1.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
3.
Brad Sherman
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Bradley James Brad Sherman is an American politician. He has been a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives since 1997 and he currently represents Californias 30th congressional district within the San Fernando Valley, in Los Angeles County, California. Sherman previously represented the 24th and 27th congressional districts in Los Angeles County and he currently resides in Sherman Oaks. Sherman was born in Monterey Park, the son of Lane and his parents were both of Russian Jewish descent. He attended Mark Keppel High School and Corona del Mar High School and he received a B. A. in political science from University of California, Los Angeles in 1974 and a J. D. magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School. He is also a tax law specialist and Certified Public Accountant, before joining Congress, Sherman was on staff at one of the nations’ big-four CPA firms. Sherman was also an instructor at Harvard Law School’s International Tax Program, Sherman’s public service career includes serving on the California State Board of Equalization from 1991 to 1996. He was Chairman of the Board from 1991 to 1995 and it was reported that the campaign for the Board of Equalization involved numerous attacks. Claude Parrish, Shermans opponent, said that an attorney general candidate declined to endorse Sherman due to a post on the elected tax appeals board. Sherman replied, calling it one of the most outrageous hit pieces in contemporary California political history, Beilenson of Californias 24th congressional district barely survived the Republican Revolution, winning re-election by just a two-point margin, by far the worst election performance of his career. In 1996, Beilenson decided to retire, Sherman decided to run and won the 7-candidate Democratic primary with 54% of the vote. In the general election, he defeated Republican nominee Rich Sybert 49%–44%, in 1998, he won re-election with 57% of the vote. After that, he has won every two years with at least 62%. 2012 Redistricting following the 2010 census left Sherman and fellow Democratic U. S, Congressman Howard Berman in the same district. On June 5,2012 Brad Sherman faced Howard Berman in the primary for California’s new 30th Congressional district, Sherman received more votes than Berman by a margin of 42% to 32%. Neither candidate received an endorsement from the state Democratic party. He was endorsed by over 20 congressmen, including party leaders Steny Hoyer and Xavier Becerra. In addition, he was endorsed by sitting Governor Jerry Brown, sitting Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and he was also endorsed by two Republican U. S. Senators, John McCain, Lindsey Graham
4.
California's 32nd congressional district
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Californias 32nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of California based in Los Angeles County. The district includes El Monte, Monterey Park, West Covina, the district is currently represented by Democrat Grace Napolitano. As of April 2015, there are three members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Californias 32nd congressional district that are currently living. List of United States congressional districts GovTrack. us, Californias 32nd congressional district RAND California Election Returns, District Definitions California Voter Foundation map - CD32
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Hilda Solis
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Hilda Lucia Solis is an American politician and a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for the 1st district. Solis previously served as the 25th United States Secretary of Labor from 2009 to 2013, Solis was raised in La Puente, California, by immigrant parents from Nicaragua and Mexico. She earned degrees from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, returning to her native state, she was elected to the Rio Hondo Community College Board of Trustees in 1985, the California State Assembly in 1992, and the California State Senate in 1994. She was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the State Senate, Solis sought to pass environmental justice legislation. She was the first female recipient of the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2000. Solis defeated a long-time Democratic incumbent as part of getting elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 2000 and she was reelected easily to four subsequent terms. In December 2008, President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Solis as the next U. S. Secretary of Labor. She took office after being confirmed by the United States Senate in February 2009, there she focused on workplace safety issues and on strengthening compliance with wage and hour laws. In January 2013, Solis stepped down from her post as Labor Secretary, returning to the area of her upbringing, in April 2014, Solis formally announced a campaign for a seat on the non-partisan Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. Solis won the seat outright in a June 3 election and was sworn in on December 1, Solis was born in Los Angeles, California, as the daughter of immigrant parents who had met in citizenship class and married in 1953, Juana Sequeira and Raul Solis. Her father was a Teamsters shop steward in Mexico and, after coming to the United States, there he again organized for the Teamsters, to gain better health care benefits for workers, but also contracted lead poisoning. Her mother worked for over 20 years on the line of Mattel once her children were all of school age, belonged to the United Rubber Workers. She stressed the importance of education and was a devout Roman Catholic, hilda Solis is the third oldest of seven siblings and grew up in a tract home in La Puente, California. She had to raise her youngest siblings, and later said of her childhood. We had to very quickly. Maybe she should follow the career of her sister and become a secretary. ”However, another counselor did encourage her to attend college. She took her sisters to the library to get them to follow her lead. She graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science and she then earned a Master of Public Administration degree at the University of Southern California in 1981
6.
Grace Napolitano
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Graciela Flores Grace Napolitano /nəˌpɒlᵻˈtɑːnoʊ/ is the U. S. Representative for Californias 32nd congressional district, serving in Congress since 1999 and she is a member of the Democratic Party. She previously served in the California State Assembly and the Norwalk City Council, Napolitano previously represented the 34th district from 1999 to 2003, and the 38th district from 2003 to 2013. Due to redistricting, Napolitano ran for, and won re-election in the 2012 United States elections in Californias 32nd congressional district against Republican candidate David Miller, in the 2014 midterm elections, Napolitano was reelected, defeating Republican challenger Arturo Alas. Napolitano was born and raised in Brownsville, Texas, after high school, she married and moved with her husband to California, where they raised five children. Napolitano began her career as a member of the Norwalk City Council. Four years later she won re-election by the highest margin of votes recorded in city history, in 1989, Napolitano was elevated by her council colleagues to serve as Mayor. Napolitano made her way up through the ranks of Ford Motor Company for 21 years, following her retirement in 1992, she was elected to the California Assembly, and became a leader on international trade, environmental protection, transportation and immigration. In her six years in the Assembly, she served as chair of the Womens Caucus. She has promoted conservation, water recycling, desalination, and sound management and storage to address Southern Californias need for adequate water quality. She is also a member of the Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus. S, army Corps of Engineers support of the nations water resources, and the federal clean water program. Napolitanos experience includes 6 years on the California State Assembly Transportation Committee and she co-chairs the Congressional Mental Health Caucus with Rep. Tim Murphy. The bipartisan caucus included more than 70 members during the 108th Congress, as co-chair, Napolitano has hosted congressional briefings on children and on veterans mental health needs, working on proposals to improve VA mental health services. A key priority is legislation to provide mental health parity in health insurance and she claims responsibility for a $2. These programs support research and development, helping expand the reach of local academic institutions, in 2001, she claimed responsibility for getting funds included in the Labor-HHS-Education appropriations bill for a pilot project supporting school-based, mental health services in her district. To date, $1.6 million has been secured for this program now operating in 4 local schools, Napolitano established a district Health Task Force composed of health providers, educators and experts throughout the local area. The Congresswoman has initiated a Manufacturing Task Force in her district, composed of various small, the task force meets as needed to examine key issues and work on strategies that will foster more manufacturing jobs and create a positive climate for manufacturing retention and growth. Prominent among these events are the annual Congressional Art Competition and Women of the Year recognition ceremonies, both sources also reported the rate dropping to ten percent in 2006, and cited FEC filings as of December 31,2009 indicating that $221,780 in interest had been paid
7.
