1.
Derek Jarman
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Michael Derek Elworthy Jarman was an English film director, stage designer, diarist, artist, gardener and author. Jarman was born in Northwood, Middlesex, England, the son of Elizabeth Evelyn and Lancelot Elworthy Jarman. His father was an officer, born in New Zealand. He boarded at Canford School in Dorset, and from 1960 studied at Kings College London and this was followed by four years at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College London, starting in 1963. He had a studio at Butlers Wharf, London, in the 1970s, Jarman was outspoken about homosexuality, his public fight for gay rights, and his personal struggle with AIDS. On 22 December 1986, Jarman was diagnosed as HIV positive and his illness prompted him to move to Prospect Cottage, Dungeness in Kent, near the nuclear power station. In 1994, he died of an AIDS-related illness in London, Jarman was buried in the graveyard at St. Clements Church, Old Romney, Kent. The Garden was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival, the Angelic Conversation featured Toby Mott and other members of the Radical artist collective the Grey Organisation. Jarman first became known as a designer, getting his break in the film industry as production designer for Ken Russells The Devils. He later made his debut in overground narrative filmmaking with Sebastiane and this was an early British film featuring positive images of gay sexuality, and its dialogue was entirely in Latin. He followed this with Jubilee, in which Queen Elizabeth I of England is seen to be transported forward in time to a desolate and this was followed in 1979 by an unconventional adaptation of Shakespeares The Tempest. Praised by several Shakespeare scholars, but dismissed by some traditionalist critics, the contains a considerable amount of nudity, some unconventional casting. During the 1980s Jarman was a campaigner against Clause 28. He also worked to raise awareness of AIDS and his artistic practice in the early 1980s reflected these commitments, especially in The Angelic Conversation, a film in which the imagery is accompanied by a voice reciting Shakespeares sonnets. Jarman spent seven years making experimental super 8 mm films and attempting to raise money for Caravaggio, released in 1986, Caravaggio attracted a comparatively wide audience. This is partly due to the involvement, for the first time, of the British television company Channel 4 in funding, Caravaggio also saw Jarman work with actress Tilda Swinton for the first time. Overt depictions of love, narrative ambiguity, and the live representations of Caravaggios most famous paintings are all prominent features in the film. The conclusion of Caravaggio also marked the beginning of an abandonment of traditional narrative in Jarmans films
2.
Christopher Hobbs
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Christopher Hobbs is an English experimental composer, best known as a pioneer of British Systems music. Hobbs was born in Hillingdon, near London and he was a junior exhibitioner at Trinity College, London, then was Cornelius Cardews first student at the Royal Academy of Music from 1967. Hobbs worked with Cardew and Christian Wolff, he joined AMM, in 1969, Hobbs was a member from the first meeting of the Scratch Orchestra, and, as its youngest member, designed the Scratch Orchestras first concert, at Hampstead Town Hall on 1 November 1969. His early composition Voicepiece, part of his Verbal Pieces group, was used often enough to be called a Popular Classic in the Scratch Orchestra nomenclature. As experimental music was hard to come by, Hobbs gathered sheet music from friends, various pieces were eventually grouped into a series of Anthologies according to themes, the Verbal Anthology, Keyboard, and Educational Anthologies are typical. These anthologies published works mainly by British experimentalists, but also works by Christian Wolff, Frederic Rzewski, Terry Jennings and other American experimentalists. After a few years, Hobbs was joined by Gavin Bryars and Michael Nyman in the operation of the Catalogue, which lasted in its original form until the early 1980s. Hobbs was a founder-member of the Promenade Theatre Orchestra, with John White, Alec Hill, and Hugh Shrapnel, on the breakup of the PTO, Hobbs and White formed the eponymous Hobbs-White Duo, which lasted until 1976. He also took part in several momentous one-off concerts, most notably in a performance of Erik Saties Vexations with Bryars in Leicester. His best-known work of time is probably Aran, in which the note-to-note system is taken from the knitting pattern for an Aran sweater. Hobbs and White moved to an eclectic style. In the 1980s, Hobbs wrote for the then-new Casio electronic keyboards, including the toy VL-Tone and he also wrote for the Hartzell Hilton Band, of which he was founder member, and for other ensembles, including the Dublin Sinfonia. Since the 1990s, Hobbs returned to composition, some with an emphasis on textual content, as in Extended Relationships and False Endings. His Fifty in Two-Thousand, a celebration, uses partially prepared piano, electronic keyboard. This combination of strict rigour and audience-friendly surface is typical of most of Hobbs work since 1970, Hobbs has recently begun using Apple Computers basic GarageBand software to write a series of pieces based on sudoku puzzles. This has led to an album released in November 2006. In 2009, a CD single of the twenty-minute Sudoku 82, realised first on GarageBand, Hobbs was Director of Music at Drama Centre, London from 1973 to 1991. He has taught at Leicester Polytechnic since 1985 and he is also Associate Senior Lecturer in Music at Coventry University
3.
Nell Campbell
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Laura Elizabeth Little Nell Campbell is an Australian actress, club owner, and singer. She is best known for her portrayal of Columbia in The Rocky Horror Show, Campbell was born in Sydney, to Ruth and Ross Campbell, a writer, who referred to her as Little Nell in his family life column in the Sydney Daily Telegraph. She has three siblings, Sally, Patrick, and Cressida and her older sister, Sally, was a property master, set designer and subsequently a fashion designer. Her younger sister, Cressida Campbell, an artist, and her brother, Patrick. She began dancing at the age of 10 to keep healthy following being diagnosed with hepatitis A and she was called Laura E. Campbell until around 17, when she went by the nickname Sonny, short for Sonata. She attended high school at Abbotsleigh School for Girls in Sydney, Campbell decided to use the name Little Nell as a stage name after her arrival in Britain in the early 1970s with her family. She sold clothes at Kensington Market, her stall was next to Freddie Mercurys and she reprised the role in The Rocky Horror Picture Show, released in 1975, and starred as Nurse Ansalong in the 1981 sequel, Shock Treatment. After The Rocky Horror Picture Show, she signed a contract with A&M Records. Her debut single was Stilettos and Lipstick backed with Do the Swim and she also created a disco version of the song Fever in 1976 which was again backed with Do the Swim. The B-side of both of these releases became known, perhaps helped by a performance on British television in which she accidentally exposed her breasts. While edited out of the original broadcast in 1975, the version was shown worldwide on bloopers shows. Following this notoriety, another effort was made to promote the recordings made in 1975 and 1976. Following some success with the EP, the two tracks, singles Fever and See You Round like a Record, were released as a single. A final single, Beauty Queen from the film The Alternative Miss World, was released on PRE Records in 1980, Campbell has also appeared in several stage productions, including the Off-Broadway play You Should Be So Lucky and the Broadway musical Nine. She appeared as Sandra LeMon in the British TV series Rock Follies of 77, in 1986 she opened the nightclub Nells on W. 14th St in Manhattan with Keith McNally and Lynn Wagenknecht. Campbell has written magazine articles, including regular segments called MamaTalks and FirstLook in the now defunct Talk magazine. She returned to Australia after selling her Boerum Hill house in Brooklyn in December 2005, the song Laura by Bat for Lashes is dedicated to Campbell, who is friends with Natasha Khan. org
4.
Toyah Willcox
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Toyah Ann Willcox is an English singer and actress. Between 1977 and 1983 she fronted the band Toyah, before embarking on a career in the mid-1980s. Her biggest hits include Its a Mystery, Thunder in the Mountains, Willcox was born in Kings Heath, Birmingham. Her father Beric Willcox ran a successful business and owned three factories. Her mother Barbara Joy, née Rollinson, was a dancer with whom he fell in love after seeing her on stage in Weston-super-Mare with Flanagan and Allen. Barbara had to give up her career after giving birth to Nicola and Kim, Willcoxs older sister and brother, respectively. Asked why her parents might have called her so, Willcox said in a 1981 interview, I dont know, they wont tell me, there is a town in Texas, called Toyah, and Toyah in Red Indian means water. My parents deny thats where they got it from, Willcox was born with a twisted spine, clawed feet, a clubbed right foot, one leg two inches shorter than the other and no hip sockets. Because of this she endured years of operations and physiotherapy. Her physical condition was a cause of difficult times at school, when I was bullied at school, it was coz of my character. I was a child, I was incredibly small. I had an impediment, I was the perfect bait for bullying. My dad took me out the back and taught how to punch the hell out of someone and from then on I was never bullied again, Willcox recalled. Years later she described her relationship with her mother as complicated, saying she hasnt hugged her mother since she was 12, however, later she gave much credit to her parents. I never suffered lack of money in any way, not because of my parents, anyway. They wanted the best for me, like all parents do for their children and they wanted me to have a very good education, to be a polite child, to be taught good manners and have a future, she recalled in 1980. Willcox remembered that until aged seven she was close to her mother, if only for being very ill. Then Barbara had another child, a daughter called Fleur, who died, when she came home from hospital there was a bit of a distance between us
5.
