1.
Labuan
–
Labuan /ləˈbuːən/, officially the Federal Territory of Labuan, is a federal territory of Malaysia. It is made up of the eponymous Labuan Island and six smaller islands and it is also a tourist destination for people travelling through Sabah, nearby Bruneians and scuba divers. The name Labuan derives from the Malay word labuhan which means harbour, Labuan is often referred to as the pearl of Borneo. Since the 15th century, the north and west coast of Borneo including the island of Labuan was part of the Bruneian Empire, in the 18th century, Labuan attracted British interest. James Brooke acquired the island for Britain in 1846 through the Treaty of Labuan with the Sultan of Brunei, the main reason why the British possessed the island was to protect their own interest in the region as a naval base and to suppress piracy in the South China Sea. The British also believed the island could be the next Singapore, the island became a Crown Colony in 1848 with James Brooke appointed as the first governor and commander-in-chief, with William Napier as his lieutenant-governor. In 1849, the Eastern Archipelago Company became the first of several British companies to try to exploit Labuan coal deposits, the company was formed to exploit coal deposits on the island and adjacent coast of Borneo but soon became involved in a dispute with James Brooke. Not proving itself a great commercial or strategic asset, administration of Labuan was handed to the British North Borneo Company in 1890. In 1894, a communications cable was built by the British to link the islands communications with North Borneo, Singapore. By 30 October 1906, the British Government proposed to extend the boundaries of the Straits Settlements to include Labuan, the proposal took effect from 1 January 1907. In World War II, Labuan was occupied by Japan from December 1941 until June 1945, the island served as the administrative centre for the Japanese forces. As the Allied counter-attack came closer, the Japanese also developed Labuan, Labuan became the main objective for the Allied forces to repossess. Soon, the 9th Division of the Australian Army launched the attack with support from airstrikes, most of the Labuan island area including the main town of Victoria was under the control of Allied forces within four days of the landing on 10 June. The name of Labuan was later restored by the British and the island was administered under the British Military Administration together with the rest of the Straits Settlements. Labuan then on 15 July 1946 joined the North Borneo Crown Colony, in 1984, the Government of Sabah ceded Labuan to the federal government which later been accessed to a federal territory. It was declared an international financial centre and free trade zone in 1990. A post office was operating in Labuan by 1864, and used a date stamp as postmark. The postage stamps of India and Hong Kong were used on some mail, from 1867, Labuan officially used the postage stamps of the Straits Settlements but began issuing its own in May 1879
Labuan
–
Labuan financial park located in
Victoria.
Labuan
Labuan
–
The signing of the Treaty of Labuan between the Brunei sultanate and the British delegation on 18 December 1846 at the Brunei palace
Labuan
–
British flag hoisted for the first time on the island in 24 December 1846.
2.
Yarrow Shipbuilders
–
Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited, often styled as simply Yarrows, was a major shipbuilding firm based in the Scotstoun district of Glasgow on the River Clyde. It is now part of BAE Systems Surface Ships, owned by BAE Systems, the company was founded by Alfred Yarrow, later Sir Alfred Yarrow, 1st Baronet, in the year 1865 as Yarrow & Company, Limited. Originally it was based at Folly Wall, Poplar, then in 1898 as the company grew, Yarrow moved his shipyard to London Yard, Cubitt Town. Hundreds of steam launches, lake and river vessels, and eventually the Royal Navys first destroyers, between 4,000 and 5,000 tons of material had to be transported, from models to heavy machine tools. A train-load of from forty to fifty wagons left the works at Poplar every day, the first vessel launched from the new works at Scotstoun on 14 July 1908 was the lead ship of the Pará-class destroyers for the Brazilian Navy. The company also established the Coventry Ordnance Works joint venture in 1905, during the First World War, the company developed the pioneering Erskine artificial limb with Sir William Macewen. The Yarrow company was one of the leading builders of destroyers and frigates from its inception. For many years until the 1960s Yarrow also built a number of merchant ships, specialising particularly on Riverboat vessels for the rivers and lakes of Burma, India, Africa. Several of these vessels were built to serve on lakes that had no access to deliver them by sea. Yarrows Scotstoun yard built the knock down ferry MV Ilala for Nyasaland in 1949 and she was completed and launched on Lake Nyasa in 1951. The yard built three knock down ferries for Lake Victoria in East Africa, RMS Victoria was built in Scotstoun in 1960 and reassembled at the Kenyan port of Kisumu on the lake in 1961. The train ferries MV Umoja and MV Uhuru were built in Scotstoun in 1965, in total Yarrow built approximately 400 ships on the Clyde – these can be traced in detail in the Clyde-built Ship Database. In 1968 the Company became part of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders which collapsed in 1971, Yarrows had already left the UCS joint venture by April 1970 however, as the only profitable division of the joint venture. Investment continued in the yard, with the construction of a large GRP fabrication hall at the end of the yard. Dry dock No.1 was also covered over and this was in preparation for the Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessel project, although only two vessels of the class were eventually built at Yarrow. The long-disused hall was demolished in 2008. The succeeding government of Margaret Thatcher began a programme and the profitable Yarrow was one of British Shipbuilders early divestitures. It was sold in 1985 to GECs GEC-Marconi division, becoming Marconi Marine, GEC began a programme of major capital investment, culminating in the construction of a large Module Hall, north of the covered building berths, in 1987
Yarrow Shipbuilders
–
An advertisement for Yarrow & Co. Ltd. in the 1923
Brassey's Naval Annual, featuring the
S-class destroyer HMS Tyrian and the
Fly-class gunboat.
Yarrow Shipbuilders
–
Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited
Yarrow Shipbuilders
–
A
Thyella-class destroyer for the
Royal Hellenic Navy being launched at Yarrow's
London Yard in
Cubitt Town, 1906.
Yarrow Shipbuilders
–
June 1979 Polish ships under construction.
3.
Scotstoun
–
Scotstoun is an area of Glasgow, Scotland, west of Glasgow City Centre. It is bounded by Garscadden to the west, Victoria Park, Jordanhill and Whiteinch to the east, Jordanhill to the north, at the heart of Scotstoun lies Scotstounhill, an enclave of late Victorian and post-war housing centred upon Scotstounhill railway station. Scotstoun is home to BAE Systems Surface Ships, a naval shipbuilding defence contractor owned by BAE Systems, Scotstoun was until the early 1860s the site of the Oswald family estate, which was centred on Scotstoun House. By 1861 the westward expansion of the Clyde shipbuilding yards had reached Scotstoun with the opening of the Charles Connell and Company shipyard in 1861, the local primary school and church lie in the centre. Unfortunately, the area has suffered the loss of many of its trees in recent years. Scotstoun is today home to Scotstoun Primary School, and formerly a fine red sandstone secondary school, Victoria Drive, which was closed and demolished in 1998. Scotstouns finest B listed building, the former Scotstoun West church, was destroyed by fire then replaced with a Cala development of flats with little architectural merit in the 1990s. A brand new community centre was opened on Balmoral Street on 18 June 2011 and it is called The Heart of Scotstoun Community Centre. Other local groups are involved in contributing to the community. Scotstoun Primary School is a school built by the Renfrew Landward School Board in 1905 on Earlbank Avenue. The building differs from those built by the Glasgow School Board in many respects, the current head teacher is Gillian Mackay. Scotstoun Primary is part of the Knightswood New Learning Community
Scotstoun
–
Earlbank Avenue, typical of Scotstoun's avenues
4.
