been praised as the ultimate auteur, Welles followed up Citizen Kane with critically acclaimed films including The Magnificent Ambersons in 1942 and Touch of Evil in 1958. Although these three are his most acclaimed films, critics have argued other works of his, such as The Lady from Shanghai and Chimes at Midnight, are underappreciated. Known for his voice, Welles was an actor in radio and film, a Shakespearean stage actor. George Orson Welles was born May 6,1915, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, son of Richard Head Welles and he was named after his paternal great-grandfather, influential Kenosha attorney Orson S. Head, and his brother George Head. Despite his familys affluence, Welles encountered hardship in childhood and his parents separated and moved to Chicago in 1919. His father, who made a fortune as the inventor of a bicycle lamp, became an alcoholic. Beatrice died of hepatitis in a Chicago hospital May 10,1924, the Gordon String Quartet, which had made its first appearance at her home in 1921, played at Beatrices funeral. After his mothers death Welles ceased pursuing music and it was decided that he would spend the summer with the Watson family at a private art colony in Wyoming, New York, established by Lydia Avery Coonley Ward. There he played and became friends with the children of the Aga Khan, Welles briefly attended public school before his alcoholic father left business altogether and took him along on his travels to Jamaica and the Far East. When they returned they settled in a hotel in Grand Detour, Illinois, when the hotel burned down, Welles and his father took to the road again. During the three years that Orson lived with his father, some observers wondered who took care of whom, in some ways, he was never really a young boy, you know, said Roger Hill, who became Welless teacher and lifelong friend. Welles briefly attended school in Madison, Wisconsin, enrolled in the fourth grade. At Todd School, Welles came under the influence of Roger Hill, Hill provided Welles with an ad hoc educational environment that proved invaluable to his creative experience, allowing Welles to concentrate on subjects that interested him. Welles performed and staged theatrical experiments and productions there, Todd provided Welles with many valuable experiences, wrote critic Richard France
Orson Welles
–
Welles on March 1, 1937 (age 21), photographed by
Carl Van Vechten
Orson Welles
–
Welles's birthplace in
Kenosha, Wisconsin (2013)
Orson Welles
–
Macbeth (1936)
Orson Welles
–
Macbeth opening night at the
Lafayette Theatre (April 14, 1936)
30.
Ring Lardner Jr.
–
Ringgold Wilmer Ring Lardner Jr. was an American journalist and screenwriter blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios during the Red Scare of the late 1940s and 1950s. Born in Chicago, he was the son of Ellis and journalist and humorist Ring Lardner, and he was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, and Princeton University, where he joined the Socialist Club. In his sophomore year he enrolled at the Anglo-American Institute of the University of Moscow, Lardner returned to New York and, in 1935, briefly worked at the Daily Mirror before signing on as publicity director with David O. Selznick’s new movie company. Lardner joined the US Communist Party in 1937, Ring Lardner Jr. moved to Hollywood where he worked as a publicist and script doctor before writing his own material. This included Woman of the Year, a film won him an Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay in 1942. He also worked on the scripts for the films Laura, Brotherhood of Man, Forever Amber, the script of the latter earned him an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Lardner held strong left-wing views and during the Spanish Civil War he helped raise funds for the Republican cause and he was also involved in organizing anti-fascist demonstrations. His brother, James Lardner, was a member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, after the Second World War the House Un-American Activities Committee began an investigation into the Hollywood motion picture industry. In September 1947, the HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood and these people attended voluntarily and became known as friendly witnesses. During their interviews they named several people whom they accused of holding left-wing views, known as the Hollywood Ten, they claimed that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution clearly gave them the right to do this. The HUAC and the courts during appeals disagreed and all were guilty of contempt of Congress. Lardner was sentenced to 12 months in Danbury Prison and fined $1,000 and he had been dismissed by Fox on October 28,1947. Blacklisted by the Hollywood studios, Lardner worked for the couple of years on the novel The Ecstasy of Owen Muir. He moved to England for a time where he wrote under pseudonyms for television series such as The Adventures of Robin Hood. The blacklist was lifted when producer Martin Ransohoff and director Norman Jewison gave him credit for writing 1965s The Cincinnati Kid. Lardners later work included M*A*S*H, for which he won the Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay and his final film project was an adaptation of Roger Kahns book The Boys of Summer. According to Hungarian writer Miklós Vámos—who visited Lardner several times before his death—Lardner won an Academy Award for a movie he wrote under a pseudonym. Lardner refused to tell which movie it was, saying that it would be unfair to reveal it because the writer who allowed him to use his name as a front was doing him a big favor at the time
Ring Lardner Jr.
–
Ring Lardner Jr. (far left) with eight others of the Hollywood 10 charged with contempt of Congress in 1947.
31.
Muriel Box
–
Muriel Box was an Oscar-winning English screenwriter and director. She was born Violette Muriel Baker in Tolworth, Surrey, England in 1905, when her attempts at acting and dancing proved to be unsuccessful, she accepted work as a continuity girl for British International Pictures. In 1935, she met and married journalist Sydney Box, with whom she collaborated on nearly forty plays with mainly female roles for theatre groups. Their production company, Verity Films, first released short films, including The English Inn, her first directing effort. The couple achieved their greatest joint success with The Seventh Veil for which gained the Academy Award for Best Writing. She occasionally assisted as a director, or re-shot scenes during post-production. Her extensive work on The Lost People gained her a credit as co-director, in 1951, her husband created London Independent Producers, allowing Box more opportunities to direct. Many of her films were adaptations of plays, and as such had a stage-bound feel. They were noteworthy more for their strong performances than they were for a distinctive directorial style, Box often experienced prejudice in a male-dominated industry, especially hurtful when perpetrated by another female. In 1950, Jean Simmons had her replaced on So Long at the Fair and she left film-making to write novels and created a successful publishing house, Femina, which proved to be a rewarding outlet for her feminism. She divorced Sydney Box in 1969, the following year, she married Gerald Gardiner, who had been Lord Chancellor. She died in Hendon, London in 1991
Muriel Box
–
Muriel Box
32.
