1.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
2.
Liberal arts colleges in the United States
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Liberal arts colleges in the United States are certain undergraduate institutions of higher education in the United States. These schools are American institutions of education which have traditionally emphasized interactive instruction at the undergraduate level. These colleges also encourage a high level of interaction at the center of which are classes taught by full-time faculty rather than graduate student TAs. In addition, some colleges offer experimental curricula, Liberal arts colleges are also often associated with larger bodies or consortia. The largest association of liberal arts colleges in the United States is the Council of Independent Colleges, with more than 630 small. The Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges is a consortium of liberal arts colleges. Many liberal arts colleges belong to the Annapolis Group, Oberlin Group, Womens College Coalition, a number of liberal arts colleges are involved in Project Pericles or the Eco League. Other well-known consortia in the Eastern United States include the Little Three, Colby-Bates Bowdoin Consortium, the Seven Sisters Colleges, similar consortia include the Claremont College Consortium in Southern California and the Associated Colleges of the Midwest in the Midwestern United States. Additional midwestern groups include the Five Colleges of Ohio, Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities, the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, groups in the Southern United States include the Associated Colleges of the South, and the Seven Sisters of the South. There are no passive ears, students and faculty work so closely together, teaching is an act of love. There is not only a relationship in class but professors become hiking companions, intramural teammates, dinner companions. Learning is collaborative rather than competitive, values are central, there is a sense of community. They are places of great synergy, where the whole becomes greater than the sum of the parts, aspirations are raised, young people are empowered. College and university rankings guides offer annual issues that rank liberal arts colleges separately from research universities, the Washington Monthly and U. S. News & World Report provide rankings specifically of liberal arts colleges. As a result, a majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the said that they did not intend to participate in the U. S. News reputational rankings in the future. Plus, the reputation of a school can help get that all-important first job, the peer survey is by nature subjective, but the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice. The results from the survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges. S. News has been supplying this exact college information for years already
3.
Church of the Brethren
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The Church of the Brethren is a Christian denomination with origins in the Schwarzenau Brethren that was organized in 1708 by Alexander Mack in Schwarzenau, Germany. The Brethren movement began as a melding of Radical Pietist and Anabaptist ideas during the Protestant Reformation, the first of its churches in the United States was established in 1723. These church bodies became known as Dunkards, and more formally as German Baptist Brethren. The denomination holds the New Testament as its only creed, historically, the church has taken a strong stance for nonresistance or pacifism—it is one of the three historic peace churches, alongside the Mennonites and Quakers. Distinctive practices include believers baptism by immersion, a threefold love feast consisting of feet washing, a fellowship meal, and communion, anointing for healing. The Church of the Brethren represents the largest body descending from Macks Schwarzenau Brethren church, the church had 122,810 members as of June 2010 and 1,047 congregations in the United States and Puerto Rico as of August 2010. Six liberal arts colleges and one seminary are related to the Church of the Brethren, general offices and the Brethren Press are located in Elgin, Illinois. In 1948, the Church of the Brethren joined the World Council of Churches as a member and was a forming member of the National Council of Churches in 1950. Five men and three women gathered at the Eder, a river that flows through Schwarzenau, to perforrm baptism as an outward symbol of their new faith. One of the members of the group first baptized Mack, who then, in turn and these eight Christians referred to themselves as the New Baptists. The name alluded to the use of the name Täufer by the Mennonites, the denomination reorganized in America and founded its first American congregation on Christmas Day 1723 in Germantown, Pennsylvania, then a village outside Philadelphia. They became known as German Baptists, in 1871, the denomination adopted the name, The German Baptist Brethren Church. Until the early 20th century, Brethren were colloquially called Tunkers or Dunkers, in 1728, Conrad Beissel, a Brethren minister at Conestoga renounced his association with the Brethren and formed his own group in Ephrata, Pennsylvania. They came to be known as the Ephrata Cloister, Beissel practiced a mystical form of Christianity. He encouraged celibacy and a vegetarian diet, after the Beissel split, the Brethren split several times because of doctrinal differences. The most conservative members emphasized consistency, obedience, and the order of the Brethren and they opposed the use of musical instruments, Sunday schools, and worldly amusements. They promoted plain dress, simple living, and church discipline, the progressives in the church focused on grace and acceptance. They promoted higher education, salaried ministers, Sunday schools, the majority of Brethren held a position between the two extremes
4.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
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Huntingdon, Pennsylvania
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Huntingdon is a borough in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located along the Juniata River, approximately 32 miles east of Altoona and 98 miles west of Harrisburg and it is the largest population center near Raystown Lake, a winding,28 miles long flood-control reservoir managed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Historically, the region surrounding Huntingdon was dotted with iron furnaces and forges, consuming limestone, iron ore, dairy farms dominate the local agriculture. The town is a stop for the Amtrak passenger service which connects Harrisburg with Pittsburgh. In adjoining Smithfield Township are the headquarters of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. State Game Lands 322 extends north from Huntingdon Borough in the direction of Petersburg, public parks are the George N. Weaver Memorial Park at the end of 16th Street, Portstown Park along the Juniata River, and Blair Field bordering Standing Stone Creek. Historic Blair Park, directly across the stream, is owned and managed by a nonprofit group, it contains a gazebo. A vintage chapel within the park is used by the congregation of Epiphany of Our Lord Orthodox Church, in 2009, Huntingdon was named by Budget Travel magazines readers as the 5th Coolest Small Town in the United States. Results were announced on The Early Show on April 15,2009 by Budget Travels editor in chief Nina Willdorf, in 2015, Huntingdon was chosen by Niche. com as the 7th Best City to Retire in Pennsylvania. Huntingdon is the nearest town to the Allegrippis Trail system, currently ranked #15 on the list of The BEST Mountain Bike Trails in the World. In 1768, Rev. Dr. William Smith began selling lots on the Standing Stone Tract along the Juniata, the tracts two prior owners had not attempted to lay out a town, so Dr. Smith is considered the founder. Huntingdon sits at the site of fields that had been cultivated at a date now unknown. It may be significant that natural formations, which stand erect, are on a nearby ridge. A story surfaced during the early 19th century that Smith had renamed Standing Stone Settlement to honor an Englishwoman, Selina, smiths descendants vehemently denied the story, and there exists no evidence to support it, despite a wide circulation in published sources. In 1796, the village was incorporated as a borough. In the 19th century, J. C, Blair, a native of Shade Gap and a stationer and businessman, popularized the writing tablet and began marketing it nationwide. His factory in downtown Huntingdon was later relocated to nearby Alexandria, the vicinity has been the subject of repeated flooding, in 1889, in 1936, and again in 1972. More recently in 2004, Hurricane Ivan resulted in major flooding close to Huntingdon, the Huntingdon Borough Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986
6.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
7.
