1.
Enrile, Cagayan
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Enrile is a third class municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 35,834 people, the municipality was named after Spanish governor-general Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo. Enrile is politically subdivided into 22 barangays, in the 2015 census, the population of Enrile, Cagayan, was 35,834 people, with a density of 190 inhabitants per square kilometre or 490 inhabitants per square mile. Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information
2.
Alan Peter Cayetano
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Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano is a Filipino politician. He was elected as a senator of the Senate of the Philippines in 2007 and is the brother of former senator Pia Cayetano, born to Senator Renato Compañero Cayetano and German-American former school teacher Sandra Schramm, Cayetano resides with his family in Bagumbayan, Taguig City. His wife, Maria Laarni Lopez Cayetano, is currently the Mayor of Taguig City and his older sister, Pia, is also an incumbent representative of the 2nd District of Taguig. His youngest brother, Lino is a film and television director and former congressman of Taguig, after the 2013 elections, at the start of the 16th Congress, Cayetano was elected as the new Senate Majority Floor Leader and was likewise appointed to chair the Senate Committee on Rules. In a press event held in Davao City, Senator Cayetano, Cayetano, did not mention who will be his Presidential runningmate. On November 21,2015, it was official that Rodrigo Duterte will be his running mate for the 2016 Presidential Elections. He was placed 3rd in both unofficial and official vote count conducted by COMELEC and the Congress, respectively, alanpetercayetano. com Verified Alan Peter Cayetano on Twitter
3.
Senate of the Philippines
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The Senate of the Philippines is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress, the House of Representatives is the lower house. The Senate is composed of 24 senators who are elected at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-large voting, when the Senate was restored by the 1987 Constitution, the 24 senators who were elected in 1987 served until 1992. In 1992 the candidates for the Senate obtaining the 12 highest number of votes served until 1998, thereafter, each senator elected serves the full 6 years. The Senate Presidency is currently held by Aquilino Pimentel III, the Senate has its roots in the Philippine Commission of the Insular Government. At the same time the governor-general also exercised executive powers, the Governor-General stayed on as head of the executive branch of the Insular Government. Then-Philippine Resident Commissioner Manuel L. Quezon encouraged Speaker Sergio Osmeña to run for the leadership of the Senate, Quezon then ran for the Senate and became Senate President for the next 19 years. This setup continued until 1935, when the Philippine Independence Act or the Tydings–McDuffie Act was passed by the U. S, not long after the adoption of the 1935 Constitution several amendments began to be proposed. By 1938, the National Assembly began consideration of these proposals, the amendment of the 1935 Constitution to have a bicameral legislature was approved in 1940 and the first biennial elections for the restored upper house was held in November 1941. However, the Senate since its restoration and the independence of the Philippines in 1946 has the power to ratify treaties. The Senate finally convened in 1945 and served as the chamber of Congress from thereon until the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. The Senate was resurrected in 1987 upon the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, however, instead of eight senators being replaced after every election, it was changed to twelve. Meanwhile, the Senate President, Senate President pro-tempore, the Majority Floor Leader, the composition of the Senate is smaller in number as compared to the House of Representatives. The members of this chamber are elected at large by the entire electorate, the rationale for this rule intends to make the Senate a training ground for national leaders and possibly a springboard for the presidency. With such perspective, the Senate is likely to be more circumspect, or at least less impulsive, senatorial candidates are chosen by the leaders of major political parties or coalitions of parties. The selection process is not transparent and is done in backrooms where much political horse-trading occurs, thus, the absence of regional or proportional representation in the Senate exacerbates a top heavy system of governance, with power centralized in Metro Manila. It has often suggested that each region of the country should elect its own senator to more properly represent the people. This will have the effect of flattening the power structure, regional problems and concerns within a national view can be addressed more effectively. A senators performance, accountability, and electability become meaningful to a more defined, the Senate Electoral Tribunal composed of three Supreme Court justices and six senators determines election protests on already-seated senators
4.
President of the Senate of the Philippines
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He/she is elected by the entire body to be their leader. The current Senate President of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is Aquilino Pimentel III, the Senate President is second in line in succession for the presidency, behind the Vice President of the Philippines and in front of the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. Although Senate presidents are elected at the start of each Congress, a tied vote, therefore, means that the motion is lost, and that the Senate President cannot cast a tie-breaking vote since that would mean that the presiding officer would have had voted twice. In the Senate, he supervises the committees and attended its hearings and meetings if necessary, the Senate was created on 1916 with the abolition of the Philippine Commission as the upper house with the Philippine Assembly as the lower house. The Senate and the House of Representatives comprised the Philippine Legislature, representation was by senatorial district, Manuel L. Quezon was elected Senator from the now-defunct 5th Legislative District. All Senators from 1941 onwards were elected at-large, with the whole Philippines as one constituency, currently there are seven living former Senate Presidents, Living Former Senate Presidents Legend, Boldface means still an incumbent Senator. List of Senators of the Philippines Roll of Senate Presidents
5.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
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She was the countrys second female president, and the daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal. Arroyo is also the first duly elected female Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo was a former professor of economics at Ateneo de Manila University where Benigno Aquino III was one of her students. She entered government in 1987, serving as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade, after serving as a senator from 1992 to 1998, she was elected to the vice presidency under President Joseph Estrada, despite having run on an opposing ticket. After Estrada was accused of corruption, she resigned her position as Secretary of Social Welfare and Development and joined the growing opposition to the president. Estrada was soon forced from office by the EDSA Revolution of 2001 and she was elected to a full six-year presidential term in the controversial May 2004 Philippine elections, and was sworn in on June 30,2004. Following her presidency, she was elected to the House of Representatives, on November 18,2011, Arroyo was arrested following the filing of criminal charges against her for electoral fraud. She was held at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City under charges of electoral sabotage and she was rearrested while in the hospital on charges of misuse of $8.8 million in state lottery funds in October 2012. On July 19,2016, she was acquitted by the Supreme Court by a vote of 11-4 and she is a member of the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language. She was born as Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal to politician Diosdado Macapagal and his wife and she is the sister of Dr. Diosdado Boboy Macapagal, Jr. and Cielo Macapagal Salgado. She spent the first years of her life in Lubao, Pampanga, at the age of four, she chose to live with her maternal grandmother in Iligan City. She stayed there for three years, then split her time between Mindanao and Manila until the age of 11 and she is fluent in English, Tagalog, Spanish and several other Philippine languages, most importantly, Kapampangan, Ilokano, and Cebuano. In 1961, when Arroyo was just 14 years old, her father was elected as president and she moved with her family into Malacañang Palace in Manila. A municipality was named in her honor, Gloria, Oriental Mindoro and she attended Assumption Convent for her elementary and high school education, graduating valedictorian in 1964. She then earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Assumption College, in 1968, Arroyo married lawyer and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental, whom she had met while still a teenager. They had three children, Juan Miguel, Evangelina Lourdes and Diosdado Ignacio Jose Maria and she pursued a masters degree in Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University and a Ph. D. in Economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman. From 1977 to 1987, she held teaching positions in schools, notably the University of the Philippines. She became chairperson of the Economics Department at Assumption College, in 1987, she was invited by President Corazon Aquino to join the government as Assistant Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry. She was promoted to Undersecretary two years later, in her concurrent position as Executive Director of the Garments and Textile Export Board, Arroyo oversaw the rapid growth of the garment industry in the late 1980s
6.