Sidney Sheldon
–
Sidney Sheldon was an American writer and producer. He went on to work in television, where his works spanned a 20-year period during which he created The Patty Duke Show, I Dream of Jeannie and Hart to Hart. He became most famous after he turned 50 and began writing best-selling romantic suspense novels, such as Master of the Game, The Other Side of Midnight and he is the seventh best selling fiction writer of all time. Sheldon was born Sidney Schechtel in Chicago, Illinois and his parents, of Russian Jewish ancestry, were Ascher “Otto” Schechtel, manager of a jewelry store, and Natalie Marcus. At 10, Sidney made his first sale, US$5 for a poem, during the Depression, he worked at a variety of jobs, and after graduating from East High School, he attended Northwestern University on a scholarship and contributed short plays to drama groups. He had to drop out six months during the Depression era to help support his family. In 1937, Sheldon moved to Hollywood, California, where he reviewed scripts, Sheldon enlisted in the military during World War II as a pilot in the War Training Service, a branch of the Army Air Corps, His unit was disbanded before he saw any action. Returning to civilian life, he moved to New York City where he began writing musicals for the Broadway stage while continuing to write screenplays for both MGM Studios and Paramount Pictures. He earned a reputation as a writer, for example. His success on Broadway brought him back to Hollywood where his first assignment was The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer, which earned him the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay of 1947. He was one of the writers on the screenplay for the 1948 musical film Easter Parade and sole writer for the 1950 musical film Annie Get Your Gun, when television became the new popular medium, he decided to try his hand in it. I suppose I needed money, he remembered, I met Patty Duke one day at lunch. So I produced The Patty Duke Show, and I did something else in TV ever did. For seven years, I wrote almost every episode of the series. Sheldon created, produced and wrote I Dream of Jeannie in his capacity with Screen Gems. He wrote all but two dozen scripts in five years, sometimes using three pseudonyms while simultaneously writing scripts for The Patty Duke Show and he also used the same pseudonyms in writing all seventeen episodes of Nancy. He later admitted that he did this because he felt his name was appearing too often in the credits as creator, producer and he also created and wrote for the series Hart to Hart. Production for I Dream of Jeannie ended in 1970 after five seasons and it was During the last year of I Dream of Jeannie, I decided to try a novel, he said in 1982
Sidney Sheldon
–
Sidney Sheldon
33.
Billy Wilder
–
Billy Wilder was a Austrian-born Jewish American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, artist and journalist, whose career spanned more than fifty years and sixty films. He is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of Hollywoods golden age, with The Apartment, Wilder became the first person to win Academy Awards as producer, director and screenwriter for the same film. Wilder became a screenwriter in the late 1920s while living in Berlin, after the rise of the Nazi Party, Wilder, who was Jewish, left for Paris, where he made his directorial debut. He moved to Hollywood in 1933, and in 1939 he had a hit when he co-wrote the screenplay for the romantic comedy Ninotchka, Wilder established his directorial reputation with an adaption of James M. Cains Double Indemnity, a film noir. Wilder co-wrote the screenplay with crime novelist Raymond Chandler, Wilder earned the Best Director and Best Screenplay Academy Awards for the adaptation of a Charles R. Jackson story The Lost Weekend, about alcoholism. In 1950, Wilder co-wrote and directed the critically acclaimed Sunset Boulevard, from the mid-1950s on, Wilder made mostly comedies. Among the classics Wilder created in this period are the farces The Seven Year Itch and Some Like It Hot and he directed fourteen different actors in Oscar-nominated performances. Wilder was recognized with the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award in 1986, in 1988, Wilder was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. In 1993, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts, born Samuel Wilder to a Polish-Jewish family in Sucha Beskidzka, Austria-Hungary, to Max and Eugenia Wilder, he was nicknamed Billie by his mother. He had a brother, William Lee Wilder, who also became a screenwriter, film producer. His parents had a successful and well-known cake shop in Sucha Beskidzkas train station, soon the family moved to Vienna, where Wilder attended school. Instead of attending the University of Vienna, Wilder became a journalist, to advance his career Wilder decided to move to Berlin, where, before achieving success as a writer, he allegedly worked as a taxi dancer. After writing crime and sports stories as a stringer for local newspapers, developing an interest in film, he began working as a screenwriter. He collaborated with several other tyros on the 1929 feature People on Sunday and he wrote the screenplay for the 1931 film adaptation of a novel by Erich Kästner, Emil and the Detectives. After the rise of Adolf Hitler, Wilder, Jewish, left for Paris and he relocated to Hollywood prior to its release. Wilders mother, grandmother and stepfather all perished in the Holocaust, after arriving in Hollywood in 1933, Wilder continued his career as a screenwriter. He became a citizen of the United States in 1934. Wilders first significant success was Ninotchka in 1939, a collaboration with fellow German immigrant Ernst Lubitsch and this romantic comedy starred Greta Garbo, and was popularly and critically acclaimed
Billy Wilder
–
With
Gloria Swanson during filming of Sunset Blvd.
Billy Wilder
–
1942 publicity still of Wilder
Billy Wilder
–
Wilder's gravestone
34.
