1.
First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
First Lady of the United States
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Incumbent
Michelle Obama
First Lady of the United States
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Dolley Madison was said to be the first President's wife to be referred to as "First Lady" at her funeral in 1849.
First Lady of the United States
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First Ladies (from left to right)
Michelle Obama,
Laura Bush, former Secretary of State and presidential candidate
Hillary Clinton,
Barbara Bush, and
Rosalynn Carter during the dedication of the
George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum in 2013.
First Lady of the United States
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Missouri Governor
John Ashcroft and First Lady
Barbara Bush with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the
Greater St. Louis Ferguson-Florissant School District in October 1991. Mrs. Bush (in rocking chair) is reading
Brown Bear, Brown Bear to the children.
2.
John Tyler
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John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States. He was also, briefly, the tenth Vice President, elected to office on the 1840 Whig ticket with William Henry Harrison. Tyler became president after Harrisons death in April 1841, only a month after the start of the new administration. Still, the circumstances of his rise to the presidency. A firm believer in manifest destiny, President Tyler sought to strengthen and preserve the Union through territorial expansion, Tyler, born to an eminent Virginia family, came to national prominence at a time of political upheaval. In the 1820s the nations only political party, the Democratic-Republicans, though initially a Democrat, his opposition to Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren led him to ally with the Whig Party. Tyler served as a Virginia state legislator, governor, U. S. representative and he was put on the ticket to attract states rights Southerners to what was then a Whig coalition to defeat Van Burens re-election bid. Harrisons death made Tyler the first vice president to succeed to the presidency without being elected to the office, because of the short duration of Harrisons one-month term, Tyler served longer than any president in U. S. history who was never elected to the office. A strict constructionist, Tyler found much of the Whig platform unconstitutional, believing that the president should set policy instead of deferring to Congress, he attempted to bypass the Whig establishment, most notably Kentucky Senator Henry Clay. Most of Tylers Cabinet resigned soon into his term, and the Whigs, dubbing him His Accidency, though Tyler was not the first president to veto bills, he was the first to see his veto overridden by Congress. Although he faced a stalemate on domestic policy, he had several achievements, including the Webster–Ashburton Treaty with Britain. He initially sought election to a term as president, but after failing to gain the support of either Whigs or Democrats. When the American Civil War began in 1861, Tyler sided with the Confederate government, although some have praised Tylers political resolve, his presidency is generally held in low esteem by historians. He is considered an obscure president, with presence in American cultural memory. John Tyler was born on March 29,1790, like his future running mate William Henry Harrison, he hailed from Charles City County, Virginia, both descended from aristocratic and politically entrenched families. The Tyler family traced its lineage to colonial Williamsburg in the 17th century, the elder Tyler served four years as Speaker of the House of Delegates before becoming a state court judge. He subsequently served as governor and as a judge on the U. S. District Court at Richmond and his wife, Mary Marot, was the daughter of a prominent plantation owner, Robert Booth Armistead. She died of a stroke when her son John was seven years old, with his two brothers and five sisters, Tyler was raised on Greenway Plantation, a 1, 200-acre estate with a six-room manor house his father had built
John Tyler
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John Tyler
John Tyler
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An engraving of Tyler in his mid-thirties (c. 1826) as Governor of Virginia
John Tyler
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"
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too "
John Tyler
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1888 illustration of President Tyler receiving the news of President
Harrison 's death from
Chief Clerk of the State Department Fletcher Webster
3.
Priscilla Cooper Tyler
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Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She served as official White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from September 10,1842 to June 26,1844, Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City in 1816. Her father Thomas Apthorpe Cooper was a stage actor and producer. Her mother Mary Fairlee Cooper was a New York socialite, Priscilla began to work as an actress at the age of 17. Thomas Apthorpe Cooper achieved great success in the business and they lived in a grand house on Broadway. The familys fortunes were reversed during the Panic of 1837, the family lost their house and at one point were reduced to subsisting on radishes and strawberries. While playing Desdemona in a production of Othello in Richmond, Virginia, she met Robert Tyler, in Victorian America, acting was considered a scandalous profession and actresses had little social standing. The addition of the Coopers financial woes seemed to conspire to make any match between the two unlikely, despite their social differences, the couple wed in Bristol, Pennsylvania on September 12,1839. After their marriage, the moved to Williamsburg, Virginia to live with Roberts family. John and Letitia Tyler warmly welcomed her into the Tyler family, Priscilla became close to her father-in-law and their fondness for each other grew quickly. John Tyler even allowed her to open an account in every store in Williamsburg, John Tyler was the successful candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1840 election. After the sudden death of President William Henry Harrison just one month after taking office, by the time John Tyler assumed the Presidency, his wife Letitia was a semi-invalid. The president asked Priscilla to assist him as White House hostess, Priscilla was described as extroverted, attractive, intelligent, and witty. Priscillas status as a surrogate or proxy hostess reflected a trend during the antebellum years in which younger female family members stood in for the wives of presidents. Martha Jefferson Randolph established the precedent when she acted as hostess for her widowed father. Emily Donelson, wife of Andrew Jacksons nephew, served as hostess during the Jackson administration, angelica Singleton Van Buren, daughter-in-law of Jacksons successor, the widower Martin Van Buren, served as official hostess from 1837 to 1841. Mary Taylor, daughter of President Zachary Taylor, became official hostess in place of her mother, as did Mary Abigail Fillmore. Finally, Harriet Lane, James Buchanans niece, acted as hostess for the only president in American history
Priscilla Cooper Tyler
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Priscilla Cooper Tyler
4.
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah Childress Polk was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, serving as First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849. Sarah Childress was born in 1803 to Joel Childress, a prominent planter, merchant, and land speculator, Sarah met James Polk while both were receiving instruction from Samuel P. Black in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, he was 19, she was 12. Several years later James began courting her, legend says Andrew Jackson called her “wealthy, pretty, ambitious, and intelligent, ” and urged James K. Polk to marry her. In 1823 the two became engaged, and on January 1,1824, Sarah Childress, aged 20, married James Polk, aged 28, the Polks had no children of their own, but raised a nephew, Marshall Tate Polk as their personal ward. After her husbands death, Mrs. Polk assumed guardianship of a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton. In physical appearance, Sarah was fairly tall, with hair that was parted in the middle and worn in ringlets, dark brown eyes. She had prominent teeth that caused her to tighten her lips, giving her a disapproving look and she usually dressed in vibrant blues, reds and maroons, that suited her dark coloring. During Polks political career, Sarah assisted her husband with his speeches, gave him advice on policy matters, in Washington as a congressmans wife during the administrations of John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren, Mrs. Polk very much enjoyed her social duties. Calhouns wife, Floride Calhoun, and most of the members wives. In 1845, Sarah Polk became the 11th First Lady of the United States and she was lively, charming, intelligent, and a good conversationalist. President Polk at times discussed policy matters with her, while she enjoyed politics, she also cautioned her husband, whose health was never robust, against overwork. A devout Presbyterian, as First Lady she banned dancing, card games, when she attended the Inaugural Ball, she did not dance. She hosted the first annual Thanksgiving dinner at the White House, unlike Julia Tylers waltzes, the Polk entertainments were sedate and sober affairs which earned the First Lady the nickname Sahara Sarah. After attending the inauguration of James Polks successor, Zachary Taylor, on March 5,1849, he and Sarah left by horse and carriage to their new home Polk Place in Nashville, Tennessee. Three months later, James Polk died, having had the shortest retirement of any former U. S. President, the United States government granted her a yearly pension of $5,000. Sarah Polk lived at Polk Place for 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady, and always wore black. She died on August 14,1891, at age 87, only 41 when her husband became president, she outlived several of her successors including Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes. Only a handful of first ladies have lived longer -- Anna Harrison, Barbara Bush, Edith Bolling Wilson, Betty Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, Nancy Reagan, Bess Truman, and Rosalynn Carter
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah and James
Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk
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Polk in her later years
5.
Richmond, Virginia
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Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region and it was incorporated in 1742, and has been an independent city since 1871. As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214, in 2015, the population was estimated to be 220,289, the Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state. Richmond is located at the line of the James River,44 miles west of Williamsburg,66 miles east of Charlottesville. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast. The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 and it became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America, the city entered the 20th century with one of the worlds first successful electric streetcar systems. The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a hub of African-American commerce. Richmonds economy is driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, in 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid. The settlement was laid out in April 1737, and was incorporated as a town in 1742, Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, after the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag, on April 17,1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its capital to Richmond. It became the target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond, three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B, gordons desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed
Richmond, Virginia
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Top: Skyline above the falls of the
James River Middle:
St. John's Episcopal Church,
Jackson Ward,
Monument Avenue. Bottom:
Virginia State Capitol,
Main Street Station
Richmond, Virginia
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Patrick Henry delivered his "Liberty or Death" speech at
St. John's Church in Richmond, helping to ignite the American Revolution.
Richmond, Virginia
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Retreating Confederates burned one-fourth of Richmond in April 1865
Richmond, Virginia
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By the early 20th century, Richmond had an extensive network of electric streetcars, as shown here crossing the Mayo Bridge across the James River, ca. 1917.
6.