Rural area
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In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Whatever is not urban is considered rural, typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas are rural, though so are others such as forests. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes, in Canada, the census division has been used to represent regions and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent communities. Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Ehrensaft, as well, rural northern regions encompass all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Statistics Canada defines rural for their population counts and this definition has changed over time. Typically, it has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or less inhabitants, the current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population density below 400 people per square kilometre. 84% of the United States inhabitants live in suburban and urban areas, Rural areas occupy the remaining 90 percent. The U. S. Census Bureau, the USDAs Economic Research Service, an urbanized area consists of a central surrounding areas whose population is greater than 50,000. USDA The USDAs Office of Rural Development may define rural by various population thresholds, for example, a metropolitan county is one that contains an urbanized area, or one that has a twenty-five percent commuter rate to an urbanized area regardless of population. In 2014, the USDA updated their rural / non-rural area definitions based on the 2010 Census counts, Rural health definitions can be different for establishing under-served areas or health care accessibility in rural areas of the United States. This became the Goldsmith Modification definition of rural, health care delivery in rural areas of the United States can be challenging. From 2005-2011, the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations for acute conditions was highest in rural areas, in Brazil, theres different notions of rural area and countryside. Rural areas are any place outside an urban development and its carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside are officially defined as all municipalities outside the capitals metropolitan region. Some states as Mato Grosso do Sul doesnt have any metropolitan region, thus all of the state, Rio de Janeiro is singular in Brazil and its de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in Greater Rio
8.
Normal school
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A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Most such schools are now denominated teachers colleges, the first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, another school was established in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It operates today as Framingham State University, in the United States teacher colleges or normal schools began to evolve from their initial mission of training teachers to add programs in the sciences, engineering, technology, health, and business. They started to become universities in the 1940s. For instance, Southern Illinois University was formerly Southern Illinois Normal College, the University is now a system of two campuses of more than 34,000 students, but still issues most of its baccalaureate degrees in education. Further, the town of Normal, Illinois was named from the name of Illinois State University. Many famous state universities, such as the University of California, such a list includes Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas, which was established as Kansas State Normal School in 1863, and which by 1889 had become the largest normal school in the Nation. In Canada, such institutions were typically assimilated by a university as the latters Faculty of Education and it requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. The term normal school originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale, the French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building, although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality, Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. In France, a system developed since the Revolution, primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de léducation, the Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training. In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II, since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right or merged with another university to become its faculty of education. The latter was one of the last institutions to retain the word Normal in its name, in Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, former Vilnius Pedagogical University is the main teachers training institution, established in 1935. The terminology is still preserved in the translations of such schools in China since the early 20th century
9.
Juniata River
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The Juniata River is a tributary of the Susquehanna River, approximately 104 miles long, in central Pennsylvania in the United States. The river is considered scenic along much of its route, having a broad and shallow course passing through mountain ridges. It formed an early 18th-century frontier region in Pennsylvania and was the site of Native American attacks against white settlements during the French, the watershed of the river encompasses an area of approximately 3,400 square miles, approximately one-eighth of the drainage area of the Susquehanna. Approximately two-thirds of the watershed is forested and it is the second largest tributary of the Susquehanna after the West Branch Susquehanna. The Juniata River forms in western Huntingdon County at the confluence of the Frankstown Branch, the river flows southeast through Huntingdon and continues to the small village of Ardenheim, where the Raystown Branch, the longest of the Juniatas tributaries, enters from the southwest. The Juniata continues southeast, through a gap in the Jacks Mountain ridge, from Lewistown it flows southeast, in a winding course, receiving Tuscarora Creek from the south and passing through a gap in the Tuscarora Mountain ridge. The Juniata River is joined by three creeks in Millerstown in northeast Perry County and it receives Cocolamus Creek.7 miles southeast, Raccoon Creek.5 miles southeast, and Wildcat Run Creek 2.8 miles southeast of Millerstown. It receives Buffalo Creek.9 miles northwest of Newport and joins the Susquehanna just east of Duncannon, the word Juniata is thought to be a corruption of the Iroquoian word Onayutta, meaning Standing Stone. There was a standing stone where the town of Huntingdon now stands. It was reportedly 14.5 feet tall and contained carvings recording the history of the local Juniata Tribe and it disappeared in 1754, when the tribe left, tradition says they took it with them. A second stone was raised by the new settlers but destroyed in 1897, a two-foot fragment of the second stone sits in Juniata Colleges museum. The first known inhabitants of the valley were the Onojutta-Haga Indians. The valley was inhabited by the Lenape until a treaty negotiated by William Penn opened the land to east of the Allegheny Ridge to white settlement. Over 3,000 white settlers were killed in the raids, during the 19th century, the river was paralleled by the Juniata Division Canal, part of the canal system of Pennsylvania and a rival to the Erie Canal. The state sold the canal to the Pennsylvania Railroad, which abandoned the canal in 1889 after severe flooding, parts of the original locks from the canal, as well as remnants of a dam approximately 1 mile south of Millerstown, are still visible today. The river is a destination for recreational canoeing and fly fishing, in particular for smallmouth bass. The muskellunge was introduced as sport fish and is now a prized catch. Attempts are underway by the state to reintroduce the once-prevalent American shad, walleye is another game fish prevalent in the Juniata River
10.
Susquehanna River
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The Susquehanna River is a major river located in the northeastern United States. At 464 miles long, it is the longest river on the American east coast that drains into the Atlantic Ocean, with its watershed, it is the 16th-largest river in the United States, and the longest river in the continental United States without commercial boat traffic today. The Susquehanna rises and flows through New York, Pennsylvania, and it forms from two main branches, the North Branch, which rises in upstate New York and is regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch, and the West Branch Susquehanna. Both of these waterways were improved by navigations throughout the 1820s and 1830s as the Pennsylvania Canal, together with facilities of the Allegheny Portage Railroad, loaded barges were transferred from the canal and hoisted across the mountain ridge into the Pittsburgh area. The 82-mile Union Canal was completed in 1828 to connect Schuylkill River in Reading to the Susquehanna above Harrisburg, an 82-mile leg connecting the Susquehanna with the Delaware River was instead developed as the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, built by the Pennsylvania Canal Commission. The shorter West Branch, which rises in western Pennsylvania, joins the stem of the Susquehanna near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania. The river drains 27,500 square miles, including half of the land area of Pennsylvania. The river empties into the end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace, Maryland. The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna, while less prevalent since their contraction in the 1950–1960s, the rivers shores still support a wide ranging rail transportation infrastructure. Also called the Main Branch Susquehanna, the branch of the river rises at the outlet of Otsego Lake in Cooperstown. From there, the branch of the river runs west-southwest through rural farmland and dairy country, receiving the Unadilla River at Sidney. It dips south into Pennsylvania briefly to turn north at Susquehanna Depot hooking back into New York. A couple miles south, just across the New York state line and it makes a right-angle curve between Sayre and Towanda to cut through the Endless Mountains in the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania. The origin of the official West Branch is near Northern Cambria County, Pennsylvania near the junction of Mitchel Road and it travels northeasterly through Curwensville, into and through Clearfield, Pennsylvania, where its joined by the Clearfield Creek right bank tributary. The West Branch turns to the southeast and passes through Lock Haven, the North Branch joins the West Branch from the northwest at Northumberland, just above Sunbury. It receives the Juniata River from the northwest at Duncannon, then passes through its last water gap, downtown Harrisburg developed on the east side of the river, which is nearly a mile wide here. It crosses into northern Maryland approximately 30 miles northeast of Baltimore and is joined by Octoraro Creek, the river enters the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. Concord Point Light was built here in 1827 to accommodate the increasing navigational traffic, Susquehanna comes from the Lenapi term Sisawehakhanna, which means Oyster River
11.