Alan Jay Lerner
–
Alan Jay Lerner was an American lyricist and librettist. In collaboration with Frederick Loewe, and later Burton Lane, he created some of the worlds most popular and he won three Tony Awards and three Academy Awards, among other honors. Born in New York City, he was the son of Edith Adelson Lerner and Joseph Jay Lerner, whose brother, Samuel Alexander Lerner, was founder and owner of the Lerner Stores, one of Lerners cousins was the radio comedian/television game show panelist Henry Morgan. Lerner was educated at Bedales School in England, The Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut and he attended both Camp Androscoggin and Camp Greylock. At both Choate and Harvard, Lerner was a classmate of John F. Kennedy, at Choate they had worked together on the yearbook staff. Like Cole Porter at Yale and Richard Rodgers at Columbia, his career in theater began with his collegiate contributions. During the summers of 1936 and 1937, Lerner studied music composition at Juilliard, while attending Harvard, he lost his sight in his left eye due to an accident in the boxing ring. In 1957, Lerner and Leonard Bernstein, another of Lerners college classmates, collaborated on Lonely Men of Harvard, due to his injury, Lerner could not serve in World War II. Instead he wrote scripts, including Your Hit Parade, until he was introduced to Austrian composer Frederick Loewe. While at the Lambs, he also met Lorenz Hart, with whom he would also collaborate, Lerner and Loewes first collaboration was a musical adaptation of Barry Connerss farce The Patsy called Life of the Party for a Detroit stock company. The lyrics were written by Earle Crooker, but he had left the project. It enjoyed a run and encouraged the duo to join forces with Arthur Pierson for Whats Up. which opened on Broadway in 1943. It ran for 63 performances and was followed two years later by The Day Before Spring and their first hit was Brigadoon, a romantic fantasy set in a mystical Scottish village, directed by Robert Lewis. It was followed in 1951 by the Gold Rush story Paint Your Wagon, while the show ran for nearly a year and included songs that later became pop standards, it was less successful that Lerners previous work. He later said of Paint Your Wagon, it was a success, Lerner worked with Kurt Weill on the stage musical Love Life and Burton Lane on the movie musical Royal Wedding. In that same year Lerner also wrote the Oscar-winning original screenplay for An American in Paris and this was the same team who would later join with Lerner and Loewe to create Gigi. In 1956, Lerner and Loewe unveiled My Fair Lady, before finishing the musical, Lerner was eager to write while My Fair Lady was taking so long to complete. Burton Lane and Lerner were working on a musical about Lil Abner, gabriel Pascal owned the rights to Pygmalion, which had been unsuccessful with other composers who tried to adapt it into a musical
Alan Jay Lerner
–
Alan Jay Lerner, c. 1975
35.
Budd Schulberg
–
Budd Schulberg was an American screenwriter, television producer, novelist and sports writer. He was known for his 1941 novel, What Makes Sammy Run and his 1947 novel The Harder They Fall, his 1954 Academy Award-winning screenplay for On the Waterfront, and his 1957 screenplay for A Face in the Crowd. In 1931, when Schulberg was 17, his left the family to live with actress Sylvia Sidney. In 1939, he collaborated on the screenplay for Winter Carnival, one of his collaborators was F. Scott Fitzgerald, who was fired because of his alcoholic binge during a visit with Schulberg to Dartmouth. Dartmouth College awarded Schulberg an honorary degree in 1960, while serving in the Navy during World War II, Schulberg was assigned to the Office of Strategic Services, working with John Fords documentary unit. Following VE Day, he was reportedly among the first American servicemen to liberate the Nazi concentration camps, being the son of a successful Hollywood producer, Schulberg had an insiders viewpoint on the true happenings of Hollywood, and his literature and film reflected this. His most famed writing What Makes Sammy Run, allowed the public to see the harshness of Hollywood stardom via Sammy Glicks Cinderella story that does not end happily ever after. This novel was criticized by some as being self-directed antisemitism, in 1950, Schulberg published The Disenchanted, about a young screenwriter who collaborates on a screenplay about a college winter festival with a famous novelist at the nadir of his career. The novelist is portrayed as a tragic and flawed figure, with whom the young screenwriter becomes disillusioned, in 1958, Schulberg wrote and co-produced the film Wind Across the Everglades, directed by Nicholas Ray. He wrote some well received books on boxing including Sparring with Hemingway and he was inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his contributions to the sport. P. In 1936, he married his first wife, actress Virginia Jigee Lee Ray and they had one daughter Victoria Schulberg Kingsland In 1943, he married Victoria Vickee Anderson, they had two children, Stephen and David. David was a Vietnam veteran who predeceased his father, in 1964, he married actress Geraldine Brooks until her death in 1977, they had no children. In 1977, he married Betsy Ann Langman, they had two children, Benn and Jessica and his niece Sandra Schulberg was an executive producer of the Academy Award nominated film Quills, among other movies. His mother, of The Ad Schulberg Agency, served as his agent until her death in 1977 and his brother, Stuart Schulberg, was a movie and television producer. His sister, Sonya Schulberg was an occasional writer, Budd Schulberg died in his home in Quiogue, New York, aged 95. Budd Schulberg, A Bio-Bibliography Lanham, Md, the Papers of Budd Schulberg in Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College Budd Schulberg at the Internet Movie Database Weiner, Tim. Budd Schulberg, On the Waterfront Writer, Dies at 95, Budd Schulberg, The Art of Fiction No.169. Article mentions Schulberg and his book On the Waterfront in noting similarity to recent allegations, Budd Schulberg at Find a Grave
Budd Schulberg
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Schulberg in 1967
Budd Schulberg
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Schulberg in 1954
Budd Schulberg
–
Schulberg at the 2007
Tribeca Film Festival.
36.
Albert Lamorisse
–
Lamorisse was born in Paris, France. Lamorisses best known work is the short film The Red Balloon, which earned him the Palme dOr Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival, and an Oscar for writing the best original screenplay in 1956. Lamorisse also wrote, directed and produced the well-regarded films Stowaway in the Sky and Circus Angel, as well as the documentaries Versailles, in addition to films, he created the popular strategy board game Risk in 1957. In the mid-sixties Lamorisse shot parts of The Prospect of Iceland, a documentary about Iceland, Lamorisse died in a helicopter crash while filming the documentary Le Vent des amoureux, during a helicopter-tour of Iran in 1970. The helicopter was left where it crashed as a memorial to the filmmaker and his son and widow completed the film, based on his production notes, and released the film eight years later. It was nominated for a posthumous Oscar for best documentary, the title The Lovers Wind is translated into Saba Wind in Persian. A saba wind is a wind that blows from the northeast. Lamorisse and his wife had three children, a son named Pascal and two daughters named Sabine and Fanny, Pascal and Sabine were featured in The Red Balloon. White Mane and Wild Stallion Le Ballon rouge, the Red Balloon Feature films Le Voyage en ballon. Stowaway in the Sky Fifi la plume, Circus Angel Le Vent des amoureux Documentaries Djerba Versailles Paris jamais vu Le Vent des amoureux. The Lovers Wind Wins Cannes Film Festival, Palme dOr, White Mane, Best Short Film, Prix Jean Vigo, Prix Jean Vigo, White Mane, Short Film, Albert Lamorisse,1953. Prix Louis Delluc, Prix Louis Delluc, The Red Balloon, Cannes Film Festival, Palme dOr du court métrage/Golden Palm, The Red Balloon, Best Short Film, Albert Lamorisse,1956. Academy Awards, Oscar, The Red Balloon, Best Writing, Best Original Screenplay, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, BAFTA Award, The Red Balloon, Special Award, France,1957. Venice Film Festival, OCIC Award, Le Voyage en ballon,1960, Cannes Film Festival, Technical Grand Prize, Fifi la plume,1965. Cannes Film Festival, Technical Grand Prize – Special Mention, Versailles,1967, national Board of Review, Top Foreign Films, The Red Balloon,1957. Nominations British Academy of Film and Television Arts, BAFTA Film Award, White Mane, Best Documentary Film, venice Film Festival, Golden Lion, Le Voyage en ballon,1960. Cannes Film Festival, Golden Palm, Fifi la plume,1965, Cannes Film Festival, Golden Palm, Best Short Film, Versailles,1967. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Documentary, Features, Le Vent des amoureux,1979, Albert Lamorisse at the Internet Movie Database Albert Lamorisse at Google Books Albert Lamorisse at Cinema Encyclopedie
Albert Lamorisse
–
Albert Lamorisse
37.