David Gardiner Tyler
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David Gardiner Tyler, was a U. S. Democratic Party politician and the son of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. Although born in New York, he went to school in Virginia, after attending college in Germany and Virginia, he became a lawyer. He later served in the Virginia State Senate, as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginias second congressional district, and as a Virginia Circuit Court judge. He was born in East Hampton, New York and was the first child born to former President John Tyler and his second wife and he was named after his late maternal grandfather, David Gardiner. As a child, he attended schools in Charles City County. He was present at the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House, following the war, he and his brother, John Alexander Tyler, traveled to Germany, and attended school in the Grand Duchy of Baden. He returned to the United States, and graduated from the Washington, from 1870 to 1884, he practiced law in Richmond, Virginia, before accepting an appointment as Director of the state lunatic asylum in Williamsburg, Virginia, serving until 1887. From 1891 to 1892, he served in the Virginia State Senate and he was elected to the United States House of Representatives from the states 2nd District, serving from 1893 to 1897. He was defeated for renomination in 1896, and returned to law practice until his reelection to the state senate. From 1904 until his death, he served as a circuit court judge. He died at Sherwood Forest Plantation and is buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond,1892, Tyler was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives defeating Independent Republicans P. C. Garrigan and John F. Deyendorf, H. S, collier, and Independent George Edwin Bowden, winning 55. 61% of the vote. 1894, Tyler was re-elected defeating Republican Thomas R. Borland, edwards, winning 56. 27% of the vote. He was married to the former Mary Morris Jones, and had four children, David Gardiner Tyler at Find a Grave
David Gardiner Tyler
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David Gardiner Tyler
7.
Lyon Gardiner Tyler
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Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Sr. was an American educator, genealogist, and historian. Tyler was the son of President John Tyler and First Lady Julia Gardiner Tyler. When he was eight, his father died, and this coupled with the beginning of the American Civil War prompted the family to north to Staten Island. He returned to Virginia in 1869 to earn both a degree and a masters degree in law from the University of Virginia, graduating in 1875. While at the University he was a member of Kappa Sigma and Jefferson Literary Society, in 1882 he returned to Virginia to practice law in Richmond. With the support of his mother, who lived there at the time, he work on The Letters and Times of the Tylers. This would be published between 1884 and 1896, during his life in Richmond, Tyler became a prominent advocate for public education reform. He helped to revive the Virginia Mechanics Institute, on board he served. This advocacy allowed the College to reopen in 1888, Tyler was named its president, during his tenure he held the chairmanship of the history department, and with six other professors formed the body known as the Seven Wise Men. He also was responsible for the creation of the William and Mary Quarterly journal, an advocate of womens suffrage, he oversaw the College when it became the first in the Commonwealth of Virginia to admit women, in 1918. It was while at the College that Tyler became interested in the history of Virginia, he would conduct research throughout the state. Such preservation became his mission in later years, and he traveled throughout the Commonwealth to find material. He was an author, and his work spurred recognition of the significance of both Jamestown and Williamsburg to American history. He also spent much of his attempting to rehabilitate his fathers political reputation. Tyler resigned his presidency of William and Mary in June 1919, the number of faculty had grown to fourteen, and twelve buildings were either renovated or constructed. The school also became an institution, an effort which he spearheaded himself. He retired to his farm, Lions Den, in Charles City County and he remained active in his profession, as a writer, speaker, and researcher, until dying of pneumonia on February 12,1935 in Richmond, where he is buried in Hollywood Cemetery. Tyler received a deal of notoriety during his career for his criticism of Abraham Lincoln, eleven years later the issue arose again when the Virginia House of Delegates chose to adjourn in honor of Lincolns birthday, Tyler contended that Lincoln was no hero and did not merit the honor
Lyon Gardiner Tyler
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Tyler circa 1915
8.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
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Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
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Presidential Seal
President of the United States
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Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
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Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
9.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
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Flag
New York (state)
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1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
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The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
10.
New York State Senate
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The New York State Senate is considered the upper house in the New York State Legislature. It has 63 members each elected to two-year terms, there are no limits on the number of terms one may serve. The New York Constitution provides for a number of members in the Senate. The current format for apportionment has followed the Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, Democrats won 32 of 62 seats in New Yorks upper chamber in the 2008 General Election on November 4, capturing the majority for the first time in more than four decades. Previously, the Republicans had held the chamber for all but one year from 1939 to 2008, however, a power struggle emerged before the new term began. Four Democratic senators—Rubén Díaz, Sr. Carl Kruger, Pedro Espada, Jr. the self-named Gang of Four refused to back Malcolm Smith as the chambers majority leader and sought concessions. Monserrate soon reached an agreement with Smith that reportedly included the chairmanship of the Consumer Affairs Committee, though there were 32 Democrats and 30 Republicans in the Senate, on June 8,2009, then-Senators Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada, Jr. The move came after Republican whip Tom Libous introduced a resolution to vacate the chair and replace Smith as temporary president. In an effort to stop the vote, Democratic whip Jeff Klein unilaterally moved to recess, however, they were unable to stop the session. All 30 Republicans plus two Democrats, Monserrate and Espada, voted in favor of the resolution, in accordance with a prearranged deal, Espada was elected temporary president and acting lieutenant governor while Skelos was elected majority leader. Monserrate had backed out of the Gang at the time, being the first of the four to back Smith, the apparent Republican seizure of power was tenuous in any event. Smith claimed the vote was illegal because of Kleins motion to adjourn, however, Smith, Klein, and most of the Democrats walked out before an actual vote to adjourn could be taken. Smith still asserted he was majority leader and would challenge the vote in court and he locked the doors of the state senate chambers in an effort to prevent any further legislative action. The scheduled session was eventually postponed, both Monserrate and Espada faced accusations of unethical or criminal conduct. Monserrate was indicted for assault in March and would have automatically lost his seat if convicted. New York, like most states, has a provision in its constitution which bars convicted felons from holding office. Espada was the target of an investigation into whether he funded his campaign with money siphoned from a nonprofit health care agency he controls. The Bronx County District Attorneys office was investigating charges that Espada actually resided in Mamaroneck
New York State Senate
New York State Senate
–
New York State Senate
11.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
Dutch people
Dutch people
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The conversion of the Frankish king
Clovis to Christianity would have great significance in helping shape the identity of the future Dutch people.
Dutch people
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The
Act of Abjuration, signed on July 26, 1581, was the formal declaration of independence of the Dutch Low Countries.
Dutch people
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A typical November scene in the Dutch town
Middelburg,
Netherlands
12.
Scottish people
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The Scottish people, or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century, and are thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celts. Later, the neighbouring Cumbrian Britons, who spoke a Celtic language, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons. In modern usage, Scottish people or Scots is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, the Latin word Scotti, originally the word referred specifically to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also used for Scottish people. John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and he states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. People of Scottish descent live in countries other than Scotland. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages and culture, large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world, Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their origin myths. The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland, Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse invaded and colonized parts of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was emigration from France, England. Some famous Scottish family names, including bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the south-west of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle and their language, south-east of the Firth of Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking, from 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders and the Inglis-speaking Lowlanders
Scottish people
–
John Wayne was of
Presbyterian Scots-Irish or
Ulster-Scots descent.
Scottish people
Scottish people
–
The Australian city of
Brisbane is named after Scotsman
Thomas Brisbane.
Scottish people
–
Scottish English and
Scottish Gaelic are used on bilingual road signs throughout the Gaelic speaking parts of
Scotland, such as this one, seen in village of
Mallaig.
13.
English people
–
The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
English people
English people
–
"The Arrival of the First Ancestors of Englishmen out of Germany into Britain": a fanciful image of the Anglo-Saxon migration, an event central to the English
national myth. From A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence by
Richard Verstegan (1605)
English people
–
A reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon burial chamber at
Sutton Hoo,
East Anglia.
English people
–
King Harold II of England (right) at the Norman court, from the
Bayeux Tapestry
14.
East Hampton (town), New York
–
The Town of East Hampton is located in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, at the eastern end of the South Shore of Long Island. It is the easternmost town in the state of New York, at the time of the United States 2010 Census, it had a total population of 21,457. The town includes the village of East Hampton, as well as the hamlets of Montauk, Amagansett, Wainscott and it also includes part of the incorporated village of Sag Harbor. East Hampton is located on a peninsula, bordered on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by Block Island Sound and to the north by Gardiners Bay, Napeague Bay and Fort Pond Bay. To the west is western Long Island, reaching to the East River, the Town has eight state parks, most located at the waters edge. The town consists of 70 square miles and stretches nearly 25 miles and it is about six miles wide at its widest point and less than a mile at its narrowest point. The town has jurisdiction over Gardiners Island, which is one of the largest privately owned islands in the United States, the town has 70 miles of shoreline. East Hampton has a climate slightly above humid continental, since the January mean is slightly below the freezing mark. This area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples and they belong to the large Algonquian-speaking language family. Bands on Long Island were identified by their geographic locations, the historical people known to the colonists as the Montaukett controlled most of the territory at the east end of Long Island. Native Americans inhabiting the western part of Long Island were part of the Lenape nation and their territory extended to lower New York, western Connecticut and the mid-Atlantic coastal areas into New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Their bands were known by the names of their geographic locations. In the late-17th century Chief Wyandanch of the Montaukett negotiated with English colonists for the sale of land in the East Hampton area, the differing concepts held by the Montaukett and English about land and its use contributed to the Montaukett losing most of their lands over the ensuing centuries. Wyandanch sold an island to English colonist Lion Gardiner for a black dog, some powder and shot. The next trade involved the land extending from present-day Southampton to the foot of the bluffs, at what is now Hither Hills State Park, for 24 hatchets,24 coats,20 looking glasses and 100 muxes. The sales provided that the Montaukett were permitted to stay on the land, to hunt and fish at will, Town officials who bought the land filed for reimbursement from the colony for the rum with which they had plied the tribe during negotiations. Gradually, however, colonists pushed the Montaukett off the land and they formed the Brothertown Indians with other refugee Indian people from New England, and gave up some of their traditions. In 1831-1836, the Brothertown Indians migrated to Wisconsin, where they founded the settlement of Brothertown, some Montaukett continued to live on Long Island
East Hampton (town), New York
–
Hook Mill
East Hampton (town), New York
–
Stephen Talkhouse, Montaukett, c. 1860s.
