1.
Streetcars in Kansas City
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During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kansas City, Missouri, like most North American cities, operated streetcars in Kansas City as their primary public transit mode. Kansas City once had one of the most extensive streetcar systems in North America, the first streetcars introduced in Kansas City in 1870 were horse-powered. On some early routes the streetcars were propelled by gripping moving underground cables, the city granted its first franchise to the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, owned by Thomas Corrigan. William Rockhill Nelson, publisher of the Kansas City Star, believed Corrigan was corrupt, by 1908, all but one of the citys streetcar routes had been converted to being powered by electricity. When the Kansas City Public Service Company was created in 1925 it inherited over 700 streetcars that had owned and operated by private companies. The streetcar routes operated by the KSPS also served commuters across the line in Kansas City. The KSPS planned to all its older streetcars with new, state-of-the-art PCC streetcars. Only 24 were delivered prior to World War II, which put a hiatus on new streetcar construction, the KSPS ultimately acquired 184 PCC vehicles. Well-known Kansas City developer Jesse C. Nichols was known for constructing streetcar lines to serve the new communities he built, a modern streetcar was installed in 2014 and opened to the public in 2016 -- KC Streetcar. It runs a similar, but shorter, route to the last line that ran when service ended in 1957, media related to 20th Century streetcars in Kansas City, Missouri at Wikimedia Commons
2.
Kansas City Union Station
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Kansas City Union Station is a union station opened in 1914, serving Kansas City, Missouri, and the surrounding metropolitan area. It replaced a small Union Depot from 1878, Union Station served a peak annual passenger traffic of over 670,000 in 1945 at the end of World War II, quickly declining in the 1950s and was closed in 1985. In 1996, a partnership began funding Union Stations $250 million restoration. By 1999, the station reopened as a series of museums, in 2002, Union Station saw its return as a train station when Amtrak began providing public transportation services and has since become Missouris second-busiest train station. On April 8,1878, Union Depot opened on a triangle of land in Kansas City between Union Avenue and the railroad tracks of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad in present-day West Bottoms. Nicknamed the Jackson County Insane Asylum by those who thought it was too large, it was the union station in the country. The new depot was a hybrid of the Second Empire style, by the start of the 20th century, over 180 trains were passing daily through the station, serving a city whose population had tripled during its first-quarter century of operation. In 1903, the lack of room for expansion and a major flood led the city, the architect chosen to design the Union Station building was Jarvis Hunt, a proponent of the City Beautiful movement. The design was a hall for ticketing, and a perpendicular hall extending out over the tracks for passenger waiting. The Beaux-Arts station opened on October 30,1914, as the second-largest train station in the country, due to its central location, Kansas City was a hub for both passenger and freight rail traffic. The scale of the building reflected this status, Union Station made headlines on June 17,1933, as four unarmed FBI agents were gunned down by gang members attempting to free captured fugitive Frank Nash. Nash was also killed in the gun battle, the “Kansas City Massacre” highlighted the lawlessness of Kansas City under the Pendergast Machine and resulted in the arming of all FBI agents. In 1945, annual passenger traffic peaked at 678,363, as train travel declined beginning in the 1950s, the city had less and less need for a large train station. By 1973, only 32,842 passengers passed through the facility, all train service was now run by Amtrak. The city government of Kansas City wished to preserve and redevelop the building, to facilitate this, they made a development deal with Trizec Corporation, a Canadian redevelopment firm. Included in the deal was an agreement that Trizec would redevelop the station, between 1979 and 1986, Trizec constructed two office buildings on surrounding property, but did not redevelop the station. In 1985, Amtrak moved all operations to a smaller facility. By this time, the station was essentially closed, in 1988, the city filed suit against Trizec for the failure to develop the station, the case was settled in 1994
3.
Kansas City, Missouri
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Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west, on June 1,1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated, shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to them soon thereafter. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lees Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City. The city is composed of neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east. Kansas City is also known for its cuisine, its craft breweries, Kansas City, Missouri was officially incorporated as a town on June 1,1850, and as a city on March 28,1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a place to build settlements. The Antioch Christian Church, Dr. James Compton House, the first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit, Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, where he illegally traded furs. In the documents, he describes the junction of the Grande Riv des Cansez and Missouri River, French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the areas first reasonably accurate map. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade under Spanish license. After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, in 1831, a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city. They built the first school within Kansas Citys current boundaries, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833, in 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail,3 miles away from the river. In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, in 1850, the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas
4.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
5.
Street running
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On-street running or street running is the routing of a railroad track or tramway track running directly along public streets, without any separation. The rails are embedded in the pavement, and the train shares the street directly with pedestrians. Trains generally travel at reduced speed for safety reasons, if there are stations on the section, they can appear similar in style to a tram stop, but often lack platforms, pedestrian islands, or other amenities. Passengers may be required to wait on a distant sidewalk, and then to board or disembark directly among mixed traffic in mid-pavement, rather than at curbside. Although bridges and tunnels are not streets, rails can still be embedded in the surface of bridges and this is also considered to be street running. This list does not include conventional tram, interurban, light rail or the tram portions of tram-train systems, over the Salto Grande Dam, between Concordia, Argentina and Salto, Uruguay. Bridge between Viedma, Río Negro and Carmen de Patagones, Buenos Aires, the North Coast main line runs down Denison Street in Rockhampton, Queensland carrying freight and passenger services. A sugar-cane railway runs down Mill Street, uruguaiana, almost 300 m. in the Vasco Alves street to reach the Paso de los Libres–Uruguaiana International Bridge. Notable examples in Canada include, Brantford, Ontario Clarence Street Guelph, Ontario Kent Street, CNR, near Mannheim, the Oberrheinische Eisenbahn and Rhein-Haardt-Bahn are street running through several villages. In Linkenheim, near Karlsruhe, the Hardt Railway was changed to BOStrab in 2011 for that reason, Road and rail share the Lindaunis Bridge in Schleswig-Holstein. Freight trains using the infrastructure of Rhein-Sieg-Verkehrsgesellschaft to the company Evonik in Niederkassel-Lülsdorf passing the village Sieglar are running inside the Pastor-Böhm-Straße, one of the most famous locations is when the steam-powered Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Toy train squeezes between narrow shop fronts down past a bazaar in India. Indonesia used to have an extensive steam tramways network, which had street running sections in various towns and cities in Java. Two sections remain in use in 2010, part of the Wonogiri branch runs along the Slamet Riyadi street in Surakarta, the earlier line sees both passenger and freight service, while the other line is exclusively for freight. Freight trains to and from the docks at Dublin share the Alexandra road with cars The Bernina Railway runs in the streets of Tirano, the Circumetnea ran until 1999 on the Corso delle Provincie in Catania. The Cremona–Iseo railway ran until 1956 in the street of Cavatigozzi. The Domodossola–Locarno railway started until the 1980s from the square of Domodossola. The Rivabahn was until 1981 a freight railway that ran into the city of Trieste along the seaside street, the Rome–Fiuggi railway runs completely along the Via Casilina in Rome. This railway serves as the only way of reaching Machu Picchu from Cusco without walking
6.
Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles
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Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles is a Spanish private company which manufactures railway vehicles and equipment. It is based in Beasain in the Basque Country, CAF has supplied railway rolling stock to a number of major urban transit operators around Europe, the USA, South America, East Asia, India and North Africa. CAF was an acronym for the name of Compañía Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles. In 1860 Domingo Goitia, Martín Usabiaga and José Francisco Arana established this company, whose activity was puddling furnaces. In 1898 it set up its plant in Beasain, Gipuzkoa, in 1905 it changed its name to Fábrica de Vagones de Beasain. Compañía Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles was founded in 1917, specializing in car production. In 1940 the Irun factory was set up, following the expansion of activity after the Spanish Civil War, in 1954 CAF took over Material Móvil y Construcciones from Zaragoza, a company with extensive experience in manufacturing long-distance and subway trains. Since 1958 the company has modernized and enlarged its Beasain plant, in line with this, in 1969 CAF created its Research and Development Unit, which increased the companys competitiveness and intensified the focus on in-house technology. In 1971 the existing Compañía Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles merged with Material Móvil y Construcciones and the company adopted its current name Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles
7.