I. A. L. Diamond
–
Diamond was a comedy and drama writer in Hollywood from the 1940s through the 1980s. He wrote eleven screenplays with Billy Wilder for the latters films, Diamond emigrated with his mother and sister, following his father to the Crown Heights area of Brooklyn in the United States at the age of 9. There he studied at the Boys High School, showing ability in mathematics, competing in the state Mathematics Olympiads in 1936–37, Diamond completed his undergraduate studies at Columbia in 1941. There he studied journalism, publishing in the Columbia Daily Spectator under the pseudonym I. A. L. Diamond, as a result, upon graduation he abandoned his plans to pursue his masters in engineering at Columbia and accepted a short-term contract in Hollywood. A succession of limited-term contracts ensued, notably at Paramount Pictures where he worked on projects without ultimately receiving a writing credit and he then moved to Universal, where in 1944 he worked on his first credited feature script, Murder in the Blue Room. It was a later, at Warner Brothers, that he achieved his first real success. He worked at 20th Century Fox from 1951–55, eventually deciding to become independent, in 1957 he began a collaborative relationship with Billy Wilder on the movie Love in the Afternoon. Diamond also had a hit with his 1969 solo adaptation of the play Cactus Flower into the movie of the same name, in total, Diamond and Wilder wrote twelve movies together over 25 years. Some of these films feature characters engaged in never-ending but friendly squabbling, such as Joe and Jerry in Some Like it Hot and Holmes, diamonds widow claims that these characters were based on her husbands relationship with Wilder. In 1980, Diamond and Wilder were given the Writers Guild of Americas Laurel Award for career achievement in screenwriting, Wilder had previously received the Laurel Award in 1957 for his screenwriting partnership with Charles Brackett. Diamond died in Beverly Hills, California in 1988, Buddy Buddy Fedora The Front Page Avanti. – Adapted Screenplay 1974, The Front Page – Adapted Screenplay 1980, Diamond at the Internet Movie Database
I. A. L. Diamond
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I. A. L. Diamond
38.
William Inge
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William Motter Inge was an American playwright and novelist, whose works typically feature solitary protagonists encumbered with strained sexual relations. In the early 1950s, he had a string of memorable Broadway productions, including Picnic, with his portraits of small-town life and settings rooted in the American heartland, Inge became known as the Playwright of the Midwest. Inge was born in Independence, Kansas, the child of Maude Sarah Gibson-Inge. Inge attended Independence Community College and graduated from the University of Kansas in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Speech, while at the University of Kansas, Inge was a member of the Nu Chapter of Sigma Nu. Offered a scholarship to work on a Master of Arts degree, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to attend the George Peabody College for Teachers, Back in Kansas, he worked as a laborer on the state highway and a Wichita news announcer. From 1937 to 1938 he taught English and drama at Cherokee County Community High School in Columbus, after returning and completing his Masters at Peabody in 1938, he taught at Stephens College, in Columbia, Missouri, from 1938 to 1943. Inge began as a critic at the St. Louis Star-Times in 1943. With Tennessee Williamss encouragement, Inge wrote his first play, Farther Off from Heaven, while a teacher at Washington University in St. Louis in 1946–1949, he wrote Come Back, Little Sheba. It ran on Broadway for 190 performances in 1950, winning Tony Awards for Shirley Booth and it was while teaching at Washington University that Inges struggles with alcoholism became more acute and, in 1947, he joined Alcoholics Anonymous. If it does make it to Broadway, I dont know when Ill be back, Inge never had to return to St. Louis. In 1953, Inge received a Pulitzer Prize for Picnic, a based on women he had known as a small child, When I was a boy in Kansas. There were three school teachers living in the house. I was four years old, and they were nice to me, I saw their attempts, and, even as a child, I sensed every woman’s failure. I began to sense the sorrow and the emptiness in their lives, Picnic had a successful Broadway run from February 19,1953, to April 10,1954. A film adaptation made in 1955 was directed by Joshua Logan, in 1953 Inges play Glory in the Flower was telecast on Omnibus with a cast of Hume Cronyn, Jessica Tandy, and James Dean. In 1955 his play Bus Stop premiered and its inspiration came from people he met in Tonganoxie, Kansas. Nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Play, it was made into a 1956 film starring Marilyn Monroe, a major regional revival of Bus Stop was held at the Huntington Theatre in Boston in September and October 2010. In 1957 he wrote The Dark at the Top of the Stairs, the play was nominated for five Tony Awards including Best Play, and was adapted as a film in 1960
William Inge
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For other people named William Inge, see
William Inge (disambiguation).
William Inge
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Portrait of William Inge by
Carl Van Vechten
William Inge
39.