East Hampton (town), New York
–
Lion Gardiner tomb at the South End Cemetery
East Hampton (town), New York
–
Mulford House, East Hampton
15.
Administrative divisions of New York
–
The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town
Administrative divisions of New York
–
Separate municipal buildings for
town and
village of Monroe in
Orange County
Administrative divisions of New York
–
Albany City Hall.
Albany is New York's capital city and the first settlement by Europeans in the state.
Administrative divisions of New York
–
Crown Point
Administrative divisions of New York
–
Newburgh
16.
Bay Shore
–
Bay Shore is a hamlet and census-designated place in the Town of Islip, Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is situated on the South Shore of Long Island, adjoining the Great South Bay, in 2008, Bay Shore celebrated the 300th anniversary of the purchase of the land from the Secatogue Native Americans. The population of the CDP was 26,337 at the time of the 2010 census, Bay Shore is one of the older hamlets on Long Island. Sagtikos Manor, located in West Bay Shore, was built around 1697 and it was used as a British armed forces headquarters, at the time of the Battle of Long Island during the Revolutionary War. President Washington stayed at the manor during his tour of Long Island in 1790, the land that would become Bay Shore proper was purchased from the Secatogue Native Americans in 1708 by local school teacher John Mowbray for several eel spears. The hamlets name has changed over time, Early European settlers referred to the area first as Penataquit and later as Awixa, for reasons never documented, the name was changed in the early 19th century to Sodom. In 1842 there was a name change to Mechanicsville, then a return in 1849 to Penataquit. The name Penataquit proved unpopular because it was difficult to spell, the name of the hamlet and post office was changed to Bay Shore in 1868. Bay Shore became renowned in the late 19th century for its shopping district, the rural hamlet became popular with affluent New Yorkers looking to escape the city to white sand beaches of the Great South Bay and the fishing villages of Fire Island. It was a tourist spot on weekends and during the summer, during World War I it became the headquarters of the First Yale Unit, a United States Naval Air Reserve unit. The population of Bay Shore increased significantly after World War II, from the mid-1950s through mid-1960s and those developments were settled largely by working and middle class first-time home buyers from New York City. Despite strains on the community brought on by sudden, substantial growth, Main Street continued to be one of the regions most popular shopping destinations. Bay Shore suffered a decline beginning in the late 1970s, without a local government, residents were unable to make decisions that were instead left to the Town of Islip and Suffolk County. The population density and demographics shifted when rezoning permitted businesses, rental properties, many Main Street storefronts became dilapidated or vacant. The Cortland Hotel, along with historic sites, was closed, the parks were unkempt. Construction of the South Shore Mall two miles north of Main Street took business away from the businesses on Main Street. Deinstitutionalization caused psychiatric patients of the nearby Pilgrim State Hospital to be relocated to rental housing downtown. Homes, businesses and restaurants on the waterfront fared better, partly because its a point for ferries to beaches on Fire Island
Bay Shore
–
Bay Shore Marina
Bay Shore
–
George Bradford Brainerd (American, 1845-1887). Station, Bay Shore, Long Island, September 1879. Collodion silver glass wet plate negative.
Brooklyn Museum
17.
Upper class
–
The upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of the wealthiest members of society, who also wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. Prior to the 20th century, the aristocracy was widely used. The term is used in conjunction with terms like upper-middle class, middle class. Upper-class status commonly derived from the position of ones family. Much of the population that composed the upper consisted of aristocrats, ruling families, titled people. These people were born into their status and historically there was not much movement across class boundaries. This is to say that it was harder for an individual to move up in class simply because of the structure of society. The Transatlantic Slave Trade also helped create a class of white Europeans while maintaining a lower class of black Europeans, Americans and Africans. This fact is often edited out of academic research both in publications and online ones such as Wikipedia. In many countries, the upper class was intimately associated with hereditary land ownership. Political power was often in the hands of the landowners in many pre-industrial societies despite there being no legal barriers to land ownership for other social classes. Upper-class landowners in Europe were often members of the titled nobility, though not necessarily. Some upper classes were almost entirely untitled, for example, the Szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, the upper class traditionally comprised the landed gentry and the aristocracy of noble families with hereditary titles. The vast majority of post-medieval aristocratic families originated in the merchant class and were ennobled between the 14th and 19th centuries while intermarrying with the old nobility and gentry. Since the Second World War, the term has come to encompass rich, members of the English gentry organized the colonization of Virginia and New England and ruled these colonies for generations forming the foundation of the American upper class or East Coast Elite. In this respect, the US differs little from such as the UK where membership of the upper class is also dependent on other factors. The American upper class is estimated to less than 1% of the population
Upper class
–
Ball in
colonial Chile by
Pedro Subercaseaux. In
Spain's American colonies, the upper classes were made up of Europeans and
American born Spaniards and were heavily influenced by European trends.
Upper class
–
Harrods in 1909
Upper class
–
First edition dust cover of
Edith Wharton 's 1920
Pulitzer Prize -winning novel
The Age of Innocence, a story set in upper-class
New York City in the 1870s
Upper class
–
A typical home in
Connecticut, one of the wealthiest states in the
U.S.
18.
Department store
–
A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. In modern major cities, the department store made a appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York, customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon, big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are modern equivalent of historical department stores. Before shopping malls, department stores were standalone, the origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size, urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. One of the first department stores may have been Bennetts in Derby and it still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co and it is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is appropriated to the sale of furs. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses, so there is no article of female attire or decoration. This venture is described as having all of the characteristics of the department store. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the partnership was dissolved. Department stores began large scale establishment in the 1840s and 50s, in France, the UK, all the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households, Kendals in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendals, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796, at its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage Kendals Arcade and an art nouveau tiled food hall
Department store
–
Interior of
Le Bon Marché in Paris
Department store
–
Lewis's Department Store, Liverpool
Department store
–
Selfridges nameboard
Department store
–
"Au Bon Marché"
19.
White House
–
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
White House
–
Top: the northern facade, facing
Lafayette Square Bottom: the southern facade, facing
The Ellipse
White House
–
First Presidential Mansion:
Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 - February 1790.
White House
–
Second Presidential Mansion:
Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February - August 1790.
White House
–
Third Presidential Mansion:
President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800.
20.
Letitia Christian Tyler
–
Letitia Christian Tyler, first wife of John Tyler, was First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death. Born at the Cedar Grove plantation in New Kent County, Virginia, Letitia Christian was the daughter of Colonel Robert Christian, a prosperous planter, Letitia was shy, quiet, pious, and by all accounts, selfless and devoted to her family. She met John Tyler, then a law student, in 1808 and their five-year courtship was restrained and it was three weeks before the wedding that Tyler first kissed her — on the hand. They married on Tylers 23rd birthday at Cedar Grove, her familys home and their 29-year marriage appears to have been a happy one. Letitia Tyler avoided the limelight during her husbands political rise, preferring domestic responsibilities to those of a public wife, during his congressional service, she remained in Virginia except for one visit to Washington during the winter of 1828-1829. In 1839, she suffered a stroke that left her an invalid. As first lady, she remained in the living quarters of the White House, she came down once. John and Letitia Tyler had four daughters and three sons live to maturity, Mary Tyler-Jones - In 1835 she married Henry Lightfoot Jones, Robert Tyler - lawyer, public official. Having served as his fathers secretary in the White House, he settled in Philadelphia. He also was chief clerk of the supreme court. As a leader of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania, Robert Tyler promoted the career of James Buchanan, at the outbreak of the American Civil War, he fled Philadelphia when an antisouthern mob attacked his home. He returned to Virginia, where he served as register of the Treasury of the Confederacy, penniless after the war, he settled in Montgomery, Alabama, and there regained his fortunes as a lawyer, editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, and leader of the state Democratic Party. John Tyler, III - lawyer, public official, like his older brother, he also became a lawyer, served as private secretary to his father and campaigned for James Buchanan. During the Civil War, he served as assistant secretary of war of the Confederacy, after the war, he settled in Baltimore, where he practiced law. Under the Grant administration, he was appointed to a position in the IRS in Tallahassee. In 1839, she married James Semple, whom her father appointed a purser in the U. S. Navy, the marriage was an unhappy one. At the close of the American Civil War, she left her husband to open a school, elizabeth Tyler-Waller - At a White House wedding in 1842, she married William N. Waller. She died from the effects of childbirth at age 27, alice Tyler-Denison - In 1850 she married the Reverend Henry M. Denison, an Episcopal rector in Williamsburg
Letitia Christian Tyler
–
Letitia Tyler
21.