Urbos
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Urbos is a family of trams, streetcars, and light rail vehicles built by CAF. The Basque manufacturer CAF previously manufactured locomotives, passenger cars, regional, in 1993, CAF started building trams for Seville Metro, with the delivery of 16 trams through 1999. This was a variant of a Siemens design and some components were delivered by Siemens, including bogies and this design was also sold to Lisbon Trams in 1995, CAF then decided to design and build the Urbos in-house. There are three generations of Urbos, known as Urbos 1, Urbos 2, and Urbos 3, the first generation was ordered by the Bilbao tram operator, who received six trains between 2004 and 2006. The second generation was sold to operators in Spain, and the third generation is sold in Spain, elsewhere in Europe, the United States. Manufacturing locations include Saragossa and Linares, Spain, Elmira, New York, USA, Hortolandia, Brazil and Bagnères-de-Bigorre and this series was only sold to Euskotren Tranbia to operate tram services in Bilbao. The original Bilbao tram system was shut down in 1964 and the second opened in December 2002 with extensions in 2004. The standard variants, the Urbos 100 and Urbos 70, have either a 100% or 70% low floor design, respectively, and a maximum speed of 70 kilometres per hour. The tram type is offered in meter gauge and standard gauge, Trams can be assembled from 3,5,7 or 9 modules, with the length ranging between 23 and 56 metres. CAF has developed an option to build supercapacitors into the Urbos 3 and this ACR system allowed the tramway operator in Seville to remove the overhead wires in key locations during Holy Week 2011. Vehicles in the Urbos AXL series have larger modules and railway-style pivoting axle bogies, with a maximum speed of 90 kilometres per hour, it is designed for high-capacity, mass rapid transit systems. Tallinn, Estonia, Stockholm, Sweden The Urbos TT series is built with tram-train technology and this makes them ideal for commuter rail services that carry passengers into city centers. Consisting of 2 articulated cars supported by 3 bogies, the LRV variant of Urbos, designed for the North American market, is easily customizable to each customers needs
8.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
9.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
10.
Railway electrification system
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A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure, selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas, some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation, Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network, some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own lines, switches and transformers. Power is supplied to moving trains with a continuous conductor running along the track usually takes one of two forms. The first is a line or catenary wire suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings. Locomotives or multiple units pick up power from the wire with pantographs on their roofs that press a conductive strip against it with a spring or air pressure. Examples are described later in this article, the second is a third rail mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding pickup shoe. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the rails as the return conductor. In comparison to the alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and they have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service, the limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. Possible lethal electric current due to risk of contact with high-voltage contact wires, overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly. These are independent of the system used, so that. The permissible range of voltages allowed for the voltages is as stated in standards BS EN50163. These take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation, railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electrified railways used DC and many still do, particularly rapid transit and trams
11.
Volt
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The volt is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. One volt is defined as the difference in potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. It is also equal to the difference between two parallel, infinite planes spaced 1 meter apart that create an electric field of 1 newton per coulomb. Additionally, it is the difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. It can also be expressed as amperes times ohms, watts per ampere, or joules per coulomb, for the Josephson constant, KJ = 2e/h, the conventional value KJ-90 is used, K J-90 =0.4835979 GHz μ V. This standard is typically realized using an array of several thousand or tens of thousands of junctions. Empirically, several experiments have shown that the method is independent of device design, material, measurement setup, etc. in the water-flow analogy sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them with water-filled pipes, voltage is likened to difference in water pressure. Current is proportional to the diameter of the pipe or the amount of water flowing at that pressure. A resistor would be a reduced diameter somewhere in the piping, the relationship between voltage and current is defined by Ohms Law. Ohms Law is analogous to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, as both are linear models relating flux and potential in their respective systems, the voltage produced by each electrochemical cell in a battery is determined by the chemistry of that cell. Cells can be combined in series for multiples of that voltage, mechanical generators can usually be constructed to any voltage in a range of feasibility. High-voltage electric power lines,110 kV and up Lightning, Varies greatly. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of metals to produce electricity was zinc. In 1861, Latimer Clark and Sir Charles Bright coined the name volt for the unit of resistance, by 1873, the British Association for the Advancement of Science had defined the volt, ohm, and farad. In 1881, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission and they made the volt equal to 108 cgs units of voltage, the cgs system at the time being the customary system of units in science. At that time, the volt was defined as the difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. The international volt was defined in 1893 as 1/1.434 of the emf of a Clark cell and this definition was abandoned in 1908 in favor of a definition based on the international ohm and international ampere until the entire set of reproducible units was abandoned in 1948. Prior to the development of the Josephson junction voltage standard, the volt was maintained in laboratories using specially constructed batteries called standard cells
12.
Overhead line
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An overhead line or overhead wire is used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses, or trains. Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or more overhead wires situated over rail tracks, the feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid. Electric trains that collect their current from overhead lines use a device such as a pantograph and it presses against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire. Current collectors are electrically conductive and allow current to flow through to the train or tram, non-electric locomotives may pass along these tracks without affecting the overhead line, although there may be difficulties with overhead clearance. Alternative electrical power transmission schemes for trains include third rail, ground-level power supply, batteries and this article does not cover regenerative braking, where the traction motors act as generators to retard movement and return power to the overhead. To achieve good high-speed current collection, it is necessary to keep the wire geometry within defined limits. This is usually achieved by supporting the wire from a second wire known as the messenger wire or catenary. This wire approximates the path of a wire strung between two points, a catenary curve, thus the use of catenary to describe this wire or sometimes the whole system. This wire is attached to the wire at regular intervals by vertical wires known as droppers or drop wires. It is supported regularly at structures, by a pulley, link, the whole system is then subjected to a mechanical tension. As the contact wire makes contact with the pantograph, the insert on top of the pantograph is worn down. The straight wire between supports will cause the wire to cross over the whole surface of the pantograph as the train travels around the curve, causing uniform wear. On straight track, the wire is zigzagged slightly to the left. The movement of the wire across the head of the pantograph is called the sweep. The zigzagging of the line is not required for trolley poles. Depot areas tend to have only a wire and are known as simple equipment or trolley wire. When overhead line systems were first conceived, good current collection was only at low speeds. Compound equipment - uses a second wire, known as the auxiliary
13.
Richard L. Berkley
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Richard L. Berkley served as mayor of Kansas City, Missouri, U. S. from 1979 to 1991. Although Kansas City mayors do not officially have political affiliations, Mayor Berkley was the first Republican mayor of the city since the 1920s and he was also the citys first Jewish mayor and served longer than any other mayor in Kansas City history. During his term he led the calls for a investigation into the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in 1981. More than 700 capital improvement projects occurred during his term, including an expansion of Bartle Hall Convention Center. Berkley received his degree from Harvard University and an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1957. The Richard L. Berkley Riverfront Park on Front Street along the Missouri River near the Christopher Kit Bond Bridge is named for him
14.
Bus
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A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
15.
Bicycle
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A bicycle, often called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist, Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and as of 2003, more than 1 billion have been produced worldwide, twice as many as the number of automobiles that have been produced. They are the means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as childrens toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services. The basic shape and configuration of an upright or safety bicycle, has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and these have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling. The bicycles invention has had an effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. The word bicycle first appeared in English print in The Daily News in 1868, to describe Bysicles and trysicles on the Champs Elysées, the word was first used in 1847 in a French publication to describe an unidentified two-wheeled vehicle, possibly a carriage. The design of the bicycle was an advance on the velocipede, Other words for bicycle include bike, pushbike, pedal cycle, or cycle. In Unicode, the point for bicycle is 0x1F6B2. The entity 🚲, in HTML produces
16.