Kwame Nkrumah
–
Kwame Nkrumah PC led Ghana to independence from Britain in 1957 and served as its first prime minister and president. Nkrumah first gained power as leader of the colonial Gold Coast, an influential 20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1962. Kwame Nkrumah was born in about 1909 in Nkroful, Gold Coast, although his mother, whose name was Nyanibah, later stated his year of birth was 1912, Nkrumah wrote that he was born on 18 September 1909, a Saturday. By the naming customs of the Akan people, he was given the name Kwame, during his years as a student in the United States, though, he was known as Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah - Kofi is the name given to males born on Friday. The name of his father is not known, most accounts say he was a goldsmith, Kwame was the only child of his mother. Nkroful was a village, in the far southwest of the Gold Coast. His father did not live with the family, but worked in Half Assini before his death while Kwame was a boy, Kwame Nkrumah was raised by his mother and his extended family, who lived together in traditional fashion, with more distant relatives often visiting. He lived a childhood, spent in the village, in the bush. Nkrumahs mother sent him to the school run by a Catholic mission at Half Assini. He progressed through the ten-year elementary programme in eight years, by about 1925 he was a student-teacher in the school, and had been baptised into the faith. While at the school, he was noticed by the Reverend Alec Garden Fraser, principal of the Government Training College in the Gold Coasts capital, Fraser arranged for Nkumrah to train as a teacher at his school. Here, Columbia-educated deputy headmaster Kwegyir Aggrey exposed him to the ideas of Marcus Garvey, after graduating from Achimota in 1930, Nkrumah was given a teaching post at the Catholic primary school in Elmina, and after a year there, was made headmaster of the school at Axim. In Axim, he started to get involved in politics and founded the Nzima Literary Society, in 1933, he was appointed a teacher at the Catholic seminary at Amissa. Although the life there was strict, he liked it, Nkrumah had heard journalist and future Nigerian president Nnamdi Azikiwe speak while a student at Achimota, the two men met and Azikiwes influence increased Nkrumahs interest in black nationalism. The young teacher decided to further his education, Azikiwe had attended Lincoln College, a historically black college in Chester County, Pennsylvania, west of Philadelphia, and he advised Nkrumah to enroll there. Nkrumah, who had failed the examination for London University, gained funds for the trip. He travelled by way of Britain, where he learned, to his outrage, of Italys invasion of Ethiopia and he arrived in the United States, in October 1935. Nkrumah had sought entry to Lincoln some time before he began his studies there, on 1 March 1935, when he arrived in New York in October 1935, he travelled to Pennsylvania, where he enrolled despite lacking the funds for the full semester
Kwame Nkrumah
–
The Right Honorable Kwame Nkrumah
PC
Kwame Nkrumah
–
Red cockerel, ”Forward Ever, Backward Never”: Convention People's Party logo and slogan
Kwame Nkrumah
–
25 pesewas (Ȼ0.25) coins depicting Nkrumah: " Civitatis Ghanensis Conditor " ("Founder of the Ghanaian State")
Kwame Nkrumah
–
Nkrumah (third from right) at the 1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference
5.
Type 41 frigate
–
The Type 41 or Leopard class were a class of anti-aircraft defence frigates built for the Royal Navy and Indian Navy in the 1950s. These ships were designed to provide escorts to convoys, as a result they were not built for fleet speeds. They shared a common hull and machinery with the Type 61 or Salisbury class aircraft direction vessels. An intended anti-submarine version, the Type 11 class, was cancelled due to the low top speed being insufficient to combat contemporary adversaries, gyro controlled with a relatively simple control system, they proved very effective in use. During testing every 3 months at sea, the ship could be driven into a 20°+ roll from the manual control on the bridge. Prior warning had to be given to allow stowage of loose items over the ships tannoy system before testing was carried out, slight reduction in top speed was also noticed when in use. They were used mainly as pure patrol frigates, notably on the South American station operating out of Simonstown in South Africa, and on Cod War duties. HMS Leopard finished its service in the 1975-6 cod war, having given an Icelandic gunboat a 30-second warning that it would fire with its 4.5 guns. HMS Lynx was the last of the class operational in 1977, HMS Jaguar was reactivated, from the standby squadron for the 3rd Cod War, but sprang too many leaks on the voyage to Iceland and sailed back to Chatham in the UK. HMS Jaguar and HMS Lynx were sold to the Bangladesh Navy in 1978 and 1982 respectively, a fifth Royal Navy vessel, HMS Panther was ordered twice. The first was transferred to India in 1953 before being laid down, media related to Leopard class frigates at Wikimedia Commons Purvis, M. K. Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy, gardiner, Robert, Conways all the worlds fighting ships 1947-1995 Conway Maritime Press,1995. Hiranandani G. M, Transition to Eminence - The Indian Navy 1976 –90, pub Lancer, New Delhi 2005, ISBN9788170622666
Type 41 frigate
–
Leopard class
6.
Type 61 frigate
–
The Type 61 Salisbury class were a class of four British aircraft direction frigates built for the Royal Navy in the 1950s. These ships were related to the Type 41 Leopard-class frigates, but with reduced armament to make way for more aircraft direction equipment, particularly the four-ton radar antenna of the Type 965. Unlike the four Battle-class AD conversions, the role of the Type 61 was not operations with fast carrier groups. The role of the Type 61 was as a seaworthy air ocean surveillance ship and air control ship to escort slow task forces, by the end of 1978 all had been relegated to non-combat roles, with one sold to Bangladesh. The primary aircraft direction equipment fitted to the Type 61s was initially Type 960 radar for aircraft warning, the Type 965 had a large double bedstead antenna and the Type 982M radar had a smaller hayrake antenna. The Seacat missile system was fitted to Lincoln in a refit from 1966–68. It was the same GWS20 optically guided system being refitted at the time to the Rothesay-class frigates, llandaff continued to carry the twin MK5 Bofors until sold to Bangladesh. 986 radar was intended to replace one of the roles of 984 in giving more accurate, short range definition of closing air targets out to about 120 kilometres. It was only a replacement as it lacked the 984 systems ability to rank and prioritise large numbers of targets for interrogation. Therefore, for the rest of the decade Salisbury and Lincoln alternated between the squadron and lengthy re-activations, under a number of pretexts. Three further ships of the class were planned, two of these, intended as Exeter and Gloucester, were cancelled under the 1957 Defence Review, while a third, Coventry, was suspended. It was hoped to order Coventry in 1961, but in the event it was decided to order the planned hull as a Leander-class frigate that became HMS Penelope, conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995
Type 61 frigate
–
HMS Lincoln, 1972
7.
Frigate
–
A frigate /ˈfrɪɡᵻt/ is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries. In the 17th century, this term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability and these could be warships carrying their principal batteries of carriage-mounted guns on a single deck or on two decks. The term was used for ships too small to stand in the line of battle. In the late 19th century, the frigate was a type of ironclad warship that for a time was the most powerful type of vessel afloat. The term frigate was used because such ships still mounted their principal armaments on a continuous upper deck. Ship classes dubbed frigates have more closely resembled corvettes, destroyers, cruisers. The rank frigate captain derives from the name of type of ship. The term frigate originated in the Mediterranean in the late 15th century, referring to a lighter galleass type ship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability. The etymology of the word is unknown, although it may have originated as a corruption of aphractus, aphractus was, in turn, derived from the Ancient Greek phrase ἄφρακτος ναῦς, or undefended ship. In 1583, during the Eighty Years War, Habsburg Spain recovered the Southern Netherlands from the rebellious Dutch and this soon led to the occupied ports being used as bases for privateers, the Dunkirkers, to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies. To achieve this they developed small, maneuverable, sailing vessels that came to be referred to as frigates, in French, the term frigate became a verb, meaning to build long and low, and an adjective, adding further confusion. Even the huge English Sovereign of the Seas could be described as a frigate by a contemporary after her upper decks were reduced in 1651. The navy of the Dutch Republic was the first navy to build the larger ocean-going frigates, the first two tasks required speed, shallowness of draft for the shallow waters around the Netherlands, and the ability to carry sufficient supplies to maintain a blockade. The third task required heavy armament, sufficient to fight against the Spanish fleet, the first of these larger battle-capable frigates were built around 1600 at Hoorn in Holland. The effectiveness of the Dutch frigates became most visible in the Battle of the Downs in 1639, encouraging most other navies, especially the English, to adopt similar designs. The fleets built by the Commonwealth of England in the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as frigates, the largest of which were two-decker great frigates of the third rate. Carrying 60 guns, these vessels were as big and capable as great ships of the time, however, most other frigates at the time were used as cruisers, independent fast ships. The term frigate implied a long hull design, which relates directly to speed and also, in turn, in Danish, the word fregat is often applied to warships carrying as few as 16 guns, such as HMS Falcon which the British classified as a sloop
Frigate
–
The Portuguese sailing frigate
Dom Fernando II e Gloria in
1878
Frigate
–
The modern air-defence and command frigate
HNLMS Evertsen
Frigate
–
Light frigate, circa 1675–1680
Frigate
–
Boudeuse, of
Louis Antoine de Bougainville
8.