Adam Ant
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Adam Ant is an English singer and musician. He gained popularity as the singer of new wave group Adam. He has also worked as an actor, appearing in two dozen films and television episodes from 1985 to 2003. Stuart Goddard was born a child in Marylebone, London to Leslie Goddard. Home was two rooms in De Walden buildings, St Johns Wood and he recalls, There was no luxury, but there was always food on the table. His father had served in the Royal Air Force and worked as a chauffeur and he is of partial Romani descent, his maternal grandfather, Walter Albany Smith, was Romanichal. This heritage would become a basis for a theme in his later work and his parents divorced when Goddard was seven years old and his mother supported him by working as a domestic cleaner, briefly working for Paul McCartney. Goddards first school was Robinsfield Infants School, where he created a stir by throwing a brick through the head-teachers office window on two consecutive days. After taking and passing six O levels and three A levels in English, History and Art, Goddard then attended Hornsey College of Art to study graphic design and he later dropped out of Hornsey, short of completing his BA, to focus on a career in music. The first band Goddard joined was Bazooka Joe, in which he played bass guitar, since starting his course at Hornsey, Goddard had married fellow student Carol Mills, with whom he lived at her parents residence in Muswell Hill. I just didnt eat, he has said of this period, I wasnt attempting to slim, eventually, Goddard took an overdose of all the pills he could find in his mother-in-laws kitchen cabinet. After having his stomach pumped, he was sent to Colney Hatch mental hospital in North London, I was totally fucked up in the head. Things went wrong and something snapped, I just became a vegetable for three months. I was very ill and that was part of the reason I left college, upon his discharge from the hospital, Goddard renamed himself Adam Ant with Mills renaming herself Eve. Adam and the Ants started as part of the punk rock movement. Ant later acted in Derek Jarmans seminal punk film Jubilee in 1977, as Adam and his debut as a recording artist was the song Deutscher Girls, which featured on the films soundtrack, along with Plastic Surgery which was performed in the film itself. Deutscher Girls/Plastic Surgery was re-released as a single in 1982, the band toured extensively around the UK, but proved to be unpopular with much of the British music press who disliked their fetishistic lyrics and imagery. Late 1979 saw the release of their début album Dirk Wears White Sox, with Matthew Ashman on guitar, Leigh Gorman on bass, Adam Ant approached Malcolm McLaren and asked him to manage the band
6.
Chelsea (band)
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Chelsea are an English punk rock band, formed in London in 1976. Three of the four band members went on to found Generation X. More than two decades after its release, Right to Work, Chelseas debut single, was included in Mojo magazines list of the best punk rock singles of all time, the original lineup featured frontman Gene October, William Broad, Tony James and John Towe. This rapid turnover of members was characteristic throughout Chelseas existence. Their first single, Right to Work, dealing with unemployment, was their most popular song and it was recorded by the October/Fortune/Daze/Stevenson lineup of the band. It also appeared on the album to the 1977 Derek Jarman film Jubilee. On August 25,1978 the band released single, Urban Kids. After spending 1977–78 touring in the UK and overseas, they released their first album, Chelsea and their second album, Alternative Hits, was released in 1980, it was also issued in the U. S. by I. R. S. After a split, October put together a new lineup, including guitarist Nic Austin, October sporadically released albums with various Chelsea lineups throughout the 1980s, including Rocks Off, Original Sinners and Underwraps. In the early 1990s, a lineup featuring the returning Austin and new bassist Mat Sargent released The Alternative, in 1999, the lineup from the first album, including Stevenson, reformed for the Social Chaos Tour across North America. Live at CBGBs, was recorded at CBGB in New York City during this tour, augmented by Buzzcocks bassist Tony Barber, the band released Faster, Cheaper and Better Looking in 2005. Austin and Sargent returned in 2011, and this released the album Saturday Night Sunday Morning in 2015. O
7.
Brian Eno
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Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno, RDI is an English musician, composer, record producer, singer, writer, and visual artist. He is best known for his work in rock, ambient, pop. He has been described as one of musics most influential. Born in Suffolk, Eno studied painting and experimental music at art school in the late 1960s before joining glam rock group Roxy Music as synthesizer player in 1971. He took part in frequent collaborations with such as Robert Fripp, Cluster, David Bowie on his Berlin Trilogy. In subsequent decades, Eno continued to record albums, collaborate, and produce for other artists, including U2, Coldplay, Laurie Anderson, James, Grace Jones. He continues to release music, produce, and write, the unusual surname Eno, long established in Suffolk, derives from the French Huguenot surname Hennot. Maria had already had a daughter, and together William and Maria would have two children, Roger and Arlette. In school, Eno used a tape recorder as an instrument and experimented with his first, sometimes improvisational. From that collaboration, he involved in Cornelius Cardews Scratch Orchestra. The first released recording in which Eno played is the Deutsche Grammophon edition of Cardews The Great Learning, Another early recording was the Berlin Horse soundtrack, by Malcom Le Grice, a nine-minute,2 ×16 mm-double-projection, released in 1970 and presented in 1971. He then progressed to appearing on stage as a member of the group. He quit the band on completing the tour for the bands second album, For Your Pleasure, because of disagreements with lead singer Bryan Ferry. If Id walked ten yards further on the platform, or missed that train, or been in the next carriage, during his period with Roxy Music, and for his first three solo albums, he was credited on records only as Eno. Eno embarked on a career almost immediately. Between 1973 and 1977 he created four albums of electronically inflected art pop, Here Come the Warm Jets, Taking Tiger Mountain, Another Green World, and Before and After Science. Tiger Mountain contains the galloping Third Uncle, one of Enos best-known songs and these four albums were remastered and reissued in 2004 by Virgins Astralwerks label. Due to Enos decision not to add any extra tracks of the original material, in 1972, Eno and Robert Fripp developed the Frippertronics tape delay system, a year later, the pair released the proto-ambient album
8.
Siouxsie and the Banshees
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Siouxsie and the Banshees were an English rock band formed in London in 1976 by vocalist Siouxsie Sioux and bass guitarist Steven Severin. Initially associated with the English punk rock scene, the band evolved to create a form of post-punk discord full of daring rhythmic and sonic experimentation. With the release of Juju in 1981, the group became an important influence on the emerging gothic rock scene. They disbanded in 1996, with Siouxsie and drummer Budgie continuing to record music as the Creatures, in 2004, Siouxsie began a solo career. Siouxsie and the Banshees work places highly in both polls and music papers lists. The Times cited the group as one of the most audacious, in 2006, Mojo rated guitarist John McGeoch in their list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time for his work on Spellbound. Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin met at a Roxy Music concert in September 1975, at a time when glam rock had faded, from February 1976, Siouxsie, Severin and some friends began to follow an unsigned band, the Sex Pistols. Journalist Caroline Coon dubbed them the Bromley Contingent, as most of them came from the Bromley region of South London, There was no such thing, it was just a bunch of people drawn together by the way they felt and they looked. They were all inspired by the Sex Pistols and their uncompromising attitude, two days later, the pair appeared at the festival held in London on 20 September 1976. With two borrowed musicians at their side, Marco Pirroni on guitar and John Simon Ritchie on drums, while the band intended to split up after the gig, they were asked to play again. Two months later, Siouxsie and Severin recruited drummer Kenny Morris, after playing several gigs in early 1977, the band realised that Fenton did not fit in because he was a real rock guitarist. John McKay finally took his place in July, while the band sold out venues in London in early 1978, they still had problems getting the right recording contract that could give them complete artistic control. Polydor finally offered this guarantee and signed them in June and their first single, Hong Kong Garden, featuring a xylophone motif, reached the top 10 in the UK shortly after. The band released their album, The Scream, in November 1978. Nick Kent of NME said of the record, The band sounds like some unique hybrid of the Velvet Underground mated with much of the ingenuity of Tago Mago-era Can, if any parallel can be drawn. At the end of the article, he added this remark, Certainly, the Banshees second album, Join Hands, was released in 1979. In Melody Maker, Jon Savage described Poppy Day as a short, powerful evocation of the Great War graveyards, the Banshees embarked on a major tour to promote the album. A few dates into the tour in September, Morris and McKay left an in-store signing after an argument, in need of replacements to fulfill tour dates, the Banshees manager called drummer Budgie, formerly with the Slits, and asked him to audition
9.