Martin Grove Brumbaugh
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Ph. D. was an American Republican politician who served as the 26th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1915 until 1919. He is frequently referred to as M. G, Brumbaugh, as is common in the Brumbaugh family. He was president of Juniata College and the first education commissioner for Puerto Rico, Brumbaugh was born in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, the son of Martha Peightel and George Boyer Brumbaugh. He grew up in rural Huntingdon County and worked in the combination country store-post office that was operated by his father and he was raised in a small pacifist faith with German roots, the German Baptist Brethren, popularly called Dunkers. Brumbaugh attended Huntingdon Normal School, graduating in 1881, a voracious reader and researcher, he later earned degrees in mechanical engineering, philosophy, and the general sciences before earning a Ph. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1894. He returned to Huntingdon Normal School, now renamed Juniata College, in 1895 and he remained closely connected to the college, returning to the position of the president in 1924. A leading proponent of modernization, Brumbaugh oversaw reform of the teacher training curriculum for the state of Louisiana. What did that mean for the Island, at that time, and since the early 1500s the Islands educational system was based in Castilian Spanish. By order of King Ferdinand the Catholic, every church had to have a School Parish and all children were to be educated -in letters and numbers, in science and Faith- up to 6th grade. There had been a close coordination between the authorities and the Catholic Church parish schools and since the mid 1700s Puerto Rico had a semi-public school system. Around the 19th century education was modernized and the Civil authorities took over a greater role, by the 1880s every Mayoralty had its own Education Board, coordinated with the islands Education Ministry, and with that of Spains. When Brumbaugh took over, Puerto Ricos alphabetization levels in the centers was about 98%. The first thing done by Gen.36 of the 74 Island parishes and parish schools were left without a priest, upon taking over, the first thing Martin G. Brumbaugh did was to dissolve the entire Education Ministry that had been in place for centuries. Then Brumbaugh had the public school faculty, most of whom were trained professors of either Antillean or Peninsular Spanish origins. He then brought from the US a great number of Anglophone school teachers, including his cousin Dr. D. Brumbaugh, the problem was that the American school teachers spoke only English, and the islands primary language was Spanish, with great numbers of French and Italian speakers. In less than 18 months, after Brumbaugh took over, school absenteeism shot up to 98% with the ensuing collapse of a population that spoke one language. Those children who did go to school were punished for speaking Spanish, the next thing Brumbaugh did, with the backing of the US Military Government, was to change the entire curriculum, to Americanize it. He re-wrote the entire Puerto Rican history curriculum, sanitized it, to this day, the islands educational system is still suffering from Brumbaughs reforms
12.
Pinehurst, North Carolina
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Pinehurst is a village in Moore County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 13,124 and it is home of the historic golf resort, Pinehurst Resort. Tufts retained Frederick Law Olmsted to design the village, which features curving lanes, originally dubbed Tuftstown during development, Tuftstown became the village of Pinehurst, and home of the Pinehurst Resort. In 1890, the became a municipality. The first golf course at Pinehurst Resort was laid out in 1897-1898, the first championship held at Pinehurst was the United North and South Amateur Championship of 1901. The best known course, Pinehurst No,2, was designed by Donald Ross and completed in 1907. Pinehurst Race Track was established in 1915, the resort now has nine golf courses, three hotels, a spa, and extensive sports and leisure facilities. The request came a week later in a local newspaper, the village also sued the resort over control of the name shared between the resort and village. The Lloyd-Howe House, Pinehurst Historic District and Pinehurst Race Track are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Pinehurst is located at 35°11′46″N 79°27′51″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 14.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,706 people,4,510 households, the population density was 676.9 people per square mile. There were 5,668 housing units at a density of 395.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 95. 31% White,3. 27% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 62% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 27% from other races, and 0. 28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 04% of the population,24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the family size was 2.38. In the village, the population was out with 11. 7% under the age of 18,2. 1% from 18 to 24,16. 7% from 25 to 44,27. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 60 years, for every 100 females there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males, the median income for a household in the village was $58,950, and the median income for a family was $67,353
13.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is one of the most popular green building certification programs used worldwide. Developed by the non-profit U. S. LEED also has grown from six volunteers on one committee to 119,924 staff, volunteers, LEED standards have been applied to approximately 83,452 registered and certified LEED projects worldwide, covering around 13.8 billion square feet. Many U. S. federal agencies and states and local governments require or reward LEED certification, however, four states have effectively banned the use of LEED in new public buildings, preferring other industry standards that the USGBC considers too lax. Proposals to modify the LEED standards are offered and publicly reviewed by USGBCs member organizations, GBCI also certifies projects pursuing LEED. LEED has evolved since 1998 to more accurately represent and incorporate emerging green building technologies, the pilot version, LEED New Construction v1.0, led to LEED NCv2.0, LEED NCv2.2 in 2005, and LEED2009 in 2009. LEED v4 was introduced in November,2013, until October 31,2016, new projects may choose between LEED2009 and LEED v4. New projects registering after October 31,2016 must use LEED v4, LEED2009 encompasses ten rating systems for the design, construction and operation of buildings, homes and neighborhoods. Five overarching categories correspond to the available under the LEED professional program. Up to 10 additional points may be earned, four points may be received for Regional Priority Credits. Its owner must share data on the energy and water use for five years after occupancy or date of certification. Each of the categories also have mandatory measures in each category. The weighting process has three steps, A collection of buildings are used to estimate the environmental impacts of any building seeking LEED certification in a designated rating scheme. NIST weightings are used to judge the importance of these impacts in each category. Data regarding actual impacts on environmental and human health are used to assign points to individual categories and measures and this system results in a weighted average for each rating scheme based upon actual impacts and the relative importance of those impacts to human health and environmental quality. The LEED council also appears to have assigned credit and measure weighting based upon the market implications of point allocation, in 2003, the Canada Green Building Council received permission to create LEED Canada-NC v1.0, which was based upon LEED-NC2.0. Many buildings in Canada are LEED certified in part due to their Rainwater harvesting practices, LEED certification is granted by the Green Building Certification Institute, which handles the third-party verification of a projects compliance with the LEED requirements. The certification process for design teams is made up of two applications, one including design credits, and one including construction credits. All of the LEED credits in each rating system are assigned to either the design application or the construction application, the design credits include those that are the purview of the architect and the engineer, and are documented in the official construction drawings
14.