Knot (unit)
–
The knot is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, approximately 1.151 mph. The ISO Standard symbol for the knot is kn, the same symbol is preferred by the IEEE, kt is also common. The knot is a unit that is accepted for use with the SI. Etymologically, the term derives from counting the number of knots in the line that unspooled from the reel of a log in a specific time. 1 international knot =1 nautical mile per hour,1.852 kilometres per hour,0.514 metres per second,1.151 miles per hour,20.254 inches per second,1852 m is the length of the internationally agreed nautical mile. The US adopted the definition in 1954, having previously used the US nautical mile. The UK adopted the international nautical mile definition in 1970, having used the UK Admiralty nautical mile. The speeds of vessels relative to the fluids in which they travel are measured in knots, for consistency, the speeds of navigational fluids are also measured in knots. Thus, speed over the ground and rate of progress towards a distant point are given in knots. Until the mid-19th century, vessel speed at sea was measured using a chip log, the chip log was cast over the stern of the moving vessel and the line allowed to pay out. Knots placed at a distance of 8 fathoms -47 feet 3 inches from each other, passed through a sailors fingers, the knot count would be reported and used in the sailing masters dead reckoning and navigation. This method gives a value for the knot of 20.25 in/s, the difference from the modern definition is less than 0. 02%. On a chart of the North Atlantic, the scale varies by a factor of two from Florida to Greenland, a single graphic scale, of the sort on many maps, would therefore be useless on such a chart. Recent British Admiralty charts have a latitude scale down the middle to make this even easier, speed is sometimes incorrectly expressed as knots per hour, which is in fact a measure of acceleration. Prior to 1969, airworthiness standards for aircraft in the United States Federal Aviation Regulations specified that distances were to be in statute miles. In 1969, these standards were amended to specify that distances were to be in nautical miles. At 11000 m, an airspeed of 300 kn may correspond to a true airspeed of 500 kn in standard conditions. Beaufort scale Hull speed, which deals with theoretical estimates of maximum speed of displacement hulls Knot count Knotted cord Metre per second Orders of magnitude Rope Kemp
Knot (unit)
–
Graphic scale from a Mercator projection world map, showing the change with latitude
9.
Bofors 57 mm gun
–
Production of the baseline 57 mm Mark 1 variant began in 1966 and was initially used to equip smaller coastal patrol craft and fast attack craft. The gun was upgraded and improved several times, first the Mark 2 in 1981 which drastically lowered the weight as well as introduced new servo stabilizers, the Mark 3 came in 1995 with modifications made to enable the smart ammunition developed. The Bofors 40mm gun was one of the most popular naval anti-aircraft guns during World War II, however, as jet aircraft became more prevalent in the post-war era, it was clear the gun did not have the weight of fire needed to effectively deal with these threats. Flying at speeds close to 1,000 kilometres per hour, Bofors engineers considered two solutions to the problem. One was to increase the firing speed of the 40 while also incorporating any minor changes that would improve its range. This produced the 40mm L70, which remains popular to this day, the other was to design a larger weapon with much greater effective range and a larger explosive load that offset a lower firing rate. This was based on the existing 57 mm lvakan M/50 design, likewise upgraded for more range and this design became the 57 mm L70 gun. With minor modifications, the Mark 1 guns could use ammunitions developed for the Mark 2 gun, the Mark 2 was designed in 1981 but introduced into service with the Stockholm-class corvette—HSwMS Stockholm in 1985, the rate of fire was slightly increased to 220 rounds per minute. Also, it featured a new light gun mount with a new gun barrel that was forged from monobloc steel. The latest development is the Mark 3, which was designed in 1995 and this new design retained the Mark 2 gun mount, rate of fire and ammunition capacity and has another 1,000 rounds stowed in the standby rack beneath deck. Also, a new optional low radar profile stealth mounting was developed, in American service, the United States Navy has designated the Mark 3 as the Mark 110 Mod 0 57mm gun. According to a BAE Systems press release dated 1 August 2005, ammunition for the Bofors 57 mm gun is produced by Bofors, Sako Limited in Finland, SME Ordnance in Malaysia and Nammo in Norway. In December 2015, the U. S. Navy revealed they were working on developing a guided 57 mm round for its Mk 110 guns on the Littoral Combat Ship and other Navy and Coast Guard ships. Bofors 57 mm Mk 1 Bofors developed the Mark 1 from the Bofors 57 mm/L60 in 1962, Finland, Malaysia, Norway, Indonesia, Singapore and Yugoslavia are among the countries that adopted the Mark 1. Bofors 57 mm Mk 2 The Mark 2 was a lighter weight version, Bofors designed the gun in 1981 and it entered active service on the Stockholm-class corvette in 1985. The gun was partly dual-purpose in the sense that it is accurate, Bofors manufactured a total of about 25 Mk 2 guns. Bofors 57 mm Mk 3 The Mark 3 is the latest version of the gun, Bofors designed it in 1996 and it entered service in 2000. The gun uses smart ammunition but can fire the same ammunition as the Mk 2
Bofors 57 mm gun
–
A Bofors 57 mm Mk 1 live-firing on the Swedish Spica-II Class FAC
Bofors 57 mm gun
–
RSS Sea Dragon with its 57 mm Mk 1
Bofors 57 mm gun
–
The 57 mm Mk 3 on the bow of a Hamina -class missile boat; note the prominent but small
radome above the gun barrel which is used for measuring
muzzle velocity of the departing projectile
Bofors 57 mm gun
–
The 57 mm Mk 3 in a stealth cupola aboard a Visby -class corvette, the stealth version of the Mk 110 57 mm is similar in appearance
10.
Bofors 40 mm gun
–
The Bofors 40 mm gun, often referred to simply as the Bofors gun, is an anti-aircraft/multi-purpose autocannon designed in the 1930s by the Swedish arms manufacturer AB Bofors. It was one of the most popular medium-weight anti-aircraft systems during World War II, a small number of these weapons remain in service to this day, and saw action as late as the Gulf War. In the post-war era the original design was not suitable for action against jet powered aircraft, so Bofors introduced a new model of more power. In spite of sharing almost nothing with the design other than the calibre and the distinctive conical flash hider. Although not as popular as the original L/60 model, the L/70 remains in service to this day, especially as a weapon for light armored vehicles. Bofors itself has been part of BAE Systems AB since March 2005, the Swedish Navy purchased a number of 2 pounder Pom-Poms from Vickers as anti-aircraft guns in 1922. The Navy approached Bofors about the development of a capable replacement. Bofors signed a contract in late 1928, Bofors produced a gun that was a smaller version of a 57 mm semi-automatic gun developed as an anti-torpedo boat weapon in the late 19th century by Finspong. Their first test gun was a re-barreled Nordenfelt version of the Finspong gun, testing of this gun in 1929 demonstrated that a problem existed feeding the weapon in order to maintain a reasonable rate of fire. A mechanism that was enough to handle the stresses of moving the large round was too heavy to move quickly enough to fire rapidly. One attempt to solve this problem used zinc shell cases that burned up when fired and this proved to leave heavy zinc deposits in the barrel, and had to be abandoned. This seemed to be the solution they needed, improving firing rates to a level. During this period Krupp purchased a share of Bofors. Krupp engineers started the process of updating the Bofors factories to use equipment and metallurgy. The prototype was completed and fired in November 1931, and by the middle of the month it was firing strings of two and three rounds. Changes to the mechanism were all that remained, and by the end of the year it was operating at 130 rounds per minute. Continued development was needed to turn it into a suitable for production. Since acceptance trials had been passed the year before, this known as the 40 mm akan M/32
Bofors 40 mm gun
–
Bofors 40 mm/L60. This example includes the British-designed Stiffkey Sight, being operated by the aimer standing to the right of the loader (turned sideways). It operates the trapeze seen above the sights, moving the sights to adjust for lead.
Bofors 40 mm gun
–
Finnish Bofors 40 mm. This gun mounts the original reflector sights, and lacks the armor found on British examples.
Bofors 40 mm gun
–
Polish-made Bofors gun after the
Battle of the Bzura. This gun also mounts the reflector sight that equipped the original Bofors versions.
Bofors 40 mm gun
–
Q.F. 40 mm Mk. 1 displayed at
CFB Borden. This example mounts a Stiffkey Sight, and displays the additional armor protecting the gunners.
11.