Benigno Aquino III
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Benigno Simeon Noynoy Cojuangco Aquino III is a Filipino politician who served as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 until 2016. Aquino is a politician and is the chairman of the Liberal Party from 2010 to 2016. Born in Manila, Aquino finished his Bachelor of Arts from Ateneo de Manila University in 1981 and he returned to the Philippines in 1983 shortly after the assassination of his father and held several positions working in the private sector. In 1998, he was elected to the House of Representatives as Representative of the 2nd district of Tarlac province and he was subsequently re-elected to the House in 2001 and 2004. In 2007, having been barred from running for re-election to the House due to term limits, in 2013, Time named him one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. Benigno Simeon Noynoy Aquino III was born at 10,28 am on February 8,1960 at Far Eastern University Hospital in Sampaloc, Manila. He is the third of the five children of Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. who was then the Vice Governor of Tarlac province and he has four sisters, namely, Maria Elena, Aurora Corazon, Victoria Elisa, and Kristina Bernadette. He attended Ateneo de Manila University in Quezon City for his elementary, high school and he graduated in 1981 with a Bachelors degree in economics. He was one of the students of professor of economics at Ateneo de Manila University. In September 1972, Aquinos father, who was then a senator, in August 1973, Aquinos father was brought before a military tribunal in Fort Bonifacio. On August 25,1973, Aquinos father wrote a letter to his son from Fort Bonifacio, giving advice to his son, The only advice I can give you, Live with honor, there is no greater nation on earth than our Motherland. No greater people than our own, serve them with all your heart, with all your might and with all your strength. Son, the ball is now in your hands, in 1980, after a series of heart attacks, Aquinos father was allowed to seek medical treatment in the United States, where Aquinos family began a period of self-exile. In 1981, shortly after graduation, Aquino joined his family in the United States, in 1983, after three years in exile in the United States, Aquinos family returned to the Philippines, shortly after the assassination of his father on August 21,1983. He had a tenure as a member of the Philippine Business for Social Progress. He later joined Mondragon Industries Philippines, Inc. as an assistant Retail Sales Supervisor and assistant promotions manager for Nike Philippines, Inc. From 1986 to 1992, during the presidency of his mother, Aquino joined the Intra-Strata Assurance Corporation, a company owned by his uncle Antolin Oreta Jr. as vice president. On August 28,1987, eighteen months into the presidency of Aquinos mother, rebel soldiers led by Gregorio Honasan staged a coup attempt
7.
Manuel Villar
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Manuel Manny Bamba Villar Jr. is a Filipino billionaire businessman. He has been a Philippine Senator and the president of the Nacionalista Party, Villar was born to a poor family in Tondo, an impoverished and densely populated district of Manila. After graduating from the University of the Philippines, he worked as an accountant and financial analyst, Villars companies have built over 200,000 homes, and his business career made him one of the countrys wealthiest persons. Villar entered politics in 1992 when he was elected Congressman representing the district of Las Piñas-Muntinlupa, as Speaker, he presided over the impeachment of President Joseph Estrada by the House of Representatives in 2000. In 2001 he was elected Senator, and served as Senate President from 2006 to 2008 and he was the candidate of the Nacionalista Party in the 2010 presidential election, which was won by Benigno Aquino III. Manuel Bamba Villar Jr. was born on December 13,1949 in Tondo and he was the second-born of the nine children of his parents in a poor family. His father, Manuel Maning Montalban Villar, Sr. was a government employee from Cabatuan and his mother, Curita Curing Bamba, was a seafood vendor from a poor family in Orani, Bataan. The family lived in a rented apartment in a run down slum area. Due to cramped conditions in Tondo, Villars father obtained a P16,000 loan from the Government Service Insurance System, payable in 20 to 25 years, to build a home in San Rafael Village, Navotas. As a child, Villar initially attended Isabelo delos Reyes Elementary School and he also assisted his mother in selling shrimp and fish at the Divisoria Public Market, as early as age six, in order to help earn the money to support his siblings and himself to school. However, accompanying his mother interfered with his education and he was forced to drop out from school during Grade 1 and he was then enrolled at Tondo Parochial School, a private school in Tondo run by priests, to complete his elementary education. Villar finished his school education at the Mapúa Institute of Technology in Intramuros. He attended the University of the Philippines - Diliman and earned his bachelors degree in administration in 1970. He returned to the school to earn his masters degree in business administration in 1973. He later characterized himself as being impatient with formal schooling, and eager to start working, after obtaining his bachelors degree, Villar began his professional career working as an accountant for Sycip, Gorres, Velayo & Co. the countrys largest accounting firm. He resigned from SGV & Co. to start his first business, however, when his largest customer was unable to pay him, he negotiated a debt restructuring of sorts, selling discounted meal tickets to office workers in exchange for receivables. He then worked briefly as a financial analyst for the Private Development Corporation of the Philippines, wanting to start a business of his own again, he quit his job and availed of one of the loans, which offered attractive rates. In 1975, with a capital of ₱10,000
8.
Franklin Drilon
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Franklin Frank Magtunao Drilon is a Filipino politician who served as President of the Senate of the Philippines in 2000, from 2001 to 2006, and again from 2013 to 2016. Drilon is currently the Minority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines and he is also the chairman of the Liberal Party and a senior counsel of ACCRA Law Offices. Drilon was born on November 28,1945 in Iloilo City, Iloilo and is the eldest son of Cesar Drilon, Sr. and he took his elementary education at the Baluarte Elementary School in Molo, Iloilo, Iloilo and graduated in 1957. He finished his education at the U. P. In college he went to the University of the Philippines where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965, at U. P. he was the associate editor of the student newspaper Philippine Collegian and served as councilor of the U. P. Among his classmates were future politicians Miriam Defensor Santiago and Ronaldo Zamora, in 1969, he completed his Bachelor of Laws at the U. P. In the same year he took the bar examination and finished with the third highest score, in the same year, he served as an associate lawyer of Sycip, Salazar, Luna, Manalo & Feliciano Law Offices. He moved to Angara, Abello, Concepcion, Regala & Cruz Law Offices in 1974, aCCRALaw elevated him to partner in 1975, co-managing partner in 1981 and managing partner in 1986. Drilon was also a Bar Examiner on Labor and Social Legislation in the 1979 and 1984 bar examinations and he also received an honorary degree from Central Philippine University. Who was figured in the gun slaying of Maureen Hultman, both cases ended up in convictions. In 1992, most of the Aquino cabinet were drafted for the Senate candidate line-up of the newly created party, Lakas Tao and he was again given the opportunity to run as a senatorial candidate of the Lakas–Laban coalition in the 1995 election. He got the fourth highest number of votes in that Senate race, in 1998, he bolted Lakas and joined the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino and supported Joseph Estrada in the presidency contest. He was selected as Senate Majority Floor Leader the same year, in 1999, he was among those who voted in favor of the ratification of the Visiting Forces Agreement. When Marcelo Fernan died of cancer the year, he made concessions with Blas Ople in sharing the seat of the Senate President. They agreed that Ople will serve as Senate President from 1999–2000, Ople served his term from July 1999-July 2000. Drilon was installed as Senate President in July 2000, on October 2000 he issued a statement about the Juetengate Scandal of President Joseph Estrada. He was removed the next month through a Senate revamp and Aquilino Pimentel, on December 2000, an impeachment case was filed against President Estrada in the Senate. During the January 13,2001 session of the impeachment proceedings, Joseph Estrada was subsequently ousted that very evening by what would be remembered as the second EDSA People Power Revolution
9.
House of Representatives of the Philippines
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The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
10.
Cagayan
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Cagayan is a province of the Philippines in the Cagayan Valley region in the northeast of Luzon Island, and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north. The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga, Cagayan was one of the early provincias that existed during the Spanish Colonial Period. The former capital was Nueva Segovia, which served as the seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia. Today, only 9,295.75 square kilometres remain of the vastness of the province. The entire region, however, is referred to as Cagayan Valley. In 2013, Cagayan was host to the 27th and 28th seasons of the American reality game show, present-day chroniclers hold that the name was originally derived from the tagay, a plant that grows abundantly in the northern part of the province. The term Catagayan, the place where the tagay grows was shortened to Cagayan, perhaps more conventionally, etymological scholars hold that cagayan comes from an ancient word that means river. Variations of this word—karayan, kayayan, and kalayan—all mean river, Cagayan has a prehistoric civilization with rich and diverse culture. According to archaeologists, the earliest man in the Philippines probably lived in Cagayan thousands of years ago, evidences to this effect are now convincing beyond scientific doubt to consider it as an incontestable fact. From available evidences, the Atta or Negrito - a short dark-skinned nomad - was the first man in Cagayan. They were later moved to the uplands by the Malays who eventually became the Ibanags, Itawes, Yogads, Gaddangs, Irayas and these are the people found by the Spaniards in the different villages along the rivers all over Cagayan. Cagayan is also the site of a Wokou state when the Japanese pirate-lord Tay Fusa, the expeditionary force was sent to explore the Cagayan Valley, to convert the natives to Catholicism, and to establish ecclesiastical missions and towns throughout the valley. On 29 June 1583, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo traced the northern coastline of Luzon and set foot on the Massi, Tular, the provincias territorial delineation encompassed the present provinces of Batanes, Isabela, Quirino, Nueva Vizcaya, including portions of Kalinga and Apayao. The Spanish friars soon established mission posts in Camalaniugan and Lal-lo, the see was moved in 1758 to Vigan because of its relative distance. The Spanish influence can still be seen in the massive churches, in 1839, Nueva Vizcaya was established as a politico-military province and was separated from Cagayan. Later, Isabela was founded as a province on May 1,1856, its areas carved from southern Cagayan. During the late 18th century, the New Spain government encouraged the expansion of trade and he worked in the Philippines as Minister of the Indies from 1776 to 1787, constructing a similar monopoly there under Governor-General Basco y Vargas. The Spanish development of industry affected all their economic gains in the Philippines
11.