Interstate 35 in Missouri
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Interstate 35 is an Interstate Highway that stretches from Laredo, Texas in the south to Duluth in the north. The portion of I-35 through Missouri travels nearly 115 miles from just south of Kansas City, through the downtown freeway loop, north of Kansas City, the highway travels north-northeast towards the Iowa state line near Eagleville, paralleling U. S. Route 69. I-35 enters Missouri two miles southwest of Kansas Citys Central Business District as a six-lane highway, after merging with Southwest Trafficway and Broadway, it becomes eight lanes and continues north to downtown Kansas City, where it serves as the west and north legs of the Downtown freeway loop. Along the north edge of the loop, I-35 joins with I-70 immediately west of Broadway, upon leaving the loop, Interstate 29 begins, concurrent with I-35. The two interstates cross the Missouri River together on the Bond Bridge, I-35 continues north from Cameron, intersecting US69 as it crosses from the west to the east side of the highway before intersecting Route 6, providing access to Weatherby to the west of I-35. North of the interchange with Route 6, US69 intersects I-35 again, between Route DD, providing local access to farmland, and Route C, providing access to Pattonsburg, I-35 crosses the Grand River west of the Elam Bend Conservation Area. The Interstate features an exit to the Interstate 35 Speedway, located in Winston, a final interchange with Routes B and N, providing access to Coffey, mark the last exit inside of Daviess County, and I-35 enters Harrison County. Two interchanges provide access to Bethany, one with US136, Route A provides access to the town of Ridgeway to the east of the Interstate, and Route N further north provides access to Eagleville to the west and Blythedale to the east. Rest stops for both directions of travel are north of Route N, as well as a center for motorists traveling southbound before intersecting 100th Street before crossing into Iowa. Business Loop Interstate 35 is a loop of Interstate 35 in the town of Cameron. Roads portal Media related to Interstate 35 in Missouri at Wikimedia Commons I-35 on Missouri Highways Route Log
17.
Interstate 70 in Missouri
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In the U. S. state of Missouri, Interstate 70 is generally parallel to the Missouri River. This section of the transcontinental Interstate begins at the Kansas state line on the Lewis and Clark Viaduct, routes 24,40, and 169, and the east end is on the Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge in St. Louis. While passing through Kansas City, I-70 is known as the George Brett Super Highway, the Truman Sports Complex, which houses the Royals and Chiefs stadiums, is located along I-70 at I-435. I-35 becomes concurrent with I-70 as soon as the highway gets into the Loop, back at the northwest corner, US169 splits off to the north, leaving four routes concurrent with each other. There is a interchange with Route 9 as the Loop reaches the northeastern corner. When it does reach the corner, US24 splits to the east, I-29 ends, after that, the freeway turns south, with interchanges to more roads. At the southeastern end, I-70/US 40/US71 exit the Loop, i-670 ends where I-70/US40 usurp the alignment. Soon after usurpation, I-70/US40 turn southeast, and at exit 7A, soon after that, I-70 interchanges with I-435, the beltway around Kansas City. East of I-435, I-70 continues east through Independence, passing a busy interchange at I-470. The highway then continues with six lanes to the growing suburb of Blue Springs. I-70 remains at this width until just west of the intersection with I-64/US 40/US61 in Wentzville, east of Blue Springs, I-70 takes on a rural highway as it leaves Jackson County. Through Columbia, the highway is lined with restaurants and hotels, the highway leaves Columbia after an exit with St. Charles Road on the east end of town. East of Columbia, I-70 has an interchange with US54 at Kingdom City, Route 19 at New Florence, then, it continues through more gently rolling terrain until it reaches Wentzville, where it meets I-64/US61. Here, US40 departs from I-70 and it then expands to three lanes each direction to St. Louis. East of Wentzville, I-70 passes through the community of Lake St. Louis, then the growing towns of OFallon and St. Peters. Traffic volume increases as I-70 enters St. Louis County, requiring more lanes, there are as many as 13 lanes at one point. The section of I-70 from Fifth Street in St. Charles to I-270 is among the busiest section of highway in the state, I-270 draws much of the traffic, so I-70 continues east through Bridgeton with only six lanes. After interchanges with Route 180 and US67, it passes on the edge of Lambert–St
18.
U.S. Route 40
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U. S. Route 40 is an east–west United States Highway. As with most routes whose numbers end in a zero, US40 once traversed the entire United States and it is one of the original 1926 U. S. Highways, and its first termini were San Francisco, California, and Atlantic City, New Jersey. In the western United States, US40 was functionally replaced by Interstate 80, US40 currently ends at a junction with I-80 in Silver Summit, Utah, just outside Park City. Three former and four current state capitals lie along the route, the route was built on top of several older highways, most notably the National Road and the Victory Highway. The National Road was created in 1806 by an act of Congress to serve as the first federally funded construction project. When completed it connected Cumberland, Maryland, with Vandalia, Illinois, the Victory Highway was designated as a memorial to World War I veterans and ran from Kansas City, Missouri to San Francisco, California. The western terminus of US40 is in Silver Summit, Utah at an interchange with Interstate 80, several miles north of Park City, the road is concurrent with US189 until it has reached Heber City. US40 is an access highway from the I-80 junction to its intersection with Utah State Route 32. From there, the road takes a southerly course to Heber City. In Heber City, there is an intersection with SR-113, one mile later, US189 splits off. There would be no major intersections until US40 has reached Fruitland. About 18 miles later, the road enters Duchesne, in Duchesne, it meets US191 and SR-87. US40 passes Duchesne and starts a concurrency, the concurrency goes into Roosevelt, Fort Duchesne and Vernal. In Roosevelt, it meets SR-87 again in a 5-point intersection, there are two intersections with SR-121, in Roosevelt and Vernal. In Fort Duchesne, there is an intersection with SR-88, after US40 passes Vernal, US191 splits off and the concurrency ends. After that, there are no major intersections until US40 reaches Naples. About 9 miles later, US40 enters Jensen, in Jensen, there is an intersection with SR-149. About 18 miles later, the road enters Colorado, US40 enters Colorado,2 miles west of Dinosaur
19.
U.S. Route 24
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U. S. Route 24 is one of the original United States highways of 1926. It originally ran from Pontiac, Michigan, in the east to Kansas City, Missouri, today, the highways eastern terminus is in Independence Township, Michigan, at an intersection with I-75 and its western terminus is near Minturn, Colorado at an intersection with I-70. The highway transitions from north–south to east–west signage in Toledo, Ohio, in Colorado, US24 runs from Interstate 70 from Minturn where it goes through Minturn and continues south to the Continental Divide at Tennessee Pass. It continues south to Johnson Village and then joins with U. S. Route 285 northbound to the Trout Creek Pass. After the pass, US24 separates from US285 and continues east to Colorado Springs and then northeast to Limon, when the United States Highway System was started in 1926, US24 in Colorado was designated U. S. Route 40S. It began in Grand Junction and went east along the current Interstate 70 corridor to Minturn, from Limon east to the Kansas border, the current US24 was designated U. S. Route 40N. US 40S west of Limon and US 40N east of Limon received the US24 designation in 1936, the segment between Grand Junction and Minturn was decommissioned in 1975. In Kansas, US-24 enters from Colorado west of Kanorado, it overlaps I-70 for 45 miles to Colby, US-24 does not meet I-70 again until Kansas City. On December 1,2008, US24 was rerouted southward on US73 to I-70 west of Kansas City, US-24 serves Manhattan, as well as the northern sides of Topeka and Lawrence. The original designation for the current US-24 route in Kansas was U. S. Route 40N and it went from the Colorado border to Manhattan. In 1936, U. S. Route 24 received its current designation after an extension west from Kansas City, in Kansas, US-24 is merged with US-59 from Williamstown to a place in North Lawrence called Teepee Junction. From there it is merged with US-40 until Kansas City, in Missouri, US24 serves Kansas City, Independence, Buckner, Lexington, Waverly, Carrollton, Keytesville, Moberly, Madison Monroe City, Palmyra and West Quincy. It is concurrent with U. S. Route 65 between Waverly and Carrollton, passing over the Missouri River via the Waverly Bridge when concurrent. After became a road, it is then concurrent with Highway 5 in Keytesville. It is finally concurrent with U. S. Route 36 east of Monroe City, the segment shared with US61 is part of the Avenue of the Saints. Along the route within Independence is the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, in Illinois, U. S. Route 24 runs west across the Quincy Bayview Bridge and east across the Quincy Memorial Bridge over the Mississippi River in Quincy. The cable-stayed Bayview Bridge brings westbound US24 over the Mississippi River, eastbound traffic is served by the older Quincy Memorial Bridge. As of 2006, it is the arterial highway from Quincy northeast to Peoria
20.
Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
21.
Kansas City Terminal Railway
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It is operated by the Kaw River Railroad. The railway was created after a series of floods in 1903,1904, the 12 original trunk railways of the city at the time joined together to build the new Union Station and to coordinate the bridges and switches that serve the city. Under an Interstate Commerce Commission order, the railway operated and then oversaw the liquidation of the Rock Island Line from 1979 to 1980, the railway owns and dispatches 85 miles of track and leases six locomotives and no freight cars. It no longer owns Union Station and it has subcontracted its maintenance operations to BNSF. Paul and Pacific Railroad Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Kansas City Southern Railway Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad Missouri Pacific Railroad St
22.