Royal Malaysian Navy
–
The Royal Malaysian Navy is the naval arm of the Malaysian Armed Forces. The Royal Malaysian Navy can trace its roots to the formation of the Straits Settlement Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in Singapore on 27 April 1934 by the British colonial government in Singapore. The SSRNVR was formed to assist the Royal Navy in the defence of Singapore, also behind its formation were political developments in Asia, particularly a Japan that was increasingly assertive in Asia. In 1938, the SSRNVR was expanded with a branch in Penang, on 18 January 1935, the British Admiralty presented Singapore with an Acacia class sloop, HMS Laburnum, to serve as the Reserves Headquarters and drill ship. It was berthed at the Telok Ayer Basin, HMS Laburnum was sunk in February 1942, prior to the capitulation of Singapore at the beginning of the Pacific Second World War. Members of the SSRNVR were called up to duty. This formed the basis of the navy in Malaya, called the Malay Navy, the Malay Navy had a strength of 400 men who received their training at HMS Pelandok, the Royal Navy training establishment in Malaya. Recruitment was increased and in 1941 at the outbreak of the war in Asia, throughout the Second World War, the Malay Navy served with the Allied Forces in the Indian and Pacific theatre of operations. When the war ended with the Japanese Surrender in 1945, only 600 personnel of the Malay Navy reported for muster, post war economic constraints saw the disbandment of the Malay Navy in 1947. The Malay Navy was reactivated on 24 December 1948 at the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency, the Malayan Naval Force regulation was gazetted on 4 March 1949 by the colonial authorities, and was based at an ex-Royal Air Force radio base station in Woodlands, Singapore. The base was called the MNF Barracks but was later renamed HMS Malaya, the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve was reconstituted as a joint force comprising the Singapore Division and the Federation Division, by an Ordinance passed in Singapore in 1952. The main mission of the Malayan Naval Force was coastal patrol to stop the communists receiving supplies from the sea, in addition, the Force was tasked with guarding the approaches to Singapore and other ports. The MNF was equipped with a River class frigate, HMS Test, in August 1952, Queen Elizabeth II bestowed the title Royal Malayan Navy on the Malayan Naval Force in recognition of its sterling service in action during the Malayan Emergency. The Royal in Royal Malayan Navy was now in reference to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, all ships, facilities, and personnel serving in the Royal Malayan Navy were inherited by the Malayan government. On 16 September 1963, the force was renamed the Royal Malaysian Navy. 18 Keris class patrol boats were ordered from Vosper, and formed the mainstay of the navy for years to come and these 103 ft boats were driven by Maybach diesels and capable of 27 knots. The Keris patrol boats were confined to patrols and had short endurance. An offensive capability was acquired with the purchase of four Vosper Brave-class fast patrol boats and these were armed with four 21-inch torpedoes, one Bofors 40 mm gun forward, and one 20 mm cannon aft
Royal Malaysian Navy
–
A
River-class frigate, similar to the one which RMN operated
Royal Malaysian Navy
Royal Malaysian Navy
–
HMS Loch Insh, the ship that would later become Malaysia's flagship
Royal Malaysian Navy
–
HMAS Yarra (DE 45), an
Australian Navy ship that guarded Malaysia during the
Indonesian Confrontation
12.
KD Jebat
–
KD Jebat is a Lekiu-class guided missile frigate currently serving in the Royal Malaysian Navy and one of the major naval assets for Malaysia. Jebat serves in the 23rd Frigate Squadron of the Royal Malaysian Navy under Captain Aris Adi Tan Bin Abdullah, the ships class, built by Yarrow Shipbuilders in Glasgow, United Kingdom, is based on the FS2000 light frigate design. Jebat was launched in May 1995 and commissioned in May 1999, Jebat carries the lower pennant number to signify the seniority of this ship, which accommodates the Admiral of the Royal Malaysian Navy. The ship was a jump in capability compared to the frigates then operated by the Royal Malaysian Navy, F24 KD Rahmat. Nevertheless, the delivery and operational status of Jebat were delayed due to integration of combat systems problems. Navy. mil. my naval-technology. com hazegray. org Media related to 29 Jebat at Wikimedia Commons Official Website of the Royal Malaysian Navy Lekiu class, Malaysia at naval-technology. com
KD Jebat
–
KD Jebat moored in Sydney Harbour in October 2013
13.
KD Lekiu
–
The Lekiu-class frigates are a class of frigates of the Royal Malaysian Navy. They are the most modern surface combatants of the Royal Malaysian Navy, the class comprises two vessels, KD Jebat F29 and KD Lekiu F30. The class is named after the ship of the class which was launched before Jebat. The two ships of the class are named after Hang Lekiu and Hang Jebat, two figures from the Malay 15th-century epic narrative Hikayat Hang Tuah, the ships were built in the United Kingdom by Yarrow Shipbuilders of Glasgow from the companys standard F2000 light frigate design. Lekiu was launched in December 1994 while the Jebat was launched in May 1995, Jebat carries the lower pennant number to signify the seniority of this ship, which accommodates the Admiral of the Royal Malaysian Navy. Delivery and operational status were delayed due to integration of combat systems problems, the ships were commissioned in March and May 1999. The ships represented a jump in capability compared to the frigates then operated by the Royal Malaysian Navy, F24 KD Rahmat. Both Jebat and Lekiu serve in the 23 Frigate Squadron of the Royal Malaysian Navy, the Lekiu class faced serious delays due to difficulties in the systems integration of the weapons and weapons control system. These problems were overcome and the delivery and commissioning of the two ships was completed on 7 October and 10 November 1999, a limited service life extension program started in 2015. Upgrades include Thales Vigile 100 Mk2 ESM replacing the BAE Mentor A, Chess Dynamics Sea Eagle FCEO replacing the BAE Type V3001 and Terma Scanter 6000 navigation radar. Malaysian Minister of Defence Najib Tun Razak announced at the 2006 Farnborough Air Show that Malaysia would be buying two frigates from the United Kingdom under Project Brave. The Evening Times reported on 20 July 2006 that the Clyde shipyard has won a contract to build two Jebat class warships for Malaysia, the two ships were to have been completed at Labuan Shipyard as a condition of the deal, but were cancelled in August 2009. In 2013 Malaysia announced the purchasing of six Second Generation Patrol Vessels, nakhoda Ragam-class corvette - Three other F2000 derived ships ordered for the Royal Brunei Navy but purchased by the Indonesian Navy. Lekiu Class, Malaysia photograph of KD Lekiu photograph of KD Lekiu photograph of the Jebat at Yarrow Shipbuilders another photograph of the Lekiu navy rating manning the Nautis II Command system
KD Lekiu
–
KD Jebat moored in Sydney Harbour in October 2013
KD Lekiu
–
KD Lekiu (FFGH 30) passes by the
US Navy submarine
USS La Jolla (SSN 701) during a submarine warfare exercise at
CARAT 2011
KD Lekiu
–
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73) underway with the Royal Malaysian Navy frigates KD Jebat (FFG 29) and KD Lekiu (FFG 30) during a transit of the Andaman Sea
KD Lekiu
–
KD Jebat (FFG 29) underway off the coast of Malaysia during a divisional tactics drill as part of
Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) Malaysia 2013
14.
KD Kasturi
–
The Kasturi-class corvettes are two ships of the Royal Malaysian Navy, KD Kasturi and KD Lekir. They were acquired in the mid-1980s, the two ships constitute the Malaysian Navys 22nd Corvette Squadron, their homeport being Lumut. After about 25 years of service, they underwent an extensive modernisation known as Service Life Extension Program starting in 2009 and they have since been returned to active duty. The two ships of the class are named after Hang Kasturi and Hang Lekir, two figures from the Malay 15th-century epic narrative Hikayat Hang Tuah. The class was ordered in February 1981, and built by the German Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft shipyard, both ships were simultaneously launched on 14 May 1983 and commissioned on 15 August 1984. Two more were planned, but were never ordered, the Kasturi class is based on HDWs FS1500 design. The two ships constitute the Royal Malaysian Navys 22nd Corvette Squadron and their homeport is Lumut at the west coast of the Malayan Peninsula, facing the Strait of Malacca and the Indian Ocean. By this time, KD Kasturi had reportedly not been operational since 2007, KD Lekiu remained in active duty until the SLEP work on her began in October 2011 and was completed in November 2014. The SLEP is estimated to have extended the service life by around 15 years. Despite the work being incomplete on KD Lekiu at that time, the SLEP modernisation comprised extensive changes to the original configuration of the ships, aimed at both extending their service life as well as improving combat capabilities. The DA-08 search radar and the WM22 fire control radar were overhauled, a DSQS-24C hull-mounted sonar from Atlas Elektronik was installed to complement the new torpedo-launch capabilities. The Kasturi class original armament was altered by the 2009 modernisation as well. The 57 mm Bofors was moved from the aft to the bow, no new aft gun was installed. The two manually operated Emerlec 30 mm twin-barrel anti-air guns were replaced with 30 mm single-barrel MSI DS30B guns, anti-submarine capabilities were enhanced by replacing the dated Bofors 375 mm anti-submarine rocket launcher with two EuroTorp B515 triple torpedo launchers equipped with Whitehead A244-S torpedoes. The launchers however were reportedly salvaged from the Laksamana-class corvettes, which thereby lost their anti-submarine capabilities, there are conflicting reports about the Exocet anti-ship missiles. Other sources state that the ships had been equipped with MM40 Block II missiles straight from the beginning, the Kasturi class is powered by a CODAD propulsion system, provided by four MTU diesels driving two shafts and developing 23,460 horsepower driving two controllable pitch propellers. This gives a speed of 28 knots, and a range of 5,000 nautical miles at 14 knots. The Kasturi class has a helideck aft suitable for the Malaysian Navys Super Lynx 300, lacking a hangar, it does not carry an embarked helicopter
KD Kasturi
–
KD Lekir (fore) with
USS Bunker Hill
KD Kasturi
–
Lekir and
USS Carl Vinson.
