1.
Aktiengesellschaft
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Aktiengesellschaft is a German word for a corporation limited by share ownership and may be traded on a stock market. The term is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol and it is also used in Luxembourg, though the French-language equivalent, Société Anonyme, is more common. An English translation can therefore be share corporation, in German the use of the term Aktien for shares is restricted to Aktiengesellschaften. Shares in other types of German companies are called Anteile rather than Aktien, in Germany and Austria, the legal basis of the AG is the German Aktiengesetz or the Austrian Aktiengesetz. In Switzerland, the Company Limited by Shares is defined in Title Twenty-Six of the Code of Obligations, article 950 specifies that the business name must indicate the legal form. German AGs have a two-tiered board structure, consisting of a supervisory board, the supervisory board is generally controlled by shareholders, although employees may have seats, depending on the size of the company. The management board directly runs the company, but its members may be removed by the supervisory board, some German AGs have management boards which determine their own remuneration, but that situation is now relatively uncommon. The general meeting is the governing body of a Swiss company limited by shares. It elects the board of directors and the external auditors, the board of directors may appoint and dismiss persons entrusted with managing and representing the company. Chapter 4, The History of Corporate Ownership and Control in Germany, a History of Corporate Governance around the World, Family Business Groups to Professional Managers. Ownership and Control of German Corporations
2.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
3.
SIX Swiss Exchange
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SIX Swiss Exchange, based in Zurich, is Switzerlands principal stock exchange. SIX Swiss Exchange also trades other securities such as Swiss government bonds, the main stock market index for the SIX Swiss Exchange is the blue-chip index, the SMI, or Swiss Market Index. The index consists of the 20 most significant and most liquid large, SIX Swiss Exchange was the first stock exchange in the world to incorporate a fully automated trading, clearing and settlement system in 1995. The exchange is controlled by an association of 55 banks, each of these banks has equal voting rights in the matter of decision making concerning the management and regulation of the exchange. SIX Swiss Exchange is the joint owner of Eurex, the worlds largest futures and derivatives exchange along with their German partners Deutsche Börse. In July 2004 however SIX Swiss Exchange rejected a proposal from the German company. Was renamed SIX Swiss Exchange in 2008 Merged with SIS Group, SIX SIS Ltd which provides securities settlement and custody services. SIX SAG Ltd providing share registry service, SIX Financial Information providing financial information services. SIX pay, multipay providing payment services within Switzerland and Europe, SIX Payment Services providing payment services within Europe, Scandinavia, US, Australia and in the UAE. SIX Interbank Clearing AG, running the Swiss Interbank Clearing system providing interbank clearing or real-time gross settlement on behalf of the bank of Switzerland the Swiss National Bank. SIC became part of the SIX Group in 2008 as part of a merger of the financial market infrastructure providers in Switzerland. The exchanges normal trading sessions are from 09,00 to 17,30 on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays, list of stock exchanges Official site
4.
Motorcycle
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A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes, long travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2014, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda, Yamaha, and Hero MotoCorp, in developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, according to the United States Department of Transportation the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars. The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction, there are three major types of motorcycle, street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes, there is often a racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture, the first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen and it was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. The first commercial design for a cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, the vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over the driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a valve lever. No braking system was fitted, the vehicle was stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever, the driver was seated between the front wheels. It wasnt, however, a success, as Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing, many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the worlds first motorcycle
5.
Automotive
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The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, some of them are called automakers. It is one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue, the term automotive was created from Greek autos, and Latin motivus to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by Elmer Sperry, the automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, at that time the U. S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U. S. produced about 75 percent of auto production. In 1980, the U. S. was overtaken by Japan, in 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U. S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U. S. production, with 10.3 million units, from 1970 over 1998 to 2012, the number of automobile models in the U. S. has grown exponentially. Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, in the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies there is no risk of damage. Safety in the industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international. The standard ISO26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety. In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle and this procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material, however, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres of gasoline, the automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the generations of people no longer want to own a car anymore
6.
Mattighofen
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Mattighofen is a town in the district of Braunau am Inn, part of the Innviertel region, in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Initially Mattighofen belonged to the duchy of Bavaria, that became a part of Francia. In 757 a Kaiserpfalz of the ruling Carolingian dynasty was documented here, on the Frankfurt synod of 1007 Emperor Henry II granted the Mattighofen estates to the newly created Bishopric of Bamberg. Mattighofen received town privileges in 1986, Mattighofen is the headquarters of the KTM brand, which produces Automobiles, Motorcycles and bicycles
7.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
8.
Sports car
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A sports car is a small, usually two seater, two door automobile designed for spirited performance and nimble handling. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the first known use of the term was in 1928, Sports cars may be spartan or luxurious, but high maneuverability and minimum weight are requisite. The basis for the car is traced to the early 20th century touring cars and roadsters. These raced in rallies, such as the Herkomer Cup, Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt. These would shortly be joined by the French DFP and the Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. In 1921, Ballot premiered its 2LS, with a remarkable 75 hp DOHC two liter, designed by Ernest Henry, capable of 150 km/h, at most, one hundred were built in four years and this was followed by the SOHC 2LT and 2LTS. The same year, Benz built a supercharged 28/95PS four for the Coppa Florio, duerkopps Zoller-blown two liter in 1924, as well. There was a clear cleavage by 1925, by the end of the 1920s, AC produced a 2-liter six, the 3. Benz introduced the powerful SS and SSK, and Alfa Romeo, hispano-Suizas Alfonso XIII is considered the first sportcar developed between 1911 and 1914. Two companies would offer really reliable sports cars, Austin with the Seven, the drive train and engine layout significantly influences the handling characteristics of an automobile, and is crucially important in the design of a sports car. The front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is common to cars of any era and has survived longer in sports cars than in mainstream automobiles. Examples include the Caterham 7, Mazda MX-5, and the Chevrolet Corvette, more specifically, many such sports cars have a FMR layout, with the centre of mass of the engine between the front axle and the firewall. In search of improved handling and weight distribution, other layouts are sometimes used, the RMR layout is commonly found only in sports cars—the motor is centre-mounted in the chassis, and powers only the rear wheels. Some high-performance sports car manufacturers, such as Ferrari and Lamborghini have preferred this layout, Porsche is one of the few remaining manufacturers using the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. The motors distributed weight across the wheels, in a Porsche 911, provides excellent traction, Porsche has continuously refined the design and in recent years added electronic driving aids to counteract these inherent design shortcomings. The front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout layout which is the most common in sport compacts and hot hatches, however, its conservative handling effect, particularly understeer, and the fact that many drivers believe rear wheel drive is a more desirable layout for a sports car count against it. The Fiat Barchetta, Saab Sonett, and Berkeley cars are cars with this layout. Before the 1980s few sports cars used four-wheel drive, which had added a lot of weight
9.
