1.
KIIS-FM
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KIIS-FM – branded 102.7 KIIS FM – is a commercial Top 40 radio station licensed to Los Angeles, California. KIIS-FM is the origin of the KISS-FM brand, and currently serves as the station for On Air with Ryan Seacrest. The KIIS-FM studios are located in Burbank, while the station transmitter resides on Mount Wilson, besides a standard analog transmission, KIIS-FM broadcasts over two HD Radio channels including Evolution on its HD-2 subchannel, and features an all-dance music format. Streams online via iHeartRadio, and extends its signal by using a single full-power repeater – KVVS in Rosamond. The station also simulcasts over channel 11 on Sirius XM satellite radio, KIIS-FM has consistently been rated the #1 radio station in all of the Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura County markets, averaging nearly 1 million listeners. 102.7 FM started as KLAC-FM, a station to KLAC. The station was a simulcast of the AM station, until the late 1960s, when the Federal Communications Commission banned continuous AM/FM simulcasts for over half of the broadcast day. The FM started its own programming, which was a middle of the format, in 1967. KKDJ broadcast as an FM top 40 station until 1975, when Combined Communications purchased KKDJ, at that time, KKDJs call letters were changed to KIIS-FM. The spelling of K-I-I-S instead of KISS, was because it resembled the AM frequency, the new merged station was referred to as, AM and FM, K-double I-S. Later, in 1977, News Director Gary McKenzie who went on to anchor at RKO Radio Networks, the AM and FM stations did simulcasts during the day while returning to two separate stations in the evening hours. Unable to draw high ratings with contemporary, KIIS-FM began to evolve, first to Top 40 in 1976, then Dance and Disco in 1978. KIIS AM would keep its soft rock/adult contemporary format until late 1979, just prior to this, Gannett Company purchased both KIIS-AM-FM and Combined Communications. In 1981, the format of KIIS AM was changed to religious talk, rick Dees joined the station for mornings in July 1981 after 93 KHJ switched formats to Country. Fill-In personality Dave Sebastian, working both the AM and FM stations at the time, hosted the vacated FM morning show until the arrival of Dees due to a clause in his contract. With Dees in mornings, KIIS became a CHR powerhouse in Los Angeles, in 1985, KIIS returned to a Top 40 format and simulcasted KIIS-FM morning and afternoon shows, while all other day parts had different disc jockeys. The simulcast continued until 1997, when KIIS AM flipped to Sports Talk as KXTA, simulcasting with XETRA-AM Tijuana/San Diego until 2005. In 1998, Jacor Communications acquired KAVS and KYHT, abandoning the format as High Desert Modern Rock 97.7 &105.3
2.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
3.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
4.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
5.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
6.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
7.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
8.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
9.
Australian Radio Network
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The Australian Radio Network is a group of commercial radio stations around Australia. It includes the Pure Gold, KIIS Network, The Edge, ARN has newsrooms in Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra, Brisbane and Adelaide. Originally ARN was a joint venture of Australian media conglomerate APN News & Media, on February 19,2014, it was reported that APN News & Media had agreed to purchase Clear Channels 50% stake in the Australian Radio Network. As a result, the Australian Radio Network is now owned by APN. The company continues to operate the Australian version of iHeartRadio, until 2014, ARN also included New Zealand radio networks Newstalk ZB, Classic Hits FM, ZM, Radio Sport, Radio Hauraki, Easy Mix, Flava and Coast. These are now part of the New Zealand Media and Entertainment, the Australian Radio Network broadcasts a number of digital only radio stations, in addition to simulcasts of existing AM and FM stations
10.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
11.
Malvern Star
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Malvern Star is a manufacturer of bicycles, located in Melbourne, Australia. It began in 1902, and went on to become a name in Australia. Malvern Star opened in a shop at 58 Glenferrie Rd. It was started by cyclist Tom Finnigan who established the shop with the prize he earned by winning the 1898 Austral Wheel Race, Finnigan specialised in touring and racing bikes, which he called Malvern Stars. The business grew with the popularity of cycling and despite competition from English, part of Finnigans success was due to the endorsement of Don Kirkham, one of the best-known Australian cyclists. Finnigan introduced a logo featuring a star, which matched a tattoo on his forearm. His family is still in the trade, running a shop in Northcote. Finnigan retired and on 1 June 1920, the business was bought by 24-year-old Bruce Small and his brothers, Frank and Ralph, joined in the business, enlarging the shop. Small offered prizes in races, resulting in 17-year-old racer Hubert Opperman winning a prize in 1921. Thus started a relationship, with Small friend and sponsor of Opperman. Small began a successful credit scheme, revolutionary at the time, the retail business expanded in 1923 to Gardenvale, and in 1925, the headquarters moved to Prahran. In 1928 a team comprising three Australians, Opperman, Percy Osborn and Ernest Bainbridge and one New Zealander Harry Watson entered the Tour De France, although they rode French bikes Malvern Star released a Tour De France model in recognition of their efforts. This model incorporated lessons learnt on the Tour including tubular tyres, with the Second World War, the supply of bicycle parts became scarce, so Malvern Star started manufacturing its own. Defence contracts help growth of the business, at its peak after the war, Malvern Star had 115 stores with 1,000 dealers. Opperman helped promote Malvern Star and make both a name in Australia. At the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Ian Browne and Tony Marchant won a medal on a Malvern Star tandem. Attached to the Malvern Star Factory was a Malvern Star Cycle Shop, Small employed John Lee to manage the South Melbourne store from 1950 to the late 1960s. In the 1970s, Malvern Star manufactured the Dragster line of wheelie bikes and these have since been commemorated with a stamp by the Australia Post
12.
