1.
Sacramento, California
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Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
2.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
3.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
4.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
5.
HD Radio
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It was selected by the U. S. It is officially known as NRSC-5, with the latest version being NRSC-5-C, other digital radio systems include FMeXtra, Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Radio Mondiale, and Compatible AM-Digital. Although HD Radio broadcastings content is currently subscription-free, listeners must purchase new receivers in order to receive the portion of the signal. As of May 2009, there were stations in the world on the air with HD Radio technology than any other digital radio technology. More than 1,700 stations covering approximately 84% of the United States are broadcasting with this technology, according to iBiquitys website, the HD is simply a brand name and has no meaning. There is no connection with television, although like digital television the HD Radio specification provides enhanced capabilities over the analog format. Thus, there is no deadline by which consumers must buy an HD Radio receiver, in addition, there are many more analog AM/FM radio receivers than there were analog televisions, and many of these are car stereos or portable units that cannot be upgraded. Digital information is transmitted using OFDM with a compression algorithm called HDC. The cost of converting a radio station can run between $100,000 and $200,000, if the primary digital signal is lost the HD Radio receiver will revert to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods. The extra HD-2 and HD-3 streams are not simulcast on analog, alternatively the HD Radio signal can revert to a more-robust 20 kilobit per second stream, though the sound is reduced to AM-like quality. Datacasting is also possible, with metadata providing song titles or artist information, by using spectral band replication the HDC+SBR codec is able to simulate the recreation of sounds up to 15,000 Hz, thus achieving moderate quality on the bandwidth-tight AM band. The HD Radio AM hybrid mode offers two options which can carry approximately 40 or 60 kbit/s of data, but most AM digital stations default to the more-robust 40 kbit/s mode which features redundancy. HD Radio also provides a digital mode, which lacks an analog signal for fallback. The pure digital mode transmissions will stay within the AM stations channel instead of spilling into the next to the station transmitting HD radio as the hybrid stations do. The AM version of HD Radio technology uses the 20 kHz channel, when operating in pure digital mode, the AM HD Radio signal fits inside a standard 20 kHz channel or an extended 30 kHz channel, at the discretion of the station manager. As AM radio stations are spaced at 9 kHz or 10 kHz intervals, some nighttime listeners have expressed concern this design harms reception of adjacent channels with one formal complaint filed regarding the matter, WYSL owner Bob Savage against WBZ in Boston. The HD Radio also provides several digital modes with up to 300 kbit/s bitrate. Like AM, pure digital FM provides a fallback condition where it reverts to a more robust 25 kbit/s signal, FM stations have the option to subdivide their datastream into sub-channels of varying audio quality
6.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
7.
KFBK-FM
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KFBK-FM is a news/talk formatted radio station licensed to Pollock Pines, California, serving the Sacramento, California area and broadcasts at 93.1 FM. It is owned by iHeartMedia and simulcasts KFBK, the station has studios in North Sacramento near Arden Fair Mall, and its transmitter is near Placerville in unincorporated El Dorado County. It first began broadcasting in 1981 under the call sign KSUE-FM, on June 10,2009 the station changed its calls to KHLX. The station was first assigned the call sign KSUE-FM on July 21,1981 at 93.3 FM, on August 12,1993, the call sign was changed to KJDX with a country music format. In the summer of 2008, the station was moved to the 93.3 FM frequency in Pollock Pines. On November 11,2008, Sierra Broadcasting swapped call signs and formats between KHJQ, which had moved from 92.3 FM in Susanville to the 93.3 FM frequency vacated by the station and this brought KJDX back to the 93.3 FM frequency in Susanville. In May 2009, it was announced that new owners Clear Channel Communications would move KHJQs frequency from 93.3 to 93.1 so it wouldnt interfere with the 93.3 frequency in nearby San Francisco. Because of this move, KOSO in Patterson, California moved from 93.1 to 92.9 FM on June 1,2009. On February 1,2011, KHLX added a jazz format to its HD2 subchannel
8.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
9.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
10.
IHeartMedia
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IHeartMedia, Inc. is an American mass media corporation headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. As a result of this buyout, Clear Channel Communications, Inc. began to operate as an owned subsidiary of CC Media Holdings. Additionally, the company leases two channels on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and has expanded its presence through the iHeartRadio platform. IHeartMedia, Inc. also specializes in advertising through subsidiary Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings. The name Clear Channel came from AM broadcasting, referring to a channel on which only one station transmits, in the U. S. clear-channel stations have exclusive rights to their frequencies throughout most of the continent at night, when AM signals travel far due to skywave. The companys new name is intended to reflect its growing digital business, Bob Pittman, Chairman and CEO of iHeartMedia, Inc. explained, We have a company thats doing progressive stuff, and yet were named after AM radio stations. Since 2008, iHeartMedia, Inc. has struggled to pay more than $20 billion in debt the company acquired from its leveraged buyout. The suspicions proved unfounded when quarterly earnings were announced in 2017, Clear Channel Communications purchased its first FM station in San Antonio in 1972. The company purchased the second clear channel AM station WOAI in 1975, in 1976, the company purchased its first stations outside of San Antonio. KXXO AM and KMOD FM in Tulsa were acquired under the name San Antonio Broadcasting, Stations were also added in Port Arthur, Texas and El Paso, Texas. In 1992, the U. S. Congress relaxed radio ownership rules slightly, by 1995, Clear Channel owned 43 radio stations and 16 television stations. When the Telecommunications Act of 1996 became law, the act deregulated media ownership, Clear Channel went on a subsequent buying spree, purchasing more than 70 other media companies and individual stations. In a few cases, following purchase of a competitor, Clear Channel was forced to divest some of its stations, in 1997 Clear Channel moved out of pure broadcasting when it purchased billboard firm Eller Media, which was led by Karl Eller. These included a 51% stake in Clear Media Ltd. in China, in 1999, the company acquired Jacor Communications, a radio corporation based in Cincinnati. R. Steven Hicks and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst began Capstar Broadcasting in 1996 and a year later had become the largest owner of radio stations in the country, with 243 stations in all. Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst owned 59 percent of Capstar, with 355 stations in 83 markets, Chancellor Media later became AMFM Inc. which was acquired by Clear Channel in a deal announced October 3,1999, and valued at $17.4 billion. The resulting company would own 830 radio stations,19 television stations, in 2005 Clear Channel Communications split into three separate companies. Clear Channel Communications was a broadcaster, Clear Channel Outdoor was out-of-home advertising
11.