Euro
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Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
10.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
11.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
12.
Husaberg
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Husaberg was a manufacturer of enduro motorcycles with four and two-stroke engines, the displacements ranging from 125 cc to 650 cc. Originally based in Sweden, its motorcycles were developed and manufactured in Austria by parent company KTM until the line was retired in 2014. Husaberg Motor AB was established in 1988 from the circumstances arisen out of the purchase of the division of Swedish company Husqvarna by Italian Cagiva in 1987. Cagiva shifted the production of motorcycles to Varese, Italy, a group of engineers led by Thomas Gustavsson decided to stay back in Sweden and continue to work on their project. Husaberg Motor AB was registered in January 1988, the other Husqvarna employees who joined Husaberg were Ruben Helmin, Urban Larsson, Björn Elwin. Roland Söderqwist, a small Swedish mechanical firm owner was involved in the Foundation of the company. The first factory was set up in a woodshed at lake Vättern in the town of Husabergs Udde from which the name of the company is derived. The name Husaberg was only made official by Gustavsson when entering a race at Skillingaryd. Good results on the tracks could not compensate for slow sales, Husabergs previous slogan, Ready to Race was adopted by KTM as its own. Husabergs current slogan is now Pure Enduro In 2014 Husaberg celebrated not only its 25th anniversary, Husqvarna will be using Husabergs technology while keeping the better-known brand name of Husqvarna. The new motorcycles uses the blue, yellow and white colors of Husqvarna. The earlier Husaberg engines were known to have premature engine failures due to the fact that they do not have an oil pump, the reliability and quality of the engines have improved over the years and, from 1997 on, have been comparable to that of more established brands. Husaberg won the FIM500 cc Motocross World Championship with Belgian rider Joël Smets in 1995,1997 and 1998 and they also won 6 Enduro World Championships in 1990,1991,1995,1996 and 1998. Three more Junior Enduro World Championships followed in 2005/2006 by Joakim Ljunggren, the Swedish military used Husaberg motorcycles, notably for the demonstration team, the Arméns Lejon. The current lineup includes enduro models only, the supermoto, motocross and cross-country models have been discontinued. The model names are all composed of two letters, F as Four-Stroke and T as Two-Stroke both followed by an E as in Enduro, some older models were also listed with the number of gears,4 or 6. Another identifiiny letter as a suffix was an e indicatiing the motorcycle had and this is the last opportunity to own a pure Husaberg. All models will have new 25th anniversary graphics, the 250 four-strokes will be getting an all new engine, new exhaust system and an all new ECU
13.
Husqvarna Motorcycles
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Husqvarna Motorcycles GmbH, designs, engineers, manufactures and distributes motocross, enduro, supermoto motorcycles and mopeds. The company began producing motorcycles in 1903 at Huskvarna, Sweden, Husqvarna was founded near the town of the same name in Sweden in 1689. As a maker of muskets, the logo depicts a gun sight viewed from the end of the barrel. As with many manufacturers, Husqvarna first began producing bicycles in the late 19th century. In 1903, they made the jump to motorcycle manufacturing, the first Husky motorcycles used imported engines, and it wasnt until 1918 that Husqvarna began producing machines built entirely in-house. Around that time secured a contract with the Swedish Army and began entering cross-country. Husqvarna competed in Grand Prix road racing in the 350cc and 500cc classes during the 1930s and was Swedens largest motorcycle manufacturer by 1939, all of the racing bikes were based on a 50-degree V-twin prototype built by Folke Mannerstedt in 1931. The company team beat the Norton Works team at the Swedish GP in 1931 with a 1–2 finish by Ragnar Sundqvist and this and the next years success led to a full commitment to the GP tracks with Stanley Woods and Ernie Nott joining the Husqvarna riding team. That year, Nott finished 3rd in the 350cc Junior TT, in 1935 the company withdrew racing support, but new bikes were still produced and raced privately, while the company focused on producing a new 2-stroke, 2-speed commuter bike. That year, Stanley Woods won the Swedish GP on a 500cc Husqvarna motorcycle that weighted 279 pounds, in the 1960s, their lightweight, two-stroke engined off-road bikes helped make the once dominant British four-stroke motorcycles obsolete. In 1987, the Husqvarna motorcycle division was sold to Italian motorcycle manufacturer Cagiva, the motorcycles, widely known as Huskies/ Husky, were then produced in Varese. Gerald Delepine, riding a Husqvarna SMR660, became world champion in 2005. In 2008, Adrien Chareyre took the title, riding an SM530RR, in July 2007, Husqvarna motorcycles was purchased by BMW for a reported 93000000 €. BMW Motorrad planned to continue operating Husqvarna Motorcycles as a separate enterprise, all development, sales and production activities, as well as the workforce, remained at its location in Varese, in Italy. BMW intended to position Husqvarna as the version of what Mini is to the BMWs car division. On 31 January 2013 BMW Group announced that Pierer Industrie AG has bought full stake in Husqvarna AG for an undisclosed amount, the company is headed by Stefan Pierer, current CEO of KTM-Sportmotorcycle AG. On 1 October 2013, Husqvarna AG was renamed to Husqvarna Sportmotorcycle GmbH and it was announced that the company will be based at Mattighofen in Austria where production started on 11 October 2013. Owing to the ownership of Husqvarna and Husaberg by Stefan Pierer, Husaberg will cease to exist as a marque
14.