Regular Batasang Pambansa
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They cited the San Jose Mercury News exposé of the Marcoses’ multimillion-dollar investment and property holdings in the United States. It does not allege ultimate facts constituting an impeachable offense under the Constitution, in sum, the Committee finds that the complaint is not sufficient in form and substance to warrant its further consideration. It is not sufficient in form because the verification made by the affiants that the allegations in the resolution “are true, more important, the resolution cannot be sufficient in substance because its careful assay shows that it is a mere charade of conclusions. The People Power Revolution from February 22–25,1986 was a series of mostly nonviolent mass demonstrations in the Metro Manila area, on March 25,1986, President Aquino signed Presidential Proclamation №3, known as the Freedom Constitution. Article I, Section 3 of this provisional constitution abolished the Regular Batasang Pambansa inter alia, ARTICLE VIII, ARTICLE IX, ARTICLE XVI, ARTICLE XVII and all amendments thereto are deemed superseded by this Proclamation. Dimaporo, elected 1985 Majority Floor Leader Jose A. Roño Minority Floor Leader Jose B
12.
Interim Batasang Pambansa
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The Interim Batasang Pambansa was the legislature of the Republic of the Philippines from its inauguration on June 12,1978 to June 5,1984. It served as a legislative body as mandated by the 1973 Constitution as the Philippines shifted from a presidential to a parliamentary form of government. Marcos1 First Lady Imelda R. Marcos Prime Minister Cesar E. A, virata, elected June 30,1981 Deputy Prime Minister Cesar E. A. Virata Jose A. Roño, Jr. elected June 30,1981 Speaker of the Batasan Querube C, makalintal Speaker Pro-Tempore Datu Blah T. Sinsuat Majority Floor Leader Jose A. Roño, Jr. The sectoral members of the Interim Batasang Pambansa were elected at large on April 27,1978, philippine Historical Association, New Day Publishers
13.
Cagayan Valley
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Cagayan Valley is an administrative region in the Philippines located in the northeastern portion of Luzon. It is composed of five provinces, Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, the region has four cities, Cauayan, Ilagan, Santiago, and Tuguegarao. Most of the lies in a large valley in northeastern Luzon. The region encompasses the islands of the Babuyan and Batanes to the north. Cagayan Valley is the second largest region of the Philippines in terms of land area, archaeology indicates that Cagayan has been inhabited for half a million years, though no human remains of any such antiquity have yet appeared. The earliest inhabitants are the Agta, or Atta, food-gatherers who roam the forests without fixed abodes, a large tract of land has lately been returned to them. The bulk of the population are of Malay origin, for centuries before the coming of the Spanish, the inhabitants traded with Indians, Malays, Chinese, and Japanese. In the nineteenth century the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many Ilokano to settle here, tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy. During Spanish times Cagayan Valley had a territory than what it has today. It included the territories of the provinces and the eastern parts of the Cordillera provinces of Apayao, Kalinga, Ifugao. Cagayan Valley is the mass of land in the northeastern region of Luzon, comprising the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino. It is bordered to the west by the Cordillera mountain range, to the east by the Sierra Madre, to the south by the Caraballo Mountains, the region contains two landlocked provinces, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, which are ruggedly mountainous and heavily forested. Nueva Vizcaya is the remnant of the province created when Cagayan Province was divided in two in 1839. Cagayan Valley comprises five provinces, one independent city, three component cities,89 municipalities, and 2,311 barangays, bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya The province of Isabela and the city of Santiago are notably the most progressive province and city in Cagayan Valley, respectively. Isabela was the Top 10 Richest Province in the Philippines in 2011, the Cagayan Economic Zone Authority is in Santa Ana, Cagayan. On January 11,2008, the Cagayan Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources stated that tilapia production grew, production supply grew 37. 25% since 2003, with 14,000 metric tons in 2007. Nueva Vizcaya Governor Luisa Lloren Cuaresma entered into similar aquaculture endeavors in addition to tilapia production, Isabela province is the richest in harvest among the other provinces in Region 2. Media related to Cagayan Valley at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Department of National Defense (Philippines)
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The Department of National Defense is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for guarding against external and internal threats to peace and security in the country. It is also responsible for preparation and management in the country. It is headed by the Secretary of National Defense, who is a member of the Presidents cabinet, throughout its existence, the Departments functions are to enforce the law and to curb criminality and to guarantee the external and internal security of the country. In effect, NISA also served as the police force of Marcos, and now became the most powerful agency. History of the Filipino People 8th ed. GAROTECH publishing, Department of National Defense of the Philippines. Official Website www. dnd. gov. ph Armed Forces of the Philippines Website
15.
Ferdinand Marcos
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Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. was a Filipino politician who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981, while his regime started an unprecedented number of infrastructure projects and monuments, it also became infamous for its corruption and brutality. United States Army documents described the claim as fraudulent and absurd and he was elected President in 1965. The Philippine national debt used to fund development projects grew from $2 billion at the beginning of his term to $26 billion by the end of 1985. Based on World Bank data, Philippine Annual Gross Domestic Product grew from $5.27 billion in 1964 to $37.14 billion in 1982, by the end of 1985, GDP stood at $30.7 billion following two years of economic contraction. All in all despite the 1984–1985 recession, GDP per capita grew at a rate of 5. 8%, or more than tripled. It was only in 1992 at the beginning of the term of Fidel Ramos when GDP per capita, Martial law was ratified by 90. 77% of the voters during the Philippine Martial Law referendum,1973 though the referendum was marred with controversy. Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, public outrage led to the snap elections of 1986. Allegations of mass cheating, political turmoil and excesses of human rights led to the People Power Revolution in February 1986. Marcos was succeeded by Corazon Aquino, widow of the opposition leader Senator Benigno Aquino. According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government, a government agency created by the Aquino Government, PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle—taking away billions of dollars from the country in the course of their US-backed rule between 1965 and 1986. His wife Imelda Marcos, whose excesses during the couples kleptocracy made her infamous in her own right, numerous criminal graft charges have been filed against her, some of which are still ongoing, and most have been dismissed by the court due to lack of evidence. He was later baptized into the Philippine Independent Church, but was first baptized in the Roman Catholic Church at the age of three, in December 1938, Ferdinand Marcos was prosecuted for the murder of Julio Nalundasan. He was not the accused from the Marcos clan, also accused was his father, Mariano, his brother, Pio. According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger, in late January 1939, they were finally denied bail and later in the year, they were convicted. Ferdinand and Lizardo received the penalty for premeditated murder, while Mariano. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines, attending the prestigious College of Law. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a member of the universitys swimming, boxing
16.