Maya Lin
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Maya Ying Lin is an American designer and artist who is known for her work in sculpture and land art. She first came to fame at the age of 21 as the designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, Maya Lin was born in Athens, Ohio. Her parents migrated to the United States from China, her father in 1948 and her mother in 1949 and her father, Henry Huan Lin, born in Fuzhou, Fujian, was a ceramist and former dean of the Ohio University College of Fine Arts. Her mother, Julia Chang Lin, born in Shanghai, is a poet and she is the niece of Lin Huiyin, who is said to be the first female architect in China. Lin Juemin and Lin Yin Ming, both of whom are among the 72 martyrs of the Second Guangzhou Uprising was a cousin of her grandfather, Lin Chang-min, a Hanlin of Qing dynasty, the emperors teacher, was the father of Lin Hui-yin and great-grandfather of Maya Lin. Lin graduated from Yale University, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1981 and she has also been awarded honorary doctorate degrees from Yale University, Harvard University, Williams College, and Smith College. She was among the youngest at Yale University to receive an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts in 1987, Lin is married to Daniel Wolf, a New York photography dealer. They have two daughters, India and Rachel, Lin is the youngest of her generation, and has an older brother, the poet Tan Lin. Growing up, she did not have friends and stayed home a lot. She loved school and loved to study, when she was not studying, she took independent courses from Ohio University and spent her free time casting bronzes in the school foundry. In 1981, at age 21 and while still an undergraduate, Lin won a design competition for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The black cut-stone masonry wall, with the names of 57,661 fallen soldiers carved into its face, was completed in late October 1982, the wall is granite and V-shaped, with one side pointing to the Lincoln Memorial and the other to the Washington Monument. Lins conception was to create an opening or a wound in the earth to symbolize the gravity of the loss of the soldiers, the design was initially controversial for what was an unconventional and non-traditional design for a war memorial. Opponents of the design also voiced objection because of Lins Asian ethnicity, her being female, in 2007, the American Institute of Architects ranked the memorial #10 on their list of Americas Favorite Architecture. Lin believes that if the competition had not been blind, with designs submitted by name instead of number and she received harassment after her ethnicity was revealed. Prominent businessman and later third party presidential candidate Ross Perot called her an egg roll after it was revealed that she was Asian, Lin defended her design in front of the United States Congress, and eventually a compromise was reached. A bronze statue of a group of soldiers and an American flag was placed off to one side of her design, in 1994, she was the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary Maya Lin, A Strong Clear Vision. The title comes from an address she gave at Juniata College in which she spoke of the monument design process, according to Maya Lin, art should be an act of every individual willing to say something new and that which is not quite familiar
15.
Andrew Carnegie
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He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away to charities, foundations and his 1889 article proclaiming The Gospel of Wealth called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents, Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe and he built Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million. It became the U. S. Steel Corporation, after selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in a typical weavers cottage with only one main room, the main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his legal grandfather, in 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street, following the demand for more heavy damask from which his father, William Carnegie, benefited. He was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, which had been a gift to the town by the philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask, Lauders son, also named George Lauder, grew up with Andrew and would become his business partner. When Carnegie was thirteen, his father had fallen on hard times as a handloom weaver. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother who was a cobbler and she eventually became the primary breadwinner by the 1840s. Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies then decided to move with his family to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Andrews family had to borrow money from the Lauders in order to migrate. Allegheny was an industrial area that produced many products including wool. The Made in Allegheny label used on these and other diversified products was becoming more and more popular. His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy and his starting wage was $1.20 per week. Andrews father, William Carnegie, started off working in a cotton mill and his mother, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, earned money by binding shoes. In 1849, Carnegie became a messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburghs businesses
16.
Hudson River School
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The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. Neither the originator of the term Hudson River School nor its first published use has been fixed with certainty, the term is thought to have originated with the New York Tribune art critic Clarence Cook or the landscape painter Homer Dodge Martin. As originally used, the term was meant disparagingly, as the work so labeled had gone out of favor after the plein-air Barbizon School had come into vogue among American patrons and collectors. Hudson River School paintings reflect three themes of America in the 19th century, discovery, exploration, and settlement, the paintings also depict the American landscape as a pastoral setting, where human beings and nature coexist peacefully. They took as their inspiration such European masters as Claude Lorrain, John Constable and their reverence for Americas natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Several painters were members of the Düsseldorf school of painting, others were educated by the German Paul Weber, while the elements of the paintings were rendered realistically, many of the scenes were composed as a synthesis of multiple scenes or natural images observed by the artists. During these expeditions, the artists recorded sketches and memories, returning to their studios to paint the works later. The artist Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the Hudson River School, Cole took a steamship up the Hudson in the autumn of 1825, the same year the Erie Canal opened, stopping first at West Point, then at Catskill landing. He hiked west high up into the eastern Catskill Mountains of New York State to paint the first landscapes of the area, the first review of his work appeared in the New York Evening Post on November 22,1825. At that time, only the English native Cole, born in a landscape where autumnal tints were of browns and yellows, coles close friend, Asher Durand, became a prominent figure in the school as well. An important part of the popularity of the Hudson River School was its celebration of its themes of nationalism, nature, however, its leading artists, such as Thomas Cole, were also suspicious of the economic and technological development of the age. Works by artists of this generation are often described as examples of Luminism. In addition to pursuing their art, many of the artists, including Kensett, Gifford, most of the finest works of the Hudson River school were painted between 1855 and 1875. During that time, artists such as Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were celebrities and they were both influenced by the Düsseldorf school of painting, and Bierstadt had studied in that city for several years. When Church exhibited paintings such as Niagara or Icebergs of the North, thousands of people lined up around the block and paid fifty cents a head to view the solitary works. The epic size of the landscapes in these paintings, unexampled in earlier American painting, reminded Americans of the vast, untamed, such works were being painted during the period of settlement of the American West, preservation of national parks, and establishment of green city parks. One of the largest collections of paintings by artists of the Hudson River School is at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Johnsbury Athenaeum, in St. Johnsbury, VT Westervelt Warner Museum of American Art, in Tuscaloosa, AL Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, in Madrid, Spain. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, avery, Kevin J. & Kelly, Frank
17.
Old Master
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In art history, Old Master refers to any painter of skill who worked in Europe before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An old master print is a print made by an artist in the same period. The term old master drawing is used in the same way, therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as A pre-eminent artist of the period before the modern, a pre-eminent western European painter of the 13th to 18th centuries. The term is used to refer to a painting or sculpture made by an Old Master. Les Maitres dautrefois of 1876 by Eugene Fromentin may have helped to popularize the concept, the collection in the Dresden museum essentially stops at the Baroque period. The end date is necessarily vague – for example, Goya is certainly an Old Master, the term might also be used for John Constable or Eugène Delacroix, but usually is not. The term tends to be avoided by art historians as too vague, especially when discussing paintings, although the terms Old Master Prints and it remains current in the art trade. Auction houses still usually divide their sales between, for example, Old Master Paintings, Nineteenth-century paintings and Modern paintings, christies defines the term as ranging from the 14th to the early 19th century. S. Master of Flémalle, Master of Mary of Burgundy, Master of Latin 757, Master of the Brunswick Diptych or Master of Schloss Lichtenstein
18.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
19.
Kiplinger's Personal Finance
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Kiplingers Personal Finance is an American personal finance magazine published by Kiplinger since 1947. It claims to be the first American personal finance magazine and to sound, unbiased advice in clear. It offers advice on managing money and achieving financial security, saving, investing, planning for retirement, paying for college, janet Bodnar has been the editor of Kiplingers Personal Finance magazine since January 2009. W. M. Kiplinger, founder of the Kiplinger family of publications, much of life and work consists of looking for the changes in advance and figuring out what to do about them. Upon initial production, the magazine was simply as Kiplinger Magazine, changing its name to Changing Times in 1949. Much like Forbes magazine, ownership of the Kiplingers franchise has kept in the family. The current editor-in-chief is Knight Kiplinger, who succeeded his father, on July 14,2001, it was announced that Kiplingers Personal Finance would be acquiring Individual Investor magazine. Details of the deal included Kiplinger agreeing to pay $3.5 million for the Individual Investor subscription list, at the time of the acquisition, Individual Investor had 430,000 subscribers
20.