Bajaj Auto
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Bajaj Auto Limited is an Indian two-wheeler and three-wheeler manufacturing company. Bajaj Auto manufactures and sells motorcycles, scooters and auto rickshaws, Bajaj Auto is a part of the Bajaj Group. It was founded by Jamnalal Bajaj in Rajasthan in the 1940s and it is based in Pune, Mumbai, with plants in Chakan, Waluj and Pantnagar in Uttarakhand. The oldest plant at Akurdi now houses the R&D centre Ahead, Bajaj Auto is the worlds sixth-largest manufacturer of motorcycles and the second-largest in India. It is the worlds largest three-wheeler manufacturer, on May 2015, its market capitalisation was ₹640 billion, making it Indias 23rd largest publicly traded company by market value. The Forbes Global 2000 list for the year 2012 ranked Bajaj Auto at 1,416, Bajaj Auto came into existence on 29 November 1944 as M/s Bachraj Trading Corporation Private Limited. It started off by selling imported two- and three-wheelers in India, in 1959, it obtained a licence from the Government of India to manufacture two-wheelers and three-wheelers and it became a public limited company in 1960. In 1970, it rolled out its 100, 000th vehicle, in 1977, it sold 100,000 vehicles in a financial year. In 1985, it started producing at Waluj near Aurangabad, in 1986, it sold 500,000 vehicles in a financial year. In 1995, it rolled out its ten millionth vehicle and produced, with the launch of motorcycles in 1986, the company has changed its image from a scooter manufacturer to a two-wheeler manufacturer. Bajaj manufactures and sells motorcycles, scooters, auto-rickshaws and most recently, Bajaj Auto is Indias largest exporter of motorcycles and three-wheelers. Bajaj Autos exports accounted for approx, 47% of its exports are made to Africa. Boxer motorcycle is the largest selling brand in Africa. In FY 2012-13, it sold approximately 3.76 million motorcycles which accounted for 31% of the share in India. Of these, approximately 2.46 million motorcycles were sold in India, RE Compact RE Compact 4S RE Optima RE Maxima It is the worlds largest manufacturer of 3-wheelers and accounts for almost 84% of Indias three-wheeler exports. During the FY 2012-13, it sold approx,480,000 three-wheelers which was 57% of the total market share in India. Out of these 480,000 three-wheelers, 53% were exported, on 3 January 2012, Bajaj auto unveiled the Bajaj RE60, a mini car for intra-city urban transportation. The target customer group will be Bajajs three-wheeler customers, germanys Daimler-Benz, a long-time collaborator with Firodia because of their ownership of the original Tempo works in Germany, owned 16% of Bajaj Tempo
15.
Types of motorcycles
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There are many systems for classifying types of motorcycles, describing how the motorcycles are put to use, or the designers intent, or some combination of the two. Six main categories are recognized, cruiser, sport, touring, standard, dual-purpose. Sometimes sport touring motorcycles are recognized as a seventh category, strong lines are sometimes drawn between motorcycles and their smaller cousins, mopeds, scooters, and underbones, but other classification schemes include these as types of motorcycles. There is no system for classifying all types of motorcycles. There are also informal classifications or nicknames used by manufacturers, riders, street motorcycles are motorcycles designed for being ridden on paved roads. They have smooth tires with a tread pattern and engines generally in the 125 cc. Most are capable of speeds up to 100 mph, and many of speeds in excess of 125 mph, standards, also called naked bikes or roadsters, are versatile, general-purpose street motorcycles. They are recognized primarily by their upright riding position, partway between the reclining posture of the cruisers and the forward leaning sport bikes. Footpegs are below the rider and handlebars are high enough to not force the rider to reach far forward, because of their flexibility, lower costs and their engines of moderate output, standards are particularly suited to motorcycle beginners. Standards usually do not come with fairings or windscreens, or if they have them, standard is often a synonym for naked bike, a term that became popular in the 1990s in response to the proliferation of fully faired sport bikes. The standard seemed to have disappeared, fueling nostalgia for the return of the Universal Japanese Motorcycle, which were admired for their simplicity, quality, and versatility. Muscle bike is a nickname for a type, derived from either a standard or sport bike design. Roadster is equivalent to standard or naked, cruisers are styled after American machines from the 1930s to the early 1960s, such as those made by Harley-Davidson, Indian, and Excelsior-Henderson. Harley-Davidsons largely define the category, and large-displacement V-twin engines are the norm, although other engine configurations. Their engines are tuned for torque, making them less demanding to ride because it is not necessary to shift as frequently to accelerate or maintain control. The riding position places the feet forward and the hands are up relatively high, cruisers have limited cornering ability due to a lack of ground clearance. Choppers are a type of cruiser, so called because they are a chopped, or cut-down, choppers are usually custom projects that result in a bike modified to suit the owners ideals, and, as such, are a source of pride and accomplishment. Stereotypically, a chopper may have raked-out forks, small fuel tanks, choppers were popularised in the Peter Fonda film Easy Rider
16.