USS Princeton (1843)
–
The first USS Princeton was a screw steam warship in the United States Navy. Commanded by Captain Robert F. Stockton, Princeton was launched on September 5,1843, the ships reputation in the Navy never recovered from a devastating incident early in her service. Upshur, Secretary of the Navy Thomas Walker Gilmer, and other high-ranking federal officials, President John Tyler, who was aboard but below decks, was not injured. Princeton was laid down on October 20,1842, at the Philadelphia Navy Yard as a 700 long tons corvette, the designer of the ship and main supervisor of construction was the Swedish inventor John Ericsson, who later designed the USS Monitor. The construction was supervised by Captain Stockton who had secured the political support for the construction of the ship. The ship was named after Princeton, New Jersey, site of an American victory in the Revolutionary War, the ship was christened with a bottle of American whiskey and launched on September 5,1843. It was ordered commissioned on September 9,1843, with Captain Stockton in command, Princeton made a trial trip in the Delaware River on October 12,1843. On November 22, Captain Stockton reported Princeton will be ready for sea in a week, on November 28, he dressed ship and received visitors on board for inspection. On November 30, she towed the USS Raritan down the Delaware, Princeton sailed on January 1,1844, for New York, where she received her two big guns, named Peacemaker and Oregon. Princeton was sent to Washington, D. C. in late January, washingtonians displayed great interest in the ship and her guns. She made trial trips with passengers on board down the Potomac River on February 16,18 and 20, after several test runs, the Princeton was considered ready. Princeton included the very first screw propellers powered by an engine mounted entirely below the waterline to avoid the vulnerability of paddle wheels and her two vibrating lever engines were built by Merrick & Towne, and designed by Ericsson. They burned hard coal and drove a six-bladed screw 14 ft in diameter, the engine was small enough to be below the waterline. Ericsson also designed the ships funnel, an improved range-finder. Twelve 42-pound carronades were mounted within the iron hull. Ericsson had designed the ship to mount one long gun, named the Oregon, Captain Stockton wanted his ship to carry two long guns and had the second, named Peacemaker, built in Philadelphia. The two guns fired identical shot, but the Peacemaker was built with older forging technology creating a gun of more impressive appearance. Both guns were mounted onto the Princeton, according to Kilner, the Peacemaker was fired only five times before certifying it as accurate and fully proofed
USS Princeton (1843)
–
Lithograph of Princeton, by
Nathaniel Currier, 1844.
USS Princeton (1843)
–
US Steam Ship 'Princeton' and "US Ship 'Raritan'
USS Princeton (1843)
–
Contemporary lithograph depicting the explosion
22.
Sherwood Forest Plantation
–
Sherwood Forest Plantation, also known as the John Tyler House, is located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. The main plantation house, built in 1780, was the home of President John Tyler for the last twenty years of his life and it is located on State Route 5, a scenic byway which runs between the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg. The house is located approximately 1.5 miles from the river and it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. Sherwood Forest is the private residence in the United States to have been owned by two unrelated United States Presidents. William Henry Harrison inherited the plantation, then named Walnut Grove, in 1790 and he sold the 3,000 acres property in 1793 having never lived in the house. Harrisons successor John Tyler purchased the plantation, which by then had been reduced to 1,600 acres, in 1842, John Tyler renamed the plantation Sherwood Forest in 1842. He said it signified that he had been outlawed by the Whig party and he was attracted to the plantation because it was near his birthplace at Greenway Plantation. Pearl, the youngest, was born in 1860, when Tyler was 70 years old, as regional hostilities in the United States escalated to become the American Civil War in 1861, Tyler backed Virginias secession, although he died in January 1862. Later that spring, the house was occupied by Union soldiers during McClellans Peninsula Campaign of 1862, during the latter, the Battle of Wilsons Wharf was fought nearby. When an Ohio regiment vacated the house in 1864, they attempted to raze it with fire as a punishment for Tylers support of the Confederacy, the fire was quickly extinguished by a loyal slave and did little damage to the house. One of the claims to fame is the length of the house. The house has been in the Tyler family since it was purchased in 1842, the house is currently owned by Harrison Ruffin Tyler, President Tylers grandson, and the son of Lyon Gardiner Tyler. It is open to the public for tours, a pet cemetery is located on the property, where Tyler family pets were buried, most notably, John Tylers horse, The General
Sherwood Forest Plantation
–
John Tyler House (Sherwood Forest)
23.
Hail to the Chief
–
Hail to the Chief is the official Presidential Anthem of the United States. The songs playing accompanies the appearance of the President of the United States at many public events and it is preceded by four ruffles and flourishes when played for the President. The song is played during a former Presidents state funeral, though it can also be played even if the funeral is not a state funeral. The song is in the public domain, verses from Sir Walter Scotts The Lady of the Lake, including Hail to the Chief who in triumph advances. In November 1810, Scott wrote to a friend that The Lady of the Lake was being made into a play by Martin and Reynolds in London and by a Mr. Siddons in Edinburgh. About the same time, Scott received a letter from a friend and army officer who ended his note with a copy of the music of the Boat Song, many parodies appeared, an indication of great popularity. Association with the President first occurred in 1815, when it was played to honor both George Washington and the end of the War of 1812. On July 4,1828, the U. S. Marine Band performed the song at a ceremony for the opening of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Andrew Jackson was the first living President to have the song used to honor his position in 1829, julia Tyler, second wife of John Tyler, requested its use to announce the arrival of the President. At large affairs the band. rolled the drums as they played the march. under the term of Harry Truman the Department of Defense made it the official tribute to the President. President Chester A. Arthur did not like the song and asked John Philip Sousa to compose a new song, after Arthur left office, the Marine Band resumed playing Hail to the Chief for public appearances by the President. During the American Civil War the same piece was used to announce the arrival of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. On October 3,1861, Davis visited with Generals P. G. T. Beauregard, Joseph Eggleston Johnston, while at Fairfax, President Davis also conducted a formal Review of the Troops, which numbered some 30,000. At the start of the review, the band of the 1st Virginia Infantry struck up Hail to the Chief, lyrics that were written by Albert Gamse are set to James Sandersons music, but they are rarely sung. The original lyrics, written by Sir Walter Scott, read, Hail, America United States military music customs Collins, Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue, The Stories Behind Americas Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. ISBN0060513047 Ruffles and flourishes with Hail to the Chief DoD Instruction 1005.1,1981 Library of Congress Performing Arts Encyclopedia Hail to the chief
Hail to the Chief
24.
Charles City County, Virginia
–
Charles City County is a historic county located in the U. S. commonwealth of Virginia. The county is situated southeast of Richmond and west of Jamestown and it is bounded on the south by the James River and on the east by the Chickahominy River. The area that would become Charles City County was first established as Charles Cittie by the Virginia Company in 1619 and it was one of the first four boroughs of Virginia, and was named in honor of Prince Charles, who would later become King Charles I of England. After Virginia became a colony, the borough was changed to Charles City Shire in 1634. It acquired the present name of Charles City County in 1643, in the 21st century, Charles City County is part of the Greater Richmond Region of the state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 7,256, it is relatively rural. Its county seat is the community of Charles City, notable natives include the 9th and 10th Presidents of the United States, William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. Various Indian tribes had used this area for thousands of years, when the region was explored by the English in the 17th century, the Algonquian-speaking Chickahominy tribe inhabited areas along the river that was later named for them by English colonists. The Paspahegh lived in Sandy Point, and the Weanoc lived in the Weyanoke Neck area, the latter two tribes were part of the Powhatan Confederacy. Algonquian was one of the three major language groups of American Indians in Virginia. The others spoke Siouan and Iroquoian languages, and inhabited lands of the interior, the English began to colonize the area under the auspices of the Virginia Company, a private company formed to support this effort and gain profits from expected development and trade. In 1619 the Virginia Company established Charles Cittie as one of the first four boroughs or incorporations in the region. West of James County, it was named for Prince Charles, second son of King James I of England, after his fathers death, he became King Charles I of England. 1619 marked the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in the Tidewater area and they had been captured from a Spanish ship and were taken to Weyanoke Peninsula. They were treated as indentured servants in the colony, and at least one became a landowner. There they created the first African community in what became the United States, Weyanoke, Virginia continues as a small, unincorporated community. The Virginia Company lost its charter in 1624 under King James I, Charles City Shire was formed in 1634 in the Virginia Colony by order of the King. Its name was changed to Charles City County in 1643 and it is one of the five original shires in Virginia which are extant in essentially the same political entity as they were originally formed in 1634
Charles City County, Virginia
–
Charles City County Courthouse
Charles City County, Virginia
–
Seal
Charles City County, Virginia
–
Charles City County, Virginia from 1895 state map
Charles City County, Virginia
–
Crossing the James River to enter Charles City County on
Benjamin Harrison Bridge
25.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
–
New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
–
Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
–
Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
–
Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
26.