Jayne County
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Jayne County is an American singer, songwriter, actress and record producer whose career has spanned five decades. She was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band Wayne County & the Electric Chairs and has known for her outrageous. She went on to rocks first openly transgender singer. Countys music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of her career, including punk, punk rock, blues rock. Pianist Jools Hollands first studio outing was with County on her single Fuck Off and she also appeared as an actress at Andy Warhols Factory. Born Wayne Rogers in 1947, County left her hometown of Dallas, Georgia, in 1968 to move to New York City, in 1969 County was asked by Warhol superstar and playwright Jackie Curtis to appear in her play, Femme Fatale. The play had a run at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. In her autobiography, County says of Curtis, She was my biggest influence, after appearing in Femme Fatale, County wrote the play World – Birth of a Nation. The play was directed by Tony Ingrassia and promoted as a homosexual fantasy, the play was set in a hospital and related to castration of the male sex. Wayne played both Florence Nitingale and her sister Ethel Nitingale, and the play also featured Cherry Vanilla who played a nurse named Tilly Tons. After seeing County in the play, Warhol cast her in his own production of Pork. After a run in New York, the play was performed in London with the same New York cast, upon returning to New York, County appeared in another play, Island by Tony Ingrassia, again with Patti Smith. In 1972 County formed Queen Elizabeth, one of the pioneering proto-punk bands, County was signed to MainMan Artistes, David Bowies management firm, no records were ever produced. The company spent over $200,000 to film the 1974 stage show, Wayne at the Trucks, the show featured numerous costume changes and some of Countys raunchiest material. Eight songs from the show were released on the 2006 album, Wayne County At the Trucks, County claims the show was the inspiration for Bowies Diamond Dogs tour. In particular, County maintains that the song Queenage Baby was a prototype for Bowies song Rebel Rebel, Wayne County and The Backstreet Boys played regularly at CBGB and Maxs Kansas City, where County was also a DJ. In 1976, she appeared in the film The Blank Generation, directed by Amos Poe, the film, the recording and the shows were the beginnings of what came to be known as punk rock, and helped define the movement. In 1977 County moved to London, where the English punk scene was just emerging, County released the EP Electric Chairs 1977, plus a single on Illegal Records
10.
Ludwig Minkus
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Ludwig Minkus, also known as Léon Fyodorovich Minkus, was an Austrian composer of ballet music, a violin virtuoso and teacher. Minkus is noted for the music he composed while serving as the official Composer of Ballet Music to the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres in Russia. During his long career, he wrote for the works and numerous revivals staged by the renowned Ballet Masters Arthur Saint-Léon. Among the composers most celebrated compositions was his score for La source, Don Quixote, during his career Minkus wrote a substantial amount of supplemental material for insertion into already existing ballets. Among these pieces, Minkus is noted for the Grand Pas classique, for this revival Minkus also created an expanded version of the ballets Pas de trois, which would go on to become known as the Minkus pas de trois. Today, Minkuss music is some of the most performed in all of ballet, Ludwig Minkus was born Aloysius Bernhard Philipp Minkus on 23 March 1826, in the Innere Stadt district of Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Empire. His father, Theodor Johann Minkus, was born in 1795 in Groß-Meseritsch, Moravia and his mother, Maria Franziska Heimann was born in 1807 in Pest, Hungary. Minkus was of Jewish descent—his parents converted to Catholicism not long before their relocation to Vienna, Minkuss father was a wholesale merchant of wine in Moravia, Austria and Hungary. He opened a restaurant in the Innere Stadt district of Vienna that featured its own small orchestra and this may have influenced the young Minkus—it is possible that he composed for his fathers Tanzkapelle, one of many such orchestras in the imperial capital. By the age of four he began to receive lessons in the violin. Minkus made his public début at a recital in Vienna at the age of eight, on 18 October 1845 an announcement in the Viennese newspaper Der Humorist commented on the performances of the previous season, and noted that. A conservative style with a glittering performance, soon the young Minkus was appearing in various concert halls as a soloist of note, having been declared a child prodigy by the public and critics. Minkus began composing for his instrument while he was still a student, five pieces for the violin were published in 1846. At this time Minkus began to try his hand at conducting, for a time he was the regular conductor of an orchestra that competed with another under the baton of the young Johann Strauss II. Minkuss life from 1842 to 1852 is poorly documented—travel applications survive which show requests to visit Germany, France, in 1853 Ludwig Minkus emigrated to St. Petersburg, Russia to serve as conductor of the Serf orchestra of Prince Nikolai Yusupov, a post which Minkus occupied until 1855. That same year, Minkus married Maria Antoinette Schwarz at the Catholic Church of St. Catherine in St. Petersburg, Schwarz was also a native of Austria, born in Vienna in 1838. In 1861 Minkus was appointed as Concertmaster to the Bolshoi Theatre, at this time Minkus was also working as professor of violin at the newly established Moscow Conservatory. It was for the performances at the Yusupov palace that Minkus composed what appears to be his first score for ballet
11.
Cult film
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A cult film, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following. Cult films are known for their dedicated, passionate fanbase, a subculture that engage in repeated viewings, quoting dialogue. Inclusive definitions allow for major productions, especially box office bombs, while exclusive definitions focus more on obscure. The difficulty in defining the term and subjectivity of what qualifies as a cult film mirror classificatory disputes about art, Cult films trace their origin back to controversial and suppressed films kept alive by dedicated fans. In some cases, reclaimed or rediscovered films have acquired cult followings decades after their original release, Other cult films have since become well-respected or reassessed as classics, there is debate as to whether these popular and accepted films are still cult films. After failing in the cinema, some films have become regular fixtures on cable television or profitable sellers on home video. Others have inspired their own film festivals, Cult films can both appeal to specific subcultures and form their own subcultures. Other media that reference cult films can easily identify which demographics they desire to attract, Cult films frequently break cultural taboos, and many feature excessive displays of violence, gore, sexuality, profanity, or combinations thereof. This can lead to controversy, censorship, and outright bans, films that fail to attract requisite amounts of controversy may face resistance when labeled as cult films. Fans who like the films for the reasons, such as perceived elements that represent mainstream appeal and marketing. Likewise, fans who stray from accepted subcultural scripts may experience similar rejection, since the late 1970s, cult films have become increasingly popular. Films that once would have limited to obscure cult followings are now capable of breaking into the mainstream. Films are frequently stated to be an instant cult classic now, fickle fans on the Internet have latched on to unreleased films only to abandon them later on release. At the same time, other films have acquired massive, quick cult followings, easy access to cult films via video on demand and peer-to-peer file sharing has led some critics to pronounce the death of cult films. A cult film is any film that has a following, although the term is not easily defined. Cult films are defined by audience reaction as much as they are content and this may take the form of elaborate and ritualized audience participation, film festivals, or cosplay. Over time, the definition has become more vague and inclusive as it drifts away from earlier, stricter views, academic Mark Shiel has criticized the term itself as being a weak concept, reliant on subjectivity, different groups can interpret films in their own terms. Academic Mike Chopra‑Gant says that cult films become decontextualized when studied as a group, in 2008, Cineaste asked a range of academics for their definition of a cult film
12.
Ian Charleson
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Ian Charleson was a Scottish stage and film actor. He is best known internationally for his role as Olympic athlete and missionary Eric Liddell. He is also known for his portrayal of Rev. Charlie Andrews in the 1982 Oscar-winning film Gandhi, Charleson was a noted actor on the British stage as well, with critically acclaimed leads in Guys and Dolls, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Fool for Love, and Hamlet, among many others. Over the course of his life Charleson performed numerous Shakespearean roles, the awards reward the best classical stage performances in Britain by actors aged under 30. The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography describes Charleson as a player of charm and power. Alan Bates wrote that Charleson was definitely among the top ten actors of his age group, Ian McKellen said Charleson was the most unmannered and unactorish of actors, always truthful, always honest. Charleson was diagnosed with HIV in 1986, and died in 1990 at the age of 40 and he requested that it be announced after his death that he had died of AIDS, in order to publicise the condition. This was the first celebrity death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to AIDS, born in Edinburgh, Charleson was the son of a printer, and grew up in a working-class area of the city. A bright, musical, artistic child, by the age of eight he was performing in theatre productions. He won a scholarship to and attended Edinburghs Royal High School, and in his teens, Charleson joined and performed with The Jasons, an Edinburgh amateur theatrical group. He also sang solo as a boy soprano in church and in the Royal High School choir, Charleson won a scholarship to the University of Edinburgh, which he attended from 1967–1970, obtaining a three-year Scottish MA Ordinary degree. However, he spent most of his acting with the student-run Edinburgh University Drama Society. He changed his study concentration accordingly, and graduated with a degree in English, fine art, in addition to his acting roles at Edinburgh University, Charleson also directed many plays there, and he designed costumes for several as well. From 1967 through 1973, Charleson also performed often at the Edinburgh Festival and Edinburgh Festival Fringe, from LAMDA, Charleson was hired by Frank Dunlops Young Vic Theatre Company. In 1973, he starred as Jimmy Porter in Look Back in Anger, also as part of the Young Vic company, Charleson was Claudio in Much Ado About Nothing in 1974. In 1975, he played the role in Hamlet in a Cambridge Theatre Company touring production. The performance garnered good reviews, nevertheless Charleson felt he had not done the notoriously difficult role complete justice, Charleson made his West End debut in 1975, in a long-running production of Simon Grays Otherwise Engaged at the Queens Theatre
13.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
14.
Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II
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The Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the 25th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth IIs accession to the thrones of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. The anniversary date itself was commemorated in church services across the land on 6 February 1977, in March, preparations started for large parties in every major city of the United Kingdom, as well as for smaller ones for countless individual streets throughout the country. No monarch before Queen Elizabeth II had visited more of the United Kingdom in such a span of time. All in all, the Queen and her husband Prince Philip visited a total of 36 counties, the trip started with record crowds gathering to see the Queen and Prince Philip in Glasgow, Scotland, on 17 May. After moving to England and Wales, the Queen and Prince Philip wrapped up the first of their trips with a visit to Northern Ireland, among the places visited during the national trips were numerous schools, which were the subject of a television special hosted by presenter Valerie Singleton. The final stop on the tour was a trip to Canada. On 6 June, the Queen lit a bonfire beacon at Windsor Castle, the service was followed by lunch in the Guildhall, hosted by the Lord Mayor of the City of London Peter Vanneck. A further 500 million people around the Commonwealth watched the events on live television. On 7 June, streets and villages threw elaborate parties for all their residents, in addition to parties, many streets decorated motor vehicles as historical events from Britains past, and drove them about town, organising their very own parades. In London alone there were over 4000 organised parties for individual streets, throughout the entire day, onlookers were greeted by the Queen many times as she made several appearances for pictures from the balcony of Buckingham Palace. On 9 June, the Queen made a Royal Progress trip via boat down the River Thames from Greenwich to Lambeth, on the trip, the Queen officially opened the Silver Jubilee Walkway and the South Bank Jubilee Gardens, two of numerous places named after the festivities. In the evening, she presided over a display and was taken subsequently by a procession of lighted carriages to Buckingham Palace. Before, during, and after the events of Jubilee, the event was addressed in many media of popular culture throughout the Commonwealth, the most infamous event marking the Jubilee was the Sex Pistols release of the vehement anti-monarchy song God Save the Queen. The event, a mockery of the Queens river procession planned for two later, ended in chaos. Police launches forced the boat to dock, and constabulary surrounded the gangplanks at the pier, while the band members and their equipment were hustled down a side stairwell, McLaren, Vivenne Westwood, and many of the bands entourage were arrested. With the official UK record chart for Jubilee week about to be released, as it turned out, the record placed second, behind a Rod Stewart single in its fourth week at the top. Many believed that the record had actually qualified for the top spot, McLaren later claimed that CBS Records, which was distributing both singles, told him that the Sex Pistols were actually outselling Stewart two to one. The soap opera Coronation Street wrote an elaborate Jubilee parade into the storyline, ken Barlow and Uncle Albert played Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing respectively
15.
Elizabeth I of England
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Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeths birth. Annes marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate, edwards will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Marys reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels, in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers, led by William Cecil, one of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England and it was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir to continue the Tudor line. She never did, despite numerous courtships, as she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity. A cult grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, in government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. One of her mottoes was video et taceo, in religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the powers of France and Spain. She only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, by the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain. Englands defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history, Elizabeths reign is known as the Elizabethan era. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Such was the case with Elizabeths rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, after the short reigns of Elizabeths half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace and was named after both her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard and she was the second child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henrys second wife, Anne Boleyn, at birth, Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the throne of England. She was baptised on 10 September, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, the Marquess of Exeter, the Duchess of Norfolk, Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536, four months after Catherine of Aragons death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession, eleven days after Anne Boleyns execution, Henry married Jane Seymour, who died shortly after the birth of their son, Prince Edward, in 1537
16.
John Dee
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John Dee was an English mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, occult philosopher, and advisor to Queen Elizabeth I. He devoted much of his life to the study of alchemy, divination and he was also an advocate of Englands imperial expansion. Dee straddled the worlds of science and magic just as they were becoming distinguishable, one of the most learned men of his age, he had been invited to lecture on the geometry of Euclid at the University of Paris while still in his early twenties. Dee was an ardent promoter of mathematics and an astronomer, as well as a leading expert in navigation. Simultaneously with these efforts, Dee immersed himself in the worlds of magic, astrology, in his lifetime, Dee amassed one of the largest libraries in England. His high status as a scholar also allowed him to play a role in Elizabethan politics and he served as an occasional advisor and tutor to Elizabeth I and nurtured relationships with her ministers Francis Walsingham and William Cecil. Dee also tutored and enjoyed patronage relationships with Sir Philip Sidney, his uncle Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester and he also enjoyed patronage from Sir Christopher Hatton. Dee was born in Tower Ward, London, to Rowland Dee of Welsh descent and his surname Dee derived from the Welsh du, his grandfather was Bedo Ddu of Nant-y-groes, Pilleth, Radnorshire, and John retained his connection with the locality. His father Roland was a mercer and gentleman courtier to Henry VIII, John Dee claimed to be a descendant of Rhodri the Great, Prince of Wales and constructed a pedigree showing his descent from Rhodri. Dees family arrived in London in the wake of Henry Tudors coronation as Henry VII, Jane Dee was the daughter of William Wild. Dee attended the Chelmsford Chantry School from 1535 to 1542 and he entered St Johns College, Cambridge, in November 1542, aged 15, graduating BA in 1545 or early 1546. His abilities recognised, he became a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. At Trinity, the stage effects he produced for a production of Aristophanes Peace procured him the reputation of being a magician that clung to him through life. In the late 1540s and early 1550s, he travelled in Europe, studying at Louvain and Brussels, in 1552, he met Gerolamo Cardano in London, during their acquaintance they investigated a perpetual motion machine as well as a gem purported to have magical properties. Rector at Upton-upon-Severn from 1553, Dee was offered a readership in mathematics at Oxford in 1554, in 1555, Dee became a member of the Worshipful Company of Mercers, as his father had, through the companys system of patrimony. That same year,1555, he was arrested and charged with calculating for having cast horoscopes of Queen Mary and Princess Elizabeth, Dee appeared in the Star Chamber and exonerated himself, but was turned over to the Catholic Bishop Bonner for religious examination. His strong and lifelong penchant for secrecy perhaps worsening matters, this episode was only the most dramatic in a series of attacks. Clearing his name yet again, he became a close associate of Bonner
17.
Ariel (The Tempest)
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Ariel /ˈæriəl/ is a spirit who appears in William Shakespeares play The Tempest. Ariel is bound to serve the magician Prospero, who rescued him from the tree in which he was imprisoned by Sycorax, Prospero greets disobedience with a reminder that he saved Ariel from Sycoraxs spell, and with promises to grant Ariel his freedom. The source of Ariels name and character is unknown, although critics have pointed out his similarities to the Ariel mentioned in Isaiah chapter 29 in the Bible. The name means Lion of God, in this sense, Ariel may also be a simple play on the word aerial. Since the stage directions in The Tempest are so precise, critics, also, a line by Ariel in Act IV brings other scholars to ask questions as to whether the original actor for Ariel played the part for Ceres as well, due to a shortage of boy actors. Ariel is widely viewed as a character, although this view has wavered over the years, especially in the Restoration. Whenever Caliban desired not to obey the command of Prospero, Ariel would persuade him to do the work, either by using magical powers or by using force. Ariel first appears in the scene of the play to report to Prospero on his success in carrying out his command to shipwreck the King of Naples. Ariel adds that, as commanded, he saw none of the group were harmed. After being praised by Prospero, Ariel pleads for his freedom from the service in return. Prospero declines, reminding him of the state he was in before Prospero rescued him, after 12 years of pain, Ariel was released from his prison by Prospero, who pressed the spirit into his service. The magician denies Ariels request for freedom at this time, but promises that on the condition he follows the rest of his commands, he will grant his wish in two days. For the rest of the play, Ariel is Prosperos eyes and ears—spying on the sailors in invisible form. In the second act Ariel briefly appears to stop a conspiracy to kill Alonso, King of Naples, whose brother, Sebastian, Ariel sings in the ear of Gonzalo, a councillor to Alonso, to wake him and foils the plot. Ariel also appears in Act Three to foil Calibans plot to turn the sailors against Prospero and murder him. Later in the act, he appears with a clap of thunder and rebukes those who were involved in the plot to banish Prospero to the island. He is later called on to gather the spirits of the island before Miranda and Ferdinand, and to bring Trinculo, Stephano, in the final act, Ariel releases the prisoners of Prospero and awakens what is left of the crew of the ship from a deep slumber. Thanks to Ariels work, Ferdinand and Miranda have fallen in love, Prospero is so impressed by Ariels matchmaking that he says that he would set Ariel free for that one act
18.
William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
19.