Corazon Aquino
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Aquino was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution, which toppled the 21-year authoritarian rule of President Ferdinand E. Marcos and restored democracy to the Philippines. She was named Time magazines Woman of the Year in 1986, prior to this, she had not held any other elective office. A self-proclaimed plain housewife, she was married to Senator Benigno Aquino and she emerged as leader of the opposition after her husband was assassinated on August 21,1983 upon returning to the Philippines from exile in the United States. In late 1985, Marcos called for elections, and Aquino ran for president with former senator Salvador Laurel as her Vice-President. Defections from the Armed Forces and the support of the local Catholic hierarchy led to the People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos, as President, Aquino oversaw the promulgation of the 1987 Constitution, which limited the powers of the Presidency and re-established the bicameral Congress. Her administration gave strong emphasis and concern for civil liberties and human rights and her economic policies centred on restoring economic health and confidence and focused on creating a market-oriented and socially responsible economy. Aquino faced several coup attempts against her government and various natural calamities until the end of her term in 1992 and she was succeeded as President by Fidel V. Ramos, and returned to civilian life while remaining public about her opinions on political issues. In 2008, Aquino was diagnosed with cancer from which she died on August 1,2009. She was survived by her son, Benigno Aquino III, who was President of the Philippines from June 30,2010 to June 30,2016. Throughout her life, Aquino was known to be a devout Roman Catholic, Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco was born on January 25,1933 in Tarlac and was the sixth of eight children of José Cojuangco, a former congressman, and Demetria Cojuangco, a pharmacist. Her siblings were Pedro, Josephine, Teresita, Jose Jr. both Aquinos parents came from prominent clans. Her father was a prominent Tarlac businessman and politician, and her grandfather, as a young girl, Aquino spent her elementary school days at St. Scholasticas College in Manila, where she graduated on top of her class as valedictorian. She transferred to Assumption Convent to pursue high school studies, afterwards, she and her family went to the United States and attended the Assumption-run Ravenhill Academy in Philadelphia. In 1949, she graduated from Notre Dame Convent School in New York and she then pursued her college education in the U. S. graduating from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in 1953 in New York, with a major in French and minor in mathematics. During her stay in the United States, Aquino volunteered for the campaign of U. S, republican presidential candidate Thomas Dewey against then Democratic U. S. President Harry S. Truman during the 1948 U. S. After graduating from college, she returned to the Philippines and studied law at Far Eastern University in 1953 and she later met Benigno Ninoy S. Aquino, Jr. —son of the late Speaker Benigno S. Aquino, Sr. and a grandson of General Servillano Aquino. She discontinued her law education and married Ninoy in Our Lady of Sorrows church in Pasay on October 11,1954, the couple raised five children, Maria Elena, Aurora Corazon, Benigno Simeon III, Victoria Elisa and Kristina Bernadette. Aquino had initially had difficulty adjusting to life when she and her husband moved to Concepcion
17.
Rafael Ileto
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Rafael Manio Ileto served as the 22nd Secretary of the Department of National Defense of the Philippines. He also became the Vice Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and he also served as Philippine Ambassador to Turkey, Iran, Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos. Rafael Ileto was born on October 24,1920 in San Isidro and he took up his primary education in his hometown, and finished his secondary education in Nueva Ecija High School in Cabanatuan City. Ileto then entered the University of the Philippines pursuing an Engineering degree for the first two years, but later entered the Philippine Military Academy in 1940. Topping his class in PMA, Ileto gained his appointment to the United States Military Academy in West Point, through the Foreign Cadet Program. He finished with the accelerated Class of 1943, along with prominent members such as Brig. Gen. Robin Olds, Maj. Gen. Harold Parfitt, Brig. Gen. Robert F. McDermott, upon graduating from West Point, 2nd. Lt. Ileto entered the Infantry School for three months in Fort Benning, Georgia, in New Guinea, Lt. Ileto transferred to the famed Alamo Scouts of the Sixth United States Army. With the Alamo Scouts, Ileto saw action in southern Samar during the Battle of Leyte and this has become to date the most successful rescue mission of the United States Army, and is known as the Raid at Cabanatuan. After the Liberation of Manila, Lt. Ileto married Ms. Olga Clemena at the Command and General Staff School in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and he returned to the Philippines thereafter, and helped in rebuilding the post-war Philippine Military Academy. In 1947, he was deployed to Okinawa, and took on retirement from the service in 1949. In 1950, he enlisted once more, with the Philippine Army this time and it was here that he met once more Gen. Alfonso Arellano, whom Ileto acquainted during World War II. Both officers came with the idea to constitute a special unit in the same fashion as that of the Alamo Scouts. Gen. Arellano gave the task to Ileto to organize the 1st Scout Ranger Regiment, Capt. Ileto commanded the unit until 1955. From commanding the Scout Ranger Regiment, Capt. Ileto was designated foreign affairs attaché to Saigon, after this diplomatic stint, he was assigned with once more to the GHQ J-2 Intelligence, as a staff officer. From there he was appointed as Operations Chief of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency from 1959 to 1964 and he again went back for further studies in 1965 in the Command and General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, and later joined the Command General Staff College at Fort Bonifacio. Thereafter, he became Commanding General of the 1st PC Zone, col. Ileto once more returned to the United States to study under the Defense Resources Management Course at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1969. From there Brig. Gen. Ileto was appointed Commanding General of the Philippine Army, in 1973, Ileto became Deputy Chief of Staff of the AFP was then promoted to Major General, then Vice Chief of Staff as a Lieutenant General from 1975 until his retirement in 1978. Concurrent to this position, Gen. Ileto also served as the Philippine Ambassador to Iran and Turkey from 1975 to 1980, and to Thailand, Cambodia, during the People Power Revolution, Amb
18.
Department of Justice (Philippines)
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The Philippine Department of Justice is under the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for upholding the rule of law in the Philippines. It is the principal law agency, serving as its legal counsel. It has its headquarters at the DOJ Building in Padre Faura Street, Ermita, the department is led by the Secretary of Justice, nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet, the current Secretary of Justice is Vitaliano Aguirre II. The DOJ traces its beginnings at the Revolutionary Assembly in Naic, the Department of Grace and Justice was tasked with the establishment of a regime of law in the Republic, with Severino de las Alas at the helm. The department, however, was not included in Pres, aguinaldos Biak-na-Bato Cabinet, which was established in November 1897. Shortly after the proclamation of independence on June 12,1898, the department, however, disappeared again in Pres. Aguinaldos Cabinet upon the proclamation of the First Republic in 1899, after the American occupation a year later, the military government established the Office of the Attorney of the Supreme Court. On June 11,1901, it was renamed the Office of the Attorney General and on September 1 of the same year, the office became the Department of Finance and Justice. In 1916, the department became an entity by virtue of the Jones Law. Under the Japanese occupation, the department became the Commission of Justice, after the countrys liberation from the Japanese forces near the end of World War II, the restored Commonwealth government re-activated the Department. Soon, the Supreme Court under the then 1973 Constitution took over the supervision of all lower courts from the DOJ. The succeeding 1987 Constitution upheld it, at present, the Department is headed by the Secretary of Justice, with three undersecretaries and two assistant secretaries
19.
Claudio Teehankee
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Claudio Teehankee, PLH was the 16th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1987 to 1988. He was also the most senior associate justice and chairman of the First Division of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Teehankee was born on April 18,1918 in Manila, Philippines. He was an associate and friend of Sun Yat-Sen, and was active in the struggle to liberate China from the Qing dynasty. Teehankee was married to Pilar D. Javier with whom he had nine children and he received his A. B. summa cum laude in 1938 and LL. B. summa cum laude in 1940 from the Ateneo de Manila. He also garnered first place in the 1940 bar examinations with an average of 94.35 percent and he became Secretary of Justice under the Marcos administration in 1967 before being appointed as associate justice in 1968. After his retirement, he was appointed as the Philippine Ambassador to the United Nations and he is interred at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. He was known as the courts activist justice because of his opinions in many vital cases affecting the Marcos administration. He was the lone dissenter in cases, such the High Tribunals decision upholding the constitutionality of the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980. He also dissented in policies which would seem to curtail the liberties of people. For a time, Teehankee and Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma would make dissents together, after Muñoz-Palmas retirement, he was joined by Associate Justice Vicente Abad Santos in making dissents. It was this activism that made Marcos by-pass him twice for the position of Chief Justice in 1985 and it was after the ousting of Marcos that he did get appointed as Chief Justice by the Aquino administration in 1986. He died of causes in New York City on November 27,1989. He was buried at the Heroes Cemetery in Taguig City, Philippines, rex Book Store, Manila Supreme Court of the Philippines – Claudio Teehankee biodata
20.