Harriet Jacobs
–
Harriet Ann Jacobs was an African-American writer who escaped from slavery and was later freed. She became an abolitionist speaker and reformer, Jacobs wrote an autobiographical novel, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, first serialized in a newspaper and published as a book in 1861 under the pseudonym Linda Brent. After being overshadowed by the Civil War, the novel was rediscovered in the late 20th century, one scholar researched the novel, identifying Harriet Jacobs as the author and documenting many events and people in her life that corresponded to this fictionalized, autobiographical account. Harriet Jacobs was born into slavery in Edenton, North Carolina and her father was Elijah Knox, an enslaved biracial house carpenter owned by Andrew Knox. Elijah was said to be the son of Athena Knox, who was enslaved, Harriets mother was Delilah Horniblow, an enslaved black woman held by John Horniblow, a tavern owner. Under the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, both Harriet and her brother John were born into slavery, as their mother was enslaved and their likely European-American paternity did not alter their status. Harriet lived with her mother until Delilahs death around 1819, when Harriet was six, then she lived with her mothers mistress, Margaret Horniblow, who taught Harriet to read, write and sew. Three months before she died in 1825, Jacobs mistress Margaret Horniblow had signed a will leaving her slaves to her mother. Dr. James Norcom and a man named Henry Flury witnessed a later codicil to the will directing that the girl Harriet be left to Norcoms daughter Mary Matilda, the codicil was not signed by Margaret Horniblow. Norcom became Harriets de facto master, Norcom sexually harassed Harriet when she came of age. He refused to allow her to marry, regardless of the mans status, hoping to escape his attentions, Jacobs took Samuel Sawyer, a free white lawyer, as a consensual lover. Sawyer was later elected as a member of the US House of Representatives, with Sawyer, she had two children, Joseph and Louisa. Because she was enslaved, their children were born into slavery. Harriet later wrote that Norcom threatened to sell her if she refused his sexual advances. By 1835 her domestic situation had become unbearable, and Jacobs managed to escape and she hid in the home of a slaveowner in Edenton to keep an eye on her children. After a short stay, she took refuge in a swamp called Cabarrus Pocosin and she next hid in a crawl space above the ceiling of her grandmother Molly’s shack. Jacobs lived for seven years in her grandmothers attic before escaping in 1842 to the North by boat to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sawyer had purchased their two children from Norcom. He let them live with Jacobs grandmother but he did not free them, the state had made manumission difficult following the Nat Turner slave rebellion of 1831
Harriet Jacobs
–
Reward notice issued for the return of Harriet Jacobs
Harriet Jacobs
–
Jacobs in 1894
27.
Staten Island
–
Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U. S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, with a 2015 Census-estimated population of 474,558, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 58 sq mi. Staten Island is the borough of New York with a non-Hispanic White majority. The borough is coextensive with Richmond County, and until 1975 was the Borough of Richmond and its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has been called the forgotten borough by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. The East Shore is home to the 2. 5-mile F. D. R, Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. The South Shore, site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement, the West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island. Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus lines and an MTA rapid transit line, the Staten Island Railway, Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction, providing views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park, a devoted to restoring habitat. As in much of North America, human habitation appeared in the island fairly rapidly after the retreat of the ice sheet, archaeologists have recovered tool evidence of Clovis culture activity dating from about 14,000 years ago. This evidence was first discovered in 1917 in the Charleston section of the island, various Clovis artifacts have been discovered since then, on property owned by Mobil Oil. The island was abandoned later, possibly because of the extirpation of large mammals on the island. Rossville points are a type of arrowhead that defines a Native American cultural period that runs from the Archaic period to the Early Woodland period. They are named for the Rossville section of Staten Island, where they were first found near the old Rossville Post Office building, at the time of European contact, the island was inhabited by the Raritan band of the Unami division of the Lenape. In Lenape, one of the Algonquian languages, Staten Island was called Aquehonga Manacknong, meaning as far as the place of the bad woods, or Eghquhous, the area was part of the Lenape homeland known as Lenapehoking
Staten Island
–
The
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, looking toward Staten Island from
Brooklyn
Staten Island
–
Skeletons unearthed at
Lenape burial ground in Staten Island, the largest pre-European burial ground in NYC
Staten Island
–
Voorlezer's House built c. 1696
Staten Island
–
Billiou-Stillwell-Perine House
28.
Gardiner-Tyler House
–
Gardiner-Tyler House is a historic home located at West New Brighton, Staten Island, New York. It was built about 1835 and is a two-story, Greek Revival style frame dwelling covered in clapboards and it features a two-story, tetrastyle portico with four fluted Corinthian order columns. The house was the home of Julia Gardiner Tyler, widow of U. S. President John Tyler and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984
Gardiner-Tyler House
–
Gardiner-Tyler House
29.
C-SPAN
–
C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request
C-SPAN
–
Sen.
Robert Byrd (right), C-SPAN's founder
Brian Lamb (left) and Paul FitzPatrick flip the switch for C-SPAN2 on June 2, 1986. FitzPatrick was C-SPAN president at the time.
C-SPAN
–
C-SPAN broadcasts the beginning of the
112th Congress on January 5, 2011.
C-SPAN
–
Home page of the C-SPAN Video Library
C-SPAN
–
Founder Brian Lamb in 2012 flanked by co-CEOs Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain.
30.
Roman Catholicism
–
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
Roman Catholicism
–
Saint Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
–
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
–
Pope Francis, elected in the
papal conclave, 2013
Roman Catholicism
–
Traditional graphic representation of the Trinity: The earliest attested version of the diagram, from a manuscript of
Peter of Poitiers ' writings, c. 1210
31.
Panic of 1873
–
The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries. In Britain, for example, it started two decades of stagnation known as the Long Depression that weakened the economic leadership. The Panic was known as the Great Depression until the events in the early 1930s set a new standard, the Panic of 1873 and the subsequent depression had several underlying causes, of which economic historians debate the relative importance. The first symptoms of the crisis were financial failures in the Austro-Hungarian capital, Vienna, the American Civil War was followed by a boom in railroad construction. 33,000 miles of new track were laid across the country between 1868 and 1873, much of the craze in railroad investment was driven by government land grants and subsidies to the railroads. At that time, the industry was the nations largest employer outside of agriculture. A large infusion of cash from speculators caused abnormal growth in the industry as well as overbuilding of docks, factories, at the same time, too much capital was involved in projects offering no immediate or early returns. As a result, the United States Congress passed the Coinage Act of 1873, before the Act, the United States had backed its currency with both gold and silver, and it minted both types of coins. The Act moved the United States to a de facto gold standard, the Act had the immediate effect of depressing silver prices. This hurt Western mining interests, who labeled the Act The Crime of 73, but the coinage law also reduced the domestic money supply, which raised interest rates, thereby hurting farmers and anyone else who normally carried heavy debt loads. The resulting outcry raised serious questions about how long the new policy would last and this perception of instability in United States monetary policy caused investors to shy away from long-term obligations, particularly long-term bonds. The problem was compounded by the boom, which was in its later stages at the time. In September 1873, the U. S. economy entered a crisis and this followed a period of post-Civil War economic over-expansion that arose from the Northern railroad boom. It came at the end of a series of setbacks, the Black Friday panic of 1869, the Chicago fire of 1871, the outbreak of equine influenza in 1872. In September 1873, Jay Cooke & Company, a component of the United States banking establishment. Cookes firm, like others, had invested heavily in the railroads. At a time when investment banks were anxious for more capital for their enterprises, while businesses were expanding, the money they needed to finance that growth was becoming scarcer. Cooke and other entrepreneurs had planned to build the second transcontinental railroad, cookes firm provided the financing, and ground was broken near Duluth, Minnesota, for the line on 15 February 1870
Panic of 1873
–
A
bank run on the Fourth National Bank No. 20
Nassau Street, New York City, from
Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 4 October 1873
Panic of 1873
–
New York police violently attacking unemployed workers in
Tompkins Square Park, 1874.
Panic of 1873
–
Black Friday, 9 May 1873,
Vienna Stock Exchange.
32.
James Garfield
–
James Abram Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1881, until his assassination later that year. He is the only sitting House member to be elected president, Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, beginning at age 17, he attended several Ohio schools, then studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican and he married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate. Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohios 19th District, throughout Garfields extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored an approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen. At the 1880 Republican National Convention, Senator-elect Garfield attended as campaign manager for Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and gave the presidential nomination speech for him. When neither Sherman nor his rivals – Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine – could get votes to secure the nomination. In the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted a front porch campaign. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U. S. Supreme Court justice, Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, Presidents due to the short length of his presidency. James Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19,1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Orange Township was located in the Western Reserve, and like many who settled there, Garfields ancestors were from New England. James father Abram had been born in Worcester, New York and he instead wed her sister Eliza, who had been born in New Hampshire. James was named for a brother, dead in infancy. In early 1833, Abram and Eliza Garfield joined the Church of Christ, Abram Garfield died later that year, his son was raised in poverty in a household led by the strong-willed Eliza. James was her child, and the two remained close for the rest of her life. Eliza Garfield remarried in 1842, but soon left her husband, Warren Belden
James Garfield
–
Brady -
Handy photograph of Garfield, taken between 1870 and 1880
James Garfield
–
Birthplace site of James Garfield
James Garfield
–
Garfield at age 16
James Garfield
–
Lucretia Garfield in the 1870s
33.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
34.
Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk
–
Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk was the Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York from 1830–1861. A member of a prominent Hempstead family, Onderdonk graduated from Columbia College, now Columbia University and he studied theology under Bishop John Henry Hobart and was a member of the Episcopal Theological Society between 1810 and 1811. William White, Bishop of Pennsylvania, Presiding Bishop of the ECUSA Thomas Church Brownell, as his ordination approached, Carey was examined by the Rev. Dr. Hugh Smith, Rector of St. Peter’s, New York. During this interview, Carey professed views which were sympathetic to Roman Catholicism, at Smith’s insistence, Onderdonk conducted an inquiry, which ultimately found Carey to be suitable for ordination, which was celebrated in 1843. The dispute did not end there, and a number of letters were published accusing Carey and this controversy spread beyond the Diocese, and at least one other Diocese, that of Ohio, adopted a resolution condemning Onderdonk. This eventually resulted in a trial before the House of Bishops, the trial resulted in the suspension of Onderdonk. Whether the trial was an act to punish a Bishop for improper behavior or a conspiracy to silence a proponent of the Oxford Movement may be ultimately unknowable. The debate continued in published letters throughout Onderdonk’s life and indeed continues today, following his suspension, Onderdonk remained Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York but was suspended from performing his duties. Provisional Bishops were consecrated to fill his duties and his brother, Henry Ustick Onderdonk, Bishop of Pennsylvania, was also suspended upon allegations of intemperance during the same time period. Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk died at age 69 in 1861 and his sarcophagus, now ensconced at Trinity Church in New York City, depicts him lying in repose yet crushing a serpent labeled Scandal beneath his heel. Onderdonk Charles Wells Hayes, The Diocese of Western New York, History and Recollections, “Ministerial Misdeeds, The Onderdonk Trial and Sexual Harassment in the 1840s. ”A Mighty Baptism, Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, William Manross, A History of the American Episcopal Church
Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk
–
Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk
35.
Episcopal Diocese of New York
–
Established in 1787 after the success of the American Revolution resulted in the dis-establishment of the Anglican Church, it is one of the nine original dioceses of the Episcopal Church. It is one of ten dioceses, plus the Convocation of Episcopal Churches in Europe, the diocesan offices are located in Manhattan near the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine on Amsterdam Avenue. The Diocesan bishop is Andrew M. L. Dietsche, 16th Bishop of New York, assisted by Allen K. Shin, Suffragan Bishop, anglicanism in New York can be traced to the acquisition of the territory from the Dutch in the latter part of the 17th century. In 1664, Charles II granted title to New Netherland to his brother, the Duke of York, British rule over New York was firmly established by 1674. Initially, when it was a province under the direct control of the Roman Catholic James II. In 1683, the New York Charter of Liberties and Privileges guaranteed religious tolerance, after the Glorious Revolution, the British monarchy, especially William III and Anne, actively promoted the growth of the Church of England within the province. In 1693, the Church of England became the church of New York. Between 1693 and 1694 Trinity Church in lower Manhattan and St. Peter’s Church, with royal patronage and the assistance of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the church grew in the province through to the period of the American Revolution. During this time, the parishes in New York were under the direction of the Bishop of London, as the church grew in New York, and through the American colonies, the Church of England began to see the need to establish an episcopate in the Americas. This plan caused fear among a number of colonists and is said to have contributed to the American Revolution. During the Revolution, many considered the church as harboring loyalties to the British Empire, as it was the established church in the empire. After the Revolution, the church was disestablished in southern colonies, a number of prominent clergymen were imprisoned, including Samuel Seabury, the rector of St. Peter’s, Westchester, who later became the first Bishop of Connecticut. In 1789, the Episcopal Church was formally separated from the Church of England so that clergy would not be required to take an oath to the Crown, the selection of Provoost served to mollify the anti-Anglican sentiments, which rose during the Revolution. Before long, his patriotism cost him his parish. Narrowly escaped capture and death at the hands of the British. ”His Revolutionary credentials established, from 1792 to 1795, Provoost served as the 3rd Presiding Bishop of the church. In the 1830s and 1840s, the Oxford Movement caused controversies and divisions within the diocese, as it did elsewhere within the church, in New York, these divisions crystallized over a dispute over the ordination of Arthur Carey. Carey, a graduate of the General Theological Seminary, was influenced by the Tracts for the Times. Benjamin Onderdonk and other presbyters conducted an examination of Carey, which found him fit for ordination
Episcopal Diocese of New York
–
The Cathedral of Saint John the Divine.
Episcopal Diocese of New York
–
Coat of Arms the Diocese of New York
Episcopal Diocese of New York
–
Samuel Provoost, I Bishop of New York and Third Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church
Episcopal Diocese of New York
–
St. Paul's Chapel.
36.
Church of the Ascension (New York)
–
The Church of the Ascension is an Episcopal church in the Diocese of New York, located at 36–38 Fifth Avenue and West 10th Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan New York City. It was built in 1840–41, the first church to be built on Fifth Avenue and was designed by Richard Upjohn in the Gothic Revival style, the interior was remodeled by Stanford White in 1885–88. The church became a National Historic Landmark in 1987, both the church and parish house are part of the Greenwich Village Historic District, designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1969. Built in 1828–29, the burned down in 1839, prompting the move to the parishs current location. Until the new church was completed, the met in a number of places for two years. Not long after the church opened, on June 26,1844, since Gardiner was much younger than Tyler, John Quincy Adams called the couple the laughing-stock of the city. This acquired the nickname of The Little Brick Church in Times Square and this policy was in effect for decades, about 30,000 people visited the church in the 1960s. Although the doors are not still open around the clock, the windows are illuminated at night. Richard Upjohns design for the church is related to his designs for Trinity Church, which began construction slightly earlier, in 1839, and Christ Church in Brooklyn. The brownstone church is symmetrical, and features a square tower, Stanford Whites interior design was one of the great collaborative efforts of the era, and features a pulpit designed by Charles Follen McKim, mosaics by D. The church has had a series of organs since its construction in 1840–41, the current organ is The Manton Memorial Organ which was dedicated on May 1,2011. The organ was built by Pascal Quoirin of St. Didier in Provence, France and it is the first organ built in France to be installed in New York City and replaced a Holtkamp Organ Company instrument built in 1966. Anglicanism portal New York City portal Notes Official website
Church of the Ascension (New York)
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Church of the Ascension (Episcopal)
Church of the Ascension (New York)
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A late 19th century photograph of the church
Church of the Ascension (New York)
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The Ascension by
John LaFarge (1835-1910)
Church of the Ascension (New York)
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Parish House (1843–44), altered in 1888-89 by
McKim, Mead & White
37.
Colonnade Row
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They are believed to have been built by Seth Geer, although the project has been attributed to a number of other architects. The buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name LaGrange Terrace, the buildings each contained 26 rooms and were 27 feet wide, with 15-foot deep front yards, uncommon at the time. Their facades were made entirely of Westchester marble and linked with a colonnade of Corinthian columns providing the homes with their current name, the marble for the buildings was found at Sing Sing, where the convicts worked to cut it for use in construction. The precise year of the construction, as well as the architect responsible are subject to some debate. Town and Dakin are believed to have work on the project. Apart from John Jacob Astor III, Julia Gardiner, who would become President John Tylers First Lady lived on Colonnade Row, as did Cornelius Vanderbilt, Washington Irving, and Warren Delano. The upper-class demographics of the region shifted, and by 1860 Murray Hill was considered a place to live. Some of the columns and decorative parts ended up in what is now known as Delbarton School, the public hearings regarding the landmarking were held on September 21,1965 at which time a number of people supported the landmarking and the owners presented no objections. The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in December 1976 after being nominated in August of the same year, the owners have announced plans to restore the buildings as recently as 1995, however this has not yet happened due in part to cost. Astor Place Theatre Notes NYC Architecture images and description La Grange Terrace Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of Congress
Colonnade Row
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LaGrange Terrace
Colonnade Row
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The original nine buildings
38.
Stepmother
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A stepmother or stepmom is the wife of ones biological father, who is not ones biological mother. Step parents may also face some societal challenges due to the surrounding the evil stepmother character. Morello notes that the introduction of the evil character in the past is problematic to stepparents today. The presence of this stigma has had a powerful, negative impact on stepmothers self-esteems, in fiction, stepmothers are often portrayed as being wicked and evil. The character of the wicked stepmother features heavily in fairy tales, the most famous examples are Cinderella, Snow White, in some fairy tales, the stepdaughters escape by marrying does not free her from her stepmother. After the birth of the stepdaughters first child, the stepmother may attempt to murder the new mother and replace her with her own daughter—thus making her the stepmother to the next generation. Such a replacement occurs in The Wonderful Birch, Brother and Sister, in the Korean Folktale Janghwa Hongryeon jeon, the stepmother kills her own stepdaughters. In many stories with evil stepmothers, the hostility between the stepmother and the stepchild is underscored by having the child succeed through aid from the dead mother. The notion of the word stepmother being descriptive of an intrinsically unkind parent is suggested by peculiar wording in John Gambles An Irish Wake and he writes of a woman soon to die, who instructs her successor to be kind to my children. Gamble writes that the injunction was forgotten and that she proved a very step-mother, the Icelandic fairy tale The Horse Gullfaxi and the Sword Gunnfoder features a good stepmother, who indeed aids the prince like a fairy godmother, but this figure is very rare in fairy tales. The stepmother may be identified with other evils the characters meet and this hostility from the stepmother and tenderness from the true mother has been interpreted in varying ways. A psychological interpretation, by Bruno Bettelheim, describes it as splitting the actual mother in an ideal mother, in some fairy tales, such as The Juniper Tree, the stepmothers hostility is overtly the desire to secure the inheritance of her children. Stepmothers also make appearances in Chinese tales of family. In Classic of Filial Piety, Guo Jujing told the story of Min Ziqian and his stepmother had two more sons and saw to it that they were warmly dressed in winter but neglected her stepson. When her husband discovered this, he decided to divorce her and his son interceded, on the ground that she neglected only him, but when they had no mother, all three sons would be neglected. His father relented, and the stepmother henceforth took care of all three children, for this, he was held up as a model of filial piety. Conversely, the exemplary stepmother prefers the stepson to her own child, the ubiquity of the wicked stepmother has made it a frequent theme of revisionist fairy tale fantasy. More subtly, Piers Anthony depicted the Princess Threnody as being cursed by her stepmother in Crewel Lye, A Caustic Yarn, if she ever entered Castle Roogna, it would fall down
Stepmother
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Illustration of Schneewittchen (
Snow White) by Franz Jüttner: the
evil stepmother realizes her stepdaughter has escaped her magic.