The Tempest
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The Tempest is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1610–11, and thought by many critics to be the last play that Shakespeare wrote alone. It is set on an island, where the sorcerer Prospero, rightful Duke of Milan, plots to restore his daughter Miranda to her rightful place using illusion. He conjures up a storm, the eponymous tempest, to lure his usurping brother Antonio, there, his machinations bring about the revelation of Antonios lowly nature, the redemption of the King, and the marriage of Miranda to Alonsos son, Ferdinand. In addition, one of Gonzalos speeches is derived from Montaignes essay Of the Canibales, the masque in Act 4 may have been a later addition, possibly in honour of the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V in 1613. The play was first published in the First Folio of 1623, the story draws heavily on the tradition of the romance, and it was influenced by tragicomedy, the courtly masque and perhaps the commedia dellarte. It differs from Shakespeares other plays in its observation of a stricter, H. Gonzalo, Alonsos counselor, had secretly supplied their boat with some food, fresh water, rich garments, linens, stuffs and necessaries, and volumes that Prospero prizes. Prospero maintains Ariels loyalty by promising to release the airy spirit from servitude. Sycorax had been exiled from Algiers to the island for wreaking havoc with her magic, Sycorax son, Caliban, a deformed monster and the only non-spiritual inhabitant before the arrival of Prospero, was initially adopted and raised by him. He taught Prospero how to survive on the island, while Prospero and Miranda taught Caliban religion, in slavery, Caliban has come to view Prospero as a usurper and has grown to resent him and his daughter. Prospero and Miranda in turn view Caliban with disappointment, contempt, Prospero only performs one act of magic himself directly on stage, he disarms Ferdinand, causing his nerves to become in their infancy again. The rest of his magic is through controlling spirits, which is how magicians of the time were believed to operate, Prospero, having divined that his brother Antonio is on a nearby ship, has raised a tempest that causes the passengers to believe they are shipwrecked and marooned. Also on the ship are Antonios friend and fellow conspirator, King Alonso of Naples, Alonsos brother and son and Alonsos trusted counselor, all these passengers are returning from the wedding of Alonsos daughter Claribel and the King of Tunis. Prospero contrives to separate the shipwreck survivors into several groups by his spells, three plots then alternate through the play. In one, Caliban falls in with Stephano and Trinculo, two drunkards, believing Stephano to be a god who bears celestial liquor. They attempt to raise a coup against Prospero, which ultimately fails, in the third subplot, Antonio and Sebastian conspire to kill Alonso and Gonzalo so that Sebastian can become King. Ariel thwarts them, at Prosperos command, Ariel appears to the three men of sin as a harpy, reprimanding them for their betrayal of Prospero. Prospero, who has witnessed this, leaves to visit Ferdinand, the three guilty nobles run off, distracted and in a frenzy, and Gonzalo and the attendant lords chase after to prevent them from doing what this ecstasy may now provoke them to. Prospero then explains that he tested Ferdinand, and betroths a willing Miranda to him and he then asks Ariel to bring some other spirits and create a masque to entertain the young couple
20.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
21.
Robbery
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Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to deprive the person of that property. Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions, under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment. The word rob came via French from Late Latin words of Germanic origin, among the types of robbery are armed robbery involving use of a weapon and aggravated robbery involving use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a place such as a sidewalk, street. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force, extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Criminal slang for robbery includes blagging or stick-up, and steaming, in Canada, the Criminal Code makes robbery an indictable offence, subject to a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. If the accused uses a restricted or prohibited firearm to commit robbery, there is a minimum sentence of five years for the first offence. Robbery is an offence in the Republic of Ireland. Robbery is an offence in England and Wales. Aggravated theft Robbery is the offence of aggravated theft. Aggravated robbery There are no offences of aggravated robbery and this requires evidence to show a theft as set out in section 1 of the Theft Act 1968. In R v Robinson the defendant threatened the victim with a knife in order to recover money which he was actually owed and his conviction for robbery was quashed on the basis that Robinson had an honest, although unreasonable, belief in his legal right to the money. See also R v Skivington 1 QB166,2 WLR655,131 JP265,111 SJ72,1 All ER483,51 Cr App R167, CA. It was argued that the theft should be regarded as complete by this time, and R v Gomez, should apply, the threat or use of force must take place immediately before or at the time of the theft. Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery, the words or immediately after that appeared in section 23 of the Larceny Act 1916 were deliberately omitted from section 8. The book Archbold said that the facts in R v Harman and it was held in R v Dawson and James that force is an ordinary English word and its meaning should be left to the jury. This approach was confirmed in R v Clouden and Corcoran v Anderton, stealing may involve a young child who is not aware that taking other persons property is not in order
22.
Nihilism
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Nihilism is a philosophical doctrine that suggests the lack of belief in one or more reputedly meaningful aspects of life. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism, moral nihilists assert that there is no inherent morality, and that accepted moral values are abstractly contrived. Nihilism may also take epistemological, ontological, or metaphysical forms, meaning respectively that, in some aspect, knowledge is not possible, movements such as Futurism and deconstruction, among others, have been identified by commentators as nihilistic. Nihilism has many definitions, and thus can describe multiple arguably independent philosophical positions, extreme metaphysical nihilism is commonly defined as the belief that nothing exists as a correspondent component of the self-efficient world. The American Heritage Medical Dictionary defines one form of nihilism as a form of skepticism that denies all existence. A similar skepticism concerning the world can be found in solipsism. However, despite the fact that both deny the certainty of objects true existence, the nihilist would deny the existence of self whereas the solipsist would affirm it, both these positions are considered forms of anti-realism. Epistemological nihilism is a form of skepticism in which all knowledge is accepted as being possibly untrue or as being unable to be confirmed true and this interpretation of existence must be based on resolution. Therefore, there is no way to surmise or measure the validity of mereological nihilism. Thus, the resolution with which the ant views the world it exists within is an important determining factor in how the ant experiences this within the world feeling. Existential nihilism is the belief that life has no meaning or value. With respect to the universe, existential nihilism posits that a human or even the entire human species is insignificant, without purpose. The meaninglessness of life is explored in the philosophical school of existentialism. For example, a moral nihilist would say that killing someone, in this way a moral nihilist believes that all moral claims are void of any truth value. An alternative scholarly perspective is that moral nihilism is a morality in itself, cooper writes, In the widest sense of the word morality, moral nihilism is a morality. An influential analysis of political nihilism is presented by Leo Strauss, the Russian Nihilist movement was a Russian trend in the 1860s that rejected all authority. Their name derives from the Latin nihil, meaning nothing, after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, the Nihilists gained a reputation throughout Europe as proponents of the use of violence for political change. The Nihilists expressed anger at what they described as the nature of the Eastern Orthodox Church and of the tsarist monarchy
23.
Amyl nitrite
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Amyl nitrite is a chemical compound with the formula C5H11ONO. A variety of isomers are known, but they all feature a group attached to the nitrite functional group. The alkyl group is unreactive and the chemical and biological properties are due to the nitrite group. Like other alkyl nitrites, amyl nitrite is bioactive in mammals, being a vasodilator, as an inhalant, it also has a psychoactive effect, which has led to its recreational use. It is also referred to as banapple gas, Amyl nitrite is employed medically to treat heart diseases as well as angina. Amyl nitrite is used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. It can act as an oxidant, to induce the formation of methemoglobin, methemoglobin in turn can sequester cyanide as cyanomethemoglobin. Amyl nitrite is used as an agent and solvent in industrial. It replaced dichlorodifluoromethane, an industrial chemical universally banned in 1996 due to damage to the ozone layer, a very small amount is added to some perfumes. This effect, combined with its effects, has led to its use as a recreational drug. The term amyl nitrite encompasses several isomers, for example, a common form of amyl nitrite with the formula 2CHCH2CH2ONO may be more specifically referred to as isoamyl nitrite. When the amyl group is a linear or normal alkyl group, despite a very similar name to amyl nitrite, amyl nitrate has a different chemical composition and different properties. Vast numbers of people confuse the two drugs, especially those wishing to purchase poppers for recreational purposes, alkyl nitrites are prepared by the reaction of alcohols with nitrous acid, C5H11OH + HONO → C5H11ONO + H2O The reaction is called esterification. Synthesis of alkyl nitrites is, in general, straightforward and can be accomplished in home laboratories, a common procedure includes the dropwise addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to a cooled mixture of an aqueous sodium nitrite solution and an alcohol. Amyl nitrites are also useful as reagents in a modification of the Sandmeyer reaction, the reaction of the alkyl nitrite with an aromatic amine in a halogenated solvent produces a radical aromatic species, this then frees a halogen atom from the solvent. For the synthesis of aryl iodides diiodomethane is used, whereas bromoform is the solvent of choice for the synthesis of aryl bromides, Amyl nitrite, in common with other alkyl nitrites, is a potent vasodilator, it expands blood vessels, resulting in lowering of the blood pressure. Alkyl nitrites are a source of nitric oxide, which signals for relaxation of the involuntary muscles, overdose symptoms include nausea, vomiting, hypotension, hypoventilation, shortness of breath, and fainting. The effects set in quickly, typically within a few seconds
24.