KD Kasturi
–
Lekir underway in the
Strait of Malacca.
KD Kasturi
–
Lekir at sea in 2009
15.
KD Lekir
–
The Kasturi-class corvettes are two ships of the Royal Malaysian Navy, KD Kasturi and KD Lekir. They were acquired in the mid-1980s, the two ships constitute the Malaysian Navys 22nd Corvette Squadron, their homeport being Lumut. After about 25 years of service, they underwent an extensive modernisation known as Service Life Extension Program starting in 2009 and they have since been returned to active duty. The two ships of the class are named after Hang Kasturi and Hang Lekir, two figures from the Malay 15th-century epic narrative Hikayat Hang Tuah. The class was ordered in February 1981, and built by the German Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft shipyard, both ships were simultaneously launched on 14 May 1983 and commissioned on 15 August 1984. Two more were planned, but were never ordered, the Kasturi class is based on HDWs FS1500 design. The two ships constitute the Royal Malaysian Navys 22nd Corvette Squadron and their homeport is Lumut at the west coast of the Malayan Peninsula, facing the Strait of Malacca and the Indian Ocean. By this time, KD Kasturi had reportedly not been operational since 2007, KD Lekiu remained in active duty until the SLEP work on her began in October 2011 and was completed in November 2014. The SLEP is estimated to have extended the service life by around 15 years. Despite the work being incomplete on KD Lekiu at that time, the SLEP modernisation comprised extensive changes to the original configuration of the ships, aimed at both extending their service life as well as improving combat capabilities. The DA-08 search radar and the WM22 fire control radar were overhauled, a DSQS-24C hull-mounted sonar from Atlas Elektronik was installed to complement the new torpedo-launch capabilities. The Kasturi class original armament was altered by the 2009 modernisation as well. The 57 mm Bofors was moved from the aft to the bow, no new aft gun was installed. The two manually operated Emerlec 30 mm twin-barrel anti-air guns were replaced with 30 mm single-barrel MSI DS30B guns, anti-submarine capabilities were enhanced by replacing the dated Bofors 375 mm anti-submarine rocket launcher with two EuroTorp B515 triple torpedo launchers equipped with Whitehead A244-S torpedoes. The launchers however were reportedly salvaged from the Laksamana-class corvettes, which thereby lost their anti-submarine capabilities, there are conflicting reports about the Exocet anti-ship missiles. Other sources state that the ships had been equipped with MM40 Block II missiles straight from the beginning, the Kasturi class is powered by a CODAD propulsion system, provided by four MTU diesels driving two shafts and developing 23,460 horsepower driving two controllable pitch propellers. This gives a speed of 28 knots, and a range of 5,000 nautical miles at 14 knots. The Kasturi class has a helideck aft suitable for the Malaysian Navys Super Lynx 300, lacking a hangar, it does not carry an embarked helicopter
KD Lekir
–
KD Lekir (fore) with
USS Bunker Hill
KD Lekir
–
Lekir and
USS Carl Vinson.
KD Lekir
–
Lekir underway in the
Strait of Malacca.
KD Lekir
–
Lekir at sea in 2009
16.
Ghana
–
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km², Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east, Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language. The territory of present-day Ghana has been inhabited for a millennium, numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti. Beginning in the 15th century, numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights, following over a century of native resistance, Ghanas current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast. On 6 March 1957, it became the first sub-Saharan African nation to become independent of European colonisation, a multicultural nation, Ghana has a population of approximately 27 million, spanning a variety of ethnic, linguistic and religious groups. Five percent of the population practices traditional faiths,71. 2% adhere to Christianity and 17. 6% are Muslim and its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical jungles. Ghana is a country led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government. Ghanas economy is one of the strongest and most diversified in Africa, following a century of relative stability. Ghanas growing economic prosperity and democratic political system have made it a power in West Africa. It is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, Group of 24, Ghana was already recognized as one of the great kingdoms in Bilad el-Sudan by the ninth century. Ghana was inhabited in the Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms in the Southern and this included the Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Mankessim Kingdom. Until the 11th century, the majority of modern Ghanas territorial area was unoccupied and uninhabited by humans. Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, by the early 11th century, the Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called Bonoman, for which the Brong-Ahafo Region is named. From the 13th century, Akans emerged from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, to create several Akan states of Ghana and these states included Bonoman, Ashanti, Denkyira, Mankessim Kingdom, and Akwamu Eastern region. By the 19th century, the territory of the part of Ghana was included in the Kingdom of Ashanti. The Kingdom of Ashanti government operated first as a loose network, prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan Ashanti people created an advanced economy based on principally gold and gold bar commodities then traded with the states of Africa. The earliest known kingdoms to emerge in modern Ghana were the Mole-Dagbani states, the Mole-Dagombas came on horseback from present-day Burkina Faso under a single leader, Naa Gbewaa. The death of Naa Gbewaa caused civil war among his children, some of whom broke off and founded separate states including Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba, Akan trade with European states began after contact with Portuguese in the 15th century
Ghana
–
1925 map of pre–existing Ghana
Ghana
Ghana
–
16th – 17th century
Akan Terracotta,
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Ghana
–
A 1850 map showing the
Akan Kingdom of Ashanti within the
Guinea region and surrounding regions in West Africa.
17.
Flagship
–
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed. In common naval use, the flagship is fundamentally a temporary designation. Historically, only larger ships could accommodate such requirements, the term was also used by commercial fleets, when the distinction between a nations navy and merchant fleet was not clear. In the age of sailing ships, the flagship was typically a first-rate, non-first rates could serve as flagships, however, the USS Constitution, a frigate, served as flagship for parts of the United States Navy during the early 19th century. In the 20th century, ships became large enough that the types, cruisers and up, could accommodate a commander. Some larger ships may have a flag bridge for use by the admiral. Because its primary function is to coordinate a fleet, a flagship is not necessarily more heavily armed or armored than other ships, during World War II admirals often preferred a faster ship over the largest one. Modern flagships are designed primarily for command and control rather than for fighting, as with many other naval terms, flagship has crossed over into general usage, where it means the most important or leading member of a group, as in the flagship station of a broadcast network. Is used as both a noun and adjective describing the most prominent or highly touted product, brand, location, derivations include the flagship brand or flagship product of a manufacturing company, flagship store of a retail chain, or flagship service of a hospitality or transportation concern. The term flagship may have applications, Auto companies may have a flagship in the form of their leading or highest-priced car. Electronics companies may have a series of products considered to be their flagship, for example, the Samsung Galaxy S series consists of several flagship smartphones that are released on a yearly basis. In rail transport, a service is either the fastest or most luxurious. Often it is also a train or service. In some cases, special service or a class above first class may be available in the service while it is not offered in normal services. Flagship services are used to present the company in advertising or abroad. Most states in the United States provide public university education through one or more university systems, the phrase flagship institution or flagship university may be applied to an individual school or campus within each state system. These schools are often land-grant, sea-grant, or space-grant research universities, the use of the term is seen by some as elitist and boastful
Flagship
–
HMS Victory, flagship of the
First Sea Lord of the
Royal Navy
Flagship
–
Abercrombie & Fitch flagship store on
Fifth Avenue in
New York City
18.