KFBK (AM)
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KFBK is a radio station in Sacramento, California broadcasting on a frequency of 1530 kHz. KFBK is a class A station owned by iHeartMedia and it used to be designated as a class I-B station, sharing Class A status on 1530 AM with WCKY in Cincinnati, Ohio. The station boasts the highest field strength of any AM station in the United States, KFBK is also simulcast on KFBK-FM at 93.1 MHz. The station has studios in North Sacramento near Arden Fair Mall, kFBKs daytime signal covers much of the northern portion of the state, from the northern Sacramento Valley to the San Francisco Bay Area and the fringes of the Central Valley. At night, it reaches much of the half of North America. KFBKs history reaches back to station KVQ, which shut down later that year after complaints about interference. KVQs facilities were sold to the Kimball-Upson Music Store and the Sacramento Union newspaper, later, Kimball-Upson sold out to The McClatchy Company, a local, family-owned company which owned the Sacramento Bee, Modesto Bee and Fresno Bee newspapers. In addition to KFBK, McClatchy would eventually acquire radio stations in the markets, KBEE in Modesto. From 1964 to 1978, KFBK was a station to Sacramento-Stockton-Modesto TV station KOVR. The cluster of KFBK, KBEE and KOVR was possible because Sacramento and Modesto, on October 2,1948, KFBK increased its power from 10 kW to 50 KW, concurrent with the installation of a directional antenna, which operates with separate day and night parameters. Prior operation was 5 kW from 1936 and 10 kW from 1937, 1941s NARBA changed the assigned frequency to 1530 kHz, but the assigned power remained 10 kW. Class I-B/Class A stations were required to upgrade to 50 kW, co-channel WCKY operated on the same frequencies, but with 5 kW since 1930,10 kW since 1937, and 50 kW since 1938, and directional since 1939. As television took over programming, KFBK reinvented itself as a news, information, sports. KFBK carried CBS Radio Network programming including top-of-the-hour newscasts, plus specialized reports from Edward R. Murrow, local news programs included the Richfield Reporter. Tony Koester was both the voice of the minor league Sacramento Solons and the stations sports director. When the San Francisco Giants arrived in 1958, the station began a long partnership carrying their games, entertainment programming included Arthur Godfrey and Doug Pledger. In the 1970s, with network programming available, KFBK began programming talk shows as part of their broadcast day. With the U. S. Federal Communications Commission implementing a newspaper-broadcasting cross-ownership rule, McClatchy was forced to divest itself of its radio, KFBK was sold to Westinghouse Broadcasting and later shifted network affiliation to ABC Radio
12.
KSTE
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KSTE is an AM radio station broadcasting a Talk format. Licensed to Rancho Cordova, California, the serves the Sacramento Valley. The station is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and features shows from Westwood One and Premiere Networks, the station has studios in North Sacramento near the Arden Fair Mall, and its transmitter is southeast of the city in unincorporated Sacramento County. By day, KSTE has a powerful 21,400 Watt signal, but because 650 kHz is a clear channel frequency, KSTE must reduce power at night to 920 watts, so it does not interfere with the dominant, older stations on its channel. KSTE first signed on in 1996, relatively late in AM broadcasting, KSTE is programmed as a complement second tier talk station to its more dominant sister station KFBK. While most of the KFBK schedule is hosted by local personalities, weekday mornings begin with Armstrong & Getty, a wake-up show based at KSTE and carried on stations around the West Coast and Hawaii. Jonathan Brandmeier from Chicago is heard, at noon, its Sean Hannity, followed by Dave Ramsey at 3 p. m. Glenn Beck is heard at 6 p. m. followed by America Now with Meghan McCain at 9 p. m. At midnight, KSTE airs a repeat of Jonathan Brandmeier, followed by Jim Bohannon at 3 a. m, weekends feature shows on money, religion, gardening and cars, as well as some paid Brokered programming. KSTE carries some syndicated shows on weekends including Handel on the Law, The Kim Komando Show, The Tech Guy with Leo Laporte and Bill Cunningham, national news from CBS Radio airs at the beginning of each hour. Jack Armstrong and Joe Getty joined KSTE in 1998 and now have one of the highest rated morning shows in Northern California. They can also be heard on stations in Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, Honolulu. Armstrong & Getty is the locally based weekday talk show on KSTE. For a number of years, KSTE aired hourly CNN Radio newscasts from Westwood One, on March 2,2012, Dial Global announced it would discontinue distributing newscasts from CNN Radio and instead replace it with NBC News. CNN Radio affiliates would be switched to NBC on April 1,2012, however, KSTE became an affiliate of the CBS Radio Network. The station only carries the 5-minute hourly newscasts and no features from the network. KSTE was the home of Sacramento River Cats Minor League Baseball games. Query the FCCs AM station database for KSTE Radio-Locator Information on KSTE Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for KSTE
13.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
14.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
15.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
16.