Malcolm McLaren
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After a spell advising the New York Dolls in the US, McLaren managed the Sex Pistols, for which he recruited the nihilistic frontman Johnny Rotten. When accused of turning popular culture into a marketing gimmick. In his later years, he lived in Paris and New York City, McLaren was born on 22 January 1946 to Peter McLaren, a Scottish engineer, and Emily Isaacs, in post-World War II North London. McLaren told Andrew Denton on Enough Rope that his grandmother always said to him, to be good is simply boring. In The Ghosts of Oxford Street he says Charles Clore became his mothers lover, when he was six, McLarens mother married Martin Levi, a rag trade entrepreneur, together they operated womens-wear business Eve Edwards with a factory in Londons East End. McLaren left home in his teens, and, after trying out a series of jobs, he attended several art colleges, including Goldsmiths, Central Saint Martins, and Harrow School of Art. In the late 1960s McLaren was attracted to the Situationist movement, particularly the UK wing King Mob, in 1968 McLaren tried unsuccessfully to travel to Paris to join the demonstrations there. Instead, with fellow student Jamie Reid, he took part in a student occupation of Croydon Art School, McLaren later grafted some of the movements ideas into promotion of pop and rock groups. McLaren and Westwood gathered custom from Teddy Boys and also designed clothing for theatrical, in August 1973, McLaren and Westwood visited New York to participate in the National Boutique Fair, where they met the New York Dolls and began to supply the group with stage wear. In October 1974, the store was renamed SEX to reflect a growing preoccupation with fetishwear and this ploy was not successful and the Dolls soon broke up. In April 1975, McLaren returned to Britain, Lydon, dubbed Johnny Rotten, joined and McLaren provided the name Sex Pistols. NME – November 1976 In May 1977, the band released God Save the Queen during the week of Queen Elizabeth IIs Silver Jubilee, McLaren organised a boat trip down the Thames where the Sex Pistols would perform their music outside the Houses of Parliament. The boat was raided by the police and McLaren was arrested, the band released their album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in October 1977 and played their last UK gig before embarking upon a US tour in January 1978. During his time managing the band McLaren was accused by members of mismanaging them. McLaren stated that he had planned out the path of the Sex Pistols. McLaren kept the Sex Pistols contract rights until Lydon took him to court in the 1980s to win the rights, Lydon won and gained complete control from McLaren in 1987. McLaren and Lydon refused to speak to each other after the band split, in the 2000 film The Filth and the Fury, the surviving members of the Sex Pistols put their version of events on film. McLaren was approached by Adam Ant to manage Adam and the Ants, shortly thereafter three members of the band left to form Bow Wow Wow under McLarens management
25.
Adam and the Ants
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Adam and the Ants were an English new wave band active during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The group, which lasted from 1977 to 1982, existed in two incarnations, both fronted by Adam Ant, the second incarnation of Adam and the Ants featured guitarist Marco Pirroni and drummer-producer Chris Hughes and was noted for its use of Burundi drums. It lasted from February 1980 to March 1982 and achieved commercial success in the UK. After witnessing this, Adam quit the band with the intention of forming his own, tentatively called The B-Sides, they practised regularly over the following months but, lacking a drummer, never managed to play a gig. Meanwhile, Adam Ant had befriended some influential figures in the burgeoning London punk scene, most notably Jordan, the Ants eventually formed in early 1977 consisting of Lester Square, Andy Warren and Paul Flannagan. Lester Square left to finish his course at an art school and to later form The Monochrome Set just days after The Ants played their first gig on 5 May 1977, mark Ryan replaced him on guitar and played the first formal gigs. Shortly after this, the group adopted the longer Adam and the Ants bandname, the band made their radio debut on the John Peel show with a session recorded on 23 January 1978, including the song Lou featuring the groups manager Jordan guesting on lead vocals. The following day, Adam and the Ants re-recorded Deutscher Girls for the Jubilee soundtrack album, touring extensively around the UK, often with Siouxsie and the Banshees, they proved to be unpopular with much of the British music press who disliked their fetishistic lyrics and imagery. In response, the group formed a strong – at times ideological – rapport with amateur punk fanzines such as Ripped And Torn which gave them more favourable coverage. The band built up a cult following but struggled to find overground success or even a record deal until 1978 when they were signed to Decca. By this time, Adam and the Ants had been through several changes before eventually settling on the stable line-up of Adam Ant, Matthew Ashman, Andy Warren. Many of these and other recordings and demos would eventually surface as bootleg recordings. They also recorded a further two John Peel Sessions in July 1978 and March 1979 and all three sessions were released in 2001 on The Complete Radio 1 Sessions, do It rejected the new songs and Ashman returned to the band shortly thereafter. Late 1979 saw the release of Dirk Wears White Sox, the album was somewhat dark, with post-punk riffs and some vestiges of glam rock, as well as attempts to fuse this sound with funk and soul. Lyrically it addressed subjects such as fetishism, historical figures like Adolf Hitler, John F. Kennedy and Cleopatra as well as art history, particularly the Futurism movement. It gained a cult following rather than success, leading a frustrated Adam to hire Malcolm McLaren, former manager of the Sex Pistols. During February–April 1980, a new version of Adam and the Ants was formed with Marco Pirroni, Kevin Mooney, Pirroni would become an influential member of the group, co-writing all of their new songs with Adam Ant. The label released the single under the shorter title Cartrouble in March 1980, the following month, the by-then recruited full band recorded the single Kings of the Wild Frontier for prospective record companies
26.
Cameo appearance
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A cameo role or cameo appearance is a brief appearance or voice part of a known person in a work of the performing arts, typically unnamed or appearing as themselves. Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common, a crew member of the show or movie playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well, such as Alfred Hitchcocks frequently performed cameos. Originally cameo role meant a character part that stands out from the other minor parts. The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning a short literary sketch or portrait, which is based on the meaning of cameo. More recently, cameo has come to refer to any short appearances, whether as a character or as oneself, such as the examples below. Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a mismatch between the celebritys stature and the film or TV show in which he or she is appearing. Others are acknowledgments of a contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of TV series. Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field, possibly the best-known series of cameos was by the director Alfred Hitchcock, who made very brief appearances in most of his films. Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works, “Literary cameos” usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage. Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine, a cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal signature on a story. Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance, quentin Tarantino provides cameos or small roles in at least 10 of his movies. Likewise, Peter Jackson has made cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length movie Bad Taste in which he plays a main character. For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug, a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers, director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character. In Whos That Knocking at My Door, he appears as one of the gangsters, he is a crew man in After Hours. He opens up his 1986 film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool. In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, in a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholsons nose with the blade of his clasp knife. Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films, mike Todds film Around the World in 80 Days was filled with cameo roles, and others. The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, among the many cameos featured in the film Maverick, actor Danny Glover appears as the lead bank robber
27.
The Slits
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The Slits were a British rock band formed in London in 1976 by members of the groups The Flowers of Romance and The Castrators. The groups early line-up consisted of Ari Up and Palmolive, with Viv Albertine and Tessa Pollitt replacing founding members Kate Korus and their 1979 debut album, Cut, has been called one of the defining releases of the post-punk era. The group supported fellow punk band The Clash on their 1977 White Riot tour along with the Buzzcocks, the Prefects, club performances of The Slits during this period are included in The Punk Rock Movie. In November 1978, The Slits toured with the Clash again on the Sort it Out Tour and were joined by The Innocents who opened the shows, number One for me at the moment are the Subway Sect. But like everyone, they need to do thirty gigs in thirty days, captured on a Peel Session, the Slits originally raw and raucous live sound was cleaned up and polished by the time of their debut album. Their Dennis Bovell-produced debut album Cut was released in September 1979 on Island Records, the albums sleeve art depicted the band naked, except for mud and loincloths. She was replaced by the drummer Budgie, formerly of The Spitfire Boys and later of Siouxsie, the band toured widely and released another album, Return of the Giant Slits before breaking up in early 1982. Ari Up went on to be part of the New Age Steppers, Ari Up and Tessa Pollitt reformed the band with new members in 2005, as Viv Albertine was unwilling to rejoin, and in 2006 released the EP Revenge of the Killer Slits. The EP featured former Sex Pistols member Paul Cook and Marco Pirroni as both musicians and co-producers, in fact, Cooks daughter Hollie played with the band, singing and playing keyboards. Other members of the band were No on guitar, German drummer Anna Schulte. The band toured the United States for the first time in years during 2006s States of Mind tour. In 2007, they toured Australia as well as returning to the US, in their first visit to Japan, the band undertook a short tour in October 2007. In 2008, the band again toured America, Adele Wilson left the band and No was replaced by American guitarist Michelle Hill. In November 2008, the band played Ladyfest in Manchester, in January 2009, the Los Angeles-based Narnack Records announced they had signed the band to a recording contract. The Story of the Slits by Zoe Street Howe was published in the UK by Omnibus Press in July 2009, a full-length album entitled Trapped Animal was released in 2009, and the band continued to perform live. Group founder Ari Up died in October 2010, the bands final work, the video for the song Lazy Slam from Trapped Animal, was released posthumously according to Ari Ups wishes. The Story of The Slits, Omnibus Press,2009, archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Earthbeat, In the Beginning There Was Rhythm, official website Media related to The Slits at Wikimedia Commons
28.