KTM X-Bow
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The KTM X-Bow is an ultra-light sports car for road and race use, produced by Austrian motorcycle manufacturer KTM. It is the first car in their product range and it was launched at the Geneva Motor Show in 2008. KTM developed the X-Bow in collaboration with Kiska Design, Audi, the X-Bow uses a turbocharged four-cylinder 2.0 litre Audi engine. The 2008 model produces 237 hp at 5500 rpm and 310 newton metres of torque between 2000 and 5500 rpm. and can accelerate from 0-62 mph in 3.9 seconds and its top speed is 217 km/h. In the 2011 X-Bow R model the Audi engine is tuned to produce 300 hp and 400 newton metres of torque at 3300 rpm. Originally, KTM planned a production of 500 units per year, however, the FIA-homologated KTM X-BOW GT4 is available for racing purposes. The car has been raced at annual Race of Champions events since 2008, marcus Clutton and Phil Keen won the supersports call of the 2009 British GT season, and Peter Belshaw and Clutton were the GT4 champions in the 2011 season. The KTM X-BOW Battle race series started in 2010 and was an event for the DTM German Touring Car series at Adria Raceway in 2010. In a March 2012 episode of Top Gear, presenter Jeremy Clarkson drove a X-Bow around Donington Park circuit in England and he applauded the tyres grip, saying during a James May-inspired session of doughnuts, Its like driving on superglue. The GT4 X-Bow powered Brett Sandberg to the 2016 Pirelli World Challenge GTS Championship with multiple wins along the way. The X-Bow R model recently appeared in the free DriveClub Ignition Expansion Pack, Real Racing 3 and Forza Horizon 3,2008 Sports Car of the Year, Top Gear Polaris Slingshot KTM X-Bow official website KTM X-Bow R Exterior and Interior in 3D 4K UHD
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DKW
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DKW is a German car and motorcycle marque. The company and brand is one of the companies of the modern day Audi company as one of the four companies that formed Auto-Union. In 1916, Danish engineer Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen founded a factory in Zschopau, Saxony, Germany and that year he attempted to produce a steam-driven car, called the DKW. Although unsuccessful, he made a two-stroke toy engine in 1919, in 1932, DKW merged with Audi, Horch and Wanderer to form Auto Union. After World War II, DKW moved to West Germany, with the factory becoming MZ. Auto Union came under Daimler-Benz ownership in 1957 and was purchased by the Volkswagen Group in 1964, the last German-built DKW car was the F102, which ceased production in 1966. Its successor, the four-stroke F103, was marketed under the Audi brand, dKW-badged cars continued to be built under license in Brazil and Argentina until 1967 and 1969 respectively. DKW cars were made from 1928 until 1966, apart from an interruption caused by the Second World War, dKWs always used two-stroke engines, reflecting the companys position by the end of the 1920s as the worlds largest producer of motorcycles. More significant was a series of cars built 300 km to the south in Zwickau in the plant acquired by the companys owner in 1928 when he had become the majority owner in Audi Werke AG. Models F1 to F8 were built between 1931 and 1942, with successor models reappearing after the end of the war in 1945 and they were the first volume production cars in Europe with front wheel drive, and were powered by transversely mounted two-cylinder two-stroke engines. Displacement was 584 or 692 cc, claimed power was initially 15 PS. These models had a generator that doubled as a starter, mounted directly on the crankshaft, dKWs from Zwickau notched up approximately 218,000 units between 1931 and 1942. Between 1929 and 1940, DKW produced a well remembered. Engine displacement was 1,000 cc, later 1,100 cc, the engines had two extra cylinders for forced induction, so they appeared like V6 engines but without spark plugs on the front cylinder pair. In 1939, DKW made a prototype with the first three-cylinder engine, with a displacement of 900 cc, with a streamlined body, the car could run at 115 km/h. It was put into production after World War II, first as an Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau F9 in Zwickau, East Germany, DKW engines were used by Saab as a model for the Saab two-stroke in its Saab 92 car manufacturing venture, in 1947. As Auto Union was based in Saxony in what became the German Democratic Republic and their first line of production took place in Düsseldorf. This van used the engine as the last F8 made before the war
18.
Opel
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Adam Opel AG is a German automobile manufacturer headquartered in Rüsselsheim, Hesse, Germany. It is a subsidiary of General Motors but is soon to be part of the French automotive company Groupe PSA, Opel traces its roots to a sewing machine manufacturer founded by Adam Opel in 1862. The company began manufacturing bicycles in 1886 and produced its first automobile in 1899, Opel became a share-limited company in 1929, General Motors took a majority stake in Opel that same year. General Motors assumed full control in 1931, and today Adam Opel AG is an owned subsidiary of General Motors Company. Although Adam Opel AG continues to be a company, shares of the company are not publicly listed. Adam Opel AG is the parent company of General Motors UK Limited, better known as Vauxhall, during the 1970s and 1980s, Opel and Vauxhall ranges were rationalised into one consistent range across Europe. Opel withdrew from China, where it had a network of 22 dealers, furthermore, GM is responsible to pay about US$400 million annually for 15 years to fund the existing German and U. K. pension plans. The company was founded in Rüsselsheim, Hessen, Germany, on January 21,1862, at the beginning, Opel just produced sewing machines in a cowshed in Rüsselsheim. Above all, his success was based on his perfectly customized sewing machines, because of the quick growth of his business, in 1888, the production was relocated from the cowshed to a more spacious building in Rüsselsheim. Encouraged by success, Adam Opel launched a new product in 1886, He began to sell high-wheel bicycles, besides, Opels two sons participated in high-wheel bicycle races, thus promoting this means of transportation. Therefore, the production of high-wheel bicycles soon exceeded the production of sewing machines, at the time of Opels death in 1895, he was the leader in both markets. These cars were made up of Opel bodies mounted on Darracq chassis, the company first showed cars of its own design at the 1902 Hamburg Motor Show, and started manufacturing them in 1906, with Opel Darracq production being discontinued in 1907. In 1909, the Opel 4/8 PS model, known as the Doktorwagen was produced and its reliability and robustness were greatly appreciated by physicians, who drove a lot to see their patients, back when hard-surfaced roads were still rare. The Doktorwagen sold for only 3,950 marks, about half as much as the models of its day. In 1911, the factory was virtually destroyed by fire. In the early 1920s, Opel became the first German car manufacturer to incorporate a mass-production assembly line in the building of their automobiles, in 1924, they used their assembly line to produce a new open two-seater called the Laubfrosch. The Laubfrosch was finished exclusively in green lacquer. The car sold for an expensive 4,500 marks, but by the 1930s, this type of vehicle would cost a mere 1,990 marks – due in part to the assembly line, but also due to the skyrocketing demand for cars
19.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
20.