Ghana Navy
–
The Ghana Navy is the naval warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces. The Ghanaian navy, along with the Ghanaian army and Ghanaian air force, the nucleus of the Ghana Navy is the Gold Coast Naval Volunteer Force formed during World War II. It was established by the colonial British administration to conduct seaward patrols to ensure that the waters of the colony were free from mines. Following Ghanas attainment of independent nationhood on 6 March 1957 from the UK, a new volunteer force was raised in June,1959 with headquarters at Takoradi in the Western Region of Ghana. The men were drawn from the existing Gold Coast Regiment of Infantry and they were under the command of British Royal Navy officers on secondment. On 29 July 1959, the Ghana Navy was established by an Act of Parliament, the force had two divisions based at Takoradi and Accra respectively. On 1 May 1962, the British Navy formed the Royal Navy Element of the British Joint Services Training Team, the first Chief of the Naval Staff was Captain D. A. Foreman, a retired British Naval Officer. He was granted a Presidential Commission as a Ghana naval officer in the rank of Commodore, the Ghana Navy command structure consists of the Naval Headquarters at Burma Camp, Accra. There are two operational commands, the Western Naval Command at Sekondi and the Eastern Naval Command at Tema, the boats were commissioned 21 February 2012. After serving the USCG for 57 years, Woodrush was decommissioned on March 2,2001, purchased in 2005 at $35 million for the two ships. German navy S74 Nerz and S77 Dachs, purchased at $37 million for the two ships. In 2008, the Ghana Navy acquired three such boats from the US navy and they were handed over to the GN Western Naval Command in Sekondi-Takoradi. On 13 March 2010, presented 4 additional boats, GNS Achimota - Flagship of the Ghana Navy. German built FBP57 class patrol ship GNS Yogaga - German built FBP57 class patrol ship GNS David Hansen - Named after David Animle Hansen, a single 20 m-long ex-US Navy PB Mk III inshore patrol craft that was built in the 1970s and transferred to Ghana in 2001. On 10 December 2010, the Ghana Navy received six new speedboats with complete accessories from Ghana Red Cross to facilitate its mission in the country. The accessories included six Yamaha outboard motors, life jackets, life lines, first aid equipment, the initial fleet of the navy consisted of two Ham class minesweepers, GNS Yogaga and GNS Afadzato. They were re-commissioned on 31 October 1959, there have been 17 heads of the Ghana navy since its inception. One officer, Rear Admiral Dzang served two terms, Foreman Rear Admiral David Animle Hansen - First Ghanaian Chief of Naval Staff Air Vice Marshal Michael A. Otu Commodore Philemon F. Quaye Commander Joy Kobla Amedume Commodore C. K
Ghana Navy
–
Ghana Navy sailor a in
Rigid-hulled inflatable boat
Ghana Navy
–
Naval Ensign 1957−1964 1966−present
Ghana Navy
–
Members of the Ghanaian Navy learning maritime law-enforcement tactics
Ghana Navy
–
BRP Dioniso Ojeda (PG-117) of the Philippine Navy similar to the GNS Stephen Otu (P33)
19.
President of Ghana
–
The President of the Republic of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana, as well as Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces. The current President of Ghana is Nana Akufo-Addo, who won the 2016 presidential election against the incumbent, John Dramani Mahama, Akufo-Addo was sworn into office on 7 January 2017. The President of Ghana must be sworn in by the Chief Justice before the citizens of Ghana at the Independence Square in Accra. I further that should I at any time break this oath of office, I shall submit myself to the laws of the Republic of Ghana, after the oath of office has been taken by the elected president, these following insignia are handed over to the president. These devices are used to display the rank of office and are used on special occasions. Presidents Sword and the Presidential Seat, a carved wooden seat overlaid with gold. Chapter 8 of the Constitution of Ghana states the duties and the powers of the President, the President is required to, uphold the Constitution exercise executive authority preserve the safety and homeland of Ghana. The President may execute or cause to be executed treaties, agreements or conventions in the name of the Republic of Ghana, the President shall cease to hold office on the date the Parliament of Ghana decides that he/she be removed from office. Convention Peoples Party Peoples National Party National Democratic Congress New Patriotic Party Military The President of Ghanas official residence was Osu Castle in Accra. In 2007, The opposition MPs in Ghana stormed out of a debate on whether to take out a $50m loan to build a new presidential palace. MPs from President John Kufuors New Patriotic Party voted unanimously in favour of taking the loan from India and they argued that the President should not be based in Osu Castle, where slaves used to be kept. The opposition National Democratic Congress said the money would be spent elsewhere. The new presidential palace was expected to be completed by August 2008 but was completed in November 2008. At the inauguration of the new palace, President John Kufuor revealed to the press that the new name of the palace would be Golden Jubilee House. The name was chosen in reference to the 50th anniversary of Ghanas Independence, part of the office space has been given to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs when it had to be relocated because of a fire that guttered its offices. The NDC government refused to move to the venue after it assumed office in 2009 noting that some of the work in the residency is not completed, the name has been changed to Flagstaff House. On 7 February 2013, the office of the Presidency was finally moved to the flagstaff house, dassault Falcon 900 EX of the President of Ghana In the autumn of 2012 a jet aircraft was acquired in the Golden Jubilee House. According to the Chief of the Golden Jubilee House Property Agency acquisition of a Embraer 190 jet aircraft for the President costed 105 million cedis, the jet aircraft planned location is in the Ghanaian Presidential Retreats Peduase Lodge
President of Ghana
–
Presidential Standard of Ghana
President of Ghana
–
Presidential Seal of Ghana
President of Ghana
–
Incumbent
John Dramani Mahama since 24 July 2012
President of Ghana
20.
Yacht
–
A yacht /ˈjɒt/ is a recreational boat or ship. In modern use of the term, yachts differ from working ships mainly by their leisure purpose, there are two different classes of yachts, sailing and power boats. With the rise of the steamboat and other types of powerboat, sailing vessels in general came to be perceived as luxury, later the term came to encompass large motor boats for primarily private pleasure purposes as well. Yacht lengths normally range from 10 metres up to dozens of meters, a luxury craft smaller than 12 metres is more commonly called a cabin cruiser or simply a cruiser. A superyacht generally refers to any yacht above 24 m and a megayacht generally refers to any yacht over 50 metres and this size is small in relation to typical cruise liners and oil tankers. A few countries have a special flag worn by recreational boats or ships, although inspired by the national flag, the yacht ensign does not always correspond with the civil or merchant ensign of the state in question. Yacht ensigns differ from merchant ensigns in order to signal that the yacht is not carrying cargo that requires a customs declaration, carrying commercial cargo on a boat with a yacht ensign is deemed to be smuggling in many jurisdictions. Until the 1950s, almost all yachts were made of wood or steel, although wood hulls are still in production, the most common construction material is fibreglass, followed by aluminium, steel, carbon fibre, and ferrocement. The use of wood has changed and is no longer limited to traditional board-based methods, wood is mostly used by hobbyists or wooden boat purists when building an individual boat. Apart from materials like carbon fibre and aramid fibre, spruce veneers laminated with epoxy resins have the best weight-to-strength ratios of all boatbuilding materials. Sailing yachts can range in length from about 6 metres to well over 30 metres. Most privately owned yachts fall in the range of about 7 metres -14 metres, in the United States, sailors tend to refer to smaller yachts as sailboats, while referring to the general sport of sailing as yachting. Within the limited context of racing, a yacht is any sailing vessel taking part in a race. Many modern racing yachts have efficient sail-plans, most notably the Bermuda rig. This capability is the result of a sail-plan and hull design oriented towards this capability, day sailing yachts are usually small, at under 6 metres in length. Sometimes called sailing dinghies, they often have a keel, centreboard. Most day sailing yachts do not have a cabin, as they are designed for hourly or daily use and not for overnight journeys. They may have a cabin, where the front part of the hull has a raised solid roof to provide a place to store equipment or to offer shelter from wind or spray
Yacht
–
Sailing Yacht "Zapata II"
Yacht
–
The "Lazzara" 80' "Alchemist" runs at full speed up the California Coast
Yacht
–
A yacht in
Lorient,
Brittany,
France
Yacht
–
Aerial view of a
yacht club and
marina - Yacht Harbour Residence "Hohe Düne" in
Rostock,
Germany.
21.
GBP
–
It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
GBP
–
The Hatter 's hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal system: the hat costs half a guinea (10 shillings and 6 pence)
GBP
–
All frequently used coins. The coins shown are those after the extensive
2008 redesign.
GBP
–
A pound = 20
shillings = 240
silver pennies (formerly)
GBP
–
£1 coin (Welsh design, 2000)
22.