Pietro Germi
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Pietro Germi was an Italian actor, screenwriter, and director. Germi was born in Genoa, Liguria, to a lower-middle-class family and he was a messenger and briefly attended nautical school before deciding on a career in acting. He studied acting and directing at Romes Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, during his time in school, Germi supported himself by working as an extra, bit actor, assistant director, and, on occasion, writer. Germi made his debut in 1945 with the film Il testimone. His early work, this included, were very much in the Italian Neorealist style. Through the years, Germi shifted away from social drama towards satirical comedies, in the 1960s, Germi received worldwide success with the films Divorce, Italian Style, Seduced and Abandoned, and The Birds, the Bees and the Italians. He was nominated for Academy Awards in both directing and writing for Divorce, Italian Style, and, subsequently, won in the writing category and he also won the Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival for The Birds, the Bees. His 1968 film Serafino won the Golden Prize at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival, Germi collaborated on the scripts for all the films he directed and appeared as an actor in a few of them. He died in Rome of hepatitis on 5 December 1974
Pietro Germi
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Pietro Germi
40.
Claude Lelouch
–
Claude Barruck Joseph Lelouch is a French film director, writer, cinematographer, actor and producer. Lelouch was born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, the son of Charlotte and his father was born to an Algerian Jewish family and his mother was a convert to Judaism. His father gave him a camera to him a fresh start after his failure in the baccalaureat. He started his career with reportage – one of the first to film life in the Soviet Union. He also filmed sporting events like the 24 Hours of Le Mans and his first full-length film as director, Le Propre de lhomme, was decried by the critics – Claude Lelouch, remember this name well, because you will not hear it again – Cahiers du cinéma said. La femme spectacle, following prostitutes, women shopping, going for nose-jobs, was censored for its misogynist tendency, a Man and a Woman changed his fortunes and was met with favour even by the Cahiers group. The 1981 musical epic Les Uns et les Autres is widely considered as his masterpiece and his 1976 film, Cétait un rendez-vous, purportedly features a Ferrari 275 GTB being driven at extreme speed through the streets of Paris at dawn. The entire short is shot from the point of view of the car, legend has it that Lelouch was arrested after it was first shown publicly. In a 2006 interview, Lelouch stated that he drove his own Mercedes-Benz 450SEL6.9 in the film and he has collaborated more than two dozen times with composer Francis Lai. They scored a hit with the piece chabadabada for the film A Man and a Woman sung by Nicole Croisille and Pierre Barouh. He is the father of 7 children, in 1993 he was the President of the Jury at the 18th Moscow International Film Festival. 2016, Commander in the Order of the Crown, lelouchs A Man and a Woman won the Palme dOr at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival, as well as two Oscars including Best Foreign Language Film. His 1967 film, Vivre pour vivre, was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar, in 1971, he won the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Directing for Le Voyou. Media related to Claude Lelouch at Wikimedia Commons Claude Lelouch at the Internet Movie Database
Claude Lelouch
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Claude Lelouch at the
2012 Cannes Film Festival
Claude Lelouch
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Claude Lelouch in 1970.
Claude Lelouch
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Claude Lelouch 1966
41.
William Rose (screenwriter)
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William Rose was an American screenwriter of British and Hollywood films. Although born in St. Louis, Missouri, after the 1939 outbreak of World War II, Rose traveled to Canada, blessed with the ability to adapt to two distinct cultures, William Rose wrote a number of successful British comedies including Genevieve. He became an associate of the American-born director, Alexander Mackendrick, notably for their collaboration on The Maggie. Rose also won the Writers Guild of America award for Best Written American Comedy for The Russians Are Coming, in 1973, Roses lifetime achievements were recognized by the Writers Guild with their Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement. In the 1970s, he had a relationship with Katharine Hepburn. William Rose died in 1987 in Jersey, Channel Islands and he is buried in the Churchyard at St. Clement Parish Church, Jersey. William and Tania divorced, she died in 2015 aged 95
William Rose (screenwriter)
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Wedding of William Rose (in his
Black Watch uniform) and Tania Price in 1943
42.
Mel Brooks
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Melvin Brooks is an American filmmaker, comedian, actor, composer, and songwriter. He is known as a creator of broad film farces and comic parodies, Brooks began his career as a comic and a writer for the early TV variety show Your Show of Shows. He became well known as part of the duo with Carl Reiner in the comedy skit The 2000 Year Old Man. He also created, with Buck Henry, the hit comedy series Get Smart. In middle age, Brooks became one of the most successful directors of the 1970s. His best-known films include The Producers, The Twelve Chairs, Blazing Saddles, Young Frankenstein, Silent Movie, High Anxiety, History of the World, Part I, Spaceballs and Robin Hood, Men in Tights. A musical adaptation of his first film, The Producers, ran on Broadway from 2001 to 2007, in 2001, having previously won an Emmy, a Grammy and an Oscar, he joined a small list of EGOT winners with his Tony award for The Producers. Brooks was married to Oscar-winning actress Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death in 2005, Brooks was born Melvin Kaminsky on June 28,1926, in Brooklyn, New York, to James and Kate Kaminsky, and grew up in Williamsburg. His fathers family were German Jews of Polish descent from the Free City of Danzig, his mothers family were Jews from Kiev and he had three older brothers, Irving, Lenny, and Bernie. Brooks father died of disease at 34 when Brooks was two years old. He has said of his fathers death, Theres an outrage there, I may be angry at God, or at the world, for that. And Im sure a lot of my comedy is based on anger, growing up in Williamsburg, I learned to clothe it in comedy to spare myself problems—like a punch in the face. Brooks was a small, sickly boy who often was bullied and teased by his classmates and he was taught by Buddy Rich how to play the drums and started earning money at it when he was 14. After the war, Brooks started working in various Borscht Belt resorts and nightclubs in the Catskill Mountains as a drummer, around this time, he changed his professional name to Mel Brooks after being confused with the Borscht Belt trumpet player Max Kaminsky. After a regular comic at one of the nightclubs was too sick to perform one night, Brooks started working as a comic, telling jokes. He also began acting in stock in Red Bank, New Jersey. He eventually worked his way up to the comically aggressive job of Tummler at Grossingers, Brooks found more rewarding work behind the scenes, becoming a comedy writer for television. In 1949 his friend Sid Caesar hired Brooks to write jokes for the NBC series The Admiral Broadway Revue, paying him $50 a week
Mel Brooks
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Brooks attending a ceremony to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 23, 2010
Mel Brooks
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Brooks in c. February 1984
Mel Brooks
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Brooks with wife
Anne Bancroft at the
1991 Cannes Film Festival.
Mel Brooks
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Brooks in April 2010
43.