State Board of Equalization (California)
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The State Board of Equalization is a public agency charged with tax administration and fee collection in the state of California in the United States. The authorities of the Board fall into four areas, sales and use taxes, property taxes, special taxes. The BOE is the publicly elected tax commission in the United States. The current board members are, The terms of all five members, including the State Controller, as of 2008, the agency employed approximately 3,950 people throughout the state. The State Board of Equalization was created in 1879 by ratification of the second California Constitution and its original mandate was to ensure that property tax assessments were uniform and equal across all counties in the state. Of course, assessors were tempted to boost their popularity with county voters by undervaluing voters property, for the purposes of tax administration, the BOE divides the state into four Equalization districts, each with its own elected board member. Following the 2011 redistricting, the new districts have been in effect since January 1,2015, before 2015, most of this area was the second district. Before 2015, most of area was the first district. The fourth Equalization District is made up of the counties, Imperial, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, a portion of Los Angeles
8.
John Chiang (California politician)
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John Chiang is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who has served as the California State Treasurer since January 5,2015. He previously served as California State Controller from 2007 to 2015, on May 17,2016, Chiang announced his campaign for Governor of California in the 2018 race. Chiang is the son of immigrants from Taiwan, Chiangs mother, Shen Yin-hsiang, was a Tainan native, who studied abroad in Japan before immigrating to the United States to pursue further studies. Chiangs parents met at the University of Notre Dame, and soon married, Chiang was born in New York City and grew up in Chicago. Chiang attended Carl Sandburg High School where he served as student body vice-president alongside student body president Dave Jones and he graduated with honors with a degree in finance from the University of South Florida and has a law degree from Georgetown University Law Center. Chiangs decision to pursue law was influenced by his grandfather, Shen Rong. He moved to Los Angeles in 1987 where he got involved with the Democratic Party of the San Fernando Valley, Chiang began his career as a tax law specialist for the IRS. He worked as an attorney for then-California State Controller Gray Davis and he was appointed to the California Board of Equalization in 1997 after incumbent Brad Sherman resigned after being elected to the U. S. House of Representatives. Chiang was then elected to the office in 1998 and elected to a second term in 2002. He was Chair and represented the Fourth District, primarily serving southern Los Angeles County, Chiang ran for California State Controller in 2006. He won the Democratic primary with 53%, defeating State Senator Joe Dunn, in the general election, he defeated Republican State Assemblyman Tony Strickland by over 870,000 votes. Chiang was inaugurated on January 8,2007, Chiangs actions were praised as having gotten a needed discussion reignited. In June 2007, a U. S. District Judge banned the State Controllers office from seizing unclaimed property because the State was not giving fair notice to the owner and public. By October 2007, the U. S. District Judge found that Chiangs measures satisfie constitutional due process, Chiang claimed that he had both constitutional and statutory authority to continue payments and that Schwarzenegger was trying to make Chiang do something thats improper and illegal. He received support from the Democratic leadership in the state Senate, when Schwarzenegger issued a formal executive order, Chiang sent a formal letter to Schwarzenegger reiterating his position. At a rally of workers in Los Angeles, Chiang called them innocent victims of a political struggle. Chiang ran for a term in 2010. He was unopposed in the Democratic primary and faced a rematch with Strickland in the general election, Chiang defeated him again, by over 1.83 million votes
9.
Jerome Horton
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Jerome Edgar Horton is the member for the 4th District of the California Board of Equalization and is also a former Chair. He is a former California State Assemblyman for the 51st District who served from 2000 until 2006, Horton was confirmed by both houses of the Legislature and sworn into office on October 5,2009, at which point he was immediately elected the Boards Vice Chair. On November 2,2010, he was elected to his own four-year term, Horton served as Chair of the Board from 2011 to 2016. Horton worked for the California Board of Equalization for over 20 years
10.
California State Assembly
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The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. It consists of 80 members, with each member representing at least 465,000 people, members of the assembly are generally referred to using the titles assemblyman, assemblywoman, or assemblymember. The State Assembly convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento, in the current session, the Democrats control 55 seats, forming a supermajority of the chamber. The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full assembly, other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon, the majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon, while the minority leader is Republican Chad Mayes. The chambers green tones are based on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and a Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber. According to Article 4, Section 2 of the California Constitution, the Chief Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature. The Sergeant-at-Arms protects the members of the California State Assembly and this position has existed since December 15,1849, when Samuel N. Houston became the Assemblys first Sergeant-at-Arms. The Chief Clerk, the acting Chief Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplains are not members of the Legislature
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California's 49th State Assembly district
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Californias 49th State Assembly district is one of 80 California State Assembly districts. It is currently represented by Democrat Ed Chau of Monterey Park, the district encompasses the western San Gabriel Valley, with its western side abutting Los Angeles. The district is the first Asian American-majority state legislative district outside of Hawaii, California State Assembly California State Assembly districts Districts in California District map from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission
12.