Hubert Opperman
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Hubert rode a bicycle from the age of eight until his 90th birthday, when his wife Mavys, fearing for his health and safety, forced him to stop. His stamina and endurance in cycling earned Opperman the status of one of the greatest Australian sportsmen, Opperman was born in Rochester, Victoria in 1904 of British-German descent. His father, Adolphus Samuel Ferdinand Oppermann, had worked as a butcher, miner, timber-cutter, Hubert, the eldest of five children, learned as a child to plough with six horses and to ride bareback. He attended several schools and delivered Post Office telegrams by bicycle, sometime following Huberts birth, his parents moved to Western Australia, along with his uncle Albert Oppermann and his fathers cousins August, Emil and Hugo Oppermann. Bruce also became a competitive cyclist, and won several races in Victoria. It is not known when, or why, Hubert anglicised his surname and he came third in a cycling race at 17 in 1921. The prize was a bike by Malvern Star Cycles, a cycle shop in the Melbourne suburb of Malvern. The proprietor, Bruce Small, was so impressed he offered Opperman a role in the business, Opperman is the only rider to have won the Australian national road race title four times, in 1924,1926,1927 and 1929. The 1924,1926 and 1929 titles were awarded for winning the Blue Riband for fastest time in the Warrnambool to Melbourne Classic. In 1927 the Warrnambool to Melbourne was not run and the title was won by Opperman as the winner of the Dunlop Grand Prix, in the Goulburn to Sydney Classic Opperman was first and fastest in 1924 and 1929 and was fastest in 1930 setting a new race record. The championship was based solely on time, although there was also a race with riders divided into 4 grades. The race was run in as part of the celebrations of the Centenary of Victoria, Opperman had injured his knee in a fall in stage 4 near Wangaratta, but despite this he was still well placed at 3rd in the championship. He injured his knee again in a fall whilst descending from Mount Hotham, Opperman also cut his hand requiring stitches, which he refused until after the stage. He battled on to Sale, losing 27 minutes on the stage to Lamb and he attempted to finish the race, but was forced to abandon at Traralgon, said to be the first time Oppy had retired from a race. The Melbourne Herald and The Sporting Globe in Australia and The Sun in New Zealand started a fund in late 1927 to pay for an Australasia team to the Tour de France. Opperman went to Europe in April 1928 with Harry Watson of New Zealand and Ernie Bainbridge and he went to the six-day race at the Velodrome dHiver in Paris, where he met an Australian participant, Reggie McNamara. While the others looked on it more as a trip in which to collect a few souvenirs to take home and his arrival in France had been announced with some scepticism, Un beau mentir qui vient de loin is a French saying. His outstanding wins in Australia did not mean anything to the French riders, whom did he beat over there, anyway
13.
Medium wave
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Medium wave is the part of the medium frequency radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. Practical groundwave reception typically extends to 200–300 miles, with distances over terrain with higher ground conductivity. Most broadcast stations use groundwave to cover their listening area, Medium waves can also reflect off charged particle layers in the ionosphere and return to Earth at much greater distances, this is called the skywave. At night, especially in winter months and at times of low solar activity, when this happens, MF radio waves can easily be received many hundreds or even thousands of miles away as the signal will be reflected by the higher F layer. This can allow very long-distance broadcasting, but can also interfere with distant local stations, due to the limited number of available channels in the MW broadcast band, the same frequencies are re-allocated to different broadcasting stations several hundred miles apart. On nights of good skywave propagation, the signals of distant station may interfere with the signals of local stations on the same frequency. These channels are called clear channels, and they are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW and this arrangement had numerous practical difficulties. The Commerce Department rarely intervened in such cases but left it up to stations to enter into voluntary timesharing agreements amongst themselves, the addition of a third entertainment wavelength,400 meters, did little to solve this overcrowding. In 1923, the Commerce Department realized that as more and more stations were applying for commercial licenses, on 15 May 1923, Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover announced a new bandplan which set aside 81 frequencies, in 10 kHz steps, from 550 kHz to 1350 kHz. Each station would be assigned one frequency, no longer having to broadcast weather, class A and B stations were segregated into sub-bands. Today in most of the Americas, mediumwave broadcast stations are separated by 10 kHz and have two sidebands of up to ±5 kHz in theory, in the rest of the world, the separation is 9 kHz, with sidebands of ±4.5 kHz. Both provide adequate quality for voice, but are insufficient for high-fidelity broadcasting. In the US and Canada the maximum power is restricted to 50 kilowatts. Those stations which shut down completely at night are known as daytimers. In most cases there are two limits, a lower one for omnidirectional and a higher one for directional radiation with minima in certain directions. The power limit can also be depending on daytime and it is possible, other countries may only operate low-powered transmitters on the same frequency, again subject to agreement. For example, Russia operates a transmitter, located in its Kaliningrad exclave and used for external broadcasting. Due to the demand for frequencies in Europe, many countries operate single frequency networks, in Britain
14.
Market Street, Sydney
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Market Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sussex Street near Darling Harbour in the west, Market Street is located in the heart of the Sydney central business district shopping precinct. The two flagship David Jones department stores in Sydney are located in Market Street, diagonally across the Castlereagh Street intersection, Market Street provides the southern border of Pitt Street Mall and features such shopping centres as Centrepoint, the Queen Victoria Building and Sydney Central Plaza. The State Theatre is located between Pitt and George Street intersections, a footbridge at the end of Market street provides a direct link to Pyrmont Bridge and Darling Harbour. All traffic travels one way along Market Street, from east to west, a flyover is located at the end Market Street which links traffic to the Western Distributor and then Ultimo, Pyrmont, the Anzac Bridge and beyond. Market Street is where prominent cricketer Victor Trumper owned a sporting goods store and it was at this store in a series of meetings between Trumper, J J Giltinan and others, that the creation of the New South Wales Rugby Football League was conceived
15.