Arden Fair Mall
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Arden Fair Mall is a two-level regional shopping mall located on Arden Way in Sacramento, California, USA. It consists of over 165 tenants, encompassing over 1,100,000 square feet of retail space and it is anchored by JCPenney, Macys, Nordstrom and Sears. The mall is owned by Fulcrum Property and is operated by Macerich, the mall has also recently put a ban on unaccompanied teenagers and so far has seen back lashes from not telling the people. Arden Fair was originally built in 1957 as an outdoor mall with Sears as the original anchor. Hales, the original anchor, opened four years later in 1961. By the 1970s, Arden Fair was converted into an indoor mall, in 1989, a major structural renovation and physical face-lift occurred by Homart Development, which more than doubled the size of the mall. It added a story, a food court and brought the first Nordstrom department store to Sacramento. The old Sears building was demolished to make way for this expansion, in 1996, Weinstocks was converted to the present-day Macys as part of Federated Department Stores acquisition of Broadway Stores, Inc in 1996. Over the years, Walt Gray, Patty Souza, Adrienne Bankert, KCRA discontinued the in-house studio and closed it in late 2008 and was replaced by a Verizon Wireless phone store. In July,2016, Maggianos Little Italy closed at Arden Fair Mall permanently, Macys Nordstrom Sears JCPenney Arden Fair Official Site
17.
Rio Linda, California
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Rio Linda is a census-designated place in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 15,106, up from 10,466 at the 2000 census. The Rio Linda/Elverta community is located on part of the Rancho Del Paso Mexican land grant of 1844, in 1910, a Fruit Land Company of Minneapolis acquired 12,000 acres of the Grant and in 1912 the area was subdivided. Renamed in 1913 to Rio Linda, it was known as Dry Creek Station, two families settled in Rio Linda by 1912, three more arrived in 1913 and nine more in 1914. By 1918 approximately fifty families in the community, mostly of Scandinavian and German descent, by 1920 poultry farming had proved to be feasible in the area which was advertised throughout several Eastern states during the 1920s. An association was formed in 1942 as the area well known for its excellent poultry production. Rio Linda is located at 38°41′25″N 121°27′14″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.9 square miles, all of it land. The 2010 United States Census reported that Rio Linda had a population of 15,106, the population density was 1,525.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Rio Linda was 11,654 White,621 African American,235 Native American,665 Asian,62 Pacific Islander,1,304 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,033 persons. The Census reported that 15,053 people lived in households,53 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 343 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 42 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 843 households were made up of individuals and 302 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.14. There were 3,630 families, the family size was 3.50. The median age was 35.9 years, for every 100 females there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males, there were 5,129 housing units at an average density of 517.9 per square mile, of which 3,475 were owner-occupied, and 1,317 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2. 8%, the vacancy rate was 4. 3%. 10,516 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,537 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,466 people,3,461 households, the population density was 1,911.2 people per square mile. There were 3,596 housing units at a density of 656.7 per square mile
18.
JAM Creative Productions
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JAM Creative Productions, Inc. is an American company that produces radio jingles, promo music for television, and commercial jingles for advertisers. It has made more radio jingles than any other company and has become part of American pop culture. The company was founded in 1974 by husband and wife Jonathan M. prior to the formation of JAM, Jon worked for PAMS which he now owns and was a fan of their work. Jon also worked briefly at TM Productions and did work for several other studios. JAM is the production house of its type which has been continuously owned and operated by its founders for over 40 years. It produces jingles for clients ranging from local DJs to the most influential radio stations in the world, WPEN and WMGK Philadelphia were among the companys earliest major-market clients. JAM also created themes and jingles for many syndicated radio programs, including those hosted by Casey Kasem, Dick Clark, Rick Dees, Dick Bartley, Bob Costas, Scott Shannon, Dan Ingram and others. In addition, JAM has worked for various TV clients including ABC, NBC, VH-1, in the UK, almost all jingles heard on BBC Radio 1 and 2 between the mid 1970s and mid 1990s were made by JAM. In the United States, JAM has produced more custom jingles for KOST in Los Angeles than any other station, jAMs top-selling package has been Warp Factor, created for Z100 in 1985. Since 2001, both XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio make extensive use of JAM jingles on their music channels, JAM jingles have also been used in movies and TV shows to add authenticity to the era or location of a scene. The JAM building, which houses two recording studios, offices, and a large archive, is located in Dallas
19.