Gloria Romero (California politician)
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Gloria J. Romero is active in education reform in California, a former California State Senator and the Democratic majority leader of the California State Senate from 2001 until 2008. She was the first woman to hold that leadership position. Romero grew up in Barstow, one of six children and her father worked in the railroad yards and her mother, who left school after sixth grade, stayed home and raised the kids. She taught as a professor at universities and served as a trustee. She was elected to the California State Assembly in 1998 and to the Senate in 2001, in 2008, Romero stepped down as Majority Leader and became chairman of the Education Committee. In that position she authored and guided to passage a fiercely contested ‘parent trigger’ law which allows a majority of parents in a school to vote on a method to restructure the school. As a public university professor in California, she is a member of the California Faculty Association, eventually, Romero finished third, receiving 17. 0% of the vote in a crowded 12-person field. Romero leads the California chapter of Democrats for Education Reform, an interest group funded by Wall Street hedge fund managers who support charter schools. In the 2012 election, she is campaigning for Californias Prop.32 that would bar unions from withholding money from worker paychecks to finance political activities, Democrats for Education Reform Official web site. Ballotpedia web site - Gloria Romero
13.
Mike Eng
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Mike Eng is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. He previously served in the California State Assembly and the Monterey Park City Council, Eng has a bachelors degree and masters degree from the University of Hawaii and a J. D. from the University of California, Los Angeles. He is the founder and senior partner of the law firm Eng & Nishimura, practicing immigration, chu is the first Chinese American woman ever elected to the U. S. Congress. Project Vote Smart - Mr. Eng - Biography Eng & Nishimura Law Firm
14.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
15.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
16.
University of California, Los Angeles
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The University of California, Los Angeles is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, California, United States. It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 and it offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. UCLA enrolls about 31,000 undergraduate and 13,000 graduate students, and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016, including transfer applicants, the university is organized into six undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. Fourteen Nobel laureates, three Fields Medalists, two Chief Scientists of the U. S. Air Force and three Turing Award winners have been faculty, researchers, or alumni, the university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015–2016 ranked UCLA 16th in the world for academics, in 2015-2016, UCLA ranked 12th in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities and 31st in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference, the Bruins won 126 national championships, including 113 NCAA team championships, more than any other university. UCLA student-athletes, coaches and staff won 251 Olympic medals,126 gold,65 silver and 60 bronze, UCLA student-athletes competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception, and won a gold medal in every Olympics that the United States participated in since 1932. The State Normal School at Los Angeles opened on August 29,1882, the facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their technique with children. That elementary school is related to the present day version, UCLA Lab School, in 1887, the school became known as the Los Angeles State Normal School. In 1914, the moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue in East Hollywood. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, the same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the College of Letters and Science. After the athletic teams entered the Pacific Coast conference in 1926, the Southern Branch student council adopted the nickname Bruins, in 1927, the Regents renamed the Southern Branch the University of California at Los Angeles. In the same year, the state broke ground in Westwood on land sold for $1 million, less than one-third its value, by real estate developers Edwin and Harold Janss, the campus in Westwood opened to students in 1929. The original four buildings were the College Library, Royce Hall, the Physics-Biology Building, the first undergraduate classes on the new campus were held in 1929 with 5,500 students. A timeline of the history can be found on its website, during its first 32 years, UCLA was treated as an off-site department of UC. As such, its presiding officer was called a provost, in 1951, UCLA was formally elevated to co-equal status with UC Berkeley, and its presiding officer Raymond B. Allen was the first chief executive to be granted the title of chancellor. The appointment of Franklin David Murphy to the position of Chancellor in 1960 helped spark an era of growth of facilities. By the end of the decade, UCLA had achieved distinction in a range of subjects
17.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
18.
Alliant International University
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Alliant International University is a private, benefit corporation higher education institution based in San Diego, California. The university is known as Alliant. Its enrollment is approximately 4,000 students, of whom 95% are post-graduate, there was another campus in Europe, but it was sold. This campus was used as a site for films, including Harry Potter. Alliant was formed in 2001 by the combination of two institutions, the California School of Professional Psychology and United States International University. Like the institutions that it descended from, Alliant has its campus in San Diego. USIU is the descendant of the original Balboa School of Law founded by Leland Ghent Stanford as a graduate institution. The name was changed to Balboa University, and then to California Western University in 1952, once again, in 1968, the schools name was changed to United States International University. The law school, however, retained the name of California Western School of Law, in the early 1980s, USIU held a broadcast license to operate KUSI, a startup UHF television station television in San Diego. However, for reasons, USIU decided not to launch the channel. The license was transferred to Texas businessman Mike McKinnon and it began as a station in 1982. KUSI still exists as an independent station, USIU developed a network of campuses throughout the world at locations such as Guam, England, Nairobi, Kenya, and Mexico City. In February 2015, Alliant became a benefit corporation and part of the Arist Education System. The California School of Professional Psychology was founded in 1969 under the auspices of the California Psychological Association, CSPP was the first free-standing school of professional psychology in the nation, and remains the largest non-profit professional psychology school in the nation. CSPP offers programs in psychology, clinical counseling, and marital. The California School of Forensic Studies offers programs in criminology and criminal justice, San Francisco Law School became a constituent school of Alliant International University in 2010. Alliant, including all of its programs, is accredited by the WASC Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities, the universitys education programs are accredited by the California State Board of Education. Credential programs offered by the Alliant School of Education are approved by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, clinical psychology programs are accredited by the American Psychological Association
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Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
20.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
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Simplified Chinese characters
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Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
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Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
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Standard Chinese