2UE
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Talking Lifestyle is a commercial radio station in Sydney, Australia owned by Macquarie Radio Network. In 1978, 2UE moved to 954 kHz and it is located at the studios in Greenwich, New South Wales in Sydneys North Shore. 2UE was the centre of the cash for comment affair, an Australian scandal that broke in 1999 and it concerned paid advertising on talk back radio that was presented to the audience in such a way as to sound like editorial commentary. The affair was first reported on the ABC program Media Watch by reporters Richard Ackland, Deborah Richards, the Australian Broadcasting Authority found that John Laws, Alan Jones, and 2UE had committed 90 breaches of the industry code and five breaches of 2UEs license conditions. 2UE was fined $360,000 for John Lawss improper conduct and this rating placed 2UE tenth out of the 14 surveyed stations. The 2UE drive show slipping a further 0.7 points after the firing of Jason Morrison in the middle of the survey, “We’d like to thank outgoing presenters Paul Murray and Jason Morrison from the Morning and Drive programs and wish them well in the future. We’re preparing for a big year for 2UE in 2014. ”Today, 2UE broadcasts a talk format, involving current affairs oriented programs with talkback across the day and more relaxed programming at nights. News updates are broadcast at the top of hour, provided by Macquarie Radio Network. Prior to April 2015, and before the merger of Fairfax Medias radio assets with the Macquarie Radio Network, bulletins were provided from their own newsrooms, over the years 2UE has been a constant rival of another Sydney station 2GB, which offers a similar format. In recent times, however, 2UE has slipped badly in the ratings, in April 2015, 2UE and 2GB would both be owned by the newly merged Macquarie Radio Network. On 9 April 2015 the 2UE newsroom was closed after 90 years and this is a result of the merger from April 1 of the Fairfax Radio Network with the Macquarie Radio Network which 2GB is part of. The news teams of both stations are being merged with significant job cuts, in September 2016, 2UE relaunched with new branding and programming moving away from its news talk position to a lifestyle format. Subsequently, in December 2013, FRN decided on a start to their coverage by including the Perth test match which commenced on 13 December 2013. Fairfax stated that Fairfax Radio Network will bring to its more than 60 years’ experience of broadcasting sport. The coverage will provide a commentary of all broadcast matches. The commentary team is anchored by Tim Lane and Bruce Eva, in February 2012 Mamdouh Habib won his claim and was awarded almost $150,000. 2UE was found to have defamed journalist Ray Chesterton in an August 2005 broadcast made by John Laws, list of Australian radio stations Official website
16.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
17.
British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
18.
Southern Hemisphere
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The Southern Hemisphere is the half sphere of Earth which is south of the equator. It contains all or parts of five continents, four oceans and its surface is 80. 9% water, compared with 60. 7% water in the case of the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains 32. 7% of Earths land. Due to the tilt of Earths rotation relative to the Sun, September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox. The South Pole is in the middle of the southern hemispherical region, Southern Hemisphere climates tend to be slightly milder than those at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much land, water heats up. In the Southern Hemisphere the sun passes from east to west through the north, sun-cast shadows turn anticlockwise throughout the day and sundials have the hours increasing in the anticlockwise direction. Cyclones and tropical storms spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect, the southern temperate zone, a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere, is nearly all oceanic. Forests in the Southern Hemisphere have special features which set apart from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Both Chile and Australia share, for example, unique species or Nothofagus. The eucalyptus is native to Australia but is now planted in Southern Africa and Latin America for pulp production and, increasingly. Approximately 800,000,000 humans live in the Southern Hemisphere and this is due to the fact that there is significantly less land in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. Africa Antarctica Asia Australia South America Zealandia Media related to Southern Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons
19.
Sydney Royal Easter Show
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The Sydney Royal Easter Show, also known as the Royal Easter Show or simply The Easter Show or The Royal, is an annual show held in Sydney, Australia over two weeks around Easter. It is run by the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales and was first held in 1823, queen Victoria awarded the society and its show the right to use the word Royal in its name. The Show is historically an event where city meets country and the industries of Australia can be shown. The Show comprises an agricultural show, an amusement park and a fair and combines the elements of each, showcasing the judging of livestock and produce. This comprehensive fair has many competitions including arts and crafts, photography and cookery, as well as tests of strength and skill such as wood chopping. The Show also has shopping, restaurants, commercial stands and exhibits, a display, a national accredited conformation dog show and cat show. In 2015,769,000 people attended the show, the Sydney Royal Easter Show is the largest event held in Australia, and the sixth largest in the world. The first Easter Show was held in 1823 by the newly formed Agricultural Society of New South Wales, the site was at Parramatta,24 kilometres west of the town of Sydney, and the display included horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. In 1998, the Show moved to a new showground within the Sydney Olympic Park precinct at Homebush Bay, the former Sydney Showground at Moore Park has since been converted into Fox Studios Australia with associated development known as The Entertainment Quarter. The Show has been every year since 1869 except during the severe outbreak of the Spanish flu in 1919. However, on one occasion a steer broke loose and plunged into the quarters of the Royal Agricultural Society. The Grand Parade continues to place, though on a somewhat smaller scale. Yielding to pressure from the public, the Show was later to be opened on Sundays, with the move to Homebush Bay, the Show was extended to two weeks. In 2007, a program took into account changes to NSW School Holidays. If Easter falls in March the Show is held outside of school holidays, the first purpose of the Show is specifically to encourage agriculture. One of the most popular sights at the show is the District Exhibits competition and these displays are set up by four districts of NSW and South East Queensland. Also displayed are other products such as fleeces, carcases of beef, wine, honey, cheese. There is also a show at which are judged both horticultural specimens and floral displays
20.
John Laws
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His distinctive voice earned him the nickname the Golden Tonsils. Despite retiring in 2007, Laws management confirmed in November 2010 that he would be returning to radio in February 2011, as the host of a programme on 2SM. Laws radio show was syndicated throughout Australia for many years and was one of the most popular. Although he commented regularly on topical news, Laws did not consider himself a journalist, saying he considered himself foremost to be an entertainer, born in Wau, Papua New Guinea, Laws contracted polio twice – once as a child, and again as a young man. Laws was educated at Mosman Preparatory School and Knox Grammar School in Sydney, Laws left 2UE two years later, and moved for a time to the Hunter Region, where he ran a farm. In 1962 he moved back to Sydney where he joined 2GB and his stint at 2UE continued until 1969, at which point Laws joined 2UWs line-up and remained there for 10 years. He returned to 2UE in 1979, this time for five years. He then moved to 2GB after a highly publicised bid for his services, the return of Laws was the primary cause of the station then being number one in Sydney for many years. Laws radio program was syndicated nationwide, with it especially popular in rural areas, capital city stations taking Laws include 4BC in Brisbane, 2CC in Canberra,101.7 HOFM in Hobart and Mix 1049 in Darwin. 1998 saw Laws make the move to television, with John Laws – In One Lifetime on Network Ten and LAWS on Foxtel. While LAWS continued until 2000, John Laws – In One Lifetime was dropped after two episodes – although the five episodes that were commissioned by Network 10 were aired later that year. However, his appeal began to wane, in 2002, station colleague and arch-rival Alan Jones moved from 2UE to 2GB, and soon took that station to the top talk position in Sydney. Laws also has recorded albums, and has written several best selling books. After 55 years on air, Laws announced on 25 June 2007 that he would retire at the end of the year, however, he was pre-empted by other media agencies, who broke the story at 9,00 am. Laws made the announcement at about 9,10 am, saying that he had planned to make the announcement at about 9,45 am, Laws last broadcast was on 30 November 2007, one week after the federal election. He began as always, Hello world, Im John Laws and signed off with his usual quote and he then left the 2UE building in Sydney in his distinctive Rolls Royce Phantom surrounded by hordes of cameramen. In August 2009, Laws revealed on Vega that he missed radio and this was followed five months later by an announcement by Laws manager, revealing that Laws had entered into negotiations with a number of radio stations, including 2SM. Laws management confirmed in November 2010 that he would be returning to radio and he currently presents the John Laws Morning Show on 2SM and the Super Radio Network
21.