Department of Finance (Philippines)
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The Department of Finance was established on March 17,1897, at the same time that the Revolutionary Government was founded in Naic, Cavite. General Baldomero Aguinaldo was appointed Director of Finance by General Emilio Aguinaldo, the Finance Director became the Secretary of the Treasury under the first constitutional republican government, the Biak-na-Bato Republic. In 1901, the Department of Finance and Justice was formally organized by virtue of an act passed by the Civil Service Commission, gregorio Araneta was the first Filipino appointed Secretary of Justice and Finance. In 1916, through Reorganization Act No.2666 of the Philippine Legislature, in 1936, DOF functions relative to the formulation and preparation of the Governments budget were transferred to the newly created Budget Commission. The preparation of income and resource estimates remained with the Department, in 1970, Minister Cesar E. A. Virata, concurrently Prime Minister, was appointed Secretary. In 1974, with the adoption of the form of government. In the 1980s, as government policy turned increasingly interventionist in the economy and it spearheaded the creation of inter-agency committees to rationalize the otherwise free-for-all system of allocating government resources. In 1987, the Ministry of Finance was reverted to a Department following the ratification of the 1987 Constitution which provided for a form of government. Accordingly, the Department was reorganized and its structure, distribution of powers and functions. In 1988, the Value Added Tax was introduced and replaced a complicated sales tax structure, the rating is two notches higher than those of non-Asian rating agencies such as Moodys, Standard and Poors, and Fitch. The Department is headed by the Secretary of Finance, with the following 11 undersecretaries and 6 assistant secretaries
21.
Gonzaga, Cagayan
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Gonzaga is a first class municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 38,892 people, the 2012 film The Mistress, starring John Lloyd Cruz and Bea Alonzo, was partly shot in the town. It is approximately 45 kilometres from Aparri, the nearest commercial center,125 kilometres from the capital of Tuguegarao City. Gonzaga has a land area of 56,743 hectares. It has large stretches of forests, especially throughout the mountainous areas of the Sierra Madre mountain range. The highest elevation in the municipality is 1,130 metres above sea level, the majority of the municipalitys 40 kilometres coastline is mostly along the Babuyan Channel to the north, although it is also bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the southeast. The eleven coastal barangays contain a total of 139 hectares of beaches,69 hectares of mangrove forests, Gonzaga is politically subdivided into 25 Barangays, including four urban barangays which constitute the Poblacion area. The original inhabitants of Gonzaga were Negritos, especially members of Aeta tribes, the first recorded name of the area was Gampao, an Aeta word meaning mountainous, later changed to Wangag. In the eighteenth century, groups of Ilocano-speaking immigrants arrived in waves by sea and land. Wangag was given ecclesiastical recognition on 23 February 1869, as a barrio of the Municipality of Buguey, in 1917 it was renamed Rumang-ay. The following year, it was renamed after the first Filipino Governor of Cagayan, the town was officially partitioned from Buguey on 1 January 1918 via Executive Order of Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison. In the 2015 census, the population of Gonzaga, Cagayan, was 38,892 people, Gonzaga is primarily an agricultural municipality, with more than half of the workforce employed primarily as either farmers or fishers. Approximately 5,500 hectares of land are currently under production. Rene Salvanera 2014-2016 Former Senate President and Defense Minister, Juan Ponce Enrile is a native of Gonzaga
22.
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
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The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands was a territorial government of the United States of America created in 1901 in what is now the Philippines. The name reflects the fact that it was an administration under the authority of the Bureau of Insular Affairs. The government was organized in the newly acquired territory by the executive branch of the American government in order to replace military governance with civilian. In 1916, Philippine Organic Act was replaced by the Jones Law, finally, in 1935, the Insular Government was succeeded by the Commonwealth of the Philippines, still under the American government, as a previsionary step towards full independence in ten years. Delayed by World War II, the Philippines gained full sovereignty in 1946, the Insular Government evolved from the Taft Commission, or Second Philippine Commission, appointed on March 16,1900. This group was headed by William Howard Taft, and was granted powers by President William McKinley in September 1900. The commission created a system, an educational system, a civil service. The legality of actions was contested until the passage of the Spooner Amendment in 1901. The Insular Government saw its mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual independence, on July 4,1901, Taft was appointed civil governor, with Military Governor Adna Chaffee retaining authority in disturbed areas. On July 4,1902, the office of governor was abolished. The Philippine Organic Act disestablished the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines as the state religion, in 1904, Taft negotiated the purchase of 390,000 acres of church property for $7.5 million. This land was resold to tens of thousands of peasants, who received low-cost mortgages, two years after the completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the house of a bicameral legislature. Every year from 1907, the Philippine Assembly passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence, Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a date of independence. The law, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law and its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the establishment of a stable government. Filipinos suspended the campaign during the First World War and supported the United States. After the war they resumed their drive with great vigour
23.
Filipinos
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Filipinos are the people who are identified with the country of the Philippines, either through descent or citizenship. Filipinos come from different ethnolinguistic nations, currently, there are more than 175 ethnolinguistic nations, each with its own language, identity, culture and history. The modern Filipino identity, with its Austronesian roots, was developed in conjunction with Spanish, Chinese, the Philippines was a Spanish colony for 333 years, setting a foundation for contemporary Filipino culture. Under Spanish rule, most of the Filipino populace embraced Roman Catholicism, almost all Filipinos adopted Spanish surnames from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos published in 1849 by the Spanish colonial government. As neither past governments nor the modern Philippine Statistics Authority account for the background of an individual. The lack of the letter F in the pre-1987 Philippine alphabet, upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino. However the ABAKADA is only the Alphabet of the Tagalogs as other Ethnic Nations also have their own alphabet and/or writing script, use of the term Filipino in the Philippines started during the Spanish colonial period. The original meaning was a person of Spanish descent born in the Philippines and this original usage is now archaic and obsolete. Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word to refer to Indios was the Spanish language poem A la juventud filipina, published in 1879 by José Rizal. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as Pinoy, which is a word formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino. The term, although in popular usage, is considered by some Filipinos as a racial slur. Other collective endonyms for the Filipino people include, Patria Adorada as popularized by Jose Rizal through his poem Mi último adiós, in 2010, a metatarsal from Callao Man, discovered in 2007, was dated through uranium-series dating as being 67,000 years old. Prior to that, the earliest human remains found in the Philippines were thought to be the fragments of a skull and jawbone. Fox, an anthropologist from the National Museum, anthropologists who examined these remains agreed that they belonged to modern human beings. These include the Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus species, the Tabon Man fossils are considered to have come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago, researchers say this indicates that the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected the Malay Archipelago region with Maritime Southeast Asia and this may have enabled ancient migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to 13,000 BP. A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D and this was a two-pronged expansion, which moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia
24.
Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino
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The Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino, formerly Partido ng Masang Pilipino is a populist political party in the Philippines. It is the party of former Philippine President Joseph Estrada. In the 1998 Presidential elections, it aligned itself with political parties to create Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino or LAMMP. The ERAP organization was launched on October 4,1990 with 21 original members. The organization grew exponentially with the recruitment of members nationwide and its first campaign headquarters was located at the 4th floor of San Buena Building, Edsa corner Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong City. On August 20,1991, Partido ng Masang Pilipino was accredited as political party, in 1992, PMP took its first major political step by fielding then Senator Joseph Estrada as its vice-presidential candidate together with other local candidates. Under PMP, Mr. Estrada overwhelmingly won against his four opponents, the PMP also participated in the May 1995 election. In 1997, a permanent and fully operational headquarters was established at 409 Shaw Boulevard, in 1998, PMP was very much involved in the election with the candidacy of Estrada as President and other local candidates nationwide. The coalition fielded full slates for the national and local levels, card- bearing members reached as high as 3.2 million nationwide. In the end, close to 11 million Filipinos overwhelmingly voted Joseph Estrada into office as the 13th President of the Republic of the Philippines. In 2001, PMP once again led the coalition, with majority of its candidates elected into office. Two years later, in 2003, the name Partido ng Masang Pilipino was changed to Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino. for President of the Republic of the Philippines, in the 14 May 2007 election, the party won 3 seats in the House of Representatives. Members of the Philippine House of Representatives are elected to three year terms. In the current 17th Congress the party current holds one seat held by Estradas son JV Ejercito. On January 18,2008, Joseph Estradas Partido ng Masang Pilipino caused full-page advertisement in Metro Manila newspapers and its featured clippings questioned the constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from Time, New York Times, Straits Times, Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, Asia Times Online, The Economist, supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA2 violated the 1987 Constitution. Alfredo Lim, on August 20,2008, resigned as head of Joseph Estradas Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino following a PMPs executive committee resolution removing him as president of the party and he was replaced by Joseph Estrada who is also the PMP chairman. Juan Ponce Enrile - 26th Senate President, Senator, Minister of National Defense, Assemblyman for Cagayan Valley, - former Mayor of Hagonoy, Bulacan Roberto Oca - former Mayor of Pandi, Bulacan Edwin C
25.