Voice-tracking
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It is one of the notable effects of radio homogenization. Strictly speaking, voice-tracking refers to the process of a disc jockey prerecording his or her on-air patter and it is then combined with songs, commercials, and other elements in order to produce a product that sounds like a live air shift. Voice-tracking has become common on many radio stations, particularly during evening, overnight, weekend. It is seen by most radio station owners as an alternative to employing live disc jockeys around the clock. The process goes back decades and was common on FM stations in the 1970s. At the time, elements were recorded on magnetic tapes and broadcast cartridges. Most contemporary broadcast automation systems at music stations effectively function as high-tech jukeboxes, pieces of audio are digitized as computer files and saved on one or more hard drives. Station personnel create program logs which list exactly what is supposed to be on the air, the computer follows the instructions set out in the playlist. In some cases, voice-tracking is done in order to station employees the flexibility to carry out other responsibilities. For example, a DJ may also have duties as a program director or general manager. Voice-tracking allows that person to record an air shift in under a half-hour. This can also be used if a DJ is on vacation, is ill, has jury service, voice tracking is also helpful during holidays like Christmas and Easter, when station employees are off to spend time with their families. Companies that house more than one station can use the technique to stretch out their air staff, for example, the live midday disc jockey on a country station can then record voice tracks for the overnight shift of the sister rock station. Undoubtedly, the most notorious form of voice-tracking involves using out-of-market talent, in this form, the station contracts with a disc jockey in another city. The outsider will add local color using information provided by the station, the recorded voice tracks are then sent to the station by shipping tapes, e-mailing the file as audio attachments, FTP, or dedicated networks. DJs of this style often make a point of trying to sound as local as possible, one motivation is to provide smaller-market radio stations with a polished, big-city sound. Using experienced professional disc jockeys can avoid mistakes often made by younger or less-experienced talent, another motivation is for companies to use smaller market talent to voice-track on their larger stations, thus eliminating the need for higher salaried employees in the larger markets. See the controversy section below for more, depending on how the system is set up, a cyber jock may be able to plug the sound directly into the stations automation system remotely, meaning the local staff doesnt have to do anything at all
20.
KRBB
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KRBB is a radio station operating in Wichita, Kansas that identifies itself as B98FM, owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. Its studios are located in Northeast Wichita and the transmitter is located outside Colwich, the B98 Morning Show features co-hosts Lukas Cox and Careth. Query the FCCs FM station database for KRBB Radio-Locator information on KRBB Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KRBB
21.
Movin' (brand)
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“Movin” is a brand name used for a variety of rhythmic AC and top 40 radio stations in numerous broadcast markets in the United States. The name is a trademark of Alan Burns & Associates. This format started in the city of Seattle when Hot AC outlet KLSY became KQMV MOViN92.5 on May 1,2006 as it was the first station of its kind. MOViN stations mainly play an upbeat and mostly Dance-leaning Rhythmic Adult Contemporary format and uses the same logo, although the stations are consulted by Burns, some have carved their own niche and identity. KMVN would later be joined by another convert, WYEZ/Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, who adopted the same Rhythmic Oldies approach as KMVN. But after a year as a Top 40, KYMV returned to Rhythmic AC on June 11,2010. Even the original MOViN, KQMV, has shifted to Rhythmic Top 40 as it has refocused its direction on more current Rhythmic hits and less Old School, likewise with KYMV. Until late 2008, only a single MOViN outlet had outright flipped formats, the first, KVMX/Portland, Oregon evolved to Rhythmic contemporary in May 2008 as Jammin 107.5. Its former sister station, KMVK/Dallas, Texas, evolved to Spanish Hot Adult Contemporary in February 2009, followed by WMUV/Jacksonville, Floridas flip to Classic country that same month. Louis, began shifting towards an Adult Hot Hits/CHR Top 40 direction in 2007, only to drop the format in October 2008 for Christmas music until January 2009, when they flipped to sports. KMVN in Los Angeles dropped MOViN on April 15,2009 and outsourced the stations operations to a Mexican radio network, Grupo Radio Centro, based in Mexico City. However, in April 2011 one station in Norfolk, WKUS, picked up the branding for their flip from Urban AC, in August 2012, KNLT/Anchorage, the sister station of KMVV, picked up the format after latter dropped it in November 2011. The brand is now down to four affiliates, kISS-FM, is also a brand of CHR/Pop radio stations, where unless they were under iHeartMedia, each individual station is independently operated. They are owned by iHeartMedia by a market by market basis, the KISS brand is also being used by Roser Communications in the Utica/Rome, New York market. Froggy, is also a brand of music radio stations, which are also independently owned and operated, and generally are unrelated with each other. Jack FM and Bob FM, are both a brand of stations that play a large variety of music from the 70s, 80s. ESPN Radio, is also a brand of stations, where they are generally tied to the same set of broadcast programs. Most local broadcasts of these stations have nothing to do with the national network, note, these stations are in order by market size
22.