Frank Packer
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Sir Douglas Frank Hewson Packer, KBE, was an Australian media proprietor who controlled Australian Consolidated Press and the Nine Network. He was a patriarch of the Packer family, Packer, became editor of The Sunday Times and was a founder of Smiths Weekly and The Daily Guardian, which was published by Smiths Newspaper Ltd. He attended Wahroonga Grammar School and Sydney Church of England Grammar School, in 1923, Packer became a cadet journalist on his fathers paper, The Daily Guardian. Four years later, he was a director of the company, in 1933, Packer started The Australian Womens Weekly and then transformed The Daily Telegraph into one of Australias leading newspapers. Packer inherited his interests on his fathers death in 1934. In 1936, he joined with Ted Theodores Sydney Newspapers and Associated Newspapers to form Australian Consolidated Press and he was chairman of ACP from 1936 until 1974. He launched the first Australian station to broadcast a schedule, TCN in Sydney. The Packer media empire was known for its conservative leanings, and was a backer of long-serving Prime Minister Robert Menzies. Packer was a yachtsman, boxer, golfer and polo player. He was on the Australian Jockey Clubs committee for 12 years and won the Caulfield Cup with his horse and he was also chairman of a syndicate that built the yachts Gretel and Gretel II to challenge for the Americas Cup in 1962 and 1970. In 1972, Sir Frank Packer sold his newspaper flagship, The Daily Telegraph, in 1992, journalist Max Walsh told the House of Representatives Select Committee on the Print Media that Frank Packer had exerted undue newsroom influence. Sir Frank was knee-deep in editorial policy of the Telegraph, Walsh said, Frank Packer was married to Gretel Joyce Bullmore on 24 July 1934 at All Saints Anglican Church, Woollahra. He had two sons, Clyde and Kerry, with his first wife, Gretel, Packer married for the second time in June 1964 to Florence Adeline Vincent in London. On 1 May 1974, Sir Frank Packer died of heart failure, on his death he passed his empire to Kerry, as he had fallen out with his elder son Clyde Packer in 1972. He was interred at the Packer family mausoleum at South Head Cemetery, Frank Packer was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1951. He was knighted in the Queens Birthday Honours of 1959, for services to journalism, in the New Years Honours of 1971 Sir Frank Packer was promoted within the Order of the British Empire to Knight Commander, for services to Australian and international yachting. He was inducted into the Americas Cup Hall of Fame in 1999, in the 2007 television bio-pic The King about comedian Graham Kennedy, Frank Packer was portrayed by Australian actor Leo Taylor. In the 2011 television miniseries Paper Giants, The Birth of Cleo, in the 2013 television miniseries Power Games, The Packer-Murdoch War, Frank Packer was played by Australian actor Lachy Hulme, who had previously portrayed Kerry Packer in Howzat
22.
Ben Chifley
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Joseph Benedict Ben Chifley was an Australian politician who was the 16th Prime Minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949. One of the few successful referendums to modify the Australian Constitution, born on 22 September 1885 in Bathurst, New South Wales, Chifley was the son of a blacksmith of Irish Roman Catholic descent. Chifley was raised mostly by his grandfather for nine years and his grandfather had lost his savings in the bank crash of 1892/93, and Chifley acquired a lifelong dislike of private banks at an early age. He was educated at Roman Catholic schools in Bathurst and joined the New South Wales Railways at age 15 and he was one of the founders of the AFULE and an active member of the Labor Party. In 1914 he married Elizabeth McKenzie, a staunch Presbyterian, the couple exchanged wedding vows in a Presbyterian church. Chifley remained a practising Catholic, but his marriage to a non-Catholic ignited criticism in certain Roman Catholic circles, in 1917 he was one of the leaders of a prolonged strike, which resulted in his dismissal. He was reinstated by Jack Langs New South Wales Labor government, Chifley represented his union before industrial tribunals and taught himself industrial law. In 1928, at his second try, Chifley won the seat of Macquarie in the House of Representatives, which covered Bathurst, Lithgow, and he was in general a supporter of the James Scullin governments economic policies, and in 1931 he became Minister for Defence. At the 1931 general election, the Scullin government was defeated in a landslide, during the Depression he survived on his wifes familys money and his part-ownership of the Bathurst newspaper the National Advocate. In 1935 the Lyons government appointed him a member of the Royal Commission on Banking and he submitted a minority report advocating that the private banks be nationalised. Although Frank Forde was nominally the number-two-man in the government, Chifley became the minister Curtin most relied on and he controlled most domestic policy while Curtin was preoccupied with the war effort. When Curtin died in July 1945, Forde became Prime Minister for eight days, Chifley defeated him in the leadership ballot, replacing him as Prime Minister and Curtin as Labor leader. It was the first time that a Labor government had elected to a second full term. In the post-war years, Chifley maintained wartime economic controls, including the highly unpopular petrol rationing and he did this partly to help Britain in its postwar economic difficulties. Feeling secure in power, Chifley decided it was time to advance towards Labors objective of democratic socialism and this was successfully opposed in the Australian High Court by the British Medical Association. The subsequent federal legislation in relation to benefits was deemed constitutional by the High Court. This paved the way for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, an important component of Australias modern public health system, the Mental Institutions Benefits Act paid the states a benefit equal to the charges upon the relatives of mental hospital patients, in return for free treatment. This legislation marked the entry of the Commonwealth into mental health funding, militant mining unions had caused industrial upsets for decades previously
23.
