1.
Goncourt brothers
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The Goncourt brothers were Edmond de Goncourt and Jules de Goncourt, both French naturalism writers who as collaborative sibling authors, were inseparable in life. They formed a partnership that is unique in literary history. Not only did they write all their books together, they did not spend more than a day apart in their adult lives and they are known for their literary work and for their diaries, which offer an intimate view into the French literary society of the later 19th century. Their career as writers began with an account of a holiday together. They then published books on aspects of 18th-century French and Japanese art and their histories are made entirely out of documents, autograph letters, scraps of costume, engravings, songs, the unconscious self-revelations of the time. In their volumes, they dismissed the vulgarity of the Second Empire in favour of a more refined age and they wrote the long Journal des Goncourt from 1851, which gives a view of the literary and social life of their time. When they came to write novels, it was with an attempt to give the inner, undiscovered. They published six novels, of which Germinie Lacerteux,1865, was the fourth and it is based on the true case of their own maidservant, Rose Malingre, whose double life they had never suspected. After the death of Jules, Edmond continued to write novels in the same style, seen through the nerves, in this conscious abandonment to the tricks of the eyesight, the world becomes a thing of broken patterns and conflicting colours, and uneasy movement. A novel of the Goncourts is made up of a number of details, set side by side. The soul, to them, is a series of moods and their novels are hardly stories at all, but picture-galleries, hung with pictures of the momentary aspects of the world. They are buried together in Montmartre Cemetery, Edmond de Goncourt bequeathed his entire estate for the foundation and maintenance of the Académie Goncourt. Since 1903, the académie has awarded the Prix Goncourt, probably the most important literary prize in French literature, the first English-language version of Manette Salomon, translated by Tina Kover, will be published in the spring of 2012 by Hol Art Books
2.
Edmond de Goncourt
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Edmond de Goncourt, born Edmond Louis Antoine Huot de Goncourt, was a French writer, literary critic, art critic, book publisher and the founder of the Académie Goncourt. For much of his life, he collaborated with his brother Jules creating works of art criticism and he bequeathed his entire estate for the foundation and maintenance of the Académie Goncourt. In honour of his brother and collaborator, Jules de Goncourt, each December since 1903 and it is the most prestigious prize in French language literature, given to the best imaginary prose work of the year. Marcel Proust, Simone de Beauvoir, Michel Tournier, Marguerite Duras, Romain Gary, Edmond de Goncourt died in Champrosay in 1896, and was interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Paris. A painting in a museum hears more ridiculous opinions than anything else in the world, if there is a God, atheism must seem to Him as less of an insult than religion. Goncourt brothers Works by Edmond de Goncourt at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Edmond de Goncourt at Internet Archive Blog dedicated to Edmond and Jules de Goncourt
3.
Prix Goncourt
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The Prix Goncourt is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of the best and most imaginative prose work of the year. Four other prizes are awarded, prix Goncourt du Premier Roman, prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle, prix Goncourt de la Poésie. Of the big six French literary awards, the Prix Goncourt is the best known, the other major literary prizes are the Grand Prix du roman de lAcadémie française, the Prix Femina, the Prix Renaudot, the Prix Interallié and the Prix Médicis. Edmond de Goncourt, an author, critic, and publisher, bequeathed his estate for the foundation. In honour of his brother and collaborator, Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, the jury that determines the winner meets at the Drouant restaurant in November to make its decision. Notable winners of the prize include Marcel Proust, Simone de Beauvoir, André Malraux, the award was initially established to provide talented new authors with a monetary award that would allow them to write a second book. In 1987, the Prix Goncourt des Lycéens was established, as a collaboration between the académie Goncourt, the French Ministry of Education, and Fnac, a book, music, the Prix Renaudot is announced at the same ceremony as the Prix Goncourt. It has become known as something of a second-place prize, within months of the first prize in 1903, it spawned a hostile counter-prize in the form of the Prix Femina to counter the all-male Jury of the Goncourt with an all-female jury on the Femina. In 1921, Rene Maran won the Goncourt with Batouala, veritable roman negre, the novel caused violent reactions and was banned in all the French colonies. In 1932, the prize was controversial for passing up Louis-Ferdinand Célines Voyage au bout de la nuit for Guy Mazelines Les Loups, the voting process became the basis of the 1992 book Goncourt 32 by Eugène Saccomano. Although the award may only be given to an author once, Romain Gary won it twice, in 1956 for Les racines du ciel, the Académie Goncourt awarded the prize to Ajar without knowing his real identity. A period of literary intrigue followed, garys cousins son Paul Pavlowitch posed as the author for a time. Gary later revealed the truth in his posthumous book Vie et mort dÉmile Ajar, notes Translations full audit, March 2009 Films full audit, February 2011 Translation date is of first translation, later ones may be available. Website of the Academie Goncourt with list of past winners, in addition to the Prix Goncourt for a novel, the Academy Awards four other awards, for first novel, short story, biography and poetry. As of March 2009, the changed the award name by dropping bourses from the title. The prefix prix can be included or not, such as Prix Goncourt de la Poésie or Goncourt de la Poésie, for example, Claude Vigée was awarded a Goncourt de la Poésie in 2008. Or, Claude Vigée won the 2008 prix Goncourt de la Poésie, the award titles are, The winners are listed below. Awarded in partnership with the city of Nancy, begun in 1974 in the form of scholarships
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Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library, most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, as of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection. The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional, Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence, Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the universitys Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with an unlimited amount of computer time. Hart has said he wanted to back this gift by doing something that could be considered to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and this particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed that computers would one day be accessible to the general public and he used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution, by the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort, all of the text was entered manually until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more widely available, which made book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenbergs finances, as the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the projects day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role, the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in best of the Web listings, Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64. In 2000, a corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundations first CEO, also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders, which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet
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Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