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Its pronunciation is based on the Beijing dialect, its vocabulary on the Mandarin dialects, and its grammar is based on written vernacular Chinese. Like other varieties of Chinese, Standard Chinese is a language with topic-prominent organization. It has more initial consonants but fewer vowels, final consonants, Standard Chinese is an analytic language, though with many compound words. There exist two standardised forms of the language, namely Putonghua in Mainland China and Guoyu in Taiwan, aside from a number of differences in pronunciation and vocabulary, Putonghua is written using simplified Chinese characters, while Guoyu is written using traditional Chinese characters. There are many characters that are identical between the two systems, in English, the governments of China and Hong Kong use Putonghua, Putonghua Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, and Mandarin, while those of Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia, use Mandarin. The name Putonghua also has a long, albeit unofficial, history and it was used as early as 1906 in writings by Zhu Wenxiong to differentiate a modern, standard Chinese from classical Chinese and other varieties of Chinese. For some linguists of the early 20th century, the Putonghua, or common tongue/speech, was different from the Guoyu. The former was a prestige variety, while the latter was the legal standard. Based on common understandings of the time, the two were, in fact, different, Guoyu was understood as formal vernacular Chinese, which is close to classical Chinese. By contrast, Putonghua was called the speech of the modern man. The use of the term Putonghua by left-leaning intellectuals such as Qu Qiubai, prior to this, the government used both terms interchangeably. In Taiwan, Guoyu continues to be the term for Standard Chinese. The term Putonghua, on the contrary, implies nothing more than the notion of a lingua franca, Huayu, or language of the Chinese nation, originally simply meant Chinese language, and was used in overseas communities to contrast Chinese with foreign languages. Over time, the desire to standardise the variety of Chinese spoken in these communities led to the adoption of the name Huayu to refer to Mandarin and it also incorporates the notion that Mandarin is usually not the national or common language of the areas in which overseas Chinese live. The term Mandarin is a translation of Guānhuà, which referred to the lingua franca of the late Chinese empire, in English, Mandarin may refer to the standard language, the dialect group as a whole, or to historic forms such as the late Imperial lingua franca. The name Modern Standard Mandarin is sometimes used by linguists who wish to distinguish the current state of the language from other northern. Chinese has long had considerable variation, hence prestige dialects have always existed. Confucius, for example, used yǎyán rather than colloquial regional dialects, rime books, which were written since the Northern and Southern dynasties, may also have reflected one or more systems of standard pronunciation during those times
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Cantonese
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Cantonese, or Standard Cantonese, is a variety of Chinese spoken in the city of Guangzhou in southeastern China. It is the prestige variety of Yue, one of the major subdivisions of Chinese. In mainland China, it is the lingua franca of the province of Guangdong and some neighbouring areas such as Guangxi. In Hong Kong and Macau, Cantonese serves as one of their official languages and it is also spoken amongst overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and throughout the Western World. When Cantonese and the closely related Yuehai dialects are classified together, Cantonese is viewed as vital part of the cultural identity for its native speakers across large swathes of southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. Although Cantonese shares some vocabulary with Mandarin, the two varieties are mutually unintelligible because of differences in pronunciation, grammar and lexicon, sentence structure, in particular the placement of verbs, sometimes differs between the two varieties. This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may look similar, in English, the term Cantonese is ambiguous. Cantonese proper is the variety native to the city of Canton and this narrow sense may be specified as Canton language or Guangzhou language in English. However, Cantonese may also refer to the branch of Cantonese that contains Cantonese proper as well as Taishanese and Gaoyang. In this article, Cantonese is used for Cantonese proper, historically, speakers called this variety Canton speech or Guangzhou speech, although this term is now seldom used outside mainland China. In Guangdong province, people call it provincial capital speech or plain speech. In Hong Kong and Macau, as well as among overseas Chinese communities, in mainland China, the term Guangdong speech is also increasingly being used among both native and non-native speakers. Due to its status as a prestige dialect among all the dialects of the Cantonese or Yue branch of Chinese varieties, the official languages of Hong Kong are Chinese and English, as defined in the Hong Kong Basic Law. The Chinese language has different varieties, of which Cantonese is one. Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the de facto official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the Hong Kong Government and all courts and it is also used as the medium of instruction in schools, alongside English. A similar situation exists in neighboring Macau, where Chinese is an official language along with Portuguese. As in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken variety of Chinese used in life and is thus the official form of Chinese used in the government. The variant spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is known as Hong Kong Cantonese, Cantonese first developed around the port city of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta region of southeastern China
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Jyutping
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Jyutping is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong, an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanisation Scheme, the LSHK promotes the use of this romanisation system. The name Jyutping is a contraction consisting of the first Chinese characters of the terms Jyut6jyu5, only the finals m and ng can be used as standalone nasal syllables. ^ ^ ^ Referring to the pronunciation of these words. There are nine tones in six distinct tone contours in Cantonese, however, as three of the nine are entering tones, which only appear in syllables ending with p, t, and k, they do not have separate tone numbers in Jyutping. Jyutping and the Yale Romanisation of Cantonese represent Cantonese pronunciations with the letters in, The initials, b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw. The vowel, aa, a, e, i, o, u, the coda, i, u, m, n, ng, p, t, k. But they differ in the following, The vowels eo and oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ respectively in Jyutping, the initial j represents /j/ in Jyutping whereas y is used instead in Yale. The initial z represents /ts/ in Jyutping whereas j is used instead in Yale, the initial c represents /tsʰ/ in Jyutping whereas ch is used instead in Yale. In Jyutping, if no consonant precedes the vowel yu, then the initial j is appended before the vowel, in Yale, the corresponding initial y is never appended before yu under any circumstances. Jyutping defines three finals not in Yale, eu /ɛːu/, em /ɛːm/, and ep /ɛːp/ and these three finals are used in colloquial Cantonese words, such as deu6, lem2, and gep6. To represent tones, only tone numbers are used in Jyutping whereas Yale traditionally uses tone marks together with the letter h. Jyutping and Cantonese Pinyin represent Cantonese pronunciations with the letters in, The initials, b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw. The vowel, aa, a, e, i, o, u, the coda, i, u, m, n, ng, p, t, k. But they have differences, The vowel oe represents both /ɵ/ and /œː/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas eo and oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ respectively in Jyutping. The vowel y represents /y/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas both yu and i are used in Jyutping, the initial dz represents /ts/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas z is used instead in Jyutping. The initial ts represents /tsʰ/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas c is used instead in Jyutping. To represent tones, the numbers 1 to 9 are usually used in Cantonese Pinyin, however, only the numbers 1 to 6 are used in Jyutping
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Chinese Americans