Gives You Hell
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Gives You Hell is a song by American rock band The All-American Rejects, released as the lead single from their third studio album When the World Comes Down on September 30,2008. It was certified RIAA 4x Platinum for 4 million shipments, lyric-wise, Ritter stated the song is about this asshole, it’s a dude who will never know it’s about him. Its kind of this way of looking at someone you hate, whether its your mom, for some reason, or its your teacher at school. Its just someone who makes you struggle, and its giving them the finger, but after a phone conversation with music producer Jimmy Iovine, who praised the songs lyrics and instrumental mix, the band decided to add it to the albums track list. On the composition of the track, Wheeler described the process, You hear a guitar, like this wacky E6 chord fading in the beginning. Yeah, thats all you hear until the second verse, then a little acoustic guitar comes in – actually the acoustic guitar carries the whole thing until that last chorus. Thats when like the big monster comes in and its just the acoustic guitar in the chorus and you hear that little lead line right before the 3rd verse. If every part on the record is out and holds its place in the song. Its not about taking a big guitar and layering the crap out of it, every part, from the vocals to the guitar parts to the drum fills, really hold their place in the song. We got so drunk we were over-thinking it, the song received favorable reviews from music critics. About. com rated the track 4 out of 5 stars and described it as a soulful groove, Billboard compared the sound of the track to Queens We Will Rock You. It spent 14 consecutive weeks in the Top 10, including 5 weeks in the Top 5, in late 2009, Billboard announced that Gives You Hell was the most played song of that year on their Top 40 chart. The song also became the 42nd biggest selling song of the 21st century in the United Kingdom. The music video for Gives You Hell was directed by Marc Webb, a second version was later released in January 2009, primarily featuring an extended version of the performance scene from the first. In an interview with MTV about the video, Ritter said The video basically pits one neighbour against another terrible neighbour, hes not on the grid - hes not on, like the song says, a 9-to-5 pace. Gives You Hell was featured on the musical television show Glee in the episode Hell-O. The song was sung by the character Rachel Berry played by Lea Michele, the Glee version reached the top of Irish Singles Chart. The song is featured in the video games Rock Band, Guitar Hero 5, Band Hero
23.
The All-American Rejects
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The All-American Rejects is an American rock band formed in Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1999. The band consists of bassist and lead vocalist Tyson Ritter, lead guitarist and backing vocalist Nick Wheeler, rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist Mike Kennerty, Tyson Ritter and Nick Wheeler are the bands songwriters, Ritter is the main lyricist and Wheeler is the primary composer. The group achieved success with their debut self-titled studio album The All-American Rejects. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA and spawned the single Swing, Swing and their third studio album When the World Comes Down was released in 2008 and was later certified gold by the RIAA. Its lead single Gives You Hell became The All-American Rejects most successful song to date, peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, Gives You Hell was certified 4× multi-platinum for sales of over 4 million in the United States by the RIAA. Kids in the Street, the fourth studio album, was released March 26,2012. On October 30,2015, the released a new single named Theres a Place. The All-American Rejects have sold over 10 million albums worldwide and they were ranked No.73 on the Hot 100 Artists of the 2000s and No.183 on the Billboard 200 Artists of the Decade list. The band has continued to tour, and are working on an EP due out in 2017. The band formed in Stillwater, Oklahoma, in 1999 while members Tyson Ritter, the two originally met in 1997 at a club where an early band of Wheelers was performing. It was here that Ritter offered himself for bass duties, eventually Ritter and Wheeler decided to form the All-American Rejects. When asked where the came from, Mike Kennerty says. I feel like we have grown into it over the years, in 2000, still in high school, the group made a demo simply labeled The All-American Rejects, with Tyson Ritter, Nick Wheeler, and Jesse Tabish. The demo CD was engineered, mixed and mastered by Wheeler and it was also managed by Alisa Ben at Half-A-Cup Entertainment. The demo is now referred to as The Blue Disc or The Blue Album. The CD consisted of songs, a few of which would be included on the Same Girl. Jesse Tabish later split from the group and later became a member of the folk band Other Lives. Ritter and Wheeler put together the Same Girl, New Songs EP, which was sent to independent Doghouse Records, where an intern saved the disc from the trash
24.
CBS Radio
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CBS Radio is a radio broadcasting company owned by CBS Corporation. It is among the United States largest radio groups, operating 116 radio stations in 26 media markets. In 1999, Infinity became a division of Viacom, in 2005, Viacom spun CBS and Infinity Broadcasting back into a company. In 2016, CBS CEO Leslie Moonves stated that the company was exploring selling or spinning off CBS Radio. While the company announced its intent to perform a public offering. CBS Radio is one of the oldest units within CBS Corporation, however, the actual CBS Radio Network was launched in 1927, when CBS itself was known as United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records later joined in and that company was renamed the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, in September 1927, Columbia Records sold the company to William S. Paley and in 1928, Paley streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. It became a traded company twice, in 1986. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which acquired CBS, Inc. in 1995, Westinghouse acquired American Radio Systems in 1997. In 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, in August 2006, CBS Radio announced the sale of its 15 radio stations in Cincinnati, Ohio, Memphis, Tennessee, Austin, Texas, and Rochester, New York to Entercom Communications. This group deal was granted FCC approval in mid-November 2007 after it faced regulatory review and numerous challenges for over a year, several other stations, most in smaller markets, have also been sold to companies like Border Media Partners and Peak Media Corporation. On April 30,2008, CBS Radio and AOL entered a partnership and these stations were folded into the AOL Radio mobile app. On July 31,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell 50 more radio stations in 12 mid-size markets, on December 15,2008, CBS Radio and Clear Channel Communications reached an agreement to swap seven stations. The deal closed on April 1,2009, on December 20,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Denver cluster to Wilks Broadcasting for $19.5 Million, including KIMN, KWOF, and KXKL. On August 10,2009, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Portland cluster to Alpha Broadcasting for $40 Million, the stations included in the sale are KCMD, KINK, KUFO, and KUPL. On February 4,2010, all CBS Radio stations, as well as AOL Radio, music Radio have restricted all non U. S. listeners from streaming online content. CBS Radio redirects to sister property Last. fm,2011 saw the biggest AC format removal of the company dropping AC for hot adult contemporary on Washington, D. C. s WIAD in March, followed by New York Citys WWFS on October 12. On August 1, WCFS-FM Chicago removed its AC format for all-news to simulcast WBBM, by November 2011, WLTE in Minneapolis/St
25.