National World War I Museum and Memorial
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The National World War I Museum and Memorial of the United States is located in Kansas City, Missouri. Opened to the public as the Liberty Memorial museum in 1926, the Museum and Memorial are managed by a non-profit organization in cooperation with the Kansas City Board of Parks and Recreation Commissioners. The museum re-opened to the public in December 2006 with an expanded, the National World War I Museum tells the story of the Great War and related global events from their origins before 1914 through the 1918 Armistice and 1919 Paris Peace Conference. Visitors enter the space within the 32, 000-square-foot facility across a glass bridge above a field of 9,000 red poppies. The declared mission of the museum and memorial is to be dedicated to remembering, interpreting and understanding the Great War and its enduring impact on the global community. Soon after World War I ended, a group of 40 prominent Kansas City residents formed the Liberty Memorial Association to create a memorial to those who had served in the war. They chose lumber baron and philanthropist Robert A. Long, who had given a large sum of money. Others included, James Madison Kemper was treasurer of the association, for a short time in 1919 he was President of City Center Bank that was founded by his father, William T. Kemper. His brother, Rufus Crosby Kemper Sr. became president when he left to take over as president of Commerce Bancshares, jesse Clyde Nichols, a real estate developer, was a lead proponent of the Liberty Monument. William Volker, businessman and philanthropist, helped the city acquire the land for the memorial, george Kessler, designer of the landscaping at the memorial. There would not be the problems that plagued the Bunker Hill Monument in Boston a century earlier. The local veteran chosen to present flags to the commanders was a Kansas City haberdasher, Harry S. Truman, the finished monument was dedicated on November 11,1926, by President Coolidge, in the presence of Queen Marie of Romania. Coolidge announced that the memorial “. has not been raised to commemorate war and victory, today I return in order that I may place the official sanction of the national government upon one of the most elaborate and impressive memorials that adorn our country. The magnitude of this memorial, and the base of popular support on which it rests, can scarcely fail to excite national wonder and admiration. ”In 1935, bas reliefs by Walker Hancock of Jacques, Beatty, Diaz, Foch. In 1981-1982, corresponding to its 60th anniversary, the building revealed new exhibits under improved lighting sources, the memorial was closed in 1994 due to safety concerns, after aging revealed problems with drainage and the original construction. Local shopping malls voluntarily helped to put part of the collection on display while the memorial was unavailable. When the poor condition of the building became an embarrassment for the city, plans were also made at this time to expand the site with a museum to accommodate the LMAs growing collection. Local, national and international support provided $102 million for this undertaking, the year this was completed, Liberty Memorial was designated a National Historic Landmark
23.
Emanuel Cleaver
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Emanuel Cleaver II is a United Methodist pastor, American politician and a member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Cleaver currently represents Missouris 5th congressional district, where hes served since 2005 and he is a member of the Democratic Party, and in January 2010, Cleaver became chair of the Congressional Black Caucus. Cleaver previously served on the Kansas City Council from 1979 to 1991, until he was elected Mayor, in 2004, Cleaver was elected to represent Missouris 5th congressional district in the U. S. House of Representatives. Cleaver was born in Waxahachie, Texas, the son of Marie and he grew up in public housing in Wichita Falls, Texas. He graduated from Prairie View A&M University where he became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Cleaver then moved to Kansas City where he founded a branch of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and received a Master of Divinity degree from St. Paul School of Theology. Cleaver has been the pastor at the St. James United Methodist Church in Kansas City Missouri from March 1972 until June 28,2009, Cleaver served as Kansas City Councilman from 1979 to 1991 and as Mayor of Kansas City for two terms from 1991 until 1999. He was the first African American Mayor of Kansas City, during the last days of his tenure as Mayor, Reverend Cleaver agreed to an international visit to London, England. On the invitation of UK NGO Operation Black Vote he assisted in campaigning for increased participation in the elections for the Mayor of London. His visit culminated in a speech at Westminster City Hall alongside British political figures including Ken Livingstone, Simon Hughes. Cleaver is a cousin to exiled Kansas City Black Panther leader Pete ONeal, in 1997, Cleaver attempted unsuccessfully to obtain a pardon for ONeal from President Bill Clinton. He has been recognized as a congressman who is not shy about earmarks and has brought many tax dollars back to Kansas City, Cleaver has called for ethics charges against fellow U. S. Representatives Charlie Rangel and Maxine Waters to be dropped, saying The process has been tainted, on April 6,2012, the Kansas City Star reported that Bank of America had sued Cleaver Company LLC over a commercial real estate loan for a Grandview car wash. In a lawsuit filed March 30, Bank of America said Cleaver, his wife Dianne, on September 11,2014 around 2,50 a. m. what appeared to be a Molotov cocktail was thrown through the window of Cleavers Kansas City office. He was in Washington D. C. at the time, in late 2003, Karen McCarthy, who had represented the 5th Congressional District since 1995, announced her retirement. Despite having served in city government for 20 years, including eight years as mayor, Cleaver initially posted weak numbers in the Democratic primary, Cleaver went on to defeat former Clinton Administration official Jamie Metzl in the Democratic primary by a margin of 60-40 percent. The Democrats have held this seat for all but eight years since 1909, by comparison, McCarthy won 65 percent of the vote in 2002. During the course of the contentious 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary, Cleaver endorsed Hillary Clinton. Cleaver claimed that African American superdelegates who supported Clinton were subjected to harassment, threatened with primary opponents and called “Uncle Tom. ”He said they were told, “You’re not black if you’re not supporting Barack Obama
24.
Ward Parkway
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Ward Parkway is a boulevard in Kansas City, Missouri, near the Kansas-Missouri state line. It then continues south for four miles, terminating at Wornall Road near West 95th Street, Ward Parkway has a wide, landscaped median, which is decorated with fountains and statuary. Many of Kansas Citys finest large houses are along Ward Parkway in the Country Club District. The street name derives from the family of pioneer Seth E. Ward who owned property on both sides of the parkway and whose house at 1032 West 55th St. is on the National Register of Historic Places. 39°02′22″N 94°35′07″W Southern terminus, Wornall Road 38°57′33″N 94°35′44″W Ward Parkway was created as part of developer J. C. Nicholss overall plans for the Country Club District, as Nichols platted the district, beginning in 1906, he reserved space for Ward Parkway. The largest lots in the district were reserved for houses to be built along the boulevard, the Kansas City Parks Department added Ward Parkway into its formal boulevard system. Nichols traveled to Italy and England to buy statues and monuments to place in the wide median. He also placed ponds and decorative urns throughout the parkways length, to promote his development, Nichols periodically placed photographs of the large houses being built along Ward Parkway in Sunday editions of the Kansas City Star. Nichols even moved into a house just off Ward Parkway, on West 55th Street. By the time Evan S. Connell wrote Mrs. Bridge in 1959, around that time, a sociological research study undertaken by the University of Chicago determined that Ward Parkway and its vicinity was the most desirable neighborhood in all of Kansas City. One project that benefited from the District is the Ward Parkway Center, in addition, the city also allocated more than $9 million for the maintenance and improvements of park grounds, fountain and monuments, and recreational facilities along parkways. Several sites and buildings along Ward Parkway are designated as National Historic Sites and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 1996, design guidelines for building along the parkway were adopted, and new construction on the parkway requires a certificate from the Historic Preservation Committee. Tom Pendergast, political boss Keith A. Tucker, former CEO of Waddell & Reed mutual fund company Scott Ward, head of the Russell Stover Candy Co. Peter Brown, CEO and Co-founder of AMC Theaters
25.