Stepmother
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"Awake Groa Awake Mother" by
John Bauer, a son at his mother's grave seeking aid against his stepmother.
39.
Confederate army
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The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
Confederate army
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Private
Edwin Francis Jemison, whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war
Confederate army
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CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece
Confederate army
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General
Robert Edward Lee, famous Southern General
Confederate army
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Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863
40.
Franco-Prussian War
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The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. On 16 July 1870, the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia, the German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads. The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king Wilhelm I, the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, the causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and this new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, in Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace. The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern princes candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems, other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this. According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity, the Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull, gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt he had just received a slap. Napoleons new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, a crowd of 15–20,000 people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government, the southern German states immediately sided with Prussia. The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, and in the Mexican campaign. Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made, universal conscription and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists, who would swell the army to a planned strength of 800,000 on mobilisation. Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile, however, the Franco-Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented
Franco-Prussian War
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Clockwise from top left: Prussian infantry at the
Battle of Spicheren;
Jeanniot 's 1886 La ligne de feu (
Battle of Mars-La-Tour);
Werner 's depiction of the
capitulation of Sedan;
Neuville 's 1873 Les dernières cartouches (
Battle of Bazeilles).
Franco-Prussian War
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A French
mitrailleuse in the
Bundeswehr Military History Museum
Franco-Prussian War
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French reservists responding to the call.
Franco-Prussian War
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Map of German and French armies near their common border on 31 July 1870
41.
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City, New Jersey
Jersey City, New Jersey
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City at the end of the 19th century
Jersey City, New Jersey
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The ferry docks at the
Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park in 1893
42.
Elkhorn, West Virginia
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Elkhorn is an unincorporated community in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. Elkhorn lies on U. S. Route 52 and takes its name from the creek flows through the community. The John J. Lincoln House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, the climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Elkhorn has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated Cfb on climate maps
Elkhorn, West Virginia
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Visible beyond the bridge is the
John J. Lincoln House
43.
Hanover County, Virginia
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Hanover County is located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 99,863 and its county seat is Hanover Courthouse. Hanover County is included in the Greater Richmond Region, located in the Piedmont of Virginia, Hanover County was created on November 26,1719, from the area of New Kent County called St. Pauls Parish. It was named for the Electorate of Hanover in Germany, because King George I of Great Britain was Elector of Hanover at the time, the county was developed by planters moving west from the Virginia tidewater, where soils had been exhausted by tobacco monoculture. Hanover County was the birthplace and home of noted American statesman Patrick Henry and he reportedly married Sarah Shelton in the parlor of her familys house, Rural Plains, also known as Shelton House. The historic Hanover Courthouse is pictured in the county seal, Hanover County was also the birthplace of Henry Clay, who became known as a politician in Kentucky, author of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and Secretary of State. At one point, Hanover County is only 5 miles from the current city limits of Richmond, the Chickahominy River forms the border of the county in the Mechanicsville area. During the American Civil War and the 1862 Peninsula Campaign, the Union Army approached the river, but they learned that the river was a major obstacle. Union General George B. McClellan failed in his attempt to get all his troops across it and his failure to take Richmond, the Confederate capital, has been said to have prolonged the war by almost 3 years. Hanover County was the site of a number of Civil War battles, including the Seven Days Battles of the Peninsula Campaign, the incorporated town of Ashland is located within Hanover County. Ashland is the second and current home of Randolph-Macon College, in 1953, Barksdale Theatre was founded at the historic Hanover Tavern. It was the nations first dinner theater and central Virginias first professional theatre organization, the Barksdale company continues to produce live theatre at the Tavern, as well as at several locations in Richmond. It is recognized today as Central Virginias leading professional theatre, kings Dominion amusement park opened in 1975 in Doswell and added to the countys economy. In January 2007, Americas Promise named Hanover County as one of the top 100 communities for youth. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 474 square miles. Hanover County is about 90 miles south of Washington, D. C. and about 12 miles north of Richmond, Virginia. 86. 7% were White,9. 3% Black or African American,1. 4% Asian,0. 4% Native American,0. 8% of some other race and 1. 5% of two or more races,2. 1% were Hispanic or Latino. As of the census of 2000, there were 86,320 people,31,121 households, the population density was 183 people per square mile
Hanover County, Virginia
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Historic Hanover County Courthouse and Civil War memorial
Hanover County, Virginia
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Seal
Hanover County, Virginia
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Rural Plains, located on the grounds of the
Richmond National Battlefield Park, Hanover County
44.
Virginia House of Delegates
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The Virginia House of Delegates is one of two parts in the Virginia General Assembly, the other being the Senate of Virginia. It has 100 members elected for terms of two years, unlike most states, these take place during odd-numbered years. The House is presided over by the Speaker of the House, the Speaker is almost always a member of the majority party and, as Speaker, becomes the most powerful member of the House. The House shares legislative power with the Senate of Virginia, the house of the Virginia General Assembly. The House of Delegates is the successor to the Virginia House of Burgesses. The House is divided into Democratic and Republican caucuses, in addition to the Speaker, there is a majority leader, majority caucus chair, minority leader, minority caucus chair, and the chairs of the several committees of the House. Through the House of Burgesses, the Virginia House of Delegates is considered the oldest continuous legislative body in the New World, originally having 22 members, the House of Burgesses met from 1619 through 1632 in the choir of the church at Jamestown. From 1632 to 1699 the legislative body met at four different state houses in Jamestown, the first state house convened at the home of Colonial Governor Sir John Harvey from 1632 to 1656. The burgesses convened at the state house from 1656 until it was destroyed in 1660. Historians have yet to identify its location. The House has met in Virginias Capitol Building, designed by Thomas Jefferson, the legislative body met from 1788 to 1904 in what is known as today the Old Hall of the House of Delegates or commonly referred to as the Old House Chamber. The Old House Chamber is part of the original Capitol building structure and it measures 76 feet in width and is filled today with furnishings that resemble what the room would have looked like during its time of use. There are many bronze and marble busts of historic Virginians on display in the Old House Chamber, including, George Mason, George Wythe, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Meriwether Lewis. From 1904 to 1906, University of Virginia graduate and architect John K. Peeples designed, the General Assembly members and staff operate from offices in the General Assembly Building, located in Capitol Square. Prior to 1788 the House of Delegates met in the Colonial Capital of Williamsburg, in 1999, Republicans took control of the long-time Democratic House of Delegates for the first time since Reconstruction. The annual salary for delegates is $17,640 per year, each delegate represents roughly 83,000 people. Candidates for office must be at least 21 years of age at the time of the election, residents of the districts they seek to represent, and qualified to vote for General Assembly legislators. The regular session of the General Assembly is 60 days long during even numbered years and 30 days long during odd numbered years, the House has 14 standing committees
Virginia House of Delegates
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Virginia House of Delegates
45.
Roanoke, Virginia
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Roanoke is an independent city in the southern U. S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 97,032 and it is located in the Roanoke Valley of the Roanoke Region of Virginia. Roanoke is the largest municipality in Southwest Virginia, and is the municipality of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is composed of the independent cities of Roanoke and Salem, and Botetourt, Craig, Franklin, bisected by the Roanoke River, Roanoke is the commercial and cultural hub of much of Southwest Virginia and portions of Southern West Virginia. The town first called Big Lick was established in 1852 and chartered in 1874 and it was named for a large outcropping of salt which drew the wildlife to the site near the Roanoke River. In 1882 it became the town of Roanoke, and in 1884 it was chartered as the independent city of Roanoke, the name Roanoke is said to have originated from an Algonquian word for shell money. The name for the river was used by the Algonquian speakers who lived 300 miles away where the river emptied into the sea near Roanoke Island. The native people who lived near where the city was founded did not speak Algonquian and they spoke Siouan languages, Tutelo and Catawban. There were also Cherokee speakers in general area who fought with the Catawba people. The city grew frequently through annexation through the middle of the twentieth century, the last annexation was in 1976. The state legislature has since prohibited cities from annexing land from adjacent counties, during colonial times the site of Roanoke was an important hub of trails and roads. The Roanoke Gap proved a useful route for immigrants to settle the Carolina Piedmont region, at Roanoke Gap, another branch of the Great Wagon Road, the Wilderness Road, continued southwest to Tennessee. In the 1850s, Big Lick became a stop on the Virginia, however, the Financial Panic of 1873 wrecked the AM&Os finances. After several years of operating under receiverships, Mahones role as a railroad builder ended in 1881 when northern financial interests took control, the AM&O was renamed Norfolk and Western Railway. Frederick J. Kimball, an engineer and partner in the Clark firm, headed the new line. For the junction for the Shenandoah Valley and the Norfolk and Western roads, Kimball and his board of directors selected the small Virginia village called Big Lick, on the Roanoke River. Although the grateful citizens offered to rename their town Kimball, at his suggestion, as the N&W brought people and jobs, the Town of Roanoke quickly became an independent city in 1884. In fact, Roanoke became a city so quickly that it earned the nickname Magic City, kimballs interest in geology was instrumental in the development of the Pocahontas coalfields in western Virginia and West Virginia
Roanoke, Virginia
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Downtown Roanoke from atop Mill Mountain.