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Chinese Americans, also known as the American Chinese, are Americans who have full or partial Han Chinese ancestry. Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, the Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside of Asia. It is also the third largest in the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, the Chinese American community comprises the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, comprising 25. 9% of the Asian American population as of 2010. Americans of Chinese descent, including those with partial Chinese ancestry constitute 1. 2% of the total U. S. population as of 2010, according to the 2010 census, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million. In 2010, half of Chinese-born people living in the United States resided in the states of California, the first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820, according to U. S. government records. 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1849 California Gold Rush, There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. They formed over a tenth of Californias population, nearly all of the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from six districts in Guangdong Province. In the 1850s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the mines, but also to take agricultural jobs. As the numbers of Chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-Chinese attitude among other workers in the American economy, the Chinese laborers worked out well and thousands more were recruited until the railroads completion in 1869. Chinese labor provided the workforce needed to build the majority of the Central Pacifics difficult route through the Sierra Nevada mountains. American objections to Chinese immigration took many forms, and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions, Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there. At the same time, they also had to repay loans to the Chinese merchants who paid their passage to America and these financial pressures left them little choice but to work for whatever wages they could. Non-Chinese laborers often required much higher wages to support their wives and children in the United States, therefore, many of the non-Chinese workers in the United States came to resent the Chinese laborers, who might squeeze them out of their jobs. Some advocates of anti-Chinese legislation therefore argued that admitting Chinese into the United States lowered the cultural and moral standards of American society, others used a more overtly racist argument for limiting immigration from East Asia, and expressed concern about the integrity of American racial composition. Because anti-Chinese discrimination and efforts to stop Chinese immigration violated the 1868 Burlingame-Seward Treaty with China, the Chinese population rose from 2,716 in 1851 to 63,000 by 1871. In the decade 1861-70,64,301 were recorded as arriving, 77% were located in California, with the rest scattered across the West, the South, and New England. Most came from Southern China looking for a life, escaping a high rate of poverty left after the Taiping Rebellion. In 1879, advocates of immigration restriction succeeded in introducing and passing legislation in Congress to limit the number of Chinese arriving to fifteen per ship or vessel, republican President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed the bill because it violated U. S. treaty agreements with China
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Monterey Park, California
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Monterey Park is a hillside suburban city in Los Angeles County, California, United States,7 miles east of Downtown Los Angeles. The citys motto is Pride in the past, Faith in the future, according to the 2010 Census, the city had a total population of 60,269. For at least seven years the land was populated by the Tongva Native Americans. The Tongva lived in dome like structures with thatched exteriors, a smoke hole for ventilation. Both sexes wore long hair styles and tattooed their bodies, during warm weather the men wore little clothes but the women would wear minimal skirts made of animal hides. During the cold weather they would wear animal skin capes and occasionally wore sandals made from hide of yucca fiber, with the arrival of the Spaniards, Old World diseases killed off many of the Tongva, and by 1870 very few Native-Americans had survived. In the early 19th century the area was part of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel mission system and later, the Rancho San Antonio. It was at time, Richard Garvey, a mail rider for the U. S. Army whose route took him through Monterey Pass. Garvey began developing the land by bringing in spring water from near the Hondo River, to pay for his development and past debts, Garvey began selling portions of his property. In 1906, the first subdivision in the area, Ramona Acres, was developed north of Garvey and east of Garfield Avenues. In 1916, the new residents of the area initiated action to become a city when the cities of Pasadena, South Pasadena, the community voted itself into cityhood on May 29,1916, by a vote of 455 to 33. The Citys new Board of Directors immediately outlawed sewage plants within city boundaries, the name was taken from an old government map showing the oak-covered hills of the area as Monterey Hills. In 1920, an area on the south edge of the city broke away. By 1920, the white and Spanish-surname settlers were joined by Asian residents who began farming potatoes and flowers and they improved the Monterey Pass Trail with a road to aid in shipping their produce to Los Angeles. The nameless pass, which had been a location for western movies, was called Coyote Pass by Pioneer Masami Abe. In 1926, near the corner of Atlantic and Garvey Avenue, in an effort to maintain quality and freshness, Lauras team would iron sheets of wax paper together to form a bag. They would fill these bags with potato chips, iron the top closed, real estate became a thriving industry during the late 1920s with investors attracted to the many subdivisions under development and increasing commercial opportunities. One such development was the Midwick View Estates by Peter N. Snyder, known as the Father of the East Side, Mr. Snyder was a key player in the vast undertaking in the 1920s of developing the East Side as part of the industrial base of Los Angeles
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United States Secretary of Labor
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Formerly, there was a U. S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor, who led this department along with the U. S. Department of Commerce as one department. Since the two split in 1913, the Department of Commerce is now headed by a separate U. S. Secretary of Commerce. The most recent Secretary of Labor to die was William Usery Jr. on December 10,2016, United States Deputy Secretary of Labor List of living former members of the United States Cabinet Hall of the Secretaries of Labor, Portraits and Biographies
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Xinhui District
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Xinhui, formerly romanized as Sunwui and also known as Kuixiang, is an urban district of Jiangmen in Guangdong, China. It grew from a city founded at the confluence of the Tan. It has a population of about 735,500, 98% of whom are Han Chinese, Xinhui is best known in China for its chenpi, a kind of dried orange peel. Xinhui is situated at the confluence of the Tan and West Rivers in the area of the Pearl River Delta. It borders the South China Sea and adjoins Macao and Hong Kong and it comprises a total area of 1,387.02 square meters. Geologists have shown that Xinhui originated as a bay at the mouth of the Pearl River about 5000 years ago. The movement of the Tan and West Rivers eventually formed a delta that became the present alluvial plain over the course of the last nine hundred years, most of the present area of the Xinhui district formed during the historical period from silt deposited by the Tan and West Rivers. Some Neolithic artifacts, however, have found in the districts territory over the last ten years, including shell mounds. The former Gugang Prefecture was located in the area, Xinhui County administered the area of Jiangmen Town before being placed under Jiangmens administration. It was later promoted to an urban district, Xinhui District now forms a part of downtown Jiangmen. It comprises 10 towns,239 village commissions,25 community residents committees, Xinhui people are part of the greater Siyi people, in the Greater Siyi Region. Over the last two centuries, more than 600,000 people from Xinhui have migrated overseas, making it one of the largest representative Chinese districts of overseas Chinese, the paper company Vinda International has its headquarters in the Donghou Industrial Development Zone in Huicheng Town in the district. Xinhui food exports include rice and fruits, especially oranges, dried orange peel produced in Xinhui is also used in traditional Chinese cooking. Dried orange peel produced in Xinhui is world-renowned and it has been used for hundreds years in Chinese cooking and traditional Chinese cooking, adding a pleasant aroma and flavor to food. Yinzhou Lake, or Yamen Channel, has an area of 65 km², the average 8–13 m deep river channel and the gentle water current can accommodate vessels up to 10,000 tonnes deadweight, and is an advantage for port development and in-river transport. The Yinzhou Lake Economic Area, which is the key development area, is one of the four main areas in Jiangmen city. The Tianma port, which is located in Yinzhou Lake inside Yamenkou, is in a location and is in excellent natural condition for port development in the western Pearl River Delta. Tianma port has designated as a hub port, similar to the status of Nansha in Shunde, by the governments of Guangdong, Jiangmen
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Jiangmen