William Goldman
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William Goldman is an American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter. He came to prominence in the 1950s as a novelist, before turning to writing for film and his other notable works include his thriller novel Marathon Man and comedy-fantasy novel The Princess Bride, both of which Goldman adapted for film. Author Sean Egan has described Goldman as one of the late twentieth century’s most popular storytellers. Goldman was born in Chicago and grew up in a Jewish family in the Chicago suburb of Highland Park, Illinois, the son of Marion and Maurice Clarence Goldman, who worked in business. Goldmans father initially was a businessman, working in Chicago and then in partnership. He came home to live and he was in his pajamas for the last five years of his life, Maurice Goldman killed himself while his son was still in high school. Marion Goldmans deafness increased the stress in the home, Goldman received a bachelor of arts degree from Oberlin College in 1952, then went into the army. He knew how to type, so was sent to the Pentagon and he then matriculated at Columbia University, where he earned a master of arts degree in 1956. Throughout all this, Goldman wrote short stories in the evenings, after graduating, Goldman received an offer to teach at a high school and also considered working in advertising. But he really wanted to write, according to his memoir, Adventures in the Screen Trade, Goldman began writing when he took a creative-writing course in college. His grades in the class were horrible and he did not originally intend to become a screenwriter. His main interests were poetry, short stories, and novels, in 1956 he completed an MA thesis at Columbia University on the comedy of manners in America. His brother, James Goldman, who died in 1998, was a playwright and they shared an apartment in New York with their friend John Kander and helped out Kander, a composer, by writing the libretto for his dissertation. All three later won separate Academy Awards, on 25 June 1956 Goldman started writing what became his first novel, The Temple of Gold. It was written in less than three weeks and was picked up for publication and it sold well enough to launch Goldman on his career. Goldman published five novels, and had three plays produced on Broadway, before he began to write screenplays and he wrote mostly serious literary works until the death of his first agent, when he started writing thrillers, the first of which was Marathon Man. Goldman began writing screenplays in his 30s when Cliff Robertson hired him to adapt Flowers for Algernon, later retitled Charly, Robertson then hired him to do some rewriting on Masquerade, which was Goldmans first screen credit. Goldman researched Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid for eight years, after deciding he did not want to write a cowboy novel, he turned the story into his first original screenplay and sold it for a record $400,000 in the late 1960s
William Goldman
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Goldman at the 2008 Screenwriting Expo
William Goldman
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Goldman (left) and
James Caan while shooting A Bridge Too Far in 1976
44.
Francis Ford Coppola
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Francis Ford Coppola, also credited as Francis Coppola, is a semi-retired American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered to have been a figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. After directing The Rain People, he co-wrote the 1970 film Patton and he followed with The Godfather Part II in 1974, which became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Conversation, which he directed, produced and wrote, was released same year. He next directed 1979s Apocalypse Now, while notorious for its lengthy and strenuous production, the film was widely acclaimed for its vivid and stark depiction of the Vietnam War, winning the Palme dOr at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival. Coppola is one of only eight filmmakers to win two Palme dOr awards, while a number of Coppolas ventures in the 1980s and 1990s were critically lauded, he has never quite achieved the same commercial success with films as in the 1970s. His most well-known films released since the start of the 1980s are the dramas The Outsiders and Rumble Fish, the crime-drama The Cotton Club, and his movies The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and Apocalypse Now are often ranked among the greatest films of all time. Coppola was born in Detroit, Michigan, to father Carmine Coppola, a flautist with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Coppola is the second of three children, his older brother was August Coppola, his younger sister is actress Talia Shire. Born into a family of Italian immigrant ancestry, his grandparents came to the United States from Bernalda. His maternal grandfather, popular Italian composer Francesco Pennino, immigrated from Naples, Coppola received his middle name in honor of Henry Ford, not only because he was born in the Henry Ford Hospital but also because of his musician-fathers association with the automobile manufacturer. Contracting polio as a boy, Coppola was bedridden for periods of his childhood. Reading A Streetcar Named Desire at age 15 was instrumental in developing his interest in theater, eager to be involved in film-craft, he created 8mm features edited from home movies with such titles as The Rich Millionaire and The Lost Wallet. As a child, Coppola was a student, but he was so interested in technology. Trained initially for a career in music, he became proficient on the tuba, overall, Coppola attended 23 other schools before he eventually graduated from the Great Neck North High School. He entered Hofstra College in 1955 with a major in theater arts, there he was awarded a scholarship in playwriting. This furthered his interest in directing theater despite the disapproval of his father, Coppola was profoundly impressed after seeing Sergei Eisensteins October, Ten Days That Shook the World, especially with the movies quality of editing. It was at this time Coppola decided he would go into cinema rather than theater, Coppola also gives credit to the work of Elia Kazan and for its influence on him as a director. Amongst Coppolas classmates at Hofstra were James Caan, Lainie Kazan and he later cast Lainie Kazan in One from the Heart and Caan in The Rain People and The Godfather
Francis Ford Coppola
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Francis Ford Coppola at the 2011
San Diego Comic-Con International
Francis Ford Coppola
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Francis Ford Coppola at the
1996 Cannes Film Festival
Francis Ford Coppola
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Francis Ford Coppola at the
2001 Cannes Film Festival.
Francis Ford Coppola
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Palazzo Margherita in
Bernalda, owned by Coppola
45.