Roanoke, Virginia
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Seal
Roanoke, Virginia
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Child laborer at Roanoke Cotton Mills, 1911. Photo by
Lewis Hine.
Roanoke, Virginia
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Roanoke Regional Airport terminal building
46.
Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
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Hollywood Cemetery is a large, sprawling cemetery located next to Richmond, Virginias Oregon Hill neighborhood at 412 South Cherry Street. It is also the place of 28 Confederate generals, more than any other cemetery in the country. The land that Hollywood Cemetery currently stands on was part of William Byrd IIIs estate. Later, it was owned by the Harvie family and was known as Harvies Woods, in the late 1840s, William Haxall and Joshua Fry hired John Notman to design the cemetery in the rural garden style. Its name, Hollywood, came from the holly trees dotting the hills of the property, oliver P. Baldwin delivered the dedication address in 1849. James Monroe was reinterred from New York City to the Presidents Circle section of Hollywood cemetery on July 4,1858 due to the efforts of Governor Henry A. Wise. In 1869, a 90-foot high granite pyramid was built as a memorial to the more than 18,000 enlisted men of the Confederate Army buried in the cemetery, in 1890, a chapel was constructed next to the entrance of the cemetery. This chapel now serves as the cemetery office, in 1915, the original entrance was closed and the present one was opened to better facilitate cars. Hollywood Cemetery is one of Richmonds major tourist attractions, there are many local legends surrounding certain tombs and grave sites in the cemetery, including one about a little girl and the black iron statue of a dog standing watch over her grave. Other notable legends rely on ghosts haunting the many mausoleums, one of the most well-known of these is the legend of the Richmond Vampire. A place rich in history, legend, and gothic landscape, there are two very good histories of Hollywood Cemetery, John O. Peters, Richmonds Hollywood Cemetery. Use the following links to find someone. James E. Cannon, Virginia state senator, ralph T. Catterall, judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission. Robert H. Chilton, US Army Officer, Confederate General, Philip St. George Cocke, Confederate General, American Civil War Raleigh Edward Colston, Confederate Civil War general and VMI professor. Asbury Christian Compton, Justice, Supreme Court of Virginia, John Rogers Cooke, Confederate General, American Civil War. Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, U. S. and Confederate Congressman, Civil War veteran and his statue is in Statuary Hall in the U. S. Capitol. Virginius Dabney Author, Journalist, Editor of The Richmond Times Dispatch from 1936 to 1969, peter V. Daniel, U. S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert Williams Daniel, Virginia State Senator and RMS Titanic survivor. Son of Robert Williams Daniel. S Navy officer, noted researcher, representative from Virginia Joseph Black Elliott, Sr
Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
–
Hollywood Cemetery
Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
–
The Harvie family plot.
Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
–
Pyramid, built as a memorial to Confederate enlisted men.
47.
Fitzhugh Lee
–
Fitzhugh Lee was a Confederate cavalry general in the American Civil War, the 40th Governor of Virginia, diplomat, and United States Army general in the Spanish–American War. He was the son of Sydney Smith Lee, a captain in the Confederate States Navy, Lee was born at Clermont in Fairfax County, Virginia. He was the grandson of Light Horse Harry Lee, a nephew of Robert E. Lee and Samuel Cooper, rooney Lee, and Robert E. Lee, Jr. Lee, was lieutenant colonel. As a cavalry subaltern, he distinguished himself by his gallant conduct in actions against the Comanches in Texas, in May 1860, he was appointed instructor of cavalry tactics at West Point, but resigned his commission upon the secession of Virginia. Lee joined the Confederate States Army as a lieutenant of cavalry and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 1st Virginia Cavalry in September 1861, serving under Colonel J. E. B. Lee became colonel of the regiment in March 1862 and was promoted to general on July 24,1862. However, during the subsequent Confederate raid on Catletts Station, he captured the headquarters tent, Lee gave Popes coat to Stuart as compensation for the hat he had lost. He conducted the cavalry action of Kellys Ford with skill and success, after Chancellorsville, Lee was incapacitated by inflammatory rheumatism, missing a month of action, which included the significant cavalry operations at the Battle of Brandy Station. He recovered in time to lead a brigade in Jeb Stuarts ride around the Union Army in the days of the Gettysburg Campaign. During the Battle of Gettysburg, his brigade fought unsuccessfully in the action at East Cavalry Field, Stuarts report singled out no officer in his command for praise except Fitz Lee, who he said was one of the finest cavalry leaders on the continent, and richly to promotion. Lee was promoted to general on August 3,1863. In the Overland and Petersburg campaigns of 1864, he was employed as a divisional commander under Stuart. Despite Lees abilities, in 1864 he was unable to break through United States Colored Troops defense of Fort Pocohontas in Charles City County. Lee took part in Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Earlys campaign against Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, Fitzhugh Lee himself led the last charge of the Confederates on April 9 that year at Farmville, Virginia. In 1875, he attended the Battle of Bunker Hill centennial at Boston and delivered a remarkable address. In 1885, he was a member of the board of visitors of West Point, Lee commanded the third division at both of President Grover Clevelands inaugural parades in 1885 and 1893. In April 1896, Lee was appointed consul-general at Havana by President Cleveland, with duties of a diplomatic, in this post he was from the first called upon to deal with a situation of great difficulty, which culminated with the destruction of the warship USS Maine. Upon the declaration of war between Spain and the United States, he re-entered the army and he was one of four ex-Confederate general officers who were made major generals of United States Volunteers
Fitzhugh Lee
–
Fitzhugh Lee
Fitzhugh Lee
–
Fitzhugh Lee in the Civil War
Fitzhugh Lee
–
Lee after the war
Fitzhugh Lee
–
General Fitzhugh Lee, United States Consul-General at Havana
48.
James Taylor Ellyson
–
James Taylor Ellyson was a U. S. political figure from the Commonwealth of Virginia who served in a number of state political positions. Born in Richmond, Virginia, Ellyson enlisted to fight for the Confederacy in 1863 and he attended Columbian College and Richmond College for one term each before attending and graduating from the University of Virginia with a degree in law. Ellyson began his career as a member of the Richmond City Council. In his long career, he went on to serve in the Senate of Virginia, as mayor of Richmond. To date, he is the only Lieutenant Governor of the commonwealth who served for three terms, Ellyson was also a trustee of Richmond College from 1891–1919, and president of the Board from 1908 through 1919. Ellyson left office in 1918 and died just over a year later and he is buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond. James Taylor Ellyson at The Virginia Elections and State Elected Officials Database Project, 1776-2007 James Taylor Ellyson at Find a Grave Museum of the Confederacy
James Taylor Ellyson
–
James Taylor Ellyson
49.
Augustine Van de Vyver
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Augustine Van de Vyver was a Belgian-American Catholic priest, who became the sixth Bishop of Richmond, Virginia. His parents were John Ferdinand Van de Vyver and Sophia and he was educated in the St. Joseph Minor Seminary of Sint-Niklaas, and at the American College, Louvain. Ordained priest,24 July 1870, he served successively as assistant at St. Peters Cathedral, Richmond, pastor of Harpers Ferry, pastor of the cathedral, and vicar-general of the Diocese of Richmond. Assigned with him at the cathedral for a time was Dennis J. OConnell, father Van de Vyvers appointment by Rome to succeed Bishop Keane as Bishop of Richmond,16 July 1889, was furthered by a petition of the priests of the diocese. He was consecrated,20 October 1889, having as consecrating prelates his two predecessors, Cardinal James Gibbons and Bishop J. J. Keane, then rector of the Catholic University, Washington. Diomede Falconio laid the cornerstone of the new cathedral,4 June 1903, in a quasi-synod held by the bishop,12 November 1907, new laws were enacted to meet the needs of the diocese. Bishop Van de Vyver made several attempts to resign his see, the first, in 1903, and the second, in 1905, were frustrated by the Church authorities, priest and people being ignorant of his intention. The bishops third and almost successful attempt to resign came to the knowledge of the people, the efforts of clergy and laity caused the final withdrawal of his resignation. He was buried in Mount Calvary Cemetery, Richmond, which he as vicar-general had purchased, Catholic Encyclopedia article This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. article name needed
Augustine Van de Vyver
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Augustine Van de Vyver
America's First Ladies, Anna Harrison, Letitia Tyler & Julia Tyler, 2013, C-SPAN[21]