B-cycle
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B-cycle is a public bicycle sharing company formed in partnership between Trek Bicycle Corporation, Humana, and Crispin Porter + Bogusky and is based in Waterloo, Wisconsin, United States. It has 37 local systems operating in cities across the United States, as well as one in Santiago, however, in several cities it operates under a name other than B-cycle The B-cycle system consists of bicycles and solar-powered stations positioned throughout a city or region. The result is a variation in the system, depending on the city of operation. Such variations can include differences in pricing and operating under a name other than B-cycle, notwithstanding, even though they may operate under different names, their stations will still include the B in a circle logo. Variations are also affected by the sponsors of the local system. Users of the system can purchase annual memberships or just a day or week pass, the system is intended for short trips rather than using an automobile or bike rentals. They can then check out and return bikes at any station in their city, depending on the local system and type of membership or pass, users can keep the bicycles for 30-60 minutes without any additional charge for an unlimited number of times. Bicycles can be used longer for a nominal hourly assessment, however, if a bicycle is returned to any station, it can usually be immediately checked back out for an additional 30-60 free minutes. Another variation is dates and hours of operations, some systems do not operate at night and some do not operate during the winter months. Notwithstanding the variations, annual memberships are recognized in most B-cycle cities in a reciprocity program called B-connected, the cost of annual memberships vary from US$50 to US$80. The bicycles used by B-cycle were designed specifically for bike sharing, called Freewheelin, this program made 1,000 bikes available to the delegates at both the Democratic and Republican National Conventions. The programs proved so successful that the Democratic host committee selected bike sharing as a legacy program to receive a donation to launch the country’s first smart bike sharing system
26.
Bicycle-sharing system
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A bicycle-sharing system, public bicycle system, or bike-share scheme, is a service in which bicycles are made available for shared use to individuals on a very short term basis. Bike share schemes allow people to borrow a bike from point A, many bike-share systems offer subscriptions that make the first 30–45 minutes of use either free or very inexpensive, encouraging use as transportation. This allows each bike to serve several users per day, in most bike-share cities, casual riding over several hours or days is better served by bicycle rental than by bike-share. For many systems, smartphone mapping apps show nearby stations with available bikes, bike-share began in Europe in 1965 and a viable format emerged in the mid-2000s thanks to the introduction of information technology. As of June 2014, public bikesharing systems were available in 50 countries on five continents, including 712 cities, operating approximately 806,200 bicycles at 37,500 stations. As of May 2011, the Wuhan and Hangzhou Public Bicycle bike-share systems in China were the largest in the world, the Vélib in Paris bicycle stations, is the largest outside of China. The countries with the most systems are Spain, Italy, as of July 2013, the systems with the higher market penetration are both operating in France, the Parisian Velib with 1 bike per 97 inhabitants and Vélov in Lyon with one bike per 121 residents. Bicycle-sharing systems have also cited as a way to solve the last mile problem. The reasons people use bike-share vary considerably, some who would otherwise use their own bicycle have concerns about theft or vandalism, parking or storage, and maintenance requirements. Government-run bicycle-sharing programmes can also prove costly to the public unless subsidised by commercial interests, although users of such systems generally pay to use vehicles that they themselves do not own, sharing systems differ from traditional for-profit bike rental businesses. In recent years, in an effort to reduce losses from theft and vandalism, many bike-sharing schemes now require a user to provide a deposit or other security. Most large-scale urban bike sharing programmes utilise numerous bike check-out stations, some bike-sharing systems are completely free like Aarhus in Denmark. As a consequence, most publicly owned bicycle sharing systems utilise funding from public governmental and/or charitable sources, Bike sharing schemes may be administered by government entities, nonprofit private organisations, or via public-private partnerships. In some cases, such as a university campus, the bicycles are designated for use within certain boundaries. Users are expected to leave the bike unlocked in an area once they reach their destination. Bicycle sharing programs without locks, user identification, and security deposits have also suffered large loss rates from theft. Deposit A small cash deposit releases the bike from a locked terminal, since the deposit is a fraction of the bikes cost, this does little to deter theft. Other bike sharing programmes have implemented rules requiring the user to provide a credit card, along with substantial security deposits for bicycles
27.
River Market, Kansas City
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The River Market is a riverfront neighborhood in Kansas City, Missouri that comprises the first and oldest incorporated district in Kansas City. River Market stretches north of the downtown Interstate 70 loop to the Missouri River, and is bordered by the Buck ONeil Bridge on the west, the area encompasses the location in which Kansas City was first founded. The market name comes from its open air farmers market. McCoy was to lead a group of settlers to create the Town of Kansas in the neighborhood in 1850 which in turn became the City of Kansas in 1853, trozzolos vision was to make this neighborhood a destination for restaurants and bohemian shops. The City Market area when previously known as River Quay, was the site of many mob activities, including car bombs, the large riverfront warehouses have become increasingly developed into residential lofts, restaurants, bars, shops, cafes, and ethnic markets. In addition, there are more than 40 full-time tenants that are open year round and offering a mix of independently owned shops. The Arabia Steamboat Museum at 400 Grand Blvd, displays thousands of artifacts from a steamboat and its cargo that sunk nearby in 1856 and was recovered in 1987-88. The museum is among Kansas Citys popular tourist attractions, the current manager of the actual market on behalf of the City of Kansas City is KC Commercial Realty Group. Downtown Neighborhood Association Kansas City is the neighborhood association for the River Market neighborhood. List of neighborhoods in Kansas City, Missouri Kansas City River Market Arabia Steamboat Museum KansasCity. com Downtown Neighborhood Association KC Police Memorial History Kansas City Star article
28.
Downtown Kansas City
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Downtown Kansas City is the central business district of Kansas City, Missouri and the Kansas City metropolitan area. According to the Downtown Council of Kansas City, as of 2013, the Downtown area has a population of 19,899 residents with 11,790 housing units, also as of 2013, Downtown has 137 units under construction and 1,326 in the planning stages. The United States Census in 2010 suggests Downtown has a population of 22,576, in 2000, the population may have been as low as 10,000 people with 7,330 units. In 2005, Downtown Kansas City had a density of approximately 5,617 inhabitants per square mile in its 3. 0-square-mile area. According to Local Market reports, Downtown houses approximately 20,000,000 square feet of office space, however, the vacancy of this space is at about 15%. There are also about 12,800,000 square feet of Class A&B office space in Downtown, there are over 100,000 employees working in the Downtown area. Downtown has a total of 5,606 hotel rooms, accounting for 22. 5% of the amount of hotel rooms in the metropolitan area. The average occupancy of these rooms is about 56. 5%, as of 2007, about 2,800,000 square feet of office space are under construction in Downtown Kansas City. Current investments into downtown redevelopment have exceeded $6 billion, oppenstein Brothers Memorial Park In recent years, Downtown Kansas City has been undergoing a massive boom in renovations and new construction. Since 2000, the estimated cost of projects has totaled over $5.5 billion. The Power & Light District, also known as the Entertainment District, is an area to the immediate south of the Central Business District. Originally to be named Kansas City Live, Cordish, Inc. of Baltimore, the present headquarters of the Kansas City Power & Light Company, a subsidiary of Great Plains Energy, is also on the districts northern side. Instead, an area near the new H&R Block headquarters tower – devoted to live music venues – was named Kansas City Live. This ties together a theme of new, glass-walled buildings in the area, also including the Sprint Center, groundbreaking on the complex began in March 2006. The Entertainment District practically shares a border with I-670, enclosed between the residential towers and H&R Blocks new building will be many shops and restaurants new to the Kansas City area. The Sprint Center, an 18, 500-seat arena, is a project that was announced shortly after the Power & Light District, in 2004, a ballot initiative to fund the proposed arena through a tax on car rentals and hotels was effectively passed by area voters. Some city officials, as well as those who did not desire to pay the increased tax, One of the most prominent of these individuals was Sandra McFadden-Weaver, a member of the City Council of Kansas City, Missouri. Despite the outcry from a few dissenters, the vote passed decidedly
29.