Firth of Clyde
–
The Kilbrannan Sound is a large arm of the Firth of Clyde, separating the Kintyre Peninsula from the Isle of Arran. Within the Firth of Clyde is another major island - the Isle of Bute, given its strategic location, at the entrance to the middle/upper Clyde, Bute played a vitally important military role during World War II. The Firths climate enjoys the benefit of the Gulf Stream from America, at its entrance the firth is some 26 miles wide. Its upper reaches include an area where it is joined by Loch Long and this includes the large anchorage off Greenock known as the Tail of the Bank in reference to the sandbar which separates the firth from the estuary of the River Clyde. The Clyde is still almost 2 miles wide at the sandbar, in Scottish Gaelic the landward end is called Linne Chluaidh, while the area around the south of Arran, Kintyre and Ayrshire/Galloway is An Linne Ghlas. The Firth encompasses many Islands and Peninsulas and has ferry routes connecting them to the mainland. Sometimes called the Clyde Waters, this body is customarily considered an element of the Irish Sea. The ferry services are run by Caledonian MacBrayne and by Western Ferries, a great number of sea lochs adjoin the Firth, the largest being Loch Fyne. The Cowal peninsula extends into the Firth of Clyde and forms the upper firth west shoreline. The main town on the Cowal peninsula is Dunoon and these routes across the Firth of Clyde save time, rather than traveling round by road, via Loch Eck side, the Rest and be thankful and Loch Lomond side. The service between Dunoon and Gourock in Inverclyde, operated by the Caledonian MacBrayne subsidiary Argyll Ferries LTD is a passenger only service. This service connects directly with the ScotRail service to Glasgow, Western Ferries LTD operate the service between Hunters Quay and McInroys Point near Gourock and carry all types of vehicular transport and foot passengers. This lists the towns and some of the numerous villages along the firth. There are many islands in the firth, the largest all have thriving communities and regular ferry services connecting them to the mainland. They are, Arran Bute Cumbrae The Clyde formed an important sea route from the earliest times, and the Battle of Largs in 1263 marked the turning point for the end of Viking ambitions in Britain. During World War II Glasgow and the Clyde became Britains main entry point for Allied merchant shipping, military personnel and equipment, the Clyde formed the largest base of naval ships. The area became famous worldwide for its significant contribution to yachting and yachtbuilding with notable designers including, William Fife III, Alfred Mylne, G L Watson and it was also the location of many famous yacht yards. Clyde-built wooden yachts are known for quality and style today
Firth of Clyde
–
The
Seamill beach looks south down the outer firth towards southern
Arran and
Ailsa Craig
Firth of Clyde
–
Map of the Firth of Clyde and area
Firth of Clyde
–
The
Holy Loch seen across the upper Firth of Clyde from
Gourock, with
Hunter's Quay to the left and
Strone to the right, with the
Caledonian MacBrayne ferry
MV Saturn arriving from
Dunoon.
Firth of Clyde
–
Naval operations: The German
Frigate F207 Bremen and a
Caledonian MacBrayne ferry pass the
Holy Loch.
23.
Portsmouth Dockyard
–
Her Majestys Naval Base, Portsmouth is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the British Royal Navy. Portsmouth Naval Base is part of the city of Portsmouth, it is located on the shore of Portsmouth Harbour, north of the Solent. Until the early 1970s it was known as Portsmouth Royal Dockyard. The base is home to one of the oldest dry docks in the world, the base is also home to a number of commercial shore activities, naval logistics, accommodation and messing, and personnel support functions provided by Defence Equipment and Support. The base is the oldest in the Royal Navy and it has been an important part of the Senior Services history, at one time it was the largest industrial site in the world. Around the year 2000, the designation HMS Nelson was extended to cover the entire base, the base commander since October 2012 is Commodore Jeremy Rigby. QHM Harbour Control is based in the Semaphore Tower building, shipping movements are handled by a team of admiralty pilots headed by the Chief Admiralty Pilot, Anthony Bannister. Portsmouth naval base is home to two-thirds of the Royal Navys surface ships and it allows members of the public to visit important maritime attractions such as Mary Rose, HMS Victory and HMS Warrior. The new Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers will eventually be based in Portsmouth, in total some 17,300 people work in the base. Until 2012 the Second Sea Lord as Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command flew his flag from HMS Victory, since then, the post of Commander-in-Chief has reverted to the First Sea Lord. HMS Victory, Nelsons flagship at Trafalgar, which is open to the public HMS Warrior. HMS M33, a World War I monitor The National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, boathouse 5 is being refurbished as a new orientation and ticketing facility. The Portsmouth Naval Base Property Trust is seeking to extend the area of the Historic Dockyard to cover Dry Docks 4 and 5, along with Woolwich, Deptford, Chatham and Plymouth, Portsmouth has been one of the main Royal Navy Dockyards or Bases throughout its history. The first recorded dry dock in the world was built in Portsmouth by Henry VII in 1495, the first warship built here was the Sweepstake of 1497, of more significance were the carracks Mary Rose of 1509 and Peter Pomegranate of 1510—both were rebuilt here in 1536. The wreck of the Mary Rose, is on display in a purpose built museum, a fourth Tudor warship was the galleass Jennett, built in 1539 and enlarged as a galleon in 1558. The appointment of one Thomas Jermyn as Keeper of the Dock at Portsmouth is recorded in 1526, there are no on-site remains of the Tudor Dock and Yard. Naval shipbuilding at Portsmouth recommenced under the English Commonwealth, the first ship being the eponymous Fourth-rate frigate Portsmouth launched in 1650, a new double dry dock was built by the Commonwealth government in 1656. As France began to more of a military threat to England
Portsmouth Dockyard
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An aerial photograph of Portsmouth Dockyard, viewed from the west, taken as part of a photographic exercise from 2,000 feet.
Portsmouth Dockyard
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The "Semaphore Tower" at HMNB Portsmouth in 2007
Portsmouth Dockyard
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The First Sea Lord disembarking from HMS Victory, 2014
Portsmouth Dockyard
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Four Royal Navy ships alongside HMNB Portsmouth, including Type 45 Destroyers HMS
Dauntless and
Diamond.
24.
Chatham Dockyard
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Chatham Dockyard was a Royal Navy Dockyard located on the River Medway in Kent. Established in Chatham in the century, the dockyard subsequently expanded into neighbouring Gillingham. It came into existence at the time when, following the Reformation, relations with the Catholic countries of Europe had worsened, for 414 years Chatham Royal Dockyard provided over 500 ships for the Royal Navy, and was at the forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans, Chatham dockyard closed in 1984, and 84 acres of the Georgian dockyard is now managed as a visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust. The Treasurer of the Navys accounts of the Kings Exchequer for the year 1544 identifies Deptford as the Dockyard that carried out all the repairs to the Kings Ships that year. Chathams establishment as a naval dockyard was precipitated by the use of the Medway as an anchorage by the ships of what was to become Englands permanent Royal Navy. 1567 is generally seen as the date of Chathams establishment as a Royal Naval Dockyard, in the years that followed the ground was prepared, accommodation was secured and a mast pond was installed. The renowned Tudor shipwright Mathew Baker was appointed to Chatham in 1572, under his supervision the site was developed to include sawpits, workshops, a wharf with a crane and, most significantly, its first dry dock, which opened in 1581. The dockyard received its first royal visit, from Elizabeth I, the first ship to be built at the dockyard, HMS Sunne was launched in 1586. James I used Chatham dockyard for a meeting in 1606 with Christian IV of Denmark, in 1613, the dockyard moved from its original location to its present site. Peter Pett, of the family of shipwrights whose history is connected to the Chatham dockyard. One of the disadvantages of Chatham was their relative inaccessibility for ships at sea, thus deliveries of victuals, ordnance and other supplies were made by small boats, sailing regularly between Chatham and The Nore. Seeking to alleviate this situation, the Navy Board explored options for developing a shore facility with direct access from the open water of the Thames Estuary. Sheerness remained operational as a royal dockyard until 1959, but it was never considered a major shore establishment, by the late 17th century Chatham was the largest refitting dockyard, important during the Dutch wars. It was, however, superseded in the century, first by Portsmouth, then Plymouth, when the main naval enemy became France. In addition, the Medway had begun to silt up, making more difficult. Nevertheless, following a visit by the Admiralty Board in 1773, the decision was taken to invest further in Chatham, among many vessels built in this Dockyard, and which still exist, are HMS Victory, launched in 1765 – now preserved at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. The officers and men employed in the yard increased, and by 1798 they numbered 1,664, including 49 officers
Chatham Dockyard
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The Commissioner's House (1704), was built for Captain
George St Lo who found the previous house unsuitable. It remains the oldest surviving naval building in England.
Chatham Dockyard
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Engraving of "Chatham Dockyard from
Fort Pitt " from Ireland's History of Kent, Vol. 4, 1831. Facing p. 349. Drawn by G. Sheppard, engraved by R. Roffe.
Chatham Dockyard
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Dutch
Attack on the Medway, June 1667 by
Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. 1667. The captured ship
Royal Charles is right of centre
Chatham Dockyard
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Police Section House, one of the Dockyard's many
listed buildings
25.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
Royal Navy
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Royal Navy
Royal Navy
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The
Battle of Sluys as depicted in
Froissart's Chronicles; late 14th century
Royal Navy
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A late 16th century painting of the
Spanish Armada in battle with English warships
Royal Navy
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The Dutch
Raid on the Medway in 1667 during the Second Anglo–Dutch War
26.