John Curtin
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John Joseph Ambrose Curtin was the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 1941 to 1945, and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1935 to 1945. Having first formed a minority government in 1941, Curtin led Labor to victory at the 1943 election, as the Member for Fremantle, Curtin was the first and to date only prime minister to represent an electorate outside the Eastern states. With the end of the war in sight, Curtin died in office on 5 July 1945 and was succeeded briefly by Frank Forde, Curtin was born in Creswick, Victoria in 1885. His father was an officer of Irish descent, and Curtin was initially raised a Roman Catholic. Curtin attended school until the age of 13, when he left to start working for a newspaper in Creswick and he soon became active in both the Australian Labor Party and the Victorian Socialist Party, which was a Marxist organisation. He wrote for radical and socialist newspapers and it is believed that Curtins first bid for elected office came at this time, when he stood for the position of secretary of the Brunswick Football Club and was defeated. He had earlier played for Brunswick between 1903 and 1907 and he also at this time stood as the Labor candidate for Balaclava in 1914. The strain of this led him to drink heavily and regularly. In 1917, he married Elsie Needham, the sister of Labor Senator Ted Needham, Curtin moved to Cottesloe near Perth in 1917 to become an editor for the Westralian Worker, the official trade union newspaper. He enjoyed the less pressured life of Western Australia and his views gradually moderated. He joined the Australian Journalists Association in 1917 and was elected Western Australian President in 1920 and he wore his AJA badge every day he was prime minister. In addition to his stance on rights, Curtin was also a strong advocate for the rights of women and children. In 1927, the Federal Government convened a Royal Commission on Child Endowment, Curtin was appointed as a member of that commission. Curtin stood for Parliament a second time in 1925, this time for Fremantle, Watson retired in 1928, and Curtin ran again, this time winning on the second count. William Watson chose to come out of retirement in 1931. After the loss, Curtin became the advocate for the Western Australian Government with the Commonwealth Grants Commission and he stood for his old seat in 1934 after Watson announced his retirement for the second time, and was able to win it back. When Scullin resigned as Labor Leader in 1935, Curtin stood in the election to replace him and his opponent was Frank Forde, a well known MP who had been closely associated with the economic policies of the Scullin Government. This led left wing factions and trade unions to support Curtin, in an attempt to block Forde from getting the leadership, with their support, Curtin was able to defeat Forde by just one vote to become Leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition
24.
Special Broadcasting Service
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The Special Broadcasting Service is a hybrid-funded Australian public broadcasting radio, online, and television network. SBS operates four TV channels and five radio networks, SBS Online is home to SBS On Demand video streaming service. SBS is one of five main networks in Australia. These started broadcasting in June 1975, with pre-recorded messages in seven and eight foreign languages, the following year, the Federal Government formed the Consultative Committee on Ethnic Broadcasting. Following the recommendation of this and subsequent committees, the Broadcasting and this legislation came into force on 1 January 1978, with the new broadcaster taking responsibility for 2EA and 3EA. SBS TV began test transmissions in April 1979 when it showed various foreign language programs on ABV-2 Melbourne, full-time transmission began at 6,30 p. m. on 24 October 1980, as Channel 0/28. The first program shown was a documentary entitled Who Are We. which was hosted by veteran news man Peter Luck, at the time, SBS was broadcasting on UHF Channel 28 and VHF Channel 0, with a planned discontinuation of the latter at some time in the future. Bruce Gyngell, who introduced television to Australia back in 1956, was given the task of introducing the first batch of programs on the new station. On 14 October 1983, the service expanded into Canberra, Cooma and its new slogan was the long-running Bringing the World Back Home. The network changed its name to SBS on 18 February 1985, SBS expanded to Brisbane, Adelaide, Newcastle, Wollongong, and the Gold Coast in June of that year. On 5 January 1986, SBS ceased broadcasting on the VHF channel 0 frequency, in August 1986, the government proposed legislation that would merge SBS into the ABC. This was highly unpopular with ethnic-minority communities, leading Prime Minister Bob Hawke to announce in 1987 that the amalgamation would not proceed. The SBS Radio and Television Youth Orchestra was launched in 1988 with founding conductor Matthew Krel, plans to introduce limited commercial-program sponsorship, and the establishment of SBS as an independent corporation with its own Charter, were put in place in July 1989. Eat Carpet, showcasing local and international films, was also launched in 1989. The proclamation of the Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 officially made SBS a corporation in 1991, throughout the early 1990s, SBS TV coverage was expanded further to include new areas such as the Latrobe Valley, Spencer Gulf, Darwin, northeast Tasmania, Cairns and Townsville. In 1992, SBSs radio and television facilities were moved to new headquarters in Artarmon, New South Wales, from their original studios at Bondi Junction. The new building was opened on the 10 November 1993 by Prime Minister Paul Keating. A national radio network was launched in January 1994, the new service initially covered Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Darwin, while original stations 2EA and 3EA were renamed Radio Sydney and Radio Melbourne, respectively
25.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
26.