Adult contemporary music
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Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music. Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and it is usually melodic enough to get a listeners attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure, the format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched, however, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers. An AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it excludes hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as these are popular among adults. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s, a common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past. This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart, over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including hot AC, soft AC, urban AC, rhythmic AC, and Christian AC. Some stations play only hot AC, soft AC, or only one of the variety of subgenres, therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music, it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres. Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, a few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17,1961, with 20 songs, the chart described itself as not too far out in either direction. Initially, the vocalists consisted of such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s. After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced, better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the charts most popular performers and these middle of the road stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs. Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or beautiful music stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient, hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965. From the end of the 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody
26.
KUDL
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KUDL is a radio station in Sacramento, California. Owned by Entercom, it broadcasts a CHR/Pop format branded as 106.5 The End and its studios are located in Foothill Farms and its transmitter is in Folsom. Royce International Broadcasting headed by Edward R, the initial format was programmed by Kevin Childs, who created the method of transitioning from rock to jazz via what was called The Crossroads of Jazz. With no advertising of promotion, KWOD succeeded in achieving a dedicated following across the Sacramento Valley, in the late 1970s, Royce Broadcasting decided to drop the adult contemporary/jazz hybrid music format in favor of a Top 40 music format. By 1985, KWOD was the second rated station in the 12+ age demographic under the programming of Program Director Tom Chase, the popular morning show of this period was The Doug Masters and Marty Johnsons Morning Radio Clinic Show featuring Douglas Doug Masters and Martin Marty Johnson. Tom left in late 1987 to program competitor KROY and Mr. Ed followed to become KROYs MD in early 1988. The rest of the full-time line-up of this period included Johnny Jammin Edwards and Panama Jack in afternoons, Pat The Night Hawk Garrett in evenings, and Alex Chuckle Head Cosper in late nights. Tom and Terry left in 1989 to do mornings in San Jose and were replaced by a temporary irreverent show that failed called the Renegades, gerry Cagle arrived in late 1989 to oversee programming as Operations Manager. Ratings fell sharply beginning in 1988 as KWOD fell into place in a three way battle with cross-town competitors KSFM and KROY. After Cagles departure in 1993, programming decisions went to Alex Cosper and this change of format proved to be a success as noted by a ratings surge. The line-up included the team of Shawn Cash and Jeff Jensen followed by Cosper in mid-days, Brad Adams in afternoons. Later in 1993, Monroe moved to afternoons and Joe Gomez moved to nights, shortly after the move to their new headquarters in downtown Sacramento, part-time DJ Giles Hendriksen from the U. K. became the full-time afternoon host with Joe Gomez staying in the evening slot. Joe Gomez was in the 7-midnight slot until his departure in 1994, Jamie Gates took over the evening slot as well as programming both the punk and industrial music shows. Jamie stayed on until 1997 when new management took over, by this time, Ally Storm had already departed to work at Live 105 in San Francisco. The station reached its ratings peak as a station in the summer of 1995 with a 5.2 share. It also beat all four other stations in the market. Cosper left the station in 1996 and later did radio in Milwaukee, Cosper later wrote a book about his experience called, The Rise of Alternative Radio. Ron Bunce assumed control of KWODs programming in 1997, and took the station to a harder rock direction
27.
The Only Way I Know
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The Only Way I Know is a song written by David Lee Murphy and Ben Hayslip and recorded by American country music artist Jason Aldean with Luke Bryan and Eric Church. It is the single released from Aldeans 2012 album, Night Train. This song is hard work, loyalty, small town values. The singers explain that they were raised in a small town southern atmosphere and they had not realized that other lifestyles existed and were practiced and the one by which they grew up is the only way know. Its verses are largely spoken-word, with Aldean on the first verse, Bryan on the second, billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave The Only Way I Know a four-star review, saying that it sounds best at neighbor-irritating volumes. Ashley Cooke of Roughstock also gave the song a review, stating that the song has a powerful chorus which allows listeners to get a little rowdy. Jason Aldean, Luke Bryan, and Eric Church opened the 46th Country Music Association Awards with The Only Way I Know on November 1,2012, on November 13,2012, Aldean performed the song on NBCs The Voice. Two contestants, Bryan Keith and Dez Duron joined him for the performance instead of Luke Bryan, footage from the 46th Country Music Association Award performance were used to comprise a music video for The Only Way I Know, directed by Paul Miller. The Only Way I Know debuted at number 28 on the Billboard Country Songs chart and number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of November 3,2012, as an album cut from downloads. It also debuted at number 93 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of November 24,2012. On the Country Airplay chart dated of February 16,2013, it reached number one, becoming Aldeans ninth number one, Bryans sixth, and Churchs third
28.