Rotax
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Rotax four-stroke and advanced two-stroke engines are used in a wide variety of small land, sea and airborne vehicles. Bombardier Recreational Products use them in their own range of such vehicles, in the light aircraft class, in 1998 Rotax outsold all other engine manufacturers combined. The company was founded in 1920 in Dresden, Germany, as ROTAX-WERK AG, in 1930, it was taken over by Fichtel & Sachs and transferred its operations to Schweinfurt, Germany. Operations were moved to Wels, Austria, in 1943 and finally to Gunskirchen, Austria, in 1959, the majority of Rotax shares were taken over by the Vienna-based Lohner-Werke, a manufacturer of car and railway wagon bodies. In 1970, Lohner-Rotax was bought by the Canadian Bombardier Inc, the former Bombardier branch, Bombardier Recreational Products, now an independent company, uses Rotax engines in its ground vehicles, personal water craft, and snowmobiles. Rotax supplies aircraft engines for aircraft, light aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles. Rotax engines designed specifically for aircraft include both four-stroke and two-stroke models. This 2-stroke engine series was launched 1997, the company also produces unbranded engines, parts and complete power trains for Original Equipment Manufacturers. Uses include motor bikes and scooters, with complete engines including the Rotax 122, motorcycle manufacturers using Rotax engines include Aprilia, BMW, Buell and KTM. Official Website Rotax Aircraft Engines List of Rotax engines applied to new-build aircraft
21.
ZF Sachs
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ZF Sachs AG was a German manufacturer of automotive parts, producing powertrain and suspension components. It was formerly known as Fichtel & Sachs, Mannesmann Sachs and Sachs, in the past the company also produced ball bearings, motorcycle engines, bicycle parts and – via its subsidiary Sachs Motorcycles – motorcycles, mopeds, motorised bicycles and all-terrain vehicles. In 1897, the company introduced its freewheel for bicycles, which became widely popular, by 1911, the year Fichtel died, the company had approximately 7,000 employees. From 1929 to 1996, F&S also produced motors, first for bicycles, and later for motorbikes, two-stroke snowmobiles, in 1929, F&S started production of automobile components, mainly clutches and shock absorbers. Ernst Sachs died in 1932, and, in 1936, his son Willy Sachs donated the Willy-Sachs-Stadion sporting arena to the city of Schweinfurt. In the 1960s and early 1980s, F&S purchased several traditional bike parts companies and brands like Hercules, Rabeneick, Huret, Maillard, in the early 1970s, Sachs produced the revolutionary Wankel-engine-powered Hercules motorcycle. In 1987, the German Mannesmann AG acquired the majority of F&S stock, in 2001, Sachs was sold to ZF Friedrichshafen AG, and renamed to ZF Sachs AG. The bicycle division was sold to a US-company, the Chicago-based SRAM Corporation, leaving the Sachs division of ZF to focus on the production of components for drivetrains. As of 2003, ZF Sachs AG had 16,511 employees in 19 countries, the sales volume has since dropped to 1.8 billion euros in 2011. In 2011 ZF Sachs was incorporated to ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Sachs Motorcycles Rotax Gunter Sachs ZF Friedrichshafen AG Homepage
22.
Scooter (motorcycle)
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A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the riders feet. Elements of scooter design have been present in some of the earliest motorcycles, Scooter development continued in Europe and the United States between the World Wars. The global popularity of scooters dates from the post-World War II introductions of the Vespa and these scooters were intended to provide low-power personal transportation. The original layout is widely used in this application. Maxi-scooters, with engines from 250 to 850 cc have been developed for Western markets, scooters are popular for personal transport, partly due to being cheap to buy, easy to operate and convenient to park and store. Licensing requirements for scooters are easier and cheaper than for cars in most parts of the world, a motor scooter is a motorcycle similar to a kick scooter with a seat, a floorboard, and small or low wheels. The United States Department of Transportation defines a scooter as a motorcycle that has a platform for the feet or has integrated footrests. The classic scooter design features a frame and a flat floorboard for the riders feet. This design is possible because most scooter engines and drive systems are attached to the axle or under the seat. Scooters usually feature bodywork, including a front leg shield and body that conceals all or most of the mechanicals, there is often some integral storage space, either under the seat, built into the front leg shield, or both. Scooters have varying engine displacements and configurations ranging from 50 cc single-cylinder to 850 cc twin-cylinder models, some scooters carry a spare wheel. Many recent scooters use conventional front forks with the front axle fastened at both ends, most jurisdictions do not differentiate between scooters and motorcycles. For all legal purposes in the United States of America, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommends using the motorcycle for all of these vehicles. However, while NHTSA excludes the term motor scooter from legal definition, it proceeds, in the same document, the emissions of mopeds and scooters have been the subject of multiple studies. In the same study, four-stroke mopeds, with and without catalytic converters, approximate parity with automobiles was achieved with NOx emissions in these studies. Emissions performance was tested on a basis and was unaffected by fuel economy. Scooter-like traits began to develop in motorcycle designs around the 1900s, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller produced the first motorcycle that was available for purchase. Their motorcycle had a frame, with its fuel tank mounted on the down tube, its parallel two-cylinder engine mounted low on the frame
23.
Moped
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Although mopeds usually have two wheels, some regions classify low-powered three- or four-wheeled vehicles as a moped. Manystates have laws on the books that anyone convicted of a DUI cannot legally operate any motor vehicle powered by gasoline for the length of their sentence. The word moped is a portmanteau of motor and pedal, originally coined in Sweden, like some of the earliest two wheeled motorcycles, all mopeds were once equipped with bicycle pedals. The name moped has now been applied by some governments to vehicles without pedals, based on criteria of restricted engine displacement, speed. This is a misnomer, as they are no longer mopeds at all, and might instead be called a noped if they appear to look exactly like a typical moped, but no longer include pedals. The term moped now only applies to vehicles, but pedals were fitted to some early motorcycles. Pedalling away from stationary was an improvement over run and jump. The earliest mopeds were bicycles with a motor in various locations, for example on top of the front wheel. An example of type is the VéloSoleX brand, which simply has a roller driving the front tire. A more innovative design was known in the UK as the Cyclemaster and this had a complete powered rear wheel which was simply substituted for the bicycle rear wheel, which originated from a design by two DKW engineers in Germany. Slightly larger machines, commonly with a 98 cc engine were known as autocycles, on the other hand, some mopeds, such as the Czech-made Jawa, were derived from motorcycles. A further category of low-powered two-wheelers exists today in some jurisdictions for bicycles with helper motors – these are defined as power-assisted bicycles or motorized bicycles. Other jurisdictions may categorize the same machines as mopeds, creating a certain amount of confusion, in many countries three-wheelers and microcars are classified as mopeds or variations thereof. This practice is not restricted to the world, France. The Ariel 3, a motorised three-wheeler is classed as a moped, the word moped was coined by Swedish journalist Harald Nielsen in 1952, as a portmanteau of motor and pedal. It is however claimed to be derived from motor-velocipede. According to Douglas Harper, the Swedish terms originated from mo ped, other terms used for low-powered cycles include motorbicycle, motorized bicycle, motor-driven cycle, and goped. The term noped is sometimes used for mopeds that do not have pedals, motor scooters are sometimes referred to as mopeds
24.