The Princeton Review
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The Princeton Review is a college admission services company offering test preparation services, tutoring and admissions resources, online courses, and books published by Random House. The company has more than 4,000 teachers and tutors in the United States and Canada, the company is headquartered in Natick, Massachusetts, and is privately held. It is not associated with Princeton University, the Princeton Review was founded in 1981 by John Katzman, who—shortly after leaving college—taught SAT preparation to 15 students in New York City. He served as CEO until 2007, and was replaced by Michael Perik, in March 2010, Perik resigned and was replaced by John M. Connolly. In 2012, the company was acquired by Charlesbank Capital, an equity fund. On August 1,2014, the Princeton Review brand name and operations were bought for a sum by Tutor. com, an IAC company. The company is no longer affiliated with its parent, Education Holdings 1. The Princeton Review offers preparation courses for various tests at the Princeton Review website, The company offers courses worldwide through company-owned, test preparation providers have been criticized in the past on the grounds that their courses claim larger score increases than they deliver. College rankings, including those published by the Princeton Review, have criticized for failing to be accurate or comprehensive by assigning objective rankings formed from subjective opinions. Princeton Review officials counter that their rankings are unique in that they rely on student opinion, in 2002 an American Medical Association affiliated program, A Matter of Degree, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, criticized the Princeton Review list of Best Party Schools. The editorial commended The Princeton Review for reporting the list, calling it a service for student applicants. Rankings for LGBT-related lists have also criticized as inaccurate due to outdated methodologies. The Princeton Review also publishes The Gay & Lesbian Guide to College Life, do parents know that when their underage kids enroll for exam prep or tutoring, personal information may be shared with hookup sites that could then target their kids to become customers. Asked one critic, who concluded that the company makes no guarantee that data sharing among its entities will not include those whose sole aim is to improve their grades
21.
Kaplan, Inc.
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Kaplan, Inc. is a for-profit corporation headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and founded in 1938 by Stanley Kaplan. Kaplan provides higher education programs, professional training courses, test preparation materials and it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Graham Holdings Company, formerly known as The Washington Post Company. Kaplan is a subsidiary of Graham Holdings Company. Its Chairman and CEO is Andrew Rosen and its 2015 revenue was $1.9 billion. Stanley H. Kaplan, the founder of the company, died of an ailment on August 23,2009 when he was 90 years of age. Iowa College Acquisition Corporation, operating under the Kaplan University brand, at year-end 2013, Kaplan University had approximately 33,000 students enrolled in online programs and approximately 6,800 students enrolled in its classroom-based programs. Due to student loan rates, the U. S. The policy, however, is too new to reveal an impact on graduation and retention rates, in October 2012, Kaplan closed nine of its campuses and consolidated four others into nearby locations. Loss of accreditation meant that Kaplan students would no longer be eligible for the student aid that makes up more than 80 percent of Kaplan’s revenues. This occurred among growing negative publicity about for-profits schools who enrolled students who had almost no chance of succeeding in order to get their federal student aid, also residing within Kaplan University is the School of Professional and Continuing Education. PACE serves more than 3,200 business-to-business clients, in 2013, approximately 500,000 students used PACE’s exam preparation offerings. Kaplan International operates businesses in Europe and the Asia Pacific region, in Europe, Kaplan International operates the following businesses, all of which are based in the U. K. and Ireland, Kaplan UK, Kaplan International Colleges, and a set of higher education institutions. In addition, Kaplan UK provides legal and professional training, including the operation of a U. K. law school in collaboration with Nottingham Trent University’s Nottingham Law School, in 2013, Kaplan UK provided courses to approximately 48,500 students in accounting and financial services. Kaplan UK is headquartered in London, England, and has 24 training centers located throughout the U. K, the KIC business comprises a university pathways business and an English-language training business. The university pathways business offers academic programs for international students who wish to study in English-speaking countries. In 2015, university programs were being delivered in Australia, China, Nigeria, Singapore, the U. K. During 2015, the English-language business served approximately 53,500 students for in-class English language instruction provided by Kaplan, Kaplan also operates two higher education institutions in Europe, located in the U. K. and Ireland. These institutions are Dublin Business School and Kaplan Open Learning, at the end of 2015, these institutions enrolled an aggregate of approximately 5,400 students
22.
NCAA Division III
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Sports Division III is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association of the United States. The division consists of colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletically related financial aid to their student-athletes, as explained in more detail in the article about NCAA Division II, the NCAAs first split was into two divisions. The former College Division formed because many NCAA member schools wanted an alternative to the nature of what is now Division I. Division III formed in 1973, in a split of the College Division, the former College Division members that chose to offer athletic scholarships or to remain in a division with those who did became Division II, while members that did not became Division III. Division III is the NCAA’s largest division with 438 active member institutions, of the member institutions, 81% are private, while only 19% are public. Division III schools range in size from an undergraduate enrollment of 348 to a maximum of 21,247. Division III institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, there are minimum contest and participant minimums for each sport. Division III athletic programs are non-revenue-generating, extracurricular programs that are staffed and funded like any other university department, hence, they feature student-athletes who receive no financial aid related to their athletic ability. Student athletes also cannot redshirt as freshmen, and schools may not use endowments or funds whose primary purpose is to benefit athletic programs, Division III schools shall not award financial aid to any student on the basis of athletics leadership, ability, participation or performance. The ban on scholarships is strictly enforced. S, an all-sports conference is defined here as one that sponsors both mens and womens basketball. A conference name followed by * denotes a conference also sponsors football. Six of them are grandfathered schools that have competed at the highest level of a particular mens sport prior to the institution of the Division classifications in 1971. Presumably due to Title IX considerations, grandfathered schools are allowed to field one womens sport in Division I. These schools are allowed to offer scholarships in their Division I mens and womens sports to remain competitive with their opponents. The State University of New York at Oneonta, which had been grandfathered in mens soccer, rutgers University–Newark, which had been grandfathered in mens volleyball, did the same in 2014. Academic-based and need-based financial aid is available, as is the case for Division III. Franklin and Marshall College Hobart College Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT also fields mens rowing, lawrence continues to field a fencing team, but that team is now considered Division III. Football and basketball may not be grandfathered Division I programs because their potential would give them an unfair advantage over other Division III schools
23.
Landmark Conference
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The Landmark Conference is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAAs Division III. Member institutions are located in the eastern United States in the states of Maryland, New Jersey, the conference was established on December 5,2005. When the creation of the new conference was announced on December 13, another member institution was included, the Stevens Institute of Technology. Finally, in November 2006, the University of Scranton became the charter member institution. John A. Reeves began his service as commissioner of the Landmark Conference on September 1,2006 and he was succeeded by Daniel A. Fisher in 2012. The first intra-conference competition was played September 15,2007 at Kings Point, New York, elizabethtown College became the newest member of the conference on July 1,2014. The Landmark Conference expanded to add Marywood University in mens and womens swimming and diving, on May 22,2015, Merchant Marine announced that it accepted an invitation to rejoin the Skyline Conference—a league in which it had been a charter member—effective with the 2016–17 school year. The league currently has eight members, Fall sports, cross country, field hockey, mens & womens soccer. Winter sports, mens and womens basketball, indoor track and field, spring sports, baseball, mens & womens lacrosse, outdoor track and field, softball, and mens & womens tennis. Football is not sponsored by the Landmark Conference due to having football programs at only four of the institutions, therefore, Juniata College, Moravian College, and Susquehanna University compete in the Centennial Conference. During January 2007, a contest was announced to design a logo for the newly formed Landmark athletic conference, the contest was only open to undergraduate students from the conference schools. In a first phase, a panel of judges selected a winner at each of the eight Landmark Conference schools. In a second and final round, on February 6, in Washington, the logo submitted by Susquehanna Universitys graphic design major and men’s lacrosse player Tim Storck ’08, of Cockeysville, Md. was selected. Storck was awarded the additional prize. Selected colors were maroon and blue
24.