Squatting
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Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential—that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. Author Robert Neuwirth suggested in 2004 that there were one billion squatters globally and he forecasts there will be two billion by 2030 and three billion by 2050. Yet, according to Kesia Reeve, squatting is largely absent from policy and academic debate and is rarely conceptualised, as a problem, as a symptom, Squatting can be related to political movements, such as anarchist, autonomist, or socialist. It can be a means to conserve buildings or to provide housing, while these settlements may, in time, grow to become both legalised and indistinguishable from normal residential neighbourhoods, they start off as squats with minimal basic infrastructure. Thus, there is no sewage system, drinking water must be bought from vendors or carried from a nearby tap, besides being residences, some squats are used as social centres or host give-away shops, pirate radio stations or cafés. In Spanish-speaking countries, squatters receive several names, such as okupas in Spain, Chile or Argentina, Squatting by necessity is in itself a political issue, therefore also a statement or rather a response to the political system causing it. During the period of recession and increased housing foreclosures in the 2000s, squatting became far more prevalent in Western. In some cases, need-based and politically motivated squatting go hand in hand, conservational – i. e. preserving monuments because the authorities have let them decay Political – e. g. Property law and the state have traditionally favored the property owner, however, in many cases where squatters had de facto ownership, laws have been changed to legitimize their status. Anarchist Colin Ward comments, Squatting is the oldest mode of tenure in the world and this is as true of the Queen with her 176,000 acres as it is of the 54 percent of householders in Britain who are owner-occupiers. They are all the recipients of stolen land, for to regard our planet as a commodity offends every conceivable principle of natural rights. U. K. police official Sue Williams, for example, has stated that Squatting is linked to Anti-Social Behaviour and can cause a great deal of nuisance, in some cases there may also be criminal activities involved. The public attitude toward squatting varies, depending on legal aspects, socioeconomic conditions, in particular, while squatting of municipal buildings may be treated leniently, squatting of private property often leads to strong negative reaction on the part of the public and authorities. Adverse possession is a method of acquiring title to property through possession for a period under certain conditions. Countries where this principle exists include England and the United States, however, some non-common law jurisdictions have laws similar to adverse possession. For example, Louisiana has a doctrine called acquisitive prescription. There are large communities in Kenya, such as Kibera in Nairobi. An estimated 1,000 people live in the Grande Hotel Beira in Mozambique, the Zabbaleen settlement and the City of the Dead are both well-known squatter communities in Cairo
29.
Moors murders
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The Moors murders were carried out by Ian Brady and Myra Hindley between July 1963 and October 1965, in and around what is now Greater Manchester, England. The victims were five children aged between 10 and 17—Pauline Reade, John Kilbride, Keith Bennett, Lesley Ann Downey and Edward Evans—at least four of whom were sexually assaulted. The body of a victim, Keith Bennett, is also suspected to be buried there. The police were aware of only three killings, those of Edward Evans, Lesley Ann Downey and John Kilbride. The investigation was reopened in 1985, after Brady was reported in the press as having confessed to the murders of Pauline Reade and Keith Bennett. Brady and Hindley were taken separately to Saddleworth Moor to assist the police in their search for the graves and she died in 2002, aged 60. Brady was declared insane in 1985, since when he has been confined in the high-security Ashworth Hospital. He has made it clear that he wishes never to be released, the trial judge, Mr Justice Fenton Atkinson, described Brady and Hindley in his closing remarks as two sadistic killers of the utmost depravity. The full extent of Brady and Hindleys crimes did not come to light until their confessions in 1985, as both had until then maintained their innocence. Their first victim was 16-year-old Pauline Reade, a neighbour of Hindleys who disappeared on her way to a dance at the British Railways Club in Gorton, Manchester and that evening, Brady told Hindley that he wanted to commit his perfect murder. Brady and Hindley provided different accounts of the murder, driving down Gorton Lane, Brady saw a young girl walking towards them, and signalled Hindley to stop, which she did not do until she had passed the girl. Brady drew up alongside on his motorbike, demanding to know why she had not offered the girl a lift, to which Hindley replied that she recognised her as Marie Ruck, a near neighbour of her mother. Shortly after 8,00 pm, continuing down Froxmer Street, Brady spotted a girl wearing a blue coat and white high-heeled shoes walking away from them. Hindley recognised the girl as Pauline Reade, a friend of her younger sister, Reade got into the van with Hindley, who then asked if she would mind helping to search for an expensive glove she had lost on Saddleworth Moor. Reade said she was in no hurry, and agreed. At 16, Pauline Reade was older than Marie Ruck, and Hindley realised that there would be less of a hue, when the van reached the moor, Hindley stopped and Brady arrived shortly afterwards on his motorcycle. She introduced him to Reade as her boyfriend, and said that he had come to help find the missing glove. Hindley claimed Brady took Reade onto the moor while Hindley waited in the van, after about 30 minutes Brady returned alone, and took Hindley to the spot where Reade lay dying
30.
Incest
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Incest is sexual activity between family members or close relatives. The incest taboo is and has one of the most widespread of all cultural taboos. Most modern societies have laws regarding incest or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages, in societies where it is illegal, consensual adult incest is seen by some as a victimless crime. Some cultures extend the incest taboo to relatives with no consanguinity such as milk-siblings, stepsiblings, third-degree relatives on average share 12. 5% genes, and sexual relations between them is viewed differently in various cultures, from being discouraged to being socially acceptable. The children of incestuous relationships were regarded as illegitimate, and are still so regarded in some societies today, in most cases, the parents did not have the option to marry to remove that status, as incestuous marriages were, and are, normally also prohibited. A common justification for prohibiting incest is avoiding inbreeding, a collection of genetic disorders suffered by the children of parents with a genetic relationship. But inbreeding is not the basis for the incest taboo for two reasons. First, most prohibitions on incest cover affinity relationships—that is, relationships created by marriage —as well as created by adoption. And second, the incest taboo also applies to non-procreative sex—for example, some societies, such as the Balinese and some Inuit tribes, have different views about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest. However, sexual relations with a first-degree relative are almost universally forbidden, the English word incest is derived from the Latin incestus, which has a general meaning of impure, unchaste. It was introduced into Middle English, both in the generic Latin sense and in the modern sense. The derived adjective incestuous appears in the 16th century, before the Latin term came in, incest was known in Old English as sib-leger or mǣġhǣmed but in time, both words fell out of use. In ancient China, first cousins with the surnames were not permitted to marry. Several of the Egyptian Pharaohs married their siblings and had children with them. For example, Tutankhamun married his half-sister Ankhesenamun, and was himself the child of an union between Akhenaten and an unidentified sister-wife. It is now accepted that sibling marriages were widespread among all classes in Egypt during the Graeco-Roman period. Numerous papyri and the Roman census declarations attest to many husbands and wives being brother and sister, in the sequel to Oedipus, Antigone, his four children are also punished for their parents incestuousness. Incest appears in the accepted version of the birth of Adonis
31.
Rule, Britannia!
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Rule, Britannia. is a British patriotic song, originating from the poem Rule, Britannia by James Thomson and set to music by Thomas Arne in 1740. It is strongly associated with the Royal Navy, but also used by the British Army, Thomson was a Scottish poet and playwright, who spent most of his adult life in England and hoped to make his fortune at Court. He had an interest in helping foster a British identity, including and transcending the older English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish identities and this might have some bearing on the songs famous refrain Britons never will be slaves. Incidentally, Thomson wrote the word never only once, but it has been corrupted to never, never, never. The same theme was repeated in the Navys own Heart of Oak, in 1751 Mallet altered the lyrics, omitting three of the original six stanzas and adding three others, written by Lord Bolingbroke. This version known as Married to a Mermaid became extremely popular when Mallet produced his masque of Britannia at Drury Lane Theatre in 1755, the song soon developed an independent life of its own, separate from the masque of which it had formed a part. First heard in London in 1745, it achieved instant popularity and it quickly became so well known that Handel quoted it in his Occasional Oratorio in the following year. Handel used the first phrase as part of the Act II soprano aria, Prophetic visions strike my eye, similarly, Rule, Britannia. was seized upon by the Jacobites, who altered Thomsons words to a pro-Jacobite version. However, Thomsons original words remained best-known, Britain and France were at war for much of the century and hostile in between and the French Bourbons were undoubtedly the prime example of haughty tyrants, whose slaves Britons should never be. At the time it appeared the song was not a celebration of a state of naval affairs. The time was still to come when the Royal Navy would be a dominant force on the oceans. The jesting lyrics of the century would assume a material. The melody was the theme for a set of variations for piano by Ludwig van Beethoven and he used it in Wellingtons Victory. Richard Wagner wrote an overture in D major based on the theme in 1837. The French organist-composer Alexandre Guilmant included this tune in his Fantaisie sur deux mélodies anglaises for organ Op.43, arthur Sullivan, Britains leading composer during the reign of Queen Victoria, quoted from Rule, Britannia. On at least three occasions in music for his comic operas written with W. S. Gilbert and Bolton Rowe, in Utopia Limited, Sullivan used airs from Rule, Britannia. to highlight references to Great Britain. In The Zoo Sullivan applied the tune of Rule, Britannia. to an instance in which Rowes libretto quotes directly from the patriotic march. Finally, to celebrate the jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887, Sullivan added a chorus of Rule, Britannia. to the finale of HMS Pinafore, which was playing in revival at the Savoy Theatre
32.