Radiator (engine cooling)
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Engine coolant is usually water-based, but may also be oil. It is common to employ a water pump to force the engine coolant to circulate, in automobiles and motorcycles with a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine, a radiator is connected to channels running through the engine and cylinder head, through which a liquid is pumped. This liquid may be water, but is commonly a mixture of water. Antifreeze itself is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, the radiator transfers the heat from the fluid inside to the air outside, thereby cooling the fluid, which in turn cools the engine. Radiators are also used to cool automatic transmission fluids, air conditioner refrigerant, intake air. Radiators are typically mounted in a position where they receive airflow from the movement of the vehicle. Where engines are mid- or rear-mounted, it is common to mount the radiator behind a front grill to achieve sufficient airflow, alternatively, the radiator may draw air from the flow over the top of the vehicle or from a side-mounted grill. For long vehicles, such as buses, side airflow is most common for engine and transmission cooling, automobile radiators are constructed of a pair of header tanks, linked by a core with many narrow passageways, giving a high surface area relative to volume. This core is made of stacked layers of metal sheet, pressed to form channels. For many years radiators were made from brass or copper cores soldered to brass headers, modern radiators have aluminum cores, and often save money and weight by using plastic headers. This construction is more prone to failure and less easily repaired than traditional materials, an earlier construction method was the honeycomb radiator. Round tubes were swaged into hexagons at their ends, then stacked together, as they only touched at their ends, this formed what became in effect a solid water tank with many air tubes through it. Some vintage cars use radiator cores made from coiled tube, a less efficient, radiators first used downward vertical flow, driven solely by a thermosyphon effect. Coolant is heated in the engine, becomes less dense, as the radiator cools the fluid, the coolant becomes denser and falls. This effect is sufficient for low-power stationary engines, but inadequate for all, all automobiles for many years have used centrifugal pumps to circulate the engine coolant because natural circulation has very low flow rates. A system of valves or baffles, or both, is incorporated to simultaneously operate a small radiator inside the vehicle. This small radiator, and the associated blower fan, is called the heater core, like the radiator, the heater core acts by removing heat from the engine. For this reason, automotive technicians often advise operators to turn on the heater and set it to if the engine is overheating
25.
Lorain, Ohio
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Lorain is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Black River, as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 64,097, making it Ohios tenth largest city and the largest in Lorain County by population. Lorain is part of the Cleveland-Elyria Metropolitan Statistical Area, more known as Greater Cleveland. The city faces many issues to other Rust Belt cities, including population decline. The first permanent settlement in present-day Lorain was founded in 1807 by Azariah Beebe, james Reid, one of the original settlers of Black River township, built a large house near the bluffs overlooking the Black River in 1812 to be used as a dwelling and tavern. In the following years, a post office for Mouth of Black River, the Black River provided several advantages for the early settlement and allowed for it to be a more desirable location to build. The Black had the first navigable waters west of the Cuyahoga River and it was said that the Black River harbor was the best natural harbors among the Great Lakes. In addition to providing an area for immigrants to stop while on their way to the Firelands, the people of what would one day become Lorain incorporated the village of Charleston in 1834 and a town site was surveyed by Edward Durand containing 7 city blocks. Lots were sold in the town and in 1836 the village of Charleston was granted a charter by the Ohio Legislature, Lorain, part of the Cleveland–Elyria–Mentor metropolitan area, is located at 41°26′54″N 82°10′8″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 24.14 square miles. The Charles Berry Bridge is located in Lorain, and is the second-largest bascule bridge in the world, as of the census of 2000, there were 68,652 people,26,434 households, and 17,975 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,858.1 people per square mile, There were 28,231 housing units at an average density of 1,175. 5/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 70% White,15. 94% African American,0. 44% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,9. 56% from other races, and 3. 99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21. 03% of the population,27. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.11. In the city the population was out with 28. 3% under the age of 18,9. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 2% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $33,917, and the median income for a family was $39,454
26.
Cagiva
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Cagiva is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer. It was founded in 1950 by Giovanni Castiglioni in Varese, originally producing small metal components, giovannis sons, Claudio and Gianfranco Castiglioni went into the motorcycle industry in 1978. The name is a derived from the founders name Giovanni Castiglioni. In its history, Cagiva won races in Dakar and Motocross competitions, in 1978 Cagiva entered the motorcycle business with two racing motorcycles ridden by Gianfranco Bonera and Marco Lucchinelli. In the same year it bought a factory in Schiranna, Varese from Aermacchi/AMF-Harley-Davidson, by 1979 the company reached an annual production of 40,000 motorbikes, with eight models powered by two-stroke engines ranging from 125 cc to 350 cc. In 1983 Cagiva also sourced Ducati four stroke engines from 350 cc to 1000 cc. Cagiva bought Ducati in 1985, but kept the Ducati brand that was recognized outside Italy. Ducati motorcycle production continued in Bologna, while the Varese-built Cagiva Ala Azzurra and Elefant were introduced, Cagiva continued with strategic buyouts of Moto Morini in 1985 and Husqvarna in 1987. In 1991 Cagiva also bought the trademarks for the MV Agusta brand, in 1996, Cagiva accepted the offer by the Texas Pacific Group and sold the Ducati and Moto Morini brands. In 1999, for strategic purposes, the company was restructured, MV Agusta Motor become the main brand comprising Cagiva and Husqvarna. In 2000, production of the Cagiva roadster ended, in 2008, Harley-Davidson bought MV Agusta Motor, the parent company of Cagiva, thereby regaining some control of its old Aermacchi factory. In October 2009, Harley-Davidson informed that it would put Cagiva up for sale, in the August of the following year, Cagiva was bought back by the son of the founder and former owner Claudio Castiglioni. In 2012, production of new high engine capacity Mitos ended, increasingly stringent environmental emission requirements and the concentration of resources on MV Agustas F3 were cited as reasons. The last few Mito SP525s produced were white in colour, and personally signed by MV Agusta CEO Giovanni Castiglioni, thus ended the legacy of the Mito, Cagiva currently produces Raptor 125cc and Mito 50cc and 125cc. In the early 1980s Cagiva began to manufacture dirt bikes and started a public relations program with the opening of its North American branch. It hired Ron Turner and Duane Summers to test and develop its bikes, at the end of the 1970s the company began campaigning the Grand Prix motorcycle racing circuit. Randy Mamola was its lead rider from 1988 to 1990, and it would also have some technical assistance from Yamaha. In 1991 it signed former world champion Eddie Lawson to its team, Lawson would claim the companys first victory when he won the 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix
27.