Jason Aldean
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Jason Aldine Williams, known professionally as Jason Aldean, is an American singer. Since 2005, Jason Aldean has been signed to Broken Bow Records and his 2010 album My Kinda Party is certified quadruple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Eight more of his singles have reached the top 10, Aldean was born as Jason Aldine Williams in Macon, Georgia, in the United States. His parents, Barry and Debbie, divorced when he was three and he was raised by his mother, in Macon, where he went to high school at Windsor Academy. During the summer, he would spend time with his father in Homestead, before going to work during the day, his dad would map out guitar chords on notebook paper to show Aldean where to place his fingers to play the chords. Aldean sat and practiced all day while his dad was at work, when his dad got home, he got out his own guitar and they played together. Soon, after hearing a song only a few times, he could play it and his early favorites included George Straits The Cowboy Rides Away, Hank Williams Jr. s The Blues Man, and Alabamas My Homes in Alabama. Both of his parents encouraged young Aldean as he progressed musically, from age 14, after watching the country-music awards on television, he wanted to perform on stage. With his mothers help, he performed at the local VFW hall in Macon and he sang John Andersons song Seminole Wind and Tracy Lawrences Sticks and Stones. He would later say that the entire audience – all ten – applauded, and he then began performing at area talent contests and local fairs. At 15, he joined the band at Georgia nightspot Nashville South. Aldean chose his name as there were already a number of people called Jason Williams including a well-known basketball player. In order to out, he changed the spelling of his middle name, Aldine. Aldean married his school sweetheart, Jessica Ussery, on August 4,2001. Together the couple have two daughters, Kendyl and Keeley, on April 25,2013, seven months after Aldean admitted to acting inappropriately with former American Idol contestant Brittany Kerr, news outlets reported Aldean and his wife had separated in January. Aldean filed for divorce on April 26, citing irreconcilable differences, the couple were married on March 21,2015. Aldean owns 1,300 acres of land just outside Nashville, Aldean is a Georgia Bulldogs fan and spends every Saturday he can watching games. In 2015, Forbes estimated Aldeans annual income at $43.5 million, after high school, with his fathers help, Aldean and his band performed at Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri
29.
Country
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A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. Sometimes the word countries is used to both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it refers only to states. The word country comes from Old French contrée, itself derived from Vulgar Latin contrata and it most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century. Areas much smaller than a state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country, Constable Country. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the territory, as in the German Bundesländer. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, the term country is frequently used to refer to sovereign states. There is no agreement on the number of countries in the world. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, all are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011, the Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Metropolitan Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state, comprises four separate countries, Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao. The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely, some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories, with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own
30.
Three Stooges
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Their hallmark was physical farce and slapstick. In films, the Stooges were commonly known by their first names of Moe, Larry, and Curly or Moe, Larry, there were a total of six stooges over the acts run, with only three active at any given time. Moe and Larry were always present during the era throughout the ensembles run of more than forty years. The act began as part of a vaudeville comedy act, billed as Ted Healy and his Stooges, consisting of Healy, Moe Howard, his brother Shemp Howard. The four made one film, Soup to Nuts, before Shemp left to pursue a solo career. He was replaced by his brother, Jerome Curly Howard. Two years later, the trio left Healy, and signed on to appear in their own short subject comedies for Columbia Pictures, from 1934 to 1946, Moe, Larry, and Curly produced over ninety short films for Columbia. It was during this period that they were at their peak popularity, Curly suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1946, and Shemp returned, reinstating the original lineup, until his death of a heart attack on November 22,1955. Film actor Joe Palma was used as a temporary stand-in to complete four Shemp-era shorts under contract, Columbia contract player Joe Besser joined as the third Stooge for two years, departing in 1958 to nurse his ailing wife. Columbia terminated its shorts division and released its Stooges contractual rights to the Screen Gems production studio, Screen Gems then syndicated the shorts to television, whereupon the Stooges became one of the most popular comedy acts of the early 1960s. Comic actor Joe DeRita became Curly Joe in 1958, replacing Besser for a new series of theatrical films. With intense television exposure, the act regained momentum throughout the 1960s as popular kiddie fare, Fine died in 1975, after a further series of strokes. Attempts were made to revive the Stooges with longtime supporting actor Emil Sitka in Larrys role in 1970, and again in 1975, but this attempt was cut short by Moes death on May 4,1975. The Three Stooges began in 1928 as part of a vaudeville act called Ted Healy and His Stooges Moe Howard joined Healys act in 1921. In 1928, violinist-comedian Larry Fine and xylophonist-comedian Fred Sanborn also joined the group, in the act, lead comedian Healy would attempt to sing or tell jokes while his noisy assistants would keep interrupting him, causing Healy to retaliate with verbal and physical abuse. Ted Healy and His Stooges appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, Soup to Nuts, the film was not a critical success, but the Stooges performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract minus Healy. This enraged Healy, who told studio executives that the Stooges were his employees, Howard, Fine, and Howard learned of the offer and subsequent withdrawal and left Healy to form their own act, which quickly took off with a tour of the theater circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming that they were using his copyrighted material, Healy tried to save his act by hiring replacement stooges, but they were inexperienced and not as well-received as their predecessors
31.