Smoothfm
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Smoothfm is a network of two Australian commercial radio stations operated by NOVA Entertainment in Sydney and Melbourne. The format is focused on providing more music and less talk along with an eclectic easy-listening playlist, Vega launched in 2005 to target the baby boomer market of listeners in the 40 to 60 age bracket, with a mix of talk and music from the 1960s to the 2000s. The positioning statement for the network was On your wavelength with a blue squiggle, to coincide with the stations positioning statement the first song played at the launch was Van Morrisons Wavelength. However, station management state that the slow take-up was to be expected, in June 2006 the Sydney and Melbourne stations stopped sharing programmes. Both stations dropped their 40 years of music slogan and moved drive-time hosts Rebecca Wilson, the changes have been slow to grow market share, with the Sydney audience falling to 1. 7% in Sydney (No. 6,2006, but climbing slowly to 1. 8% in Melbourne, by the end of 2006, Vega had increased their ratings share in both cities and the Sydney station reached 2. 8%, while the Melbourne station reached 3%. It was hoped that this would encourage more listeners to sample the station, in the first radio survey of 2007, Vega in Sydney and Melbourne again both had small increases, with the Sydney station reaching 3% and the Melbourne station reaching 3. 3%. The stations best demographic performer on both stations in that survey, is the 25–39 age group. By the 4th radio survey of 2007, Vega in Sydney and Melbourne had gone over the 4% mark, with the Sydney station rating 4. 6% and the Melbourne station rating 4. 4%. In the 5th radio survey of 2008, Vega in Sydney had surpassed the 5% mark for the first time, the station also became the highest rating FM station in the 40–54 age group, knocking WS-FM off that position. In March 2010, Vega was rebranded under the name Classic Rock after failing to gain a significant audience low ratings, the rebrand occurred on Friday 12 March 2010 with the station competing against rivals Gold 104. 3/101.7 WSFM and Triple M. In May 2013, smoothfm launched in Sydney and Melbourne with Michael Buble as the face of the network, in February 2013, smoothfm extended broadcasting nationally on DAB+ to Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. It launched on 3 December 2013, dedicated to easy listening adult contemporary music, specific smoothfm smoothfm 95.3 – Sydney smoothfm 91.5 – Melbourne
27.
The Kyle and Jackie O Show
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The Kyle and Jackie O Show is an Australian breakfast radio show hosted by Kyle Sandilands and Jackie O on KIIS106.5 in Sydney. The show is syndicated in the drive slot on the KIIS Network across Australia. The Kyle and Jackie O Show commenced on 16 January 2005 on 2Day FM, Kyle and Jackie O replaced former 2Day FM breakfast hosts Judith Lucy, Peter Helliar and Kaz Cooke. The show has been Sydneys top-rated FM radio breakfast show for four years. From November 2009 until December 2011, Kyle and Jackie O were also broadcast nationally on Saturdays between 3 p. m. and 7 p. m. during the syndicated Take 40 Australia show. On 1 November 2013, it was announced the show will end on 2Day FM in December 2013 and move to rival station. The Kyle and Jackie O Show began on new station KIIS106.5 on 20 January 2014 with a nightly best bits program networked on the KIIS Network and regional radio stations. The show on KIIS106.5 instantly went to number 1 in the first radio survey for 2014 with the radio station 2Day FM failing in the ratings. In 2014, Kyle and Jackie O started a new show, The A-List with Kyle and Jackie O which also airs on KIIS106.5, in Sydney, and exported globally. A weekly 3 hour entertainment show featuring the biggest stars and the hottest music in the world, the Kyle and Jackie O Show airs weekdays in the breakfast radio time-slot from 6 am to 9,30 am on KIIS106.5. The syndicated show, The Kyle and Jackie O Hour of Power, airs in metro markets from 6 p. m to 7 p.9 Sea FM owned by EON Broadcasters on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland. Presented every hour, Jackies O News features Jackie delivering the mornings celebrity gossip, due to the popularity and longevity of this feature, Jackies O News will often break local and international celebrity news stories. Notable breaking stories have included the revealing of the names of finalists for the Gold Logie, spoilers and leaks are also aired during the segment. In November 2010, the name of a character in the hit TV show Packed to the Rafters was revealed. Every morning at 8 a. m. a listener is selected to answer 10 questions correctly within 60 seconds, the listener wins $100 for each correct answer, but is eligible for the top prize only if all 10 are answered correctly. Prior to their defection to KIIS, to Pop Quiz was $10000 and was played at 7am, late in 2012, the $10,000 Pop Quiz eventually changed format to become the $50,000 Pop Quiz every weekday, which was won on 26 November 2012. The Pop Quiz varies from $5000, $10000, $12000, $15000 or $20000 In its history, every morning at 6,30 a. m. a listener who is celebrating their birthday receives a prize, which is determined spinning the Birthday Wheel. This was originally a wooden wheel, but in January 2011 a new wheel was commissioned that includes hundreds of LED lights
28.
2Day FM
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2Day FM is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on a frequency of 104.1 MHz, and is part of Southern Cross Austereos Hit Network. 2Day FM was one of three stations to be granted new FM broadcasting licenses in Sydney in 1980, and commenced broadcasting on 2 August of that year. The original owners were well known media personalities John Laws, Mike Willesee, Village, originally the studios were located on the second floor of the Sovereign Inn at 220 Pacific Highway, Crows Nest. The building became the All Seasons hotel during the 2000s and in 2009 was demolished and re-developed into a commercial building. The original equipment comprised BMX Pacific Recorder mixing consoles, and CEI cartridge machines, the station was sold to the Lamb Family in February 1987, who sold it again to radio group Austereo in May 1989. Austereo also took over Level 26 of the building for group departments. With the move to new premises, 2Day FM also adopted digital audio playout, incorporating the DCS audio system built by Computer Concepts Ltd, sold and supported in Australia by Techtel. During the 1990s, 2Day FM enjoyed ratings success, especially with its breakfast program The Morning Crew, from 1995 to 1998, 2Day FM broadcast the highly successful Martin/Molloy drive program with Tony Martin and Mick Molloy. This program was networked to over 50 stations around Australia, and is considered one of Australias most successful FM radio shows, Martin and Molloy left the Today Network in late 1998 at the top of the ratings, citing the need for a break from the pressures of radio. Nights on 2Day FM have also been controversial and he told the girl her results were incorrect and that her marks had been adjusted. He played the segment to air after receiving permission to do so from the girls mother. However, her father was a lawyer and took legal action, the media responded and Rymer was suspended until further notice. The new show was not without its controversy either, with complaints about obscenity, oNeil resigned in 2000 and the show disintegrated, followed by their divorce in 2001. ONeil moved to the UK to present breakfast on Kerrang,105.2 and was replaced by the Brisbane-based Kyle Sandilands, while Jackie O remained as co-host. Peter Moon left the breakfast show in 2002 after infighting with Harmer became unbearable for him and he was replaced by yet another Melbourne comedian, Greg Fleet, who was poorly received by the Sydney radio listeners. When Harmer resigned in 2003, the station replaced her with Melbourne comedian Judith Lucy, Lucy was given free rein over the new show and installed two friends, Peter Helliar and Kaz Cooke, to co-host. The show was not a success in the ratings and the station received some of the worst breakfast ratings in its history. 2Day FM continued to broadcast from Bondi Junction until October 2005, the new premises included state of the art Klotz Digital equipment, and a street level studio