All-terrain vehicle
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As the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain than most other vehicles. Although it is a vehicle in some countries, it is not street-legal within most states and provinces of Australia. By the current ANSI definition, ATVs are intended for use by an operator, although some companies have developed ATVs intended for use by the operator. These ATVs are referred to as tandem ATVs, the rider sits on and operates these vehicles like a motorcycle, but the extra wheels give more stability at slower speeds. Although equipped with three or four wheels, six-wheel models exist for specialized applications, engine sizes of ATVs currently for sale in the United States, range from 49 to 1,000 cc. Royal Enfield built and sold the first powered quadracycle in 1893. It had many components, including handle bars. The Royal Enfield resembles a modern ATV-style quad bike but was designed as a form of carriage for road use. With the introduction of straddle ridden ATVs, the term AATV was introduced to define the original amphibious ATV category, the first three-wheeled ATV was the Sperry-Rand Tricart. It was designed in 1967 as a project of John Plessinger at the Cranbrook Academy of Arts near Detroit. The Tricart was straddle-ridden with a rather than sit-on style. In 1968 Plessinger sold the Tricart patents and design rights to Sperry-Rand New Holland who manufactured them commercially, numerous small American manufacturers of 3-wheelers followed. I. and Hart to Hart. Dubbed the US90 and later—when Honda acquired the trademark on the term—the ATC90, clearly influenced by earlier ATVs, it featured large balloon tires instead of a mechanical suspension. By the early 1980s, suspension and lower-profile tires were introduced, the 1982 Honda ATC200E Big Red was a landmark model. It featured both suspension and racks, making it the first utility three-wheeled ATV, the ability to go anywhere on terrain that most other vehicles could not cross soon made them popular with US and Canadian hunters, and those just looking for a good trail ride. Soon other manufacturers introduced their own models, sport models were also developed by Honda, which had a virtual monopoly in the market due to effective patents on design and engine placement. The 1981 ATC250R was the first high-performance three-wheeler, featuring full suspension, a 248 cc air cooled engine, a five-speed transmission with manual clutch. For the sporting trail rider, the 1983 ATC200X was another landmark machine and it used an easy-to-handle 192 cc four-stroke that was ideal for new participants in the sport. Today, ATC200Xs can be found on the market in all conditions and prices, in 1985, Honda also introduced the new ATC350X
28.
Polaris Industries
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Polaris Industries is an American manufacturer of snowmobiles, ATV, and neighborhood electric vehicles. Polaris is based in Roseau, Minnesota, USA, the company also manufactures motorcycles through its Victory Motorcycles subsidiary and through the Indian Motorcycle subsidiary which it purchased in April 2011. Robin previously developed and supplied all-terrain vehicle and snowmobile engines for Polaris Industries Inc, since that time Polaris has continued to develop their in-house engine production capacity, now designing and manufacturing all of their own power plants. In 2010 Polaris relocated a portion of its utility and sport vehicle assembly to Mexico, components manufactured in Osceola, Wisconsin and the vehicle assembly in Roseau, Minnesota. The vast majority of powertrain and vehicles for the line are manufactured in the Osceola and Roseau facilities. Both the Victory and Indian motorcycle brands are American made with complete powertrains and vehicle assembly located in Osceola, Wisconsin and Spirit Lake, Iowa, Edgar had dropped out of school after the eighth grade in 1934. Their employees, David Johnson, partnered with Paul Knochenmus, and Orlen Johnson and these vehicles primary use was to make hunting locations more accessible. David Johnson created the prototype in 1954 while Edgar was away, after creating it using a grain silo conveyor belt as a track, a Briggs and Stratton motor, and an old Chevy bumper for skis, they had their first snow machine. After returning from a trip, Edgar was shown the machine, and was disappointed that the group had spent company time and materials on the machine. The No 1 sled was sold to Roseau lumberyard owner Silver Pete H. F. Peterson for $465 in order to meet company payroll. However, the continued to be focused on building snowmobiles. Polaris was famous for copying other snowmobiles, the first looked and operated like a Bosak Power toboggan and copied their design for the 1962 Polaris L-55 after the Tee-Nee trailer companies Eski-Motor. The first production model rolled off the line in Minnesota in 1956. The original models weighed close to 1,000 lb and moved at a speed of about 20 mph and they came in a two-tone paint job. The trip took three weeks, and much of the time, Edgar struggled to maintain 10 mph over the snow, the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner put them on its front page. However, his absence caused problems for him with the board of directors. Soon after completing the trip, Edgar left the company in June and started a company called Polar Manufacturing in Thief River Falls. The company name changed to Arctic Enterprises, in the mid-1980s it filed for bankruptcy amid fierce competition as snowmobiles became popular
29.