Centennial Conference
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The Centennial Conference is an athletic conference which competes in the NCAAs Division III. Member teams are located in Maryland and Pennsylvania, eleven highly selective private colleges compose the Centennial Conference. The institutions are renowned nationally for their traditions in education excellence. Ten of the members of the Centennial Conference rank among the top 100 national liberal arts colleges. On the average, Centennial members boast of 19 varsity teams per campus which is well above the national norm, with that statement, the Centennial Conference was born. The conference moved from a conference to an all-sports conference after a 1991 feasibility study. The study also recommended to expand from eight schools to eleven, the other schools recommended were Bryn Mawr College, Haverford College, and Washington College. Those three schools accepted and became members in 1992 as the conference expanded its sports offerings. All of the charter members defected from the Middle Atlantic Conference, MAC. Johns Hopkins, note - Bryn Mawr is a womens college, therefore, it doesnt sponsor mens sports. - Johns Hopkins was on multiple all-sports conference affiliation membership for some sports in the University Athletic Association until the end of the 2000-01 season
25.
Susquehanna University
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Susquehanna University is a four-year, co-educational, private liberal arts university in Selinsgrove, in central Pennsylvania, United States. The university is situated in the Susquehanna Valley approximately 50 mi north of Pennsylvanias state capital, the academic programs fall into either the School of Arts and Sciences or the AACSB International-accredited Sigmund Weis School of Business. Susquehanna University enrolls more than 2,200 undergraduate students from 33 states and 23 countries, most students are required to live on campus all four years and as of 2012, all students participate in a cross-cultural study away or service learning experience known as the GO Program. Noteworthy alumni include several Pennsylvania political representatives and CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, the university was founded in 1858 by Benjamin Kurtz as the Lutheran-based Missionary Institute paired with a sister college, the Susquehanna Female College. When the sister college closed in 1873, the institute became co-educational. The schools 325 acres sit in rural Pennsylvania and house 39 residential buildings, six buildings, a library, athletic facilities, a health center. Susquehanna University is a small, liberal arts based in rural central Pennsylvania and is devoted solely to undergraduate education. The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, Susquehanna maintains a student-to-faculty ratio of 12,1 with 90% of full-time faculty holding a doctorate or highest equivalent degree. The university offers more than 100 majors, minors and programs, in 2016, an average of 96% of graduates were enrolled in graduate school or employed within six months of graduation. Susquehanna University is split into two academic departments, the School of Arts and Sciences and the Sigmund Weis School of Business. The School of Arts and Sciences offers the majority of majors, putting an emphasis on a traditional liberal arts education including science. The Sigmund Weis School of Business is geared towards a technical degree. Susquehanna University is governed by the president, a body of 56 members. The GO Program, as part of a policy adopted in 2009. Students have a choice between GO Short programs of 2–3 weeks or semester-long GO Long programs, in 2013, the GO Program was awarded the Andrew Heiskell Award for Innovation in International Education The total cost of attendance for the 2016-17 year is $57,650. More than 99% of students receive some form of financial aid, the total amount awarded for the 2016-17 year numbered more than $83 million, and was handed out in the form of scholarships, grants, loans, and Federal Work-Study Program. Susquehanna University was founded in 1858 as The Missionary Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church by Benjamin Kurtz. ”The American Lutherans of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania pledged $22,000,50 students and the provisional use of its church facilities. However, they stipulated that the Missionary Institute be expanded to a junior college, kurtz’s own personal mission was the foundation of the institute’s theology department, which he led as the first professor of theology
26.
American lobster
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The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is a species of lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America, chiefly from Labrador to New Jersey. It is also known as Atlantic lobster, Canadian lobster, true lobster, northern lobster, Canadian Reds, or Maine lobster. It can reach a length of 64 cm, and a mass of over 20 kilograms, making it not only the heaviest crustacean in the world. Its closest relative is the European lobster Homarus gammarus, which can be distinguished by its coloration, American lobsters are usually bluish green to brown with red spines, but several color variations have been observed. Homarus americanus is distributed along the Atlantic coast of North America, from Labrador in the north to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in the south. South of New Jersey, the species is uncommon, and landings in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, a fossil claw assigned to Homarus americanus was found at Nantucket, dating from the Pleistocene. In 2013, an American lobster was caught at the Farallon Islands off the coast of California and its also an invasive species in Sweden, affecting populations of native lobster species. Homarus americanus commonly reaches 8–24 inches long and weighs 1–9 pounds in weight, together with Sagmariasus verreauxi, it is also the longest decapod crustacean in the world, an average adult is about 9 in long and weighs 1.5 to 2 lb. The longest American lobsters have a body 64 cm long, according to Guinness World Records, the heaviest crustacean ever recorded was an American lobster caught off Nova Scotia, Canada, weighing 44.4 lb. The closest relative of H. americanus is the European lobster, the two species are very similar, and can be crossed artificially, although hybrids are unlikely to occur in the wild since their ranges do not overlap. The two species can be distinguished by several characteristics, The rostrum of H. americanus bears one or more spines on the underside, the spines on the claws of H. americanus are red or red-tipped, while those of H. gammarus are white or white-tipped. The underside of the claw of H. americanus is orange or red, the antennae measure about 2 in long and split into Y-shaped structures with pointed tips. Each tip exhibits a dense zone of hair tufts staggered in a zigzag arrangement and these hairs are covered with multiple nerve cells that can detect odors. Larger, thicker hairs found along the edges control the flow of water, containing odor molecules, the shorter antennules provide a further sense of smell. By having a pair of organs, a lobster can locate the direction a smell comes from. In addition to sensing smells, the antennules can judge water speed to improve direction finding, lobsters have two urinary bladders, located on either side of the head. Lobsters use scents to communicate what and where they are, and they project long plumes of urine 1–2 meters in front of them, and do so when they detect a rival or a potential mate in the area. The first pair of pereiopods is armed with a large, asymmetrical pair of claws
27.
Rugby football
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Rugby is a type of football developed at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, one of many versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century. The two main types of rugby are rugby league and rugby union, although rugby league initially used rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports. Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league, the Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. These games appear to have resembled rugby football, the Roman politician Cicero describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barbers shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis, episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA. In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union, in 1892, after charges of professionalism were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union, was formed. The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, after the schism, the separate clubs were named rugby league and rugby union. Rugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions, Argentina, Australia, England, France, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby, whose headquarters are located in Dublin and it is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally. The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, there was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped. In Canada and the United States, rugby union evolved into gridiron football, during the late 1800s, the two forms of the game were very similar, but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart. Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a level by the Rugby League International Federation. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand, in Papua New Guinea it is the national sport. Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup, distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the oval ball and throwing the ball forward is not allowed, so that players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. As the sport of rugby league moved further away from its counterpart, rule changes were implemented with the aim of making a faster-paced. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle, play is continued with a play-the-ball, in league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession
28.