29.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
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Kiss FM Australia
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Kiss FM is a narrowcast dance music station, based in Melbournes CBD, and broadcasting on various frequencies between 87.6 and 88.0 FM in Melbourne. The stations programmes are also networked to Orbit FM, a local narrowcaster in Cairns, the station grew out of aspirant community licensee Kiss 90 FM, which lost out for a full-time license in 2001, and Sydney and Brisbane narrowcaster Rhythm FM. Rhythm FM was bought by some of the management of Kiss 90. Kiss FM currently has active transmitters at Flemington, Geelong, Kangaroo Ground, Melbourne City, today, the station is managed by Timmy Byrne. It is the home of duo TRANCEGRESSION, which features live DJ mixes including vocal hard trance though to hardstyle, annually, the station hosts a dance party on Australia Day -26 January - at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl, known as Kiss My Grass. All radio hosts are invited to play a 45-minute set to an audience exceeding 10,000, in late 2013, Kiss FM had unsuccessfully attempted to prevent commercial radio network Australian Radio Network rebranding its Mix Network stations - initially only in Sydney - to the similar KIIS. At the time of the attempt, Kiss FMs trademark had expired, however, in February 2014, the two parties reached a confidential agreement, and the issue never made it to court. In November 2014, it was confirmed that Mix 101.1 would rebrand as KIIS, and did so in January 2015
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Nova 100
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Nova 100 is a commercial radio station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, broadcasting on 100.3 MHz. The station is owned by NOVA Entertainment along with sister station, Nova 100 commenced on the Melbourne airwaves on Monday 3 December 2001 with Kate Langbroek being the first voice heard on the station. It was the first new radio station in Melbourne for 21 years. Hughesy, Kate & Dave was the inaugural breakfast show with Dave Hughes, Kate Langbroek, Dave ONeil later resigned and moved to Vega 91.5 in July 2006. Both Dave Hughes and Kate Langbroek remained with the station until November 2013, in December 2013, Meshel Laurie and Tommy Little replaced Dave Hughes and Kate Langbroek with their new show Meshel & Tommy. In November 2015, Nova announced that Chrissie Swan, Sam Pang and Jonathan Brown will host breakfast in 2016 after Meshel Laurie, Chrissie, Sam & Browny commenced in January 2016. Meshel currently hosts the breakfast show Matt & Meshel on KIIS101.1 along with Matt Tilley, in December 2016, Nova announced that it will network Greg Burns and Dan Cassin from Nova 96.9 as opposed to local announcers. Along with its sister stations Nova 96.9 Sydney, Nova 106.9 Brisbane, Nova 91.9 Adelaide and Nova 93.7 Perth, Nova 100 operates on the 100.3 MHz FM frequency from the TXA Obseratory Rd tower on Mount Dandenong. The transmitter is a Broadcast Electronics FM 10S with an FXi digital exciter and its transmitter power is 9. 5KW which gives a 56 kw ERP. Chrissie, Sam & Browny Greg Burns Dan Cassin Kate, Tim & Marty Smallzys Surgery Matt Smithson Sophia Lazarides Michelle Stephenson Nova 100 Nova 100 Facebook Nova 100 Twitter
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Hit90.9 Sea FM Gold Coast
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Hit90.9 Sea FM Gold Coast is a radio station on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is part of the Southern Cross Austereo Hit Network, and is also the hub for the regional Hit Stream. The Sea FM brand name and original logo was created by Gold Coast Broadcasters Pty Ltd for just the one station -90.9 Sea FM - after the Gold Coast was granted a new commercial FM licence. 90.9 Sea FM began broadcasting in 1989 with programming consulted by Austereo and it was reported that Major had been replaced due to a significant increase in ratings for the breakfast show during Robinsons stint as co-host. On December 152016 Sea FM Gold Coast became known as Hit 90.9 Sea FM in Southern Cross Austereo’s mass re-branding of its radio network. Along with Sea FM Central Coast they were able to retain their name for the moment
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Sydney central business district
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The Sydney central business district is the main commercial centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established, due to its pivotal role in Australias early history, it is one of the oldest established areas in the country. Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in the north to Central railway station in the south, at the 2011 Australian Census, the CBD recorded a population of 14,308. Sydney CBD is very used to refer not only to the CBD proper. The Sydney CBD is Australias main financial and economic centre, as well as a hub of economic activity for the Asia-Pacific region. The city centre employs approximately 13% of the Sydney regions workforce and it produced $64.1 billion worth of goods and services in 2011–12. Culturally, the city centre is Sydneys focal point for nightlife and it is also home to some of the citys most significant buildings and structures. The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by parks such as Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Gardens. George Street is the Sydney CBDs main north–south thoroughfare, the CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to the course of the original Tank Stream, bridge Street, took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Pitt Street is the heart of the city which includes the Pitt Street Mall. Macquarie Street is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House, administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, the Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. Sydneys CBD is serviced by rail, light rail, buses. There is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five additional CBD stations, plus a spur line to Bondi Junction which services two. The only light rail line currently operating links the southern part of the CBD, buses, both government-run and privately owned, service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an bus service that operates between midnight and 5, 00am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay, on the edge of the CBD
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Neutral Bay, New South Wales