Superstructure
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A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied to various kinds of structures such as buildings, bridges. The word superstructure is a combination of the Latin prefix, super with the Latin stem word, in order to improve the response during earthquakes of buildings and bridges, the superstructure might be separated from its foundation by various civil engineering mechanisms or machinery. All together, these implement the system of protection called base isolation. As stated above, superstructure consists of the parts of the ship or a boat, including sailboats, fishing boats, passenger ships, and submarines and this does not usually include its masts or any armament turrets. Note that in times, turrets do not always carry naval artillery. The size of a watercrafts superstructure can have implications in the performance of ships and boats, since these structures can alter their structural rigidity, their displacements. These can be detrimental to any vessels performance if they are taken into consideration incorrectly, the height and the weight of superstructure on board a ship or a boat also affects the amount of freeboard that such a vessel requires along its sides, down to her waterline. In broad terms, the more and heavier superstructure that a ship possesses, on a bridge, the portion of the structure that is the span and directly receives the live load is referred to as the superstructure. In contrast, the abutment, piers, and other structures are called the substructure
Superstructure
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The
cruiseferry Mega Smeralda. The blue-striped white-painted superstructure stretches across the full length of the vessel. The lower yellow-painted part of the ship is the
hull.
27.
Bridge (nautical)
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The bridge of a ship is the room or platform from which the ship can be commanded. When a ship is underway the bridge is manned by an OOW aided usually by an AB acting as lookout. During critical maneuvers the captain will be on the bridge supported, perhaps, by an OOW as a set of hands. Wheelhouses are the small enclosed parts of a bridge that historically held the ships wheel, today, ships bridges do not have a separate wheelhouse, the term wheelhouse or pilothouse is used nowadays to refer to the smaller bridges of small vessels, such as tugs. Traditionally, sailing ships were commanded from the quarterdeck, aft of the mainmast, with the arrival of paddle steamers, engineers required a platform from which they could inspect the paddle wheels and where the captains view would not be obstructed by the paddle houses. A raised walkway, literally a bridge, connecting the houses was therefore provided. When the screw propeller superseded the paddle wheel, the bridge was retained, helm orders would be passed to an enclosed wheel house, where the coxswain or helmsman operated the ships wheel. Engine commands would be relayed to the engineer in the room by an engine order telegraph that displayed the captains orders on a dial. The engineer would ensure that the combination of steam pressure. Iron, and later steel, ships also required a compass platform and this was usually a tower, where a magnetic compass could be sited far away as possible from the ferrous interference of the hulk of the ship. Depending upon the design and layout of a ship, all of these terms can be variously interchangeable, larger ships, particularly warships, often had a number of different bridges. A navigation bridge would be used for the conning of the ship. A separate admirals bridge could be provided in flagships, where the admiral could exercise control over his fleet without interfering with the Captains tactical command of the vessel. In older warships, an armored conning tower was often provided. Modern advances in remote control equipment have seen progressive transfer of the control of the ship to the bridge. The wheel and throttles can be operated directly from the bridge, aboard modern warships it is common that actual commanding is carried out on the bridge while weapon systems are controlled from a room usually deep inside the vessel. This also enables a redundant setup in which the vessel is able to fight in case one of the command instances has been hit or destroyed. On a commercial vessel, the bridge will contain the equipment necessary to navigate a vessel on passage
Bridge (nautical)
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The interior of the bridge of the
Research Vessel Sikuliaq, docked in
Ketchikan, Alaska.
Bridge (nautical)
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The compass platform of a British destroyer in the
Battle of the Atlantic during the
Second World War. Notice the
binnacle in the prominent position centrally and the voice pipes for relaying commands. The armoured wheelhouse and the coxswain would be directly underneath. The Royal Navy favoured the open bridge for the unique tactical view it gave the Captain, long after other navies enclosed the bridge.
Bridge (nautical)
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Bridge of the
tugboat Leão dos Mares. An open compass platform, which still has the traditional
binnacle, now also houses a radar antenna and sits above the enclosed wheel house. The circular devices in the windows are
Kent screens.
Bridge (nautical)
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Modern
cruise ship bridge, designed to allow almost 360 degrees of vision around the ship.
28.
QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun
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The QF4 inch Mk XVI gun was the standard British Commonwealth naval anti-aircraft and dual-purpose gun of World War II. The Mk XVI superseded the earlier QF4 inch Mk V naval gun on many Royal Naval ships during the late 1930s, the ammunition fired by the Mk V gun and the Mk XVI guns was different. The Mk V ammunition was 44.3 inches long and weighed 56 pounds, while the ammunition fired by the Mk XVI gun was 42.1 inches long and weighed 66.75 pounds. The weight of the high-explosive projectile grew from 31 pounds for the Mk V to 35 pounds for the Mk XVI, there were three variants of the gun produced with differing construction methods. The original Mk XVI had an A tube, jacket to 63.5 inches from the muzzle, the Mk XVI* replaced the A tube with an autofretted loose barrel with a sealing collar at the front of the jacket. The Mk XXI was a version with an autofretted monobloc barrel. The total number of Mk XVI and XVI* guns produced was 2,555 while there were 238 Mk XXI guns produced, of those totals 604 Mk XVI* and 135 of the Mk XXI guns were produced in Canada and 45 of the Mk XVI* were produced in Australia. These guns were mounted on HA/LA Mark XIX twin mountings. QF4 inch Mk V naval gun, Royal Navy anti-aircraft predecessor List of naval anti-aircraft guns List of naval guns On HMCS Haida, Hamilton, Ortario, Naval Museum of Alberta, Canada On HMS Belfast, London. Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport, Hampshire, UK On ORP Błyskawica, a pair at South African National Museum of Military History, Johannesburg A pair in a turret from INS Haifa, at Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum, Haifa, Israel. Two single guns on HMAS Diamantina, Brisbane, Australia One twin gun at the Marinemuseet, Horten, One twin gun in the Aldhurst military vehicles collection, Surrey England Campbell, John. Naval Weapons of World War Two, handbook for the 4 inch Q. F. Mark XVI* Gun on the H. A, twin Mark XIX And Single Mark XX Mountings. G3821/41 Naval Ordnance Department, Admiralty, July 1941
QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun
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Twin Mk XVI on
HMCS Haida
QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun
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The crew of a 4 inch dualmount on
HMS Berwick preparing for action in 1943.
QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun
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Twin guns of
HMAS Swan bombarding shore positions in New Guinea, February 1945
QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun
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Single Mk XX mounting on
HMAS Barcoo, 1945
29.
Dual-purpose gun
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A dual-purpose gun is a naval artillery mounting designed to engage both surface and air targets. The light A/A was dispersed throughout the ship and included both automatic cannons and heavy machine guns and they discarded the dedicated, anti-ship secondary batteries altogether, because a battle-line fleet would be screened against cruiser and destroyers most of the time. Rather, they replaced them with turret-mounted dual-purpose guns that could be used against both aircraft and ships and this arrangement was seen as more efficient, and was deemed adequate to meet anti-surface and anti-aircraft needs under most circumstances. Both navies were concerned of close-range torpedo attacks from enemy destroyers and torpedo boats, the French Navy used a mixed-calibre system, as well, but their secondary battery was dual-purpose. This tended to complicate ammunition supplies and render certain armament useless in some situations, dual-purpose guns are designed as a compromise between the heavy main armament of a surface combatant and dedicated anti-aircraft guns. Usually of a caliber, the gun is heavy enough to prove useful against surface targets including ships, surfaced submarines. For example, a Royal Navy battleship of the King George V class had sixteen QF Mark I5. 25-inch guns that could engage enemy ships or high level aircraft. Not all dual-purpose guns have high elevation, the determining factor was whether or not the mounting was provided with an anti-aircraft fire control system and a method for setting the time fuze in the A. A. warhead, fired by the gun. Starting with the Tribal class, the Royal Navy introduced a series of classes that had dual-purpose guns. XIX and later mountings limited to 40,50 or 55 degrees elevation, however, the guns were controlled by an A. A. fire control system, fire control and no on-mount fuze setters. Admiral Sir Philip Vian describes the use of 4, there was too little sea-room for full freedom of manoeuvre, and the aircrafts approach was screened by the rock walls. Junkers attacks persisted to the end, but the fire of the destroyers, not a ship received a direct hit, though some were damaged by the splinters from near misses. Dual-purpose guns, often abbreviated to DP guns, were designed as a secondary armament for large surface ships such as cruisers. Most DP mounted guns have calibers in the range from three to five inches, in British service the term HA/LA for High Angle/Low Angle was used
Dual-purpose gun
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The Mark 37 Model 6 5-inch dual-purpose gun on display at the National Museum of the Pacific War. The gun had a range of over 6 miles and could fire 22 rounds a minute.
Ghana
United Kingdom
Malaysia