Nacionalista Party
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The Nacionalista Party is the oldest political party in the Philippines today and was responsible for leading the country throughout the majority of the 20th century since its founding in 1907. The Nacionalista Party was the party from 1935–1944, 1944–1946, 1953–1957, 1957–1961. In practice, the differences between both parties are obscure as changing of party allegiance by individual politicians, especially prior to elections, has become a norm in Philippine politics. The original “Nacionalista” Party that was founded on August 21,1901 in Calle Gunao, Quiapo, Santos, Pio H. Santos, Salustiano Cruz, Valentin Solis and Jose Palma. During the Japanese Occupation political parties were replaced by the KALIBAPI, in 1978, in a throwback to the Japanese Occupation, political parties were asked to merge into the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, although the Nacionalistas preferred to go into hibernation. Eventually, the party was revived during the late 1980s and early 1990s by the Laurel family, **in coalition with PDP-Laban Throughout their careers, many of the countrys politicians, statesmen, and leaders were, in whole or in part, Nacionalistas. Remulla Elias K. Bulut, Sr. Wenceslao Peewee B, the Nacionalistas fielded Senator Manuel Villar, Jr. and running with fellow Senator Loren Legarda who is a member of the NPC. It became the dominant minority party after a resolution passed by the COMELEC, on April 21, however it was blocked by the Supreme Court after a suit filed by the rival Liberal Party. On May 6,2010, the Supreme Court nullified the merger and it was based on a resolution by the COMELEC giving political parties to be accredited by August 17,2009. However it is being challenged by the Liberal Party calls the said alliance a bogus alliance, as well, several local races are being challenged from both parties therefore causing confusion in those races. List of political parties in the Philippines Filipino nationalism Liberal Party The Jones Act Official party site
26.
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
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The New Society Movement, formerly named New Society Movement of United Nationalists, Liberals, et cetera, is a political party in the Philippines. It was formed in 1978, as a coalition of parties supporting then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos for the Interim Batasang Pambansa. In the post-Marcos era, it was reorganised as a party in 1986. Alan Peter Cayetano, an opposition stalwart, more recently, Marcos has denounced loyalist lawyer and senatorial candidate Oliver Lozano along with his candidates for turning the KBL into an embarrassment. Marcos said that the party leadership will deal with the members of the KBL after the elections. On November 20,2009, the KBL forged an alliance with the Nacionalista Party between Bongbong Marcos and NP Chairman Senator Manny Villar at the Laurel House in Mandaluyong City, Bongbong was later on removed as a member by the KBL National Executive Committee on November 23. As such, the NP broke its alliance with the KBL due to conflicts within the party. — Vice-Governor, Governor, Congressman, Senator Imee Marcos — Governor, Congresswoman
27.
Liberal Party (Philippines)
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It was the ruling party after the election victory of Benigno Aquino III as the President of the Philippines. Abad, Jr. Franklin Drilon, Mar Roxas, and Benigno Aquino III, the Liberal Party was founded on January 19,1946 by Manuel Roxas, the first President of the Third Philippine Republic. It was formed by Roxas from what was once the Liberal Wing of the old Nacionalista Party, two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP, Elpidio Quirino and the redoubtable Diosdado Macapagal. Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as members of the party who later chose to follow a different path by joining the Nacionalistas, Ramon Magsaysay. During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would time and again hound the would-be dictator on issues like human rights, not even Marcos declaration of martial law silenced the LP, and the party continued to fight the dictatorship despite the costs. Many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time and this ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. Franklin Drilon at a party meeting at the Manila Hotel. Days later, the Supreme Court proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, during the fierce campaign battle that followed, the party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas Kampi CMD to become the largest minority party in Congress. The party ranges from the centre-left to the absolute Left-wing politics of the political spectrum, the partys ideology is known for its pro-liberalism, pro-democracy and social justice and it has its stances against populism or any right-wing aspects. Generally, the party strictly opposes conservatism especially based on socio-politics, economy, libertarianism was one of prominent ideologies of the party
28.
Makati
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Makati, officially the City of Makati, in the Philippines, is one of the sixteen cities that make up Metro Manila. Makati is the center of the Philippines, it has the highest concentration of multinational and local corporations in the country. Major banks, corporations, department stores as well as foreign embassies are based in Makati, the biggest trading floor of the Philippine Stock Exchange is situated along the citys Ayala Avenue. Makati is also known for being a cultural and entertainment hub in Metro Manila. With a population of 582,602, Makati is the 17th-largest city in the country, tradition holds that a Tagalog at a swamp on the south of the Pasig River was asked by a visitor, who was Miguel López de Legazpi, for the name of the place. As a result of the barrier the question was misinterpreted, and the Tagalog pointed to the receding tide of the Pasig River. Parts of the city were subject to the pre-Hispanic Kingdom of Namayan. It became an independent municipality in 1670, and was christened San Pedro de Macati in honour of the towns patron, the town was also famous for its pottery industry since the 18th century, with skilled potters trained by Jesuit priests. Its strategic location made it a pitstop for pilgrims, travelling by foot or boat, towards the shrine of Our Lady of Peace. In 1851, Don José Bonifacio Roxas purchased the Jesuit estate of Hacienda de San Pedro de Macati for 52,800 pesos, since then, the development of Makati has remained linked with the Zóbel de Ayala family and their company, Ayala Corporation. Culi-Culi is now a barangay named in honour of Del Pilar, by 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines and other overseas possessions to the United States after the formers defeat in the Spanish–American War. That same year, the town, with a population of 25,000, was incorporated from Manila to the new province of Rizal. On February 28,1914, the The Philippine Legislature passed Act 2390, shortening the name, San Pedro de Macati, during that same period, Santa Ana Park, the nations second horse racing facility, opened to expectations from horse racing fans. After the destruction Second World War had brought upon Makati, and the subsequent closure of Nielson Field, the town grew rapidly, the first of the planned communities were established in the 1950s with the efforts of its landowner, Ayala y Compañía. The first office buildings were built on what is now the Makati Central Business District, since the late 1960s, Makati has transformed into the financial and commercial capital of the country. Makatis central location adjacent to the city of Manila also made it a hub for major national and international corporations. Partly as a result a new town hall just miles from the old one was built in 1962 just along J. P. Rizal Avenue. Mayor Bañolas term of office as town executive saw the building up of what is now the Ayala Center with the help of the Ayala firm, which would become the citys central shopping center of today
29.
Metro Manila
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These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
30.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
31.