Kansas City International Airport
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Kansas City International Airport is a public airport located 15 miles northwest of downtown Kansas City in Platte County, Missouri. In 2016,11.04 million passengers used the airport and its largest carriers are Southwest Airlines and Delta Air Lines, both having many daily flights in Terminal B. The airport has always been an airport and has never had an Air National Guard unit assigned to it. In 2009, the airport was reported as having the highest number of strikes of any airport in the US, based on take-offs. FAA records showed 146 strikes in 2008 – up from 37 in 2000, tWAs main overhaul base was a former B-25 bomber factory at Fairfax, although TWA commercial flights flew out of the main downtown airport. Kansas City was planning to build an airport with room for 10, 000-foot runways, dillingham, president of the Kansas City Stockyards, which had also been destroyed in the flood. TWA moved its Fairfax plant to the new airport and also its overseas operations at New Castle County Airport in Delaware. The site just north of the unincorporated hamlet of Hampton. Cookingham Drive is now the access road to the airport. Ground was broken in September 1954, the first runway opened in 1956, at about the same time the city donated the southern Grandview Airport to the United States Air Force to become Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base. TWAs Kansas City Overhaul Base at its peak in the 1960s and 1970s was Kansas Citys largest employer, although Mid-Continent merged with Braniff in 1952, Kansas City decided to name the new airport on the basis of Mid-Continents historic roots. Along with the site, there were doubts that the downtown site could handle the new Boeing 747. Mid-Continent was surrounded by farm land. In 1966, voters in a 24,1 margin approved a $150 million bond issue following a campaign by Mayor Ilus W. Davis to move the main airport to an expanded Mid-Continent. The old terminals were demolished to make room for the current facilities, the airport property was in an unincorporated area of Platte County until the small town of Platte City, Missouri, annexed the airport during construction. Kansas City eventually annexed the airport, kivett and Myers designed the terminals and control tower, it was dedicated on October 23,1972, by US Vice President Spiro Agnew. Labor strife and interruptions raised its cost to $250 million, Kansas City renamed the airport Kansas City International Airport. TWA, Braniff and everyone else moved to MCI, many design decisions were driven by TWA, which envisioned it would be its hub, with 747s and Supersonic Transports whisking people from Americas heartland to all points on the globe
30.
Arabia Steamboat Museum
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The Arabia Steamboat Museum is a history museum in Kansas City, Missouri housing artifacts salvaged from the Arabia, a steamboat that sank in the Missouri River in 1856. The 30, 000-square-foot museum opened on November 13,1991 in the Kansas City River Market, the partners of River Salvage Inc. who excavated the Arabia and opened the museum, claim to have the largest single collection of pre-Civil War artifacts in the world. Visitors to the receive an 20-minute guided tour explaining its sinking. This is followed by a 13-minute film called Treasures of the Steamboat Arabia, next, they view the artifacts on display, as well as an open preservation lab where staff members work on cleaning the many artifacts in storage. Also on display are the 6-ton stern and a paddle wheel. The museum additionally offers a shop, snack bar. All are from 1856 or earlier, most of them were brand-new merchandise heading to general stores on the frontier, the Wall Street Journal called it an Aladdins cave of objects from the year 1856. The museum debuted a new exhibit on November 22,2013 and it consists of the engine of the Missouri Packet, the first steamboat to sink in the Missouri River in 1820. The Hawleys excavated its engine in 1987, just outside the town of Arrow Rock. It did not yield many artifacts, yet still inspired the Hawleys to continue their quest for sunken steamboats. David Hawley told The Kansas City Star, “An engine like this has never been on display. ”He believes it to be the oldest extant maritime steam engine in the United States. After closing for ceiling repairs in January 2013, the museum was awarded Best Remodel by local weekly publication The Pitch and it had never before been closed in its 20-year history, but was able to reopen with the displays cleaned, reorganized, and expanded. In 2014, the museum conducted its first major loan of artifacts to another one, approximately 2,000 objects from its collection went on display at the John Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 31,2014. Because the Arabia was built in Pittsburgh and Brownsville, Pennsylvania in 1853, the exhibition was called “Pittsburgh’s Lost Steamboat, Treasures of the Arabia. ”In addition to the artifacts, Heinz curators displayed information about the preservation process. This exhibition ran through January 4,2015, the Arabia hit a tree snag and sank in the Missouri River on September 5,1856. All 130 passengers survived, but an estimated 220 tons of cargo went down with it, shortly thereafter, the river changed course, and the Arabia was buried underground. The cargo, destined for 16 towns on the frontier, was buried under a cornfield in Wyandotte County, in 1988, a group of self-proclaimed treasure hunters located it and began excavations. David, Greg, and Bob Hawley owned a repair business
31.
One Kansas City Place
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One Kansas City Place is the tallest building in Missouri located in downtown Kansas City, bounded by 12th Street to the north, Baltimore Avenue to the west, and Main Street to the east. Built in 1988, the 190.1 m skyscraper was designed by Patty Berkebile Nelson & Immenschuh, One Kansas City Place is considered an architectural salute to City Hall, which is located 5 blocks east of Main on 12th Street. One Kansas City Place was constructed as the first part of a larger project named Kansas City Place. The project was to include townhomes, office towers, and residential/hotel towers, the Kansas City Place project was originally proposed during the real estate boom of the 1980s. The plan was developed by Frank Morgan and his uncle Sherman Dreiseszun who had earlier built Town Pavilion that was completed in 1986, the tower was proposed for the South Loop area south of downtowns central business district. The project included a plethora of skyscrapers with uses ranging from offices to hotels, One Kansas City Place was to be the third-tallest of several towers constructed, though it is the tallest that was actually constructed. Today, it is one of the most recognizable buildings in Kansas Citys skyline, Morgan and Dreiseszun would see some of their banks fail in the wake of the project in the Savings and loan crisis. They would be indicted on charges of bid rigging to get government contracts. Morgan would die in 1993 and Dreiseszun would plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge, at the four sides of its top, One Kansas City Place glows at night with red, white, and blue lights. Bank of America maintains a branch in the buildings lower lobby. The buildings largest tenants are Ernst & Young, a firm, and Bryan Cave. Karbank Real Estate Company, a prominent industrial development and brokerage company, great Plains Energy and subsidiary Kansas City Power & Light Co. have taken space in the building in 2009. Tenants are provided security by EHI through Securitas AB, Kansas City Star pp.6 Diana Dawson Up to date in KC, and getting taller too
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Kansas City Power & Light District
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The district comprises nine blocks on the south side of the downtown loop. It is located between Baltimore Avenue to the west, Grand Boulevard to the east, 12th Street to the north, in 2009 the Power & Light District was the recipient of the Urban Land Institute Award of Excellence for its impact on the revitalization of downtown Kansas City. The Power & Light District is immediately to the west of the Sprint Center, the district was named after the art deco Kansas City Power and Light Building. The present headquarters of the Kansas City Power & Light Company is also located on the side of the district. A one-block entertainment area within the district is called Kansas City Live. and contains two floors of bars and restaurants, as well as a large, partially enclosed courtyard, at the heart of the Power & Light District is Kansas City Live. A one block area devoted to music and entertainment venues. At the center of Kansas City Live. is an outdoor plaza to be used for concerts. The roof system, produced by Structurflex, is made of an Ethylene TetraFluoro Ethylene single-skin membrane, construction of the roof began on August 17,2007. The ground floor of the Kansas City Live, block focuses on bars and restaurants, including McFaddens Sports Saloon, Cleaver & Cork, The Dubliner, Johnnys Tavern, Pizza Bar and Gordon Biersch Brewing Company. The second floor of Kansas City Live, houses the night clubs and entertainment concepts, including Mosaic Ultra Lounge, Angels Rock Bar, Howl at the Moon, PBR Big Sky, Hotel Nightclub, and Shark Bar. Area of the Power & Light District was showcased before a television audience twice during May 2008, american Idol finalist David Cook played a short set from the Kansas City Live. Stage on May 9,2008, which aired during the show the following week. The same location also hosted the official watch party for the episode of the 2008 season. Block received national attention once again for its World Cup watch parties in 2010 and 2014, block at 111 E. 13th St. Sprint Studio -5, 500-square-foot store in the district. T-Mobile -1, 800-square-foot store †- located in Kansas City Live, within the Power & Light District, Cordish plans to build four high-end residential towers. On April 22,2014, Cordish broke ground on the first apartment tower called One Light Luxury Apartments, One Light officially opened 80% leased on December 8,2015. The tower is 25 stories tall and connected to the nearby Cosentinos Grocery store, in March 2016 construction began on the second residential tower, Two Light Luxury Apartments, which is planned to have 24 stories and 296 units. The Power & Light District is one of only a few places in the United States with such an open container allowance, Sprint Center Bartle Hall Convention Center Power & Light District Official Website Contact Information
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Kansas City Convention Center