Paddy Chayefsky
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Sidney Aaron Paddy Chayefsky was an American playwright, screenwriter and novelist. He is the person to have won three solo Academy Awards for Best Screenplay. He was considered one of the most renowned dramatists of the so-called Golden Age of Television and his intimate, realistic scripts provided a naturalistic style of television drama for the 1950s, and he was regarded as the central figure in the kitchen sink realism movement of American television. Martin Gottfried wrote in All His Jazz that Chayefsky was a successful writer, following his critically acclaimed teleplays, Chayefsky continued to succeed as a playwright and novelist. As a screenwriter, he received three Academy Awards for Marty, The Hospital and Network, the movie Marty was based on his own television drama about two lonely people finding love. Network was his scathing satire of the industry and The Hospital was also satiric. Film historian David Thomson called The Hospital years ahead of its time, few films capture the disaster of Americas self-destructive idealism so well. Chayefskys early stories were influenced by the authors childhood in The Bronx. Chayefsky was part of the class of inductees into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Television Hall of Fame. He received this honor three years after his death, in 1984, Chayefsky was born in The Bronx, New York City to Ukrainian Jewish parents, Harry and Gussie Stuchevsky Chayefsky. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School, and then the City College of New York, while there, he played for the semi-professional football team Kingsbridge Trojans. He graduated with a degree in accounting in 1943, and then studied languages at Fordham University, during World War II, Chayefsky joined the United States Army, where he received both a Purple Heart and the nickname Paddy. The nickname was given spontaneously when he was awakened at dawn for kitchen duty, although actually Jewish, he asked to be excused to attend Mass. Okay, Paddy, said the officer, and the name stuck, serving with the 104th Infantry Division in the European Theatre, he was near Aachen, Germany when he was wounded, reportedly by a land mine. While recovering from his injuries in the Army Hospital near Cirencester, England, he wrote the book and lyrics to a musical comedy, first produced in 1945 by the Special Services Unit, the show toured European Army bases for two years. The London opening of No T. O. for Love at the Scala Theatre in the West End was the beginning of Chayefskys theatrical career, kanin enabled Chayefsky to spend time working on his second play, Put Them All Together, but it was never produced. Producers Mike Gordon and Jerry Bressler gave him a junior writers contract and he wrote a story, The Great American Hoax, which sold to Good Housekeeping but was never published. He relocated to Hollywood, where he met his future wife Susan Sackler, failing to find work on the West Coast, Chayefsky returned to New York
Paddy Chayefsky
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Circa 1972
Paddy Chayefsky
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Chayefsky as a senior in high school, 1939.
Paddy Chayefsky
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Chayefsky in 1958
Paddy Chayefsky
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Paddy Chayefsky's monument in Sharon Gardens Division of
Kensico Cemetery
46.
Robert Towne
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Robert Towne is an American screenwriter, producer, director and actor. He was part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking and he is best-known for his Academy Award-winning original screenplay for Roman Polanskis Chinatown, which is widely considered one of the greatest screenplays ever written. He also wrote its sequel The Two Jakes in 1990, and wrote the Hal Ashby comedy-dramas The Last Detail, and Shampoo, as well as the first two Mission Impossible films. Towne has also directed films such as the sports dramas Personal Best, and Without Limits, the crime thriller Tequila Sunrise. After working for years on a script of Greystoke, The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, he grew dissatisfied with the production and credited his dog, vazak became the first dog nominated for an Oscar for screenwriting, but he did not fetch the award. Towne co-wrote the film 8 Million Ways to Die using the alias David Lee Henry, Towne also wrote and directed Personal Best, a fictional drama of female track-and-field athletes, and Without Limits, a biopic based on the life of distance runner Steve Prefontaine. His crime story Tequila Sunrise co-starred Mel Gibson as a cocaine dealer and Kurt Russell as a detective. Towne told The New York Times that Tequila Sunrise is a movie about the use and abuse of friendship, Towne had found the novel while researching Chinatown, looking for material that would honestly describe that particular era of Los Angeles. He became so entranced by the book that he arranged to meet with its author—himself a screenwriter—in person, I was an unknown, Towne said. I hadnt written anything of note, but Fante greeted the young fan with accusations like What makes you think youre any kind of judge of my work. Ask the Dust received mixed reviews and failed at the box office, the film was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival. Towne has framed several of his films as elaborate melodramas. He told The New York Times I think melodrama is always a splendid occasion to entertain an audience and say things you want to say without rubbing their noses in it, he says. With melodrama, as in dreams, youre always flirting with the disparity between appearance and reality, which is a deal of fun. And thats also not unrelated to my perception of my working in Hollywood. In 2006, Towne was the subject of artist Sarah Morriss film, Morris describes him as an “elliptical figure” whose career exemplifies a certain characteristic mode of working in the film industry, marked by collaboration, shared or changing roles. Morriss 19, 744-square-foot painting installation in the lobby of the Lever House in Manhattan, Robert Towne expressed his disappointment in The Two Jakes in many interviews. But, we’re all still friends, and that’s what matters most, in a November 5,2007 interview with MTV, Jack Nicholson claimed that Towne had written the part of Gittes specifically for him
Robert Towne
–
Towne in 2006
47.
Woody Allen
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Heywood Woody Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, playwright, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He worked as a writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, as a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians and he is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup, some of the best-known of his over 40 films are Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Hannah and Her Sisters. In 2007 he said Stardust Memories, The Purple Rose of Cairo, critic Roger Ebert described Allen as a treasure of the cinema. Allen won four Academy Awards, three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director and he also won nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays, in 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen, A Documentary on the American Masters TV series. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in Brooklyn, New York and he and his sister, Letty, were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie, a bookkeeper at her familys delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg and his family was Jewish, his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. His parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His childhood was not particularly happy, his parents did not get along, Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 and to Midwood High School, at that time, he lived in an apartment at 968 East 14th Street. Unlike his comic persona, he was interested in baseball than school. He impressed students with his talent at card and magic tricks. To raise money, he wrote jokes for agent David O. Alber, at the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read, Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O. P. S and he was then earning more than both parents combined
Woody Allen
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Allen in the 1970s
Woody Allen
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Allen as a high school senior, 1953
Woody Allen
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Allen with the Broadway cast of Play It Again, Sam (1969).
Woody Allen
–
Allen candid from 2006
48.