Ateneo de Manila University
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The Ateneo de Manila University is a private research university in Quezon City, Philippines. Founded in 1859 by the Society of Jesus, the Ateneo is the third-oldest university in the Philippines, Ateneo offers elementary and secondary education exclusively to male students. The undergraduate and graduate programmes are coeducational and organized into four schools, collectively known as the Loyola Schools, four professional schools occupy campuses in different parts of Metro Manila. Ateneo undergraduates follow a Catholic-rooted liberal arts curriculum throughout their programs in the Humanities, Social Sciences, Science and Engineering, the Loyola Heights campus also hosts two chemistry research centers, Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry and National Chemistry Instrumentation Center. The Ateneo offers programmes at the elementary, secondary, undergraduate, as is common in the Philippines, the primary medium of instruction is English, with a few classes taught in Filipino. Aside from teaching and research, the Ateneo de Manila also engages in social outreach, known for its liberal arts tradition, the humanities are a key feature of Ateneo education at all levels of study. In 2015, QS Top Universities placed the undergraduate programmes 461st in the world. The Ateneo Professional Schools is the professional education division of Ateneo de Manila. The Ateneo Graduate School of Business offers a variety of Master of Business Administration concentrations, the Ateneo Law School confers the Juris Doctor and Master of Laws degrees. The Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, opened in 2007, offers an integrated Doctor of Medicine, the Ateneo School of Government confers the Master in Public Management and Ph. D. in Leadership Studies degrees. The professional schools also confer certificates for short courses and it confers the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Arts, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. It is composed of four schools, the School of Humanities, the John Gokongwei School of Management, the School of Science and Engineering, a key feature of the Loyola Schools is a liberal arts undergraduate core curriculum, required for all undergraduates. It includes philosophy, English and Filipino literature, theology, history, various branches of sciences. Ateneo follows the semester hour system common in American universities, most classes are held below 40 students and student discussion is encouraged. The Loyola Schools programmes are geared toward student-centreedness, the Ateneo was one of the first schools in the Philippines to enact a Magna Carta for Undergraduates. The Commission on Higher Education has designated several departments and programmes of the Loyola Schools as centres of excellence, Ateneo has Centers of Excellence in, Business Administration, Chemistry, English, Entrepreneurship, Information Technology, Literature, Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics, Psychology and Sociology. It has Centers of Development in Biology, Environmental Science and Filipino, the Ateneo de Manila High School is a Catholic preparatory school for male students. In 2003 the high school opened a Center for Math, Science and Technology containing science and computer labs, classrooms for the math and science classes
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University of the Philippines College of Law
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The University of the Philippines College of Law is the law school of the University of the Philippines. Formally established in 1911, it is the third oldest continually-operating law school in the Philippines and is considered to be one of the most prestigious in the country. Since 1948, it has located in UP Diliman in Quezon City. Until the 1970s, night classes of the college were conducted in UP Manila, beginning in 2016, classes are also being held at the UP Bonifacio Global City campus in Taguig. Sereno, former chief justices Reynato S. Puno, Hilario Davide, fernan, Ramon Aquino, Felix V. Makasiar, Enrique M. Fernando, Fred Ruiz Castro, César Bengzon, Ricardo Paras, and José Yulo. The College is noted for having produced the largest number of bar topnotchers, the main offices and classrooms of the college are located inside Malcolm Hall within the U. P. The building is named after Associate Justice George Malcolm, who in 1911 became the first permanent dean of the college, the building itself, one of the oldest in the Diliman campus, was designed by the noted architect Juan M. Arellano. It was built under the supervision of the construction firm Pedro Siochi, during the deanship of Raul Pangalangan from 2000 to 2005, extensive efforts were made to renovate and modernize the facilities of Malcolm Hall. Malcolm Hall also houses the University of the Philippines Law Library and it the largest academic law library in the country. It contains the largest and most up-to-date collection of Philippine legal materials as well as foreign statute and case books, the library is open to U. P. law students and professors. It is also available to law students subject to proper identification. There is also an airconditioned moot court resembling the trial courts in the Philippines, a student lounge, fronting the auditorium is the main lobby of Malcolm Hall. On its walls are inscribed a quotation from the American Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, – A historical marker was unveiled at the façade of Malcolm Hall of the UP College of Law, on January 11 as part of the college’s centennial celebrations. In his letter to the NHC, CL dean Danilo L. Concepcion said that the marker was installed to “inscribe in stone” the “significance and impact of the U. P. College of Law to our country’s history as a nation. ”Malcolm Hall is among the oldest buildings in the Philippines, designed by renowned architect Juan M. Arellano and built before the Japanese invasion by the engineering firm Pedro Siochi and Company. Adjacent to Malcolm Hall is Bocobo Hall, which houses the University of the Philippines Law Center. The Law Center was established in 1964 as an attached to the College of Law, for the purpose of conducting continuing legal education programs, as well as legal research. The Law Center is the university center for publishing, legal research
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Harvard Law School
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Harvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is considered to be one of the most prestigious in the world. The school is ranked third by the U. S. News & World and its acceptance rate was 15. 4% in the 2013–14 admissions cycle, and its yield rate of 66. 2% was the second-highest of any law school in the United States. It is ranked first in the 2016 QS World University Rankings, Harvard Law admitted 16. 5% of applicants in its most recent class, compared to 9. 2% at Yale and 11. 2% at Stanford. With a current enrollment of 1,990, HLS has about as many students as its three closest-ranked peer institutions, first-ranked Yale, second-ranked Stanford, and fourth-ranked Chicago, combined. The first-year class is broken into seven sections of approximately 80 students, Harvards uniquely large class size and its prestige have led the law school to graduate a great many distinguished alumni in the judiciary, government, and the business world. According to Harvard Laws 2015 ABA-required disclosures,95. 33% of the Class of 2014 passed the Bar exam. Harvard Law Schools founding is linked to the funding of Harvards first professorship in law, paid for from a bequest from the estate of Isaac Royall. Today, it is home to the largest academic law library in the world, the current dean of Harvard Law School is Martha Minow, who assumed the role on July 1,2009. The law school has 328 faculty members, Harvard Law Schools founding is traced to the establishment of a law department at Harvard in 1817. Dating the founding to the year of the creation of the law department makes Harvard Law the oldest continuously-operating law school in the nation, William & Mary Law School opened first in 1779, but closed due to the American Civil War, reopening in 1920. The University of Maryland School of Law was chartered in 1816, but did not begin classes until 1824, and also closed during the Civil War. Or a Professor of Physick and Anatomy, whichever the said overseers and Corporation shall judge to be best. ”The value of the land, when fully liquidated in 1809, was $2,938, the Harvard Corporation allocated $400 from the income generated by those funds to create the Royall Professorship of Law in 1815. The dean of the law school traditionally held the Royall chair, deans Elena Kagan, royalls Medford estate, the Isaac Royall House, is now a museum which features the only remaining slave quarters in the northeast United States. The Royall family coat-of-arms, which shows three stacked wheat sheaves, was adopted as the school crest in 1936, topped with the university motto, in March 2016, following requests by students, the school decided to remove the emblem because of its association with slavery. By 1827, the school, with one faculty member, was struggling, nathan Dane, a prominent alumnus of the college, then endowed the Dane Professorship of Law, insisting that it be given to then Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story. For a while, the school was called Dane Law School, in 1829, John H. Ashmun, son of Eli Porter Ashmun and brother of George Ashmun, accepted a professorship and closed his Northampton Law School, with many of his students following him to Harvard. Enrollment remained low through the 19th century as university legal education was considered to be of little added benefit to apprenticeships in legal practice, at Harvard, Langdell also developed the case method of teaching law, now the dominant pedagogical model at U. S. law schools
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Lawyer
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A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts
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President of the Philippines
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The President of the Philippines is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The President leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Filipinos refer to their President as Pangulo or Presidente. The President serves a single, fixed, six-year term without possibility of re-election, in Filipino, one of the two official languages of the Philippines, the President is referred to as Pangulo. In the other languages of the Philippines such as the Visayan languages. Depending on the chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the first President of a united Philippines since he was the third Supreme President of the Katipunan and its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan started a revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacios government was known as the Tagalog Republic. Bonifacios revolutionary government never controlled territory for any significant period. Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sacay, in March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention. The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan, though the latter was not formally abolished until 1899, Aguinaldo was again elected President at Biak-na-Bato in November, leading the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897, in April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out, and the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1,1898 the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy effectively ending Spanish rule in the Philippines, aquinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U. S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a government on May 24,1898 and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12,1898. On June 23,1898, Aguinaldo transformed his government into a revolutionary government. On January 23,1899, he was then elected President of the First Philippine Republic, consequently, this government is also called the Malolos Republic. The First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized, the Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year. The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldos government and his government effectively ceased to exist on April 1,1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U. S. forces in March
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Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)
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The Secretary of National Defense is the head of the Department of National Defense and is a member of the President’s Cabinet. The current Secretary is Delfin Lorenzana, who assumed office on June 30,2016, prior to the department’s formation in 1935, President Emilio Aguinaldo established a similar department, the Department of War and Public Works. Three individuals served as heads of the department and they are as follows, Notes, A In concurrent capacity as President B Served in an acting capacity DND website
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General officer
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A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations air forces or marines. The term general is used in two ways, as the title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of captain general, the adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of General is known in countries as a four-star rank. However different countries use different systems of stars for senior ranks and it has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies. The various grades of general officer are at the top of the rank structure. Lower-ranking officers in military forces are typically known as field officers or field-grade officers. There are two systems of general ranks used worldwide. In addition there is a system, the Arab system of ranks. Variations of one form, the old European system, were used throughout Europe. It is used in the United Kingdom, from which it spread to the Commonwealth. The other is derived from the French Revolution, where ranks are named according to the unit they command. The system used either a general or a colonel general rank. The rank of marshal was used by some countries as the highest rank. Many countries actually used two brigade command ranks, which is why some countries now use two stars as their brigade general insignia, mexico and Argentina still use two brigade command ranks. As a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major, confusion arises because a lieutenant is outranked by a major. Originally the serjeant major was, exclusively, the commander of the infantry, junior only to the captain general, the distinction of serjeant major general only applied after serjeant majors were introduced as a rank of field officer. Serjeant was eventually dropped from both titles, creating the modern rank titles
38.