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Jiangmen, formerly romanized as Kongmoon, is a prefecture-level city in Guangdong Province in southern China. Its 3 urban districts are now part of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen conurbation, Jiangmen is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese name 江門 or 江门, based on its pronunciation in the Mandarin dialect. Its former Wade-Giles spelling was Chiang-men, the Postal Map spelling Kongmoon was based upon the same names Cantonese pronunciation Gong¹-mun⁴. Other forms of the name include Kong Moon, Kongmun, the name is often the butt of local jokes, since both Jiangmen and 肛門 or 肛门 are pronounced identically in Cantonese. This has led to proposals to change the name of the city, such as a 2009 campaign to rename it Qiáodū, Capital of the Overseas Chinese, Jiangmen is also known as Pengjiang. Its hinterland is known to the Chinese diaspora as the Four Counties, historically, Jiangmen Town was a community under the administration of nearby Xinhui County. Jiangmen, however, was forced to open to trade in 1902. A legacy of this period is a waterfront district lined with western-style buildings. The city has an ongoing project which is restoring many of these buildings. Jiangmen was proclaimed a city in 1951 and later became the seat for the Four County region including Taishan, Kaiping, Xinhui. In 2011, the city banned pet dogs in public after rabies killed 42 people over the preceding 3 years, the city is located on the lower reaches of the Xijiang or West River, in the west of the Pearl River Delta in the middle of southern Guangdong Province. It faces the South China Sea in the south and is 100 kilometres away from Guangzhou, Jiangmen city has an area of 9,260 square kilometres, about one quarter the size of the Pearl River Delta. The climate is subtropical with monsoonal influences, the annual average temperature is 21.8 °C. Jiangmen was selected by the Chinese state as a city for a nationwide information programme. It was also chosen by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council as a city for the Regional Integration for Sustainable Economics project. According to the Report on Investment Environment in China 2003 by the World Bank, Jiangmen ranked the fourth after Shanghai, Hangzhou, the economic development strategies within Jiangmen focus on the three urban districts, and the south, middle and north lines. It is planned to develop four main areas, the central urban district of the city, the Yinzhou Lake economic area. Similar to other cities in the western Pearl River Delta, the sector plays a significant role in Jiangmens economy
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Guangdong
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Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the Peoples Republic of China. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are among the most populous, the population increase since the census has been modest, the province at 2014 end had 107,240,000 people. Since 1989, Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second. According to state statistics, Guangdongs GDP in 2014 reached RMB6,779 billion, or US$1.104 trillion, since 2011, Guangdong has the highest GDP among all provinces of Mainland China. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRCs national economic output, Guangdong also hosts the largest import and export fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdongs capital city Guangzhou. Guǎng means expanse or vast, and has associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD226. Guangdong and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean expanse east and expanse west, together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called Loeng gwong. During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Dōnglù and Guǎngnán Xīlù, one should note that Canton, though etymologically derived from Cantão, refers only to the provincial capital instead of the whole province, as documented by authoritative English dictionaries. The local people of the city of Guangzhou and their language are commonly referred to as Cantonese in English. Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese sensu lato can also be used for the phylogenetically related residents, Chinese administration and reliable historical records in the region began with the Qin dynasty. After establishing the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin expanded southwards and set up Nanhai Commandery at Panyu, the region was independent as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. Under the Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms period, Guangdong was made its own province, for example, internal strife in northern China following the rebellion of An Lushan resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between 740s–750s and 800s–810s. As more migrants arrived, the population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture or displaced. Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhous foreign quarter, together with Guangxi, Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit, or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the Tang dynasty. The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed Guangnan East Circuit guǎng nán dōng lù in 971 during the Song dynasty, Guangnan East is the source of Guangdong. As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Battle of Yamen 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Mongol Yuan dynasty, large parts of current Guangdong belonged to Jiangxi and its present name, Guangdong Province was given in early Ming dynasty. Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive links with the rest of the world
32.
Normandie Avenue
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Normandie Avenue is one of Los Angeles Countys longest north-south streets. With a stretch of about 22.5 miles, it lies between Vermont Avenue and Western Avenue, starting off north of Franklin Avenue, through traffic on Normandie is directed onto Irolo Street between Wilshire Boulevard and just north of Olympic Boulevard. In this section, Normandie exists as a residential street between 7th Street and the intersection of Normandie and Irolo streets, just south of San Marino Street. The avenue merges with Vermont Avenue south of Pacific Coast Highway in Harbor City, the intersection of Florence and Normandie Avenues was famous as the starting point of the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. At Wilshire Boulevard, the Metro Purple Line intersects at the Wilshire/Normandie subway station, gardena High School Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Rosedale Cemetery Sammy Lee Square, at the corner of Olympic Boulevard
33.
San Francisco Bay Area
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The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
34.
Los Angeles Community College District
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Its headquarters are in Downtown Los Angeles. Over the past seventy-seven years LACCD has served as educator to more than three million students, in addition to typical college aged students, the LACCD also serves adults of all ages. Indeed, over half of all LACCD students are older than 25 years of age, LACCD educates almost three times as many Latino students and nearly four times as many African-American students as all of the University of California campuses combined. Eighty percent of LACCD students are from underserved populations, the Los Angeles Community College District is the largest community college district in the United States and is one of the largest in the world. The nine colleges within the district offer educational opportunities to students in Los Angeles and it serves students located in the Alhambra, Beverly Hills, Burbank, Culver City, Garvey, Las Virgenes, Los Angeles, Montebello, Palos Verdes and San Gabriel school districts. The LACCD consists of nine colleges and covers an area of more than 882 square miles. As of May 2016, the members are Scott J. Svonkin, Mike Eng, Mike Fong, Andra Hoffman, Sydney K. Kamlager, Ernest H. Moreno, Board members are elected by voters in the district for terms of four years. Elections are held two years, with three members being chosen at one election and four members at the other. The President and Vice President of the Board of Trustees are elected by the Board for one-year terms at the organizational meeting. A Second Vice president is elected at the discretion of the Board, a student member is elected annually—the term is June 1 through May 31 of each year. The Board generally meets twice a month on Wednesday with the session commencing at 2 p. m. with closed session to follow. On certain occasions, special meetings of the Board are sometimes called to handle business that cannot be handled with completely at regular meetings, the District is modernizing all of its facilities, including all nine of its colleges, through a $6 billion Building Program. The program is funded primarily through bond measures approved by voters in 2001,2003, as of its most recent report, approximately $3.1 billion of the $6 billion has been spent or committed
35.