Steve Tesich
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Stojan Steve Tesich was a Serbian American screenwriter, playwright and novelist. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1979 for the movie Breaking Away. Steve Tesich was born as Stojan Tešić in Užice, in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia on September 29,1942 and his family settled in East Chicago, Indiana. Tesich graduated from Indiana University in 1965 with a BA in Russian and he went on to do graduate work at Columbia University, receiving an MA in Russian Literature in 1967. He also wrote his first plays while at Columbia University, after graduation, he worked as a Department of Welfare caseworker in Brooklyn, New York in 1968. He had been a rider in 1962 for the Phi Kappa Psi team in the Little 500 bicycle race. His teammate was Dave Blase, who rode 139 of 200 laps and was the rider crossing the finish line for his team. Dave Blase was the model for the character in Tesichs award-winning screenplay Breaking Away in 1979. His play Division Street opened on Broadway in 1980 starring John Lithgow, the 1980 production of Division Street played at the Ambassador Theatre in New York City. The production opened on October 8,1980 and closed after 21 performances and his novel Karoo was published posthumously in 1998. Arthur Miller described the novel, Fascinating—a real satiric invention full of wise outrage. ”The novel was a New York Times Notable Book for 1998, the movie Breaking Away won the 1980 Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture-Musical/Comedy. The screenplay to the movie was published in book form as Breaking Away,1979. As a movie tie-in, a novelization of the screenplay was published in 1979 by Warner Books in New York written by Joseph Howard based on the screenplay by Steve Tesich. In 1973, Tesich won the Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Playwright for the play Baba Goya, in 2005, the Serbian Ministry for diaspora established the annual Stojan—Steve Tešić Award, to be awarded to the writers of Serbian origin that write in other languages. L. Doctorow, German-language version entitled Abspann and a French-language version Karoo same as original, New York, Performing Arts Journal Publications,1981. Contents, Division Street -- Baba Goya -- Lake of the Woods -- Passing Game, Steve Tesich at the Internet Movie Database The American Place Theatre Presents Touching Bottom by Steve Tesich. Srpska-mreza. com A Few Moments with Steve Tesich by Dejan Stojanović
Steve Tesich
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Steve Tesich
49.
Bo Goldman
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Robert Bo Goldman is an American writer, Broadway playwright and screenwriter. To date, he has received two Academy Awards out of three nominations, Goldman was born in New York City, the son of Lillian, a hat model, and Julian Goldman. Goldmans father was a Broadway producer, and owned a chain of well known department stores called The Goldman Stores. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a friend and also his attorney. Goldman Store ads typically featured men in suits and fashionably dressed women in furs. While this was an old strategy for appealing to those with dreams of upper-class status and he makes only $3,000 a year, blazoned one Goldman ad, But is worth $112,290. Julian loved the theatre, and was an angel or backer and his young son, Robert Bo, accompanied Julian to an average of two shows a week. This influenced what the boy would choose to do later in life, in 1939 Julian was looking for a school where he could send his son. Eleanor Roosevelt admired the work of Helen Parkhurst and was in the midst of expanding the population, Julian Goldman became an early backer, and it was this school where Bo would begin his education. He followed this by skipping his last year at Dalton in favor of fast tracking through Exeter, NH, an experience that informed a script he would write years later, Scent of a Woman. Goldman is not related to William Goldman, another two-time-Oscar-winning screenwriter who won the Academy Award for All The Presidents Men the year after Bo won for One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. He attended Princeton University where he wrote, produced, composed the lyrics and was president of the famed Princeton Triangle Club and his 1953 production, Ham n Legs, was presented on The Ed Sullivan Show – the first Triangle production ever to appear on National Television. After leaving the service Goldman headed straight to Broadway and became the lyricist for First Impressions, produced by composer Jule Styne, directed by Abe Burrows, and starring Hermione Gingold, Polly Bergen and Farley Granger, the play received decent notices but had a very short run. Just 25 years old, Goldman wasnt the least bit discouraged, however, it was not meant to be. He would spend the few years trying to get his second show. Now married, and with 4 small children at home, he found a steady income working in the new world of live television at CBS. Goldman went on to produce and write for public television on the award-winning NET Playhouse. After working together at NET Burt Lancaster encouraged Goldman to try his hand at screenwriting, the script became Goldmans calling card, and he would soon be known for some of the best screenplays of the 1970s and 80s
Bo Goldman
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Bo Goldman (left) and
Michael Douglas on the set of
Miloš Forman 's
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Bo Goldman
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Los Angeles -- The Screen Writers Guild strike brings motion picture and television production very nearly to a halt. Several famous writers are shown here picketing at the 20th Century-Fox Studios; including
Richard Brooks, Bo Goldman,
Gore Vidal and
Billy Wilder (1981)
50.
John Patrick Shanley
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John Patrick Shanley is an American playwright, screenwriter, and theatre and film director. His play Doubt, A Parable won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama as well as the 2005 Tony Award for Best Play and he won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film Moonstruck. Shanley was born into an Irish-American family in The Bronx, New York City and his mother worked as a telephone operator, and his father was a meat-packer. The neighborhood Shanley grew up in was considered very rough and his academic career did not begin well, but ultimately he graduated from New York University with honors. He was heavily influenced by one of his first teachers, Sister Margaret McEntee, while at Cardinal Spellman High School he saw two school productions that influenced him. The Miracle Worker and Cyrano de Bergerac, after his Freshman year at New York University, he was put on academic probation. He then enlisted in the United States Marines, serving in a stateside post during the Vietnam War, following his military service, he wrote a novel, then burned it, and returned to the university with the help of the G. I. Bill, and by supporting himself with a series of jobs, elevator operator, house painter, furniture mover, locksmith and he graduated from New York University as valedictorian in 1977. Shanley is the author of more than 23 plays, which have translated and performed around the world. He has often directed his own productions and he has also written for film, his second film, Moonstruck, stars Nicolas Cage and Cher, and won three Academy Awards, including one for his screenplay. In 1990, Shanley directed his script of Joe Versus the Volcano, Shanley also wrote two songs for the movie, Marooned Without You and The Cowboy Song. He wrote the screenplay for the film Congo, which was based on the Michael Crichton book. His play Doubt, A Parable ran on Broadway from March 31,2005 to July 2,2006 and won four 2005 Tony Awards, the Drama Desk Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Shanley directed the 2008 film version, which starred Meryl Streep, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Amy Adams and Viola Davis. In 2012, Shanley wrote the libretto for a version of Doubt, A Parable. Until then, his experience with opera was not extensive, he had attended a few performances and had listened to recordings, as he worked on the libretto, using many lines that come directly from the play, he describes that his enthusiasm for the form grew. Also in 2012, his play Storefront Church ran Off-Broadway in a production by the Atlantic Theater Company, the play concerns Bronx residents whose lives become tangled in unexpected ways when a mortgage goes sour. Storefront Church was also put up by San Francisco Playhouse in San Francisco in December 2013 where it was well received
John Patrick Shanley
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John Patrick Shanley