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The Kansas City Convention Center, often referred to as the Bartle Hall Convention Center or simply Bartle Hall, is a major convention center in downtown Kansas City, Missouri, USA. It is named for Harold Roe Bartle, a prominent, two-term mayor of Kansas City in the 1950s and early-1960s, Bartle Halls four tall art deco inspired pylons are a striking fixture in the Kansas City skyline. Kansas City Convention Center is Kansas Citys largest complex of multifaceted structures dedicated to meetings and conventions, sports, a unique Convention Center feature is the expansive Barney Allis Plaza, a public square ideal for outdoor receptions, festivals and concerts. The interior finishes in the access areas consist of granite flooring and stairs adjacent to Precast Concrete panels at the Main Entry with Carpet Tile in the Ballroom. The Sculptured GFRG Panels create a wave pattern which ties into the water theme of the facility drawing from Kansas City’s origin at the nexus of the Kansas. The Grand Ballroom ceilings are finished out in Metal Panel’s bordered at the walls with Stretched Fabric. The Stretch Fabric ceilings are backlit by a sophisticated LED lighting system that can be programmed to rain the GRGF wall panels in color, the ceiling space also features concentric light fixtures ranging in size for 3 feet to 50 feet in diameter. The nonpublic service areas for the project features over 3,000 square feet of Pantry/Kitchen space with 784 square feet of walk-in cooler and freezer space, additionally there are 2 separate Beverage/Ice Service Rooms for catering personnel to service Ballroom functions. These service areas are sealed concrete and resinous flooring in the Kitchen areas with FRP, the service area is accessed by 2 separate covered loading docks that can be accessed from the highway. The exterior of the facility is highlighted by a 30 feet high metal panel canopy over pavestone walkway at the main entry and this canopy also extends the full length of the East Elevation and is supported by Steel Columns and Fixed Blade Steel Sunshades. The Southern Elevation of the building features a high canopy with Fixed Blade Sunshades and opens onto a Decorative Concrete Plaza designed by Jun Kaneko. This Plaza is complemented by Architectural Precast Concrete retaining walls, concrete stairs, the expansion of Bartle Hall was a significant technical challenge. Construction of the convention space was built over a continuously open six-lane freeway, Interstate 670. Construction required the installation of four 300 feet tall pylons to support the facilitys roof, the result was the creation of the largest, column-free convention environment in the world. The general contractor for the project was Walton Construction, the site team included 2 LEED Accredited Professionals documenting and tracking materials, construction methods, recycling and waste management. Architects were HNTB Architects, BNIM, engineers were Henderson Engineers, and multimedia, acoustics, the total project cost was US$91.7 million, and it was completed on schedule in July 1994. Bartle Hall crosses above Interstate highway I-670 suspended by steel cables supported by four 335 feet tall concrete pylons and this pylons are crowned by sculptures designed by artist R. M. The different, aluminum, installation pieces are between 20 feet and 25 feet tall, the pylons and sculptures are dramatically lighted at night
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Sprint Center
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Sprint Center is a large, multi-use indoor arena in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The building is at 14th Street and Grand Boulevard, on the east side of the Power & Light District, the arenas naming rights partner is the telecommunications company Sprint, whose headquarters is in nearby Overland Park, Kansas. Sprint Center opened on October 10,2007, and a concert by Elton John three days later was the arenas first event, the arena seats more than 19,000 people and has 72 suites. Sprint Center has effectively replaced Kemper Arena, which was built in 1974, additionally, the College Basketball Experience, which includes the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame, is connected to and directly north of Sprint Center. Sprint Center has hosted the Big 12 Mens Basketball Tournament in 2008, the arena also was the home of the former Kansas City Command of the Arena Football League. Ground was broken for the arena on June 24,2005, the final design, by the Downtown Arena Design Team, was selected in August 2005. The construction manager responsible for the project was M. A. Mortenson Company, based out of Minneapolis. The complete exterior glass facade system, all metal panels for the adjacent buildings, hong Kong to Architectural Wall Systems, the Des Moines, Iowa based glazing contractor who installed the building envelope. In total there are approximately 13,000 m² of double insulated glass and 5,000 m² painted aluminum curtain wall panels, in addition there are roughly 200 tons of system profiles and accessories. All of the 2,404 individual glass units on the building were produced sequentially and completely assembled prior to shipping. The 5,000,000 lbs of rebar used in construction was detailed, farbricated and supplied by The Carter-Waters Corporation of Kansas City. The arena also features a work of art, The Moons, by artist Chris Doyle. The Big 12 Conference Mens Basketball Tournament was held at Sprint Center in 2008, after returning to Oklahoma City in 2009, the Sprint Center again hosted the tournament in 2010 and 2011. It is scheduled to be the tournament host site through 2020, the arena also houses the College Basketball Experience and the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame, which is at 1301 Grand Boulevard and connected to Sprint Center. The arenas exterior is made of glass, and the interior has state-of-the-art technology with a 360-degree LED video screen and this facility allows Kansas City to draw most concerts touring the United States. There has been speculation of an NBA or NHL team relocating to Sprint Center, Sprint Center opened on time and on budget on October 10,2007 at 10,10 am. A tour lasted from 10,10 am –10,10 pm for those who wanted to see it to grab a ticket at the box office. UMB Bank is the only ATM in the new arena because it is a Sprint Center Founding Partner along with Farmland, The University of Kansas Hospital, QuikTrip, and Olevia
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Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts
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Its construction was a major part of the ongoing redevelopment of downtown Kansas City. The Center was created as a 501 non-profit organization, unlike some other major civic construction projects, no taxpayer funds went into its construction. The City of Kansas City contributed to and operates a parking garage adjacent to the Kauffman Center. It is the home to the Kansas City Symphony, the Lyric Opera of Kansas City. The Kauffman Center houses two performance venues, Muriel Kauffman Theatre and Helzberg Hall. The Kauffman Center seeks to fulfill this mission by offering a selection of performances. Muriel McBrien Kauffman first discussed her idea for an arts center in Kansas City with her family. After her death the year, her daughter and chairman of the Muriel McBrien Kauffman Foundation. In 1999, the Muriel McBrien Kauffman Foundation purchased an 18. 5-acre plot of land just south of the business district. The Foundation announced that site would be the home of the proposed performing arts center. By 2000, the then-named Metropolitan Kansas City Performing Arts Center board had narrowed down the pool of potential architects to four. Soon after, he arrived in Kansas City to see the site for himself, soon, that sketch would evolve into an architectural icon and the home for performing arts in Kansas City. Safdie presented his plan in May of 2002, and four years later, on October 6,2006, the technical requirements and exacting standards required of a facility like the Kauffman Center made it one of the most complex structures in the world to design and build. The building, which took five years to complete, contains 40,000 square feet of glass,25,000 cubic yards of concrete. The main lobby, Brandmeyer Great Hall, is built of a ceiling and sloping glass walls that provide a panoramic view of Kansas City to the south. When the steel cables were pulled taut during the construction process and this tensioning provides stability to the structure and keeps the glass lobby securely in place. The Kauffman Center covers 13 acres, including landscaped grounds over the 1, 000-space, the cost of the project was approximately $413 million, which includes both a $40 million operating endowment and the city’s $47 million construction of the parking garage. The Kauffman Center was designed by lead architect Moshe Safdie, acoustician Yasuhisa Toyota, theater consultant Theatre Projects Consultants and Richard Pilbrow, local firm BNIM was the associate architect
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Crown Center
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The shopping center is anchored by Halls, a department store which is owned and operated by Hallmark Cards. The neighborhood contains numerous residences, retail establishments, entertainment venues and it is also home to Kansas Citys two largest hotels, the global headquarters of Hallmark Cards, and the headquarters of Shook, Hardy & Bacon and Lathrop & Gage, two of Kansas Citys largest law firms. Before the First World War, Downtown Kansas City was heavily populated, the area today home to Crown Center was an extension of the Union Hill historic neighborhood. Gradually, however, the center of population for the area moved south. Although Hallmark had maintained its headquarters at 26th Street and Grand Avenue since 1922, instead there were old warehouses, used car lots, and vacant buildings. In 1966, Donald J. Hall, Sr. became President and CEO of Hallmark Cards, taking over from his father, Joyce Hall. Joyce Hall had long wished to develop the area around the corporate headquarters, the City of Kansas City formally approved the plans for Crown Center by the end of 1967. The master design was prepared by Edward Larrabee Barnes, harry Weese designed Westin Crown Center Hotel, Norman Fletcher designed the first residences. Henry Cobb of the I. M. Pei firm designed 2600 Grand office, warren Plattner, designer of Windows on the World, designed the interior space at the American Restaurant when it was operated by Joseph Baum. The original concept for the shops was a bazaar, part of which was a maze-like area known as West Village designed by architects François Dallegret. West Village proved unsuccessful and was replaced by a conventional layout. One of the most notable stores is the Halls department store designed by Paul László, the complex also includes the 45-story Sheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center, a Westin hotel, and two upscale residential apartment skyscrapers. Kansas Citys three largest law firms maintain their headquarters in other skyscrapers in the neighborhood, the neighborhoods grounds are replete with parks, fountains, green spaces and unique sculptures. The global headquarters campus for Hallmark Cards is located on the side of Crown Center. A special guest or celebrity flips the switch each year, for example, in 2010 Chef Celina Tio on Food Networks The Next Iron Chef, joined Kansas Citys Mayor Mark Funkhouser to light the tree. The lighting ceremony is held the day after Thanksgiving and the annual Country Club Plaza Lighting Ceremony, after the holidays, the tree is cut into commemorative ornaments and sold to benefit the Mayor’s Christmas Tree Fund, which assists city residents in poverty. List of neighborhoods in Kansas City, Missouri Crown Center