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Neutral Bay is a harbourside suburb on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Neutral Bay is around 1.5 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, Neutral Bay takes its name from the bay on Sydney Harbour. Kurraba Point, formerly a locality in Neutral Bay, was declared a suburb in 2010. Surrounding suburbs include North Sydney, Cammeray, Milsons Point, Cremorne and Cremorne Point, the name Neutral Bay originates from the time of the early colonial period of Australia, where different bays of Sydney harbour were zoned for different incoming vessels. This bay was where all foreign vessels would dock, hence the name neutral, the Aboriginal name for the area was Wirra-birra. In 1789, soon after the arrival of the First Fleet in Sydney, Governor Arthur Phillip declared this bay a neutral harbour where ships could anchor and take on water. Neutral Bay was far away from Sydney Cove to discourage convicts from escaping on these vessels. This style was an attempt to get away from mass production, notable examples soon appeared in the area. Brent Knowle, in Shellcove Road, was designed by Bertrand James Waterhouse and it influenced home design in the area for at least the next fifteen years and has a state heritage listing. A different style was used for The Cobbles, also in Shellcove Road, designed by Peddle and Thorp and built in 1918, it made great use of natural stones and pebbles to achieve the desired look. It is an Australian interpretation of the California Bungalow style and has a heritage listing. The Gables, in Spruson Street, was another Waterhouse design and was built in 1920 and it was influenced by the shingle style which was brought to Sydney by Horbury Hunt, and featured prominent gables and extensive use of shingles. More Waterhouse designs appeared in Shellcove Road in the vicinity of The Cobbles, an outstanding example is Ailsa, which was designed by Waterhouse for Captain Robert Craig and built in 1908. It has a heritage listing. Along with Keynsham, St Annes, and Gundimaine House, these form a significant heritage group and have a state heritage listing. Neutral Bay was also the home of the English-born childrens author and painter May Gibbs, who lived for a time in Derry, afterwards, she moved to the home Nutcote in nearby Kurraba Point. The main shopping district of Neutral Bay, known as Neutral Bay Junction, is along Military Road and it features many quality shops, restaurants and cafes. The Big Bear shopping centre is a mall that features a supermarket
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North Ryde, New South Wales
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North Ryde is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. North Ryde is located 15 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, North Ryde is in the Northern Suburbs region of Sydney. One of Australias major business districts, North Ryde is home to many multi-national corporations such as Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, Oracle, Dimension Data, the suburb is the site of Macquarie University and its residents include those from the university academe and the research sector. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation also has a site on Delhi Road in the Riverside Corporate Park. North Ryde shares the postcode of 2113 with adjacent suburbs Macquarie Park and these suburbs were once part of North Ryde and many businesses and residences in these suburbs still advertise their address as being in North Ryde. Adjacent Macquarie University was issued with its own postcode by Australia Post,2109, the earliest reference to the area being known as North Ryde appears to be after the districts first public school changed its name from City View Public School to North Ryde Public School in 1877. North Ryde was mainly farming area, until in 1897, it was sold to a Catholic parish, North Ryde is an extension of the adjacent suburb of Ryde which was named after the Ryde Store, a business run by G. M. Pope. He adopted the name from his birthplace of Ryde on the Isle of Wight, Ryde was the name used from the 1840s and adopted as the name of the municipality in 1870. The whole area between the Parramatta and Lane Cove Rivers was originally known by its Aboriginal name Wallumatta, the Aboriginal name survives in a local park, the Wallumatta Nature Reserve, located at the corner of Twin and Cressy roads, North Ryde. Ryde is the third oldest settlement in Australia, after Sydney, the area between the Parramatta and Lane Cove Rivers was originally known by white settlers as the Field of Mars and then the Eastern Farms. North Ryde was established in the mid 19th century as a district, in what was a heavily vegetated area. The Field of Mars Common was considered dangerous, as escaped convicts, North Rydes main street is Coxs Road, which was originally sandstone-lined to make it easier to haul goods up from the wharf on the Lane Cove River to the top of the hill. Coxs Road was named after Joseph Cox who owned land and lived in the area and his home there was called Pomona. Coxs Road was spelt with an apostrophe until recent times, extensions were built in 1907 with the North Ryde Library Branch located here. The original building was demolished in 1980 and a new Community Centre, School of Arts, three gas street lamps were installed in Coxs Road in the 1920s. One has been restored and is in front of the schoolhouse, the Coxs Road Shopping Centre was destroyed by a suspicious fire around 1990 and a new shopping mall was built with improved amenities. In 1928 the Chatswood Motorcycle Club built a course in the now known as the Commandment Rock Picnic Area of Lane Cove National Park. The North Ryde circuit was a version of off-road speedway
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Rebecca Judd
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Rebecca Judd is an Australian model, television presenter and the wife of former Australian Football League player Chris Judd. She is currently host of Victorian-based travel program Postcards and was previously weekend weather presenter on Nine News Melbourne, in September 2004, Judd received considerable media attention due to her wearing a revealing red Tarvydas dress to the Brownlow Medal presentation. The dress was custom-made by Perth designer Ruth Tarvydas and was valued at A$2000, although Chris Judd, at that time her boyfriend, won the Brownlow Medal, much of the media attention focused on Judds dress. Following the Brownlow presentation, Judd received a number of offers from Australian television networks and her first television role was as a guest presenter on Nine Perth program Just Add Water. Judd also presented a report about Melbourne Cup fashion for Seven News in October 2006. The following year, Judd started presenting the weather for Seven News in Perth. Her presenting role drew criticism from public, who complained that she looked anorexic. She spoke out against the claims, saying that she had never suffered from an eating disorder, Seven News director Shaun Menegola said it was a shame Judd had been attacked by some viewers and explained that her tall stature meant she looked thinner on camera. She is also an ambassador for Myer, attending events such as the Melbourne Cup. In 2011, Judd joined the Nine Network as host of Victorian-based travel program Postcards, in the second quarter of 2013, she filled in for Livinia Nixon presenting the weather on Nine Afternoon News and Nine News Melbourne whilst Nixon was on maternity leave with her second child. In April 2014, Judd was appointed weather presenter on Nine News Melbourne. In May 2014, Judd designed a fashion collection with Australian fashion brand Skin. In November 2016, Judd resigned from Nine News Melbourne to spend time with her family. She will continue to host Postcards, in January 2017, Judd joined the KIIS Network to host the 3PM Pick-Up along Katie Monty Dimond and Yumi Stynes. In September 2007, Judd announced that she would be moving to Melbourne with then boyfriend Chris Judd and she completed her studies in speech and language pathology at La Trobe University in 2008 and worked in adult rehabilitation at the Alfred Hospital. On 31 December 2010, Judd married Chris Judd at Melbournes Carousel at Albert Park and they have a son, Oscar Dylan, and a daughter, Billie Kate. In April 2016, the announced they are expecting twins in October. On the 29th of September 2016, Rebecca gave birth to twins Tom Andrew, Rebecca Judd at the Internet Movie Database