Micro-Phonies
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Micro-Phonies is the 87th short film released by Columbia Pictures in 1945 starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges. The comedians released 190 short films for the studio between 1934 and 1959, the trio are employed as handymen in a recording studio at the fictional radio station KGBY. Larry and Curly battle back and forth as they unhook a pipe to connect it to a radiator, Moe gets mad at the two of them, only to slip and fall down. While not doing their work, the trio watches a recording session through a window as Alice Van Doren sings Voices of Spring and she is recording this song under a pseudonym to audition for a radio show, an endeavor to which her father objects. After she finishes her song, the Stooges boss comes into the room and he orders them to finish the job. Outside in the hallway, Larry and Curly accidentally hit Moe with two pieces of pipe, leading to an argument. Their boss intervenes and as hes yelling at them, hes struck with the same pipes. The Stooges flee into a recording room with their boss on their heels. The room is occupied by a bad-tempered Italian baritone singer/violinist and piano player in a session, during the battle with their boss, they end up destroying the singers glasses and violin. They defeat their boss only to have the irate singer attack them, inside the room, which served as the recording room for Alice, they pretend to be recording a ridiculous soap commercial, before finding Alices record. Impressed by the virtuosity of this stunningly beautiful soprano—Christine McIntyre was, in fact. Moe pretends to be playing a flute while Larry is playing the piano, Curly is heard by the radio host Mrs. Bixby. Moe dubs Curly Señorita Cucaracha, and the trio are hired to sing professionally on the radio, the Stooges arrive at Mrs. Bixbys home and discover that the Italian baritone is also present. They proceed to sabotage his vocal performance by flipping cherries into his mouth whenever he attempts to sing an aria, the team then has a brief quarrel prior to performing, resulting in Moe breaking the record over Curly’s head. Ironically the quarrel was over protecting the demo record, Larry then eyes a collection of records, hastily selects the Lucia Sextet, and announces it as the Sextet from Lucy. This song, however, requires pantomime by all three and this works well until the baritone recognizes them and unplugs the phonograph midway through the Lucia Sextet, leaving the trio groaning out loud. They claim that Curlys voice is gone, Alice Van Doren is also present at the party, and catches onto the boys scheme. She aids them by singing Voices of Spring from behind a curtain as Curly once again mimes the lyrics, the Italian baritone is perplexed at Curlys ability and reacts by tossing a banana into Curlys mouth, revealing the trio as phonies
32.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
33.
AM broadcasting
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AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is authorized in the wave band worldwide. Commercial AM broadcasting developed from amateur broadcasts around 1920, and was the commercially important form of radio broadcasting until FM broadcasting began after World War II. This period is known as the Golden Age of Radio, today, AM competes with FM, as well as with various digital radio broadcasting services distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. AM broadcasting was the first broadcasting technology invented, the technology of amplitude modulation radio transmission was developed between 1900 and 1920. This was used for private communication and message traffic, such as telegrams. The entrepreneurs who developed AM radiotelephone transmission did not anticipate broadcasting voice, the term broadcasting, borrowed from agriculture, was applied to this new activity around 1920. Prior to 1920 there was no concept of broadcasting, or that radio listeners could be a market for entertainment. Although there were a number of broadcasts during this period. True radio broadcasting didnt begin until around 1920, when it sprang up spontaneously among amateur stations, AM remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the Golden Age of Radio, until FM broadcasting started to become widespread in the 1950s. AM remains a popular, profitable entertainment medium today and the dominant form of broadcasting in some such as Australia. The first AM voice transmission was made by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on 23 December 1900, Fessenden is a significant figure in the development of AM radio. He helped develop one of the first – the Alexanderson alternator, the first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter invented in 1903, and the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906–1910. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in low audio quality. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna wire, the limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones, in powerful transmitters water-cooled microphones had to be used. At the receiving end, the crystal radio receivers then in use could not drive loudspeakers, only earphones. The discovery in 1912 of the ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest
34.
KFIA (AM)
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KFIA is a radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format. Licensed to Carmichael, California, United States, the serves the Sacramento area. The station is owned by New Inspiration Broadcasting Company, Inc. which is a part of Salem Communications. The station features programming from Salem, KFIA airs such programs as Through the Bible with J. Vernon McGee, Grace to You with John MacArthur, Truth for Life with Alistair Begg, and the Janet Mefford show. Until August 2009, it aired Bible Answer Man with Hank Hanegraff, FCC History Cards for KFIA Query the FCCs AM station database for KFIA Radio-Locator Information on KFIA Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for KFIA
35.
KNCO (AM)
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KNCO is a Grass Valley, California, Class B radio station operating with 5,000 watts of power from a transmitter site in Grass Valley, California. KNCO is an ABC Radio Network affiliate and it was originally on 1250 kHz and moved to 830 kHz in 1986. Syndicated programming includes The Rush Limbaugh Show, The Clark Howard Show, The Lars Larson Show, KNCO features a live, local news block between 6,00 and 9,00 a. m. as well as 5,00 to 6,00 p. m. The station is also the home of Nevada Union High School football and basketball. FCC History Cards for KNCO KNCO official website Query the FCCs AM station database for KNCO Radio-Locator Information on KNCO Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for KNCO