Autumn
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Autumn, also known as fall in North American English, is one of the four temperate seasons. One of its features is the shedding of leaves from deciduous trees. Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as mid-autumn, while others with a longer temperature lag treat it as the start of autumn. Meteorologists use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in the northern hemisphere, in North America, autumn is usually considered to start with the September equinox and end with the winter solstice. As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees shed their leaves, in traditional East Asian solar term, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the meteorological service. In Australia and New Zealand, autumn officially begins on 1 March, the word autumn comes from the ancient Etruscan root autu- and has within it connotations of the passing of the year. It was borrowed by the neighbouring Romans, and became the Latin word autumnus, after the Roman era, the word continued to be used as the Old French word autompne or autumpne in Middle English, and was later normalized to the original Latin. In the Medieval period, there are examples of its use as early as the 12th century. Before the 16th century, harvest was the usually used to refer to the season. The alternative word fall for the season traces its origins to old Germanic languages, the exact derivation is unclear, with the Old English fiæll or feallan and the Old Norse fall all being possible candidates. However, these all have the meaning to fall from a height and are clearly derived either from a common root or from each other. The term came to denote the season in 16th century England, during the 17th century, English emigration to the British colonies in North America was at its peak, and the new settlers took the English language with them. While the term gradually became obsolete in Britain, it became the more common term in North America. The name backend, a common name for the season in Northern England, has today been largely replaced by the name autumn. Association with the transition from warm to cold weather, and its status as the season of the primary harvest, has dominated its themes. In Western cultures, personifications of autumn are usually pretty, well-fed females adorned with fruits, vegetables, many cultures feature autumnal harvest festivals, often the most important on their calendars. There are also the many North American Indian festivals tied to harvest of ripe foods gathered in the wild, the Chinese Mid-Autumn or Moon festival, and many others
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Homecoming
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Homecoming is the tradition of welcoming back former students and celebrating a schools existence. It is a tradition in high schools and colleges in the United States, Canada. Homecoming is a tradition in the United States. People, towns, high schools, and colleges come together, usually in late September or early October, to welcome back alumni and former residents. It is built around an event, such as a banquet and, most often. When celebrated by schools, the activities vary widely, a dance commonly follows the game or the day following the game. When attached to a game, Homecoming traditionally occurs on the teams return from the longest road trip of the season. The game itself, whether it be football or another sport, the game is supposed to be an easy win and thus weaker schools will sometimes play lower division schools. The tradition of Homecoming has its origin in alumni football games held at colleges and universities since the 19th century, Many schools including Baylor, Southwestern, Illinois, and Missouri have made claims that theyve held the first modern homecoming. The NCAA, Trivial Pursuit, Jeopardy. and references from the American TV drama NCIS give the title to the University of Missouris 1911 football game during which alumni were encouraged to attend and it was the first annual homecoming centered on a parade and a football game. Along with the game, the celebration included a parade. The event was a success, with nearly 10,000 alumni coming home to part in the celebration and watch the Tigers. The Missouri annual homecoming, with its parade and spirit rally centered on a football game is the model that has gone on to take hold at colleges. At least two collegiate homecoming celebrations predate the University of Missouri football game homecoming event, Southwestern University, in Georgetown, TX and Baylor University, in Waco, TX. By multiple historical accounts, Southwestern held the first Homecoming on record on Wednesday, former students raised funds, provided homes, prepared and served a barbecue supper, and decorated the town buildings. Members of the senior class waited tables, northern Illinois University has one of the longest-celebrated homecoming traditions in the country. The alumni football game played on Oct.10,1903, baylors homecoming history dates back to November 1909 and included a parade, reunion parties and an afternoon football game, a tradition that continued and celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2009. There was a gap between 1910 and 1915 when there was no homecoming event, however there has been continuity since 1915, the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign claims to have first held a homecoming event in 1910, celebrating the 100th anniversary in 2010
30.
Circle K International
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Circle K International is an international collegiate service organization that is a sponsored leadership program of Kiwanis International. It promotes service, leadership, and fellowship, Circle K International is a service organization formed to help the community through various service projects. It is part of an umbrella of organizations led by Kiwanis International, Circle K International also aims to build fellowship and create leaders within the membership. The organization raises funds for various causes, the major initiative is, “Focusing on the Future, Children” which aims to help children of ages six to thirteen. In 2007, Circle K partnered with the U. S. fund to help raise $500,000 for UNICEF in efforts to children around the world who do not have access to clean drinking water. This is called Saving Lives – The Six Cents Initiative and it got its name from the cost in U. S. funds, to purchase one pack of rehydration salts to purify a day’s worth of drinking water. Their service partners include UNICEF, Students Team Up to Fight Hunger, March of Dimes, Better World Books, in 1936, the “Circle K House” at Washington State College was established by the Kiwanis Club of Pullman, Washington. Organized as a fraternity, Kappa Iota Phi served men who needed aid to attend college. Kiwanians also wanted to provide collegiate students leadership opportunities for their future careers, in 1947, Circle K changed from a fraternity to a service organization. That year, the first Circle K club was chartered at Carthage College in Carthage, in 1949, two more clubs were added, and by 1955 there were 147 clubs, at which point Circle K received official endorsement from Kiwanis International. Circle K International adopted the Kiwanians beliefs by establishing the three tenets of Service, Leadership, and Fellowship to bring a sense of purpose to the organization, the Kiwanis International Board of Trustees accepted a proposal to allow the establishment of Circle K Districts on February 22,1957. The very first Circle K District to be recognized was the Texas-Oklahoma District. The second Circle K District was Kentucky-Tennessee which was followed by Michigan. Four more Districts were added in the 1957-58 administrative year, Missouri-Arkansas, California-Nevada-Hawaii, Ohio, in 1971, delegates at the International Convention voted to allow women into the organization. The move was met with resistance by Kiwanis, which must approve all changes to the Circle K governing documents. After nearly two years of debate, the Kiwanis International Board of Trustees approved the change on February 6,1973, in 1984, Susan E. McClernon was elected the first female International President of Circle K International. In 1975, Gregory Faulkner from the New York District was elected to the position of International President, Faulkner was the first African-American International President. At the International Convention in 1987, the approved the use of the initials CKI as an official name of the organization
31.
Madrigal dinner
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A Madrigal Dinner or Madrigal Feast is a form of renaissance dinner theater often held by schools and church groups during the Christmas season. It is set in the Middle Ages and is comedic in nature. The meal is divided into courses, each of which is heralded with a traditional song, a play is performed between the courses and a concert of choral music concludes the festivities. The music performed at a dinner is usually mixed choral music from the medieval to renaissance periods. Both popular and sacred songs from the renaissance are common, although modern music with renaissance or biblical texts can often be heard, most selections are in English, Italian, German, or French. Although the dinner takes its name from the genre of music. Several selections performed at the presentation of the courses are traditional to the madrigal dinner genre. These include The Wassail Song and the Boars Head Carol, although they may incorporate small phrases of Latin or French, the presentation songs are primarily sung in English. Each madrigal dinner has a complement of music which is used every year. The play is performed either after the course has been served. The theme is lighthearted and romantic, reminiscent of the King Arthur legends, many characters are canonical, including the King, Queen, and Court Jester who appear in every play. Other characters may be minstrels, thieves, wizards, knights, visiting royalty, Greek gods and goddesses, enchanted princesses, or many other mythical figures. The audience is invited to play a role in the proceedings, either as members of the court or as guests at a royal event. Audience participation is often used to enforce this role, in addition, many madrigal dinners employ roving entertainers, who perform for the guests at their tables alone or in groups. These may be jugglers, poets, beggars, instrumentalists, comedians, at some shows, the singers will break into small groups and entertain among the audience - a practice known as wenching. The songs performed here are usually modern medievally-styled tunes, Christmas carols, most wenching songs are upbeat and quick and many are bawdy. Although intended to imitate a meal that might have served during the Middle Ages. Courses usually include a wassail or drinks course, salad, a main course, although the Boars Head Carol is the most popular madrigal song to announce the main course, the most popular meat for the main course is chicken, often specifically Cornish game hen
32.