Westminster Cathedral
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Westminster Cathedral, or the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ, in London is the mother church of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. The site on which the stands in the City of Westminster was purchased by the Diocese of Westminster in 1885. Westminster Cathedral is the largest Catholic church in England and Wales, the land was acquired in 1884 by Wisemans successor, Cardinal Manning, having previously been occupied by the second Tothill Fields Bridewell prison. The cathedral opened in 1903, a year after Bentleys death, one of the first public services in the cathedral was Cardinal Vaughans requiem, the cardinal died on 19 June 1903. For reasons of economy, the decoration of the interior had hardly been started, under the laws of the Catholic Church at the time, no place of worship could be consecrated unless free from debt and having its fabric completed. The consecration ceremony took place on 28 June 1910, although the interior was never finished, in 1977, as part of her Silver Jubilee celebrations, Queen Elizabeth II visited the cathedral. Although there was no religious service it was symbolic as the first visit of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom to a Catholic church in the nation since the Reformation. On 28 May 1982, the first day of his pastoral visit to the United Kingdom. On 18 September 2010, on the day of his four-day state visit to the United Kingdom. In January 2011 the cathedral was the venue for the reception and ordination of three former Anglican bishops into the newly formed Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, unlike in a Gothic cathedral, at Westminster they are limited to the interior. The main piers and transverse arches that support the domes divide the nave into three bays, each about 395 square metres, the domes rest on the arches at a height of 27 metres from the floor, the total internal height being 34 metres. In selecting the type of dome, of shallow concavity, for the main roofing, weight. The domes and pendentures are formed of concrete, and as extraneous roofs of timber were dispensed with, the concrete flat roofing around the domes is covered with asphalt. The sanctuary is essentially Byzantine in its system of construction, the extensions that open out on all sides make the corona of the dome seem independent of support. The eastern termination of the cathedral suggests the Romanesque, or Lombardic style of Northern Italy, the large buttresses resist the pressure of a vault 14. 5-metre in span. Although the cruciform plan is not very noticeable inside the building and these with their twin gables, slated roofs, and square turrets with pyramidal stone cappings suggest a Norman prototype in striking contrast to the rest of the design. The main structural parts of the building are of brick and concrete, following Byzantine tradition, the interior was designed with a view to the application of marble and mosaic. Throughout the exterior, the introduction of white stone bands in connection with the red brickwork produces an impression quite foreign to the British eye
33.
Buckingham Palace
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Buckingham Palace is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and it has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a residence for Queen Charlotte. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. The palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb during World War II, the original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream, many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London, the state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September and on some days in winter and spring. In the Middle Ages, the site of the palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury. The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which flows below the courtyard. Where the river was fordable, the village of Eye Cross grew, ownership of the site changed hands many times, owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey, in 1531, King Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey. These transfers brought the site of Buckingham Palace back into royal hands for the first time since William the Conqueror had given it away almost 500 years earlier, various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long fallen into decay. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold, clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana refers to new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. Jamess, this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies, possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blakes house and he did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the document failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London and it was this critical omission that helped the British royal family regain the freehold under King George III. The improvident Goring defaulted on his rents, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington obtained the mansion and was occupying it, now known as Goring House, Arlington House rose on the site—the location of the southern wing of todays palace—the next year
34.
Bingo (United Kingdom)
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Bingo is a game of probability in which players mark off numbers on cards as the numbers are drawn randomly by a caller, the winner being the first person to mark off all their numbers. Bingo became increasingly popular across the UK with more purpose-built bingo halls opened every year until 2005. Since 2005, Bingo Halls have seen a decline in revenues. The number of clubs in Britain has dropped from nearly 600 in 2005 to under 400 as of January,2014. These closures are blamed on high taxes, the ban. The game is thought to have begun in Italy in the 16th century, specifically, around 1530 Bingo is believed to have migrated to France, Great Britain, players mark off numbers on a ticket as they are randomly called out, in order to achieve a winning combination. Bingo originates from the Italian lottery, Il Gioco del Lotto dItalia, from Italy, the game spread to France and was known as Le Lotto, played by the French aristocracy. Tombola was used in nineteenth-century Germany as an tool to teach children multiplication tables, spelling. The patent for a modern Bingo card design went to Erwin S. Lowe in 1942, Bingo played in the UK is not to be confused with bingo played in the US, as the tickets and the calling are slightly different. A typical bingo ticket is shown to the right and it contains 27 spaces, arranged in nine columns by three rows. Each row contains five numbers and four blank spaces, tickets are created as strips of 6, because this allows every number from 1 to 90 to appear across all 6 tickets. If they buy a strip of six it means that players are guaranteed to mark off a number every time a number is called. The game is presided over by a caller, whose job it is to out the numbers. They will announce the prize or prizes for each game before starting, the caller will then usually say Eyes down to indicate that he is about to start. They then begin to call numbers as they are selected, either by an electronic random number generator. Calling may take the format of simple repetition in the framework, Both the fives, fifty five, or Two, in some independent clubs, numbers ending in a zero are described as blind. The different winning combinations are, Four corners - the leftmost and rightmost numbers on the top, Line – covering a horizontal line of five numbers on the ticket. Two Lines – covering any two lines on the same ticket
35.
Lindsay Kemp
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Lindsay Kemp is an English dancer, actor, teacher, mime artist and choreographer. Kemps father, a seaman, was lost at sea in 1940, according to Kemp, he danced from early childhood, Id dance on the kitchen table to entertain the neighbours. I mean, it was a novelty in South Shields to see a boy in full make-up dancing on pointe. Finally it got a bit too much for my mother, and she decided to send me to boarding school at the age of eight, kemps mother moved away from South Shields, and Kemp attended Bearwood College, near Wokingham, a school for the sons of merchant seaman. He and his mother moved to Bradford, Yorkshire where Kemp attended Bradford Art College before studying dance with Hilde Holger. He played the Player Queen in the BBCs Shakespeare Quatercentenary production of Hamlet filmed at Elsinore castle in 1963, Kemp formed his own dance company in the early sixties and first attracted attention with an appearance at the Edinburgh Festival in 1968. During the early 1970s, Kemp was a popular and inspirational teacher of dance, david Bowie, Kate Bush were students of Kemp. In 1979 Kemp left England for Spain and then Italy and by 2002 had homes in Rome and Todi. In the field of opera he has produced works in Italy, Il Barbiere di Siviglia in Macerata in July 1995, Iris in Livorno in November 1998. He returned to Livorno in November 2016 with a new production Die Zauberflöte in which he designed the sets and costumes. The Wicker Man, as Alder MacGregor, a Midsummer Nights Dream for TV, as Puck. The Line, the Cross & the Curve, as Guide, guest appearances in Spanish TV show La Mandrágora in 2005 and 2006. Lindsay Kemp at the Internet Movie Database Lindsay Kemp at the Internet Broadway Database Review 2007 Informational site run by Yukihiko Yoshida, with a list of works
36.
Siouxsie Sioux
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Susan Janet Ballion, better known by her stage name Siouxsie Sioux, is an English singer, songwriter, musician and producer. She is best known as the singer of the alternative rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees. Siouxsie and the Banshees released 11 studio albums and several UK Top 20 singles including Hong Kong Garden, Happy House, with the Creatures, Siouxsie recorded four studio albums and the hit single Right Now. She has also sung with such as Morrissey and John Cale. After disbanding the Creatures in the mid-2000s, she has continued as a solo artist, allMusic named Siouxsie as one of the most influential British singers of the rock era. Her songs have been covered by Jeff Buckley, Tricky and LCD Soundsystem and her records have also been praised by artists such as PJ Harvey and TV on the Radio. In 2011, she was awarded for Outstanding Contribution to Music at the Q Awards and in 2012, at the Ivor Novello Awards, Siouxsie was born Susan Janet Ballion on 27 May 1957 at Guys Hospital in Southwark, England. She is 10 years younger than her two siblings and her brother and sister were born while the family was based in the Belgian Congo. Her parents met in that colony and stayed working there for a few years and her mother, Betty, was of half Scottish and half English descent, and was a bilingual secretary who spoke French. Her father was a bacteriologist who milked venom from snakes, and was a Walloon from the French-speaking part of Belgium, in the mid-1950s, before Siouxsies birth, the family moved to England. The Ballions lived in a district in Chislehurst. Her friends invited her home, but she could not reciprocate as her father drank at home and she was aware that her family was different. The Ballions were not involved in the community and lived in a house that was different from the neighbours, elsewhere, life in all its normality was being paraded. She later said, The suburbs inspired intense hatred, at the age of 9, Susan and a friend were seriously sexually assaulted. The most damaging aspect was that the assault was ignored by her parents, the episode became an unspoken item. From that moment, she started to disrespect for adulthood. Years later, she stated, I grew up having no faith in adults as responsible people, and being the youngest in the family I was isolated – I had no-one to confide in. So I invented my own world, my own reality and it was my own way of defending myself – protecting myself from the outside world
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