East Los Angeles College
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East Los Angeles College is a community college of the Los Angeles Community College District in the Los Angeles suburb of Monterey Park. Fourteen communities comprise its primary service area, with an enrollment of 34,697 students, ELAC is the largest campus in the Los Angeles Community College District. It was located in northeastern East Los Angeles before that part of unincorporated East Los Angeles was annexed by Monterey Park in the early 1970s. ELAC is the home to the Vincent and Mary Price Gallery and the Vincent Price Art Museum and they ultimately donated some 2,000 pieces, the collection contains over 9,000 pieces and has been valued in excess of $5 million. All clubs in East Los Angeles College are operated and chartered with the ELAC Associate Student Union, the East Los Angeles College Alumni Association is responsible for continually connecting graduates to the student body and holds annual and bi-annual events to raise money for scholarships. East Los Angeles College Campus News is the newspaper. The paper is managed by the students after they have successfully completed Journalism 101, a print edition comes out every Wednesday during the Spring and Fall semesters. The current adviser is Jean Stapleton, other organizations include East Side Spirit and Pride, the organization that founded the Husky marching band on campus, as well as helping to restore the football program in 1995. In addition ESSP is now the alumni association for the college with Dennis Sanchez as the Chairperson, the new Performing and Fine Arts Complex houses the Vincent Price Art Museum, The Fine and visual Arts Building, and the Performing Arts Building. The Vincent Price Art Museum is three stories high, with the basement including an 8, 000-ft vault for storage, the museums permanent collection includes the art pieces donated from actor Vincent Price. It featured in the Round the Clock, Chinese American Artists Working in Los Angeles exhibit from January 21 to May 25,2012, the exhibit showed paintings by Tyrus Wong. Some of Wongs kites were hung in the lobby, the Fine and Visual Arts Building is the largest of the three structures. It houses the Art, Music, and Dance departments, the Performing Arts Building contains two separate performing theaters. ELACs football field is the site of ceremonies for local high schools such as Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. It has also hosted the East L. A. Classic football game between Garfield against Theodore Roosevelt High School, that draws over 20,000 fans. Fans as well as opponents of Hillary Clinton came together to see Hillary Clinton speak a few weeks before the 2016 California primaries, Clinton talked about her plans to raise family incomes and other topics during a speech in the college gymnasium. It’s not the first time a Clinton has campaigned for president at East L. A. College, in 1992, Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton’s husband, spoke about ways to improve education during a campaign stop at the college according to Campus News. Leroy D. Thorpe, Mayor Pro Tem, City of Antioch, CA Seve Romo, baseball pitcher for the University of Arizona Howard E
36.
Rosemead, California
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Rosemead is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 53,764. Rosemead is part of a cluster of cities, along with Arcadia, Temple City, Monterey Park, San Marino, and San Gabriel, in the west San Gabriel Valley with a growing Asian population. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the area around Rosemead was populated by Native Americans of the Tongva, or as the Spaniards renamed them, the Gabrieleños. In 1771, the Spanish founded the first Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in the area that is now known as Whittier Narrows on the border between Montebello and Rosemead. In 1775, the moved to avoid the spring floods that ruined the first crops. During the Spanish Colonial era, the area that is now the City of Rosemead was part of the land administered by the San Gabriel Mission. The southern part of Rosemead was part of Rancho Potrero Grande which was granted to a Native American man named Manuel Antonio. The 4, 431-acre ranch was transferred to Juan Matias Sánchez. In 1852, John and Harriet Guess moved cross-country in an ox wagon, to the San Gabriel Valley from Conway County. In 1855, the couple camped where present-day Savannah Elementary School is located on Rio Hondo Avenue and they rented the land until 1867, when John Guess purchased 100 acres of a 1, 164-acre ranch and named it Savannah. The land stretched from Valley Boulevard to Marshall Street, and from Rosemead Boulevard to the Eaton Wash, other pioneers, Frank Forst and Leonard John Rose, also settled in this valley. Rose and his wife Amanda bought about 600 acres of land between what is now Rosemead Boulevard and Walnut Grove Avenue, Rose bred and trained horses for a living. He named his ranch Roses Meadow which was shortened to Rosemeade. Rosemeade was once again shortened to Rosemead, the peaceful, pastoral community flourished with small truck farms and rabbit and chicken farms. Settlers moved in and also raised vegetables, fruits, grain and it wasnt until August 4,1959, the citizens elected to incorporate Rosemead into a city. Rosemead Airport is one of the former airports which once were spread all throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Western Air College operated the airport, the airport at this location in Rosemead was apparently built at some point between 1940–42, as it was not depicted on a 1940 LA street map
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California State Senate
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The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature. The legislative body consists of 40 members, with each member representing approximately 931,000 people, due to the states large population and relatively small legislature, the State Senate has the largest population per representative ratio of any state legislative house. Each member roughly represents a population equivalent to the state of Delaware, the State Senate convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento. In the current session, Democrats control 27 seats, comprising a two-thirds supermajority of the chamber, prior to 1968, state senate districts were drawn so that each county had at most one state senator. This led to the situation of a populous county such as Los Angeles County being accorded the same number of senators as less populous counties such as Humboldt County. In Reynolds v. Sims, the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population, as such, boundaries were changed to provide more equitable representation. The Lieutenant Governor is the ex officio President of the Senate, the President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Kevin de León, the minority leader is Republican Jean Fuller. The red tones of the California State Senate Chamber are based on the British House of Lords, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of George Washington and the Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Assembly Chamber. The Secretary, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature
38.