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Penn Valley Park
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Penn Valley Park is an urban park overlooking Downtown Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri. The 176-acre park was developed in 1904 on land through which the Santa Fe Trail had passed and it contains several famous landmarks, The Scout and the United States official World War I museum with its Liberty Memorial. The grounds also feature such statues as the Pioneer Mother Memorial. The park has a lake, a fitness trail, tennis courts and ball fields and is a popular spot for concerts. Also features Kansas Citys first off-leash dog park and is the host park to both the Penn Valley skatepark located in the corner of the park and the Just Off Broadway Theatre. The Federal Reserves new regional headquarters building is located just East of the park
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Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
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Corporation
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A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated entities were established by charter, most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for profit or not are referred to as for profit and not-for-profit corporations, there is some overlap between stock/non-stock and for profit/not-for-profit in that not-for-profit corporations are always non-stock as well. A for profit corporation is almost always a stock corporation, registered corporations have legal personality and are owned by shareholders whose liability is limited to their investment. Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation, shareholders instead elect or appoint a board of directors to control the corporation in a fiduciary capacity, in American English, the word corporation is most often used to describe large business corporations. In British English and in the Commonwealth countries, the company is more widely used to describe the same sort of entity while the word corporation encompasses all incorporated entities. In American English, the company can include entities such as partnerships that would not be referred to as companies in British English as they are not a separate legal entity. Despite not being human beings, corporations, as far as the law is concerned, are legal persons. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, Corporations can be dissolved either by statutory operation, order of court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders. Corporations can even be convicted of offenses, such as fraud. However, corporations are not considered living entities in the way humans are. While not a corporation, this new type of entity became very attractive as an alternative for corporations not needing to issue stock, in Germany, the organization was referred to as Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung or GmbH. In the last quarter of the 20th Century this new form of organization became available in the United States and other countries. Since the GmbH and LLC forms of organization are technically not corporations they will not be discussed in this article, the word corporation derives from corpus, the Latin word for body, or a body of people. By the time of Justinian, Roman law recognized a range of corporate entities under the names universitas and these included the state itself, municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a religious cult, burial clubs, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor. Entities which carried on business and were the subjects of rights were found in ancient Rome. In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the Pope, the point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity
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Portland Streetcar
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The Portland Streetcar is a streetcar system in Portland, Oregon, that opened in 2001 and serves areas surrounding downtown Portland. The 3. 9-mile NS Line runs from Northwest Portland to the South Waterfront via Downtown, in September 2015 the line was re branded as the Loop Service, with the A Loop traveling clockwise, and the B Loop traveling counterclockwise. The two-route system serves some 20,000 daily riders, as with the heavier-duty MAX Light Rail network which serves the broader Portland metropolitan area, Portland Streetcars are operated and maintained by TriMet. Like some of Portlands original streetcar lines, redevelopment has been a goal of the project. The Portland Streetcar was the first new streetcar system in the United States since World War II to use modern vehicles, since September 2012, the Portland Streetcar system has two lines, which share a section along 10th and 11th Avenues in downtown, through the West End. As of mid-2015, the streetcar system measures 7.2 miles, measured in one direction only – not round-trip lengths –. The end-to-end length of the route, now designated the NS Line, is 3.9 miles since 2007. The total one-way length of the CL Line is 4.4 miles, of the NS Lines 7. 8-mile round-trip length,5.3 miles are one-way operation along streets which are mostly also one-way and with the streetcars following parallel streets in opposite directions. The remaining 2.5 miles of route length are sections where the NS streetcar route uses a single street for both directions of travel. The CL Line, similarly, follows separate streets in opposite directions over most of its length, the only exceptions are a length of about 1,000 feet near the OMSI terminus and the route sections nearest to, and across, the Broadway Bridge. With the opening of the line, the system now has 76 stops. Streetcars are scheduled to arrive at 12-minute intervals at most times, with a frequency in the evening. Every stop is fitted with an electronic reader board giving real-time arrival information to waiting passengers, Streetcar operators do not collect or monitor fares. Although the line is not part of the TriMet system, the city adopted TriMets fares for the streetcar, for simplicity and convenience of transferring passengers. The portion of the route within Downtown and the Pearl District of the streetcar route used to lie within TriMets Fareless Square. Rides within that area were free at all times, TriMet ended the Free Rail Zone on September 1,2012. Passengers not already in possession of a fare when boarding are required to purchase tickets from ticket vending machines on board each streetcar. Each vehicle also carries a ticket machine, for stamping unvalidated TriMet tickets purchased in advance
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Urban rail transit
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Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories. A tram, streetcar or trolley system is a transit system that runs mainly or completely along streets, with relatively low capacity. Passengers usually board at street- or curb-level, although low-floor trams may allow level boarding, longer-distance lines are called interurbans or radial railways. Few interurbans remain, most having been upgraded to rail or light rail or abandoned. The term tram is used most parts of the world, in North America, these systems are referred to as streetcar or trolley systems, in Germany, such systems are called Straßenbahn which literally translates as street train or street railway. Light rail also generally operates with multiple unit rather than as single tramcars. It emerged as an evolution of trams/streetcars, light rail systems vary significantly in terms of speed and capacity. They range from slightly improved tram systems to systems that are rapid transit. The term light rail is the most common term used, though German systems are called Stadtbahn and it is often known as heavy rail to distinguish it from light rail and bus rapid transit. In most parts of the world these systems are known as a metro which is short for metropolitan, the term subway is used in many American systems as well as in Glasgow and Toronto. The system in London uses the underground and tube. Systems in Germany are called U-Bahn, which stands for Untergrundbahn, many systems in East and Southeast Asia such as Taipei and Singapore are called MRT which stands for Mass Rapid Transit. Systems which are predominantly elevated may be referred to as L as in Chicago or Skytrain, as in Bangkok, other less common names include T-bane and MTR. A monorail is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail, a commuter rail, regional rail, suburban rail or local rail system operates on mainline trackage which may be shared with intercity rail and freight trains. Systems tend to operate at lower frequencies than rapid transit or light rail systems, a funicular is a cable-driven inclined railway that uses the weight of descending cars to help pull the ascending cars up the slope. A cable car in the context of mass transit is a system using rail cars that are hauled by a moving cable running at a constant speed. Individual cars stop and start by releasing and gripping this cable as required, Transit agencies names for lines do not necessarily reflect their technical categorization
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Kansas City, Missouri City Council
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The City Council of Kansas City, Missouri, is the legislative body of the City of Kansas City, Missouri. Its offices are on the 24th floor of Kansas City City Hall and its members represent the population of the more than 450,000 citizens of Kansas City, which is the largest city in Missouri. Kansas City is divided into 6 districts, based on population, each district is assigned one council member, who is elected every four years by the members of that district. In addition to that, each gets one at-large member. Based on this formula, there are 12 members total. However, the Mayor of Kansas City, Missouri, also elected by the voters of the city every 4 years, presides over all meetings and has a vote at meetings, making him a member of the council as well. The council also appoints a mayor pro tem to serve as mayor in the event the real mayor is unable to perform his duties
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