Carol (music)
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A carol is in modern parlance a festive song, generally religious but not necessarily connected with church worship, and often with a dance-like or popular character. The word carol is derived from the Old French word carole, carols were traditionally sung in Latin by clergy of the Catholic church. Following the Protestant Reformation, reformers believed that carols were for everyone to sing, to enable the common person to sing church music, great efforts were made to translate musical texts from Latin into the native languages that people spoke. Composers such as William Byrd composed motet-like works for Christmas that they termed carols, nonetheless, some famous carols were written in this period, and they were more strongly revived from the nineteenth century and began to be written and adapted by eminent composers. Some composers have written extended works based on carols, examples include Benjamin Britten, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Victor Hely-Hutchinson
33.
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
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The Twelve Days of Christmas is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas. The song, published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme, is thought to be French in origin, the Twelve Days of Christmas has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68. The tunes of collected versions vary, the Twelve Days of Christmas is a cumulative song, meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses. There are twelve verses, each describing a given by my true love on one of the twelve days of Christmas. There are many variations in the lyrics, the lyrics given here are from Frederic Austins 1909 publication that first established the current form of the carol. On was added in Austins 1909 version, and became very popular thereafter, in the early versions my true love sent me the gifts. However, a 20th-century variant has my true love gave to me, in one nineteenth century variant, the gifts come from my mother rather than my true love. Some variants have juniper tree or June apple tree rather than pear tree, the 1780 version has four colly birds—colly being a regional English expression for black. This wording must have been opaque to many even in the 19th century, canary birds, colourd birds, curley birds, the five gold rings may become five golden rings, especially in North America. In the standard melody, this change enables singers to fit one syllable per musical note, the gifts associated with the final four days are often reordered. For example, the pipers may be on the day rather than the eleventh. A similar cumulative verse from Scotland, The Yule Days, has likened to The Twelve Days of Christmas in the scholarly literature. It has thirteen days rather than twelve, and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of The Twelve Days. Its final verse, as published in Chambers, Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, in the Faroe Islands, there is a comparable counting Christmas song. These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office, les Douze Mois is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to The Twelve Days of Christmas. The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown, the twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day, or in some traditions, the day after Christmas, to the day before Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany. One hundred years later, Lady Gomme, a collector of folktales and rhymes, described how it used to be played every Twelfth Day night before eating mince pies and twelfth cake. Halliwell, writing in 1842, stated that ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day, salmon, writing from Newcastle, claimed in 1855 that the song been, up to within twenty years, extremely popular as a schoolboys Christmas chant
34.
Pat Malone
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Perce Leigh Malone was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1928 through 1937 for the Chicago Cubs and New York Yankees. Listed at 6 ft 0 in and 200 pounds, Malone batted left-handed and he was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania. Malone was outstanding in his first three Major League seasons, as a rookie, he compiled an 18–13 record for the third-place 1928 Chicago Cubs, striking out 155 opponents to finish second in the National League behind Dazzy Vance. As a sophomore, he led the NL pitchers with 22 wins,166 strikeouts and six shutouts and he was the Cub starting pitcher for Games 2 and 5 of the 29 Series and also worked in relief in Game 4. Again in 1930, he led the league with 20 wins and finished in place with 142 strikeouts, being surpassed only by Bill Hallahan. He also tied Erv Brame for the lead in complete games, the next four years Malone lowered his previous numbers, averaging 14 wins and 104 strikeouts for each year. He won 15 games for Chicago as it won another pennant and his only appearance in that Series came after Cub starter Charlie Root surrendered back-to-back home runs to Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig. At that point the Cubs brought in Malone, who threw 2.2 innings of scoreless relief, before the 1935 season, he was part of consecutive transactions between the Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals and New York Yankees. Moved to the bullpen by the Yankees, he collected 18 saves during three seasons, including an American League lead with nine saves in 1936, Malone won his only championship in the 1936 World Series. He recorded a save in Game 3 against the Giants, coming on in relief of Yankee starting pitcher Bump Hadley to nail down a 2-1 win, Malone was the hard-luck loser of Game 5. He worked four innings of relief, but the hit. It proved meaningless as the Yankees took Game 6 and the Series, a good-hitting pitcher, Malone recorded a.188 batting average with nine home runs and 61 RBI. According to the Elias Sports Bureau, he is one of two pitchers in modern era to hit at least one run in his first five Major League seasons. Malone was an alumnus of Juniata College and died in his hometown of Altoona at the age of 40, MLB wins champions MLB strikeout champions MLB saves champions Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube
35.
West Chester University
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West Chester University of Pennsylvania is a public university located in West Chester, Pennsylvania, about 25 miles west of Philadelphia. It is one of the 14 state universities of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, West Chester was ranked 69th in the Masters Universities category by U. S. News & World Report for 2009. The school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges, the university traces its roots to the private, state-aided school that existed from 1812 to 1869. As the state began to take increasing responsibility for public education, the normal school admitted its first class, consisting of 160 students, on September 25,1871. In 1913, West Chester became the first of the schools to be owned outright by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. West Chester became West Chester State Teachers College in 1927 when Pennsylvania initiated a program of teacher education. In 1981 the West Chester State College Quadrangle Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, the buildings included in this historic district are Philips Memorial Building, Ruby Jones Hall, Recitation Hall and the Old Library. Except for Philips, these buildings are all constructed of native Chester County serpentine stone, with passage of the State System of Higher Education bill, West Chester became one of the 14 universities in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education on July 1,1983. Along with its new name— West Chester University of Pennsylvania—the institution acquired a new system of governance, West Chester has received growing recognition as the nations center for formal poetry. Its annual conference on form and narrative in poetry began in 1995 and is now the only conference devoted to New Formalism. It has established a center that sponsors readings and an annual book competition oriented toward formal poetry. It has also established Iris Spencer awards recognizing achievement in formal poetry. At the undergraduate level, the university offers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, paraprofessional studies are available in law, medicine, and theology. The university provides special opportunities and scholarships to the Widener School of Law–Harrisburg Campus. Certification programs are available in health and physical education teacher certification, driver education and safe living, at the graduate level, West Chester University of Pennsylvania offers graduate study leading to the M. A. M. B. A. The Institute for Women is an independent body designed to represent the interests of women on the campus and it serves as the parent organization for the Womens Center, the Womens Studies Program, and the Title IX and Sex Discrimination Board. The institute is headed by a director and a board of directors, West Chester University opened an International Programs office to aide in sending students abroad. West Chester sponsors a number of courses, which include study abroad during spring, summer
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