Alhambra, California
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Alhambra is a city located in the western San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, United States, approximately eight miles from the Downtown Los Angeles civic center. It was incorporated on July 11,1903, as of the 2010 census, the population was 83,089. The citys ZIP codes are 91801 and 91803, Alhambras roots begin with the San Gabriel Mission, founded on September 8,1771, and the native people, Tongva, who inhabited the area before the arrival of the Spanish. The land that would later become Alhambra was part of a 300,000 acre land grant given to Manuel Nieto by the Spanish, in 1820 Mexico won its independence from the Spanish crown and lands once ruled by them became part of the Mexican Republic. These lands then transferred into the hands of the United States following the defeat in the Mexican-American War, Alhambra is named after Washington Irvings book Tales of the Alhambra, that he was inspired to write by his extended visit to the Alhambra palace in Granada, Spain. Alhambra was founded as a suburb of Los Angeles that remained an area during the mid-19th century. The first school in Alhambra was Ramona Convent Secondary School, built on property donated by the prominent James de Barth Shorb family. Thirteen years before the city was incorporated, several prominent San Gabriel Valley families interested in the Catholic education of their daughters established the school in 1890, the citys first public high school, Alhambra High School, was established in 1898, five years before the citys incorporation. On July 11,1903, the City of Alhambra was incorporated, the Alhambra Fire Department was established in 1906. Alhambra was originally promoted as a city of homes, and many of its homes have historical significance and they include styles such as craftsman, bungalow, Spanish Mediterranean, Spanish colonial, Italian beaux-arts, and arts and crafts. Twenty-six single-family residential areas have been designated historic neighborhoods by the city, including the Bean Tract, the Midwick Tract, the Airport Tract, there are also a large number of condominiums, rental apartments, and mixed-use residential/commercial buildings, especially in the downtown area. Alhambras main business district, at the intersection of Main and Garfield, has been a center of commerce since 1895, by the 1950s, it had taken on an upscale look and was the place to go in the San Gabriel Valley. While many of the historical buildings have been torn down over the years, the rebuilding of Main Street has led to numerous dining, retail. Alhambra has experienced waves of new immigrants, beginning with Italians in the 1950s, Mexicans in the 1960s, as a result, a very active Chinese business district has developed on Valley Boulevard, including Chinese supermarkets, restaurants, shops, banks, realtors, and medical offices. The Valley Boulevard corridor has become a hub for many Asian-owned bank headquarters. Faded from its glory, for its last few years it was purchased and ran Chinese-language films. Subsequently, developers have remodeled the building, turning it into a vibrant commercial center with many Chinese stores and eateries. In 2003, actress Lana Clarkson was shot to death in the Alhambra home of record producer Phil Spector, Spector lived in Alhambras largest and most notable residence, the Pyrenees Castle, built in 1926
39.
El Monte, California
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El Monte /ɛl ˈmɒntiː/ is a residential, industrial, and commercial city in Los Angeles County of Southern California, the United States. The city lies in the San Gabriel Valley east of the city of Los Angeles, El Montes slogan is Welcome to Friendly El Monte and historically is known as The End of the Santa Fe Trail. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 113,475. As of 2010, El Monte was the 51st largest city in California, El Monte is situated between the San Gabriel and Rio Hondo Rivers, residents claimed that anything could be grown in the area. Between 1770 and 1830, Spanish soldiers and missionaries often stopped here for respite and they called the area El Monte, which in Spanish means the mountain. Most people assume the name refers to a mountain, but there were no mountains in the valley, the word is an archaic Spanish translation of that era, meaning the wood. The first explorers had found rich, low-altitude land, blanketed with thick growths of wispy willows, alders. They also found wild grapevines and watercress, El Monte is approximately 7 miles long and 4 miles wide. When the State Legislature organized California into more manageable designated townships in the 1850s, in a short time the name returned to the original El Monte. The area, beside the San Gabriel River, was part of the homeland of the Tongva people for thousands of years, the Spanish Portolá expedition of missionaries and soldiers passed through the area in 1769-1770. The site was within the Spanish land grant Rancho La Puente, mission San Gabriel Arcángel was the center of colonial activities in the area. From 1847, The Santa Fe Trail was also connected westward through the Southern Emigrant Trail, passing by the El Monte area, immigrant settlement began in 1849, El Monte was a stopping place for the American immigrants going to the gold fields during the California Gold Rush. The first permanent residents arrived in El Monte around 1849-1850 mostly from Texas, Arkansas and Missouri, the first settlers with families were Nicholas Schmidt, Ira W. Thompson, G. and F. Cuddeback, J. Corbin, and J. Sheldon. These migrants ventured upon the bounty of fruitful, rich land along the San Gabriel River, the farmers were very pleased at the increasing success of El Montes agricultural community, and it steadily grew over the years. In the 1850s the settlement was briefly named Lexington by American settlers and it was at the crossroad of routes between Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and the natural harbor at San Pedro. In the early days, it had a reputation as a town where men often settled disputes with knives. Defense against Indian raids and the crimes of bandit gangs, such as that of Juan Flores and Pancho Daniel, led to the formation of a local militia company called the Monte Rangers in February 1854. After the Monte Rangers disbanded, justice for Los Angeles County, in 1858 the adobe Monte Station was established, a stagecoach stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail Section 2 route
40.
Duarte, California
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Duarte is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 21,321, Duarte is located on historic U. S. Route 66 which today follows Huntington Drive through the middle of the city. The town holds an annual Salute to Route 66 Parade on the weekend in September on Huntington Drive. Duarte is located at 34°08′25″N 117°57′42″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.7 square miles, all land. The 2010 United States Census reported that Duarte had a population of 21,321, the population density was 3,186.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Duarte was 11,076 White,1,587 African American,179 Native American,3,361 Asian,26 Pacific Islander,4,108 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 10,190 persons. The Census reported that 20,914 people lived in households,19 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 285 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 66 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,666 households were made up of individuals and 888 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98. There were 4,964 families, the family size was 3.54. The median age was 39.9 years, for every 100 females there were 89.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males. There were 7,254 housing units at a density of 1,084.3 per square mile, of which 4,703 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 1%, the vacancy rate was 4. 4%. 14,796 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 6,118 people lived in housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, Duarte had a household income of $62,250. As of the census of 2000, there are 21,486 people,6,635 households, the population density is 3,215.7 inhabitants per square mile. There are 6,805 housing units at a density of 1,018.5 per square mile. 21. 5% of all households are made up of individuals and 9. 4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older, the average household size is 3.16 and the average family size is 3.70