Fidel Ramos
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Fidel Valdez Ramos AFP PLH GCMG, popularly known as FVR and Eddie is a retired Filipino general and politician who served as the 12th President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. During his six years in office, Ramos was widely credited and admired by many for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the Philippine economy and he was the father of the Philippine Armys Special Forces and the Philippine National Police Special Action Force. Ramos was able to secure major peace agreements with Muslim separatists, communist insurgents and military rebels, Ramos also aggressively pushed for the deregulation of the nations major industries and the privatization of bad government assets. As a result of his approach to the economy, the Philippines was dubbed by various internationally as Asias Next Economic Tiger. However, the momentum in the gains made under his administration was briefly interrupted during the onset of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Nevertheless, during the last year of the term, the managed to make a rebound since it was not severely hit by the crisis as compared to other Asian economies. He also oversaw the Philippine Centennial Independence celebrations in 1998, a member of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Ramos is notably the first and to date only Protestant president of the majority Roman Catholic country. Fidel Ramos was born on March 18,1928 in Lingayen and his father, Narciso Ramos, was a lawyer, journalist and five-term legislator of the House of Representatives, who eventually rose to the position of Secretary of Foreign Affairs. As such, Narciso Ramos was the Philippine signatory to the ASEAN declaration forged in Bangkok in 1967 and he received elementary education in Lingayen Public Schools. Ramos began secondary education at the University of the Philippines High School in the City of Manila and he graduated high school from Centro Escolar University in 1945. He later on enrolled with a degree in Civil Engineering at National University in Manila and he was Top 8 in the Civil Engineering Board Exam in 1953. In addition, he received a total of 29 honorary doctorate degrees, Ramos went to the United States Military Academy at West Point, and he graduated in 1950. Ramos, along with the Philippines 20th Battalion Combat Team and the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea and he was an Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon Leader. Ramos was one of the heroes of the Battle of Hill Eerie and he was also present in the Vietnam War as a non-combat civil military engineer and Chief of Staff of the Philippine Civil Action Group. Military Academy Distinguished Graduate Award and Legion of Merit, during his stint at the Philippine Army, Ramos founded the Philippine Army Special Forces. And then, he was named to the commander of the Armys 3rd Division based in Cebu City, Ramos headed the Philippine Constabulary, then a major service branch of the Armed Forces, that acted as the countrys national police until 1972, when Ferdinand Marcos imposed Martial Law. Ramos is held responsible by for human rights abuses committed under Martial Law as head of the Philippine Constabulary chief, as head of the PC, Ramos was ex officio the INPs first concurrent Director-General. Martial Law was formally lifted nine years later on January 17,1981, due to his accomplishments, Ramos became one of the candidates to become the new chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1981, to replace retiring General Romeo Espino
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People Power Revolution
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The People Power Revolution was a series of popular demonstrations in the Philippines that began in 1983 and culminated on February 22–25,1986. There was a campaign of civil resistance against regime violence. The nonviolent revolution led to the departure of President Ferdinand Marcos and it is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations following the assassination of Filipino senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino, Jr. The majority of the demonstrations took place on a stretch of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, more commonly known by its acronym EDSA. The protests, fueled by the resistance and opposition from years of governance by Marcos. Corazon Aquino was proclaimed as the President of the Philippines after the revolution, some authors praised Marcos decision not to attack the protesters and to voluntarily leave the country for preventing a bloody civil war. Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected president in 1965, defeating incumbent Diosdado Macapagal by a margin of 52 to 43 percent, during this time, Marcos was very active in the initiation of public works projects and the intensification of tax collections. Marcos and his government claimed that they built more roads than all his predecessors combined, Marcos second term for the presidency was marred by allegations by the opposition Liberal Party of widespread graft and corruption. On September 23,1972, citing more than 15 bombing incidents, Martial law was ratified by 90. 77% of the voters during the Philippine Martial Law referendum in 1973 though the referendum was marred by controversy. The referendum had the results, As Marcos was barred from running for a third term as president in 1973. Rigoberto Tiglao, former secretary and a former communist incarcerated during the martial law, argued that the liberal. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary, the constitution was approved by 95% of the voters in the Philippine constitutional plebiscite. Marcos also dissolved the Philippine Congress and shut down media establishments critical of the Marcos government, Marcos also ordered the immediate arrest of his political opponents and critics. In his undelivered speech upon his return from the US on August 21,1983, Aquino said, I am not a communist, never was and never will be. In 1978, while still in prison, Aquino founded his political party, despite warnings from the military and other pro-Marcos groups, Ninoy Aquino was determined to return to the Philippines. Asked what he thought of the threats, Ninoy Aquino responded, “The Filipino is worth dying for. ”At that time, Ninoys passport had expired. The passport carried the alias Marcial Bonifacio, Aquino became allies with Rashid Lucman as he supported the Muslim rebellion in Mindanao against the government. On August 21,1983, after an exile in the United States
40.
Mariano Ponce
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Mariano Ponce, was a Filipino physician, writer, and active member of the Propaganda Movement. In Spain, he was among the founders of La Solidaridad, among his significant works was Efemerides Filipinas, a column on historical events in the Philippines which appeared in La Oceania Española and El Ideal. He wrote Ang Wika at Lahi, a discussion on the importance of a national language and he served as Bulacans representative to the Philippine Assembly. Ponce was born in Baliwag, Bulacan where he completed his primary education and he later enrolled at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and took up medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1881, he traveled to Spain to continue his studies at the Unversidad Central de Madrid. There he joined Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano López Jaena, José Rizal and this espoused Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and reforms in the Spanish colonial authorities of the Philippines. He was the co-founder of La Solidaridad with fellow co-founder Graciano López Jaena, Ponce was also the head of the Literary Section of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, created to aid the Propaganda Movement where he served as secretary. In La Solidaridad, his works included daily editorials on history, politics, sociology and he also created himself many alias as well. His most common names are Naning, his nickname, Kalipulako, named after Lapu-Lapu, and Tigbalang, Ponce was imprisoned when the revolution broke out in August 1896 and was imprisoned for forty eight hours before being released. Fearing another arrest, he fled to France and later went to Hong Kong where he joined a group of Filipinos and Filipino-Chinese, in 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose him to represent the First Philippine Republic. Ponce was tasked to draft a framework of the revolutionary government, in 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo selected him as a representative of the First Republic to Japan. He traveled to Japan to seek aid and purchase weapons, during his stay he met with the founder and First President of the Chinese Republic, Sun Yat-Sen. Through discussions and negotiations, Dr. Sun and Ponce became close friends, Dr. Sun introduces Ponce to a Filipino-Japanese man named José Ramos Ishikawa, who assists Ponce in purchasing weapons and munitions for the revolution. But the shipment did not reach the Philippines due to a typhoon off the coast of Formosa, Mariano returned to Manila with his wife, a Japanese girl named Okiyo Udanwara. In 1909, he was director of El Renacimiento. He also joined the Nacionalista Partido and established El Ideal, the official organization. Ponce later ran for a seat in the Philippine Assembly and was elected assemblyman for the district of Bulacan. Ponce wrote his memoirs, Cartas Sobre La Revolución, he died in the Government Civil Hospital in Hong Kong and his remains were formerly interred in the Cementerio del Norte, Manila
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Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