Mika Kallio
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Mika Kallio is a Finnish Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He debuted in the 125cc World Championship with the Finnish rookie team Ajo Motorsport in 2001 and was awarded the Rookie of the Year in 2002, after moving to Red Bull KTM during the 2003 season, he finished runner-up in the class in 2005 and 2006. In his first year with KTM in the 250cc class, Kallio took two wins and finished seventh, in 2008, he led the championship throughout the first half of the season, eventually having to settle for third place. However 2010 was less successful, struggling with injury and lack of confidence, a switch to the Kalex frame from 2012 led to marked improvement in results over the next few seasons. The Finn finishing 2012 in 6th place, improving to 4th overall in 2013,2015 saw a switch to the Italtrans team, but, disappointing results led to a mid season switch to the QMMF Racing Team for the remaining five rounds. In 2016, the Finn took time out from full-time racing, as he returned to KTM, to become their lead test rider for the new MotoGP project, with 16 Grand Prix wins across all classes, Kallio is Finlands most successful rider in Grand Prix history. Born in Valkeakoski, Kallio started racing in 1997 and won the Finnish championship in road racing with further success in 1999 and 2000, during 2000, he also became the Nordic champion after finishing second in the previous year. At 500cc level, Kallio also won the title in 2004 and 2006, Kallio made his debut in the 125cc World Championship as a wildcard rider at the 2001 German Grand Prix. Continuing with Ajo Motorsport and the Honda RS125R for a season in 2002. Halfway through the 2003 season, Kallio switched to Red Bull KTM and he immediately took his career-best fourth place in Czech Republic. The highlight of 2003 was his first-ever class podium, a place at Sepang behind Dani Pedrosa. After a 2004 season filled with bike reliability issues, Kallio took his first championship pole position and he went on to take seven more poles and three more wins and lost the world title by just five points to Thomas Lüthi.017 seconds. Talmácsi was fired after the finale at Valencia. In 2006, Kallio was again a challenger for the 125 cc title, Kallio scored three victories, four pole positions and 11 podiums during the 2006 campaign. At the end of the year, viewers of the Finnish motorsport television series Ruutulippu voted Kallio the Finnish Motorsportsman of the Year for the year running. He collected 33. 1% of all votes and pipped enduro world champion Samuli Aro, WRC runner-up Marcus Grönholm, for the 2007 season, Kallio moved up to KTMs squad in the 250cc category alongside Japans Hiroshi Aoyama. After a difficult start to the season with mechanical woes at Qatar and Spain, Kallio would consistently be fighting around the top six positions. The turning point of the season would be at Germany, where Kallio took his debut pole position, a third place followed at the Czech Republic, although a nasty highside at San Marino, and more mechanical problems at Portugal were to slow his progress
30.
Samuli Aro
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Samuli Aro is a Finnish enduro rider. He is a five-time World Enduro Champion and has won the International Six Days Enduro World Trophy with Team Finland five times. Aro debuted in the World Enduro Championship in 1998, and took his first world title in 2002 with Husqvarna in the 250 cc class, after moving to KTM for the 2003 season, he placed second in the championship behind Hondas Stefan Merriman. He went on to win the World Enduro Championship three times in a row, in 2004 in the Enduro 3 class, and in 2005 and 2006 in the Enduro 2 class. In the 2008 season, after a place to Honda rider Mika Ahola in 2007. He retired from the championship after the 2009 season, during which he placed fourth in the standings
31.
World Enduro Championship
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The FIM World Enduro Championship is the world championship series for enduro, a popular form of off-road motorcycle sport. The championship currently features three classes, along with separate categories for junior and female riders, the WEC was first organized in 1990, and currently consists of 16 races based on eight two-day events. All rounds include an enduro test, a motocross test and an extreme test, the World Enduro Championship began in 1990, replacing the FIM European Enduro Championship, which had been contested since 1968. The European championship was restarted by the Union Européenne de Motocyclisme in 1993. The WEC had six classes from 1990 to 1993, after which the 80 cc and 500 cc 2-stroke championships were discontinued. The series continued with four classes,125,250,350 and 500 cc, until the 1998 season, which saw 250 cc 4-stroke as a new class, in 1998, all rounds also counted towards an overall championship, which was continued until 2004. The competition classes of the WEC were revised for the 2004 season, the number of classes was reduced to three, and 2-stroke and 4-stroke machines were now competing in the same classes. The new classes were named Enduro 1, Enduro 2 and Enduro 3, the 2005 season saw a new addition, the Enduro Junior class. The age limit in the class was originally 21 years. A class for riders, Enduro Women, was started in 2010. The points system of the WEC originally awarded points for 15 best riders in each class, since the 2004 season, the twenty fastest riders have received points, with 25 going to the winner of each class,22 for the second fastest and 20 for the third-placed rider. The 2007 championship included six events in Europe, one in the United States, in the 2008 season, all eights rounds were held in Europe. The current main broadcaster of the championship is Eurosport 2, in South America and Oceania, the series is broadcast on ESPN and Fox Sports, respectively
32.
Tony Cairoli
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Antonio Tony Cairoli is an Italian eight-time Grand Prix motocross world champion and widely regarded as one of the greatest motocross riders of all time. On 5 August 2012, in Czech Republic, he won his 50th GP in World Championship, Cairoli was born in Patti, Sicily. He began his motocross Grand Prix career in 2002 riding a Yamaha and he was the 2005 FIM world champion in the MX2-GP class. In 2007 he again won the MX2-GP world championship as well as the English supercross championship. Cairoli claimed the 2009 MX1-GP FIM Motocross World Championship, and after moving to Red Bull KTM Factory Racing, successfully defended his title in 2010,2011,2012,2013 and MXGP2014. Cairoli has won several motos on the Motocross des Nations, particularly in 2012 and 2013 when he managed to win every single moto he raced on and he lives with his girlfriend Jill Cox between Rome, Italy and Lommel, Belgium, where he is training
33.
Motocross
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Motocross is a form of off-road motorcycle racing held on enclosed off-road circuits. The sport evolved from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom, Motocross was first evolved in the U. K. from motorcycle trials competitions, such as the Auto-Cycle Clubss first quarterly trial in 1909 and the Scottish Six Days Trial that began in 1912. The first known scramble race took place at Camberley, Surrey in 1924, during the 1930s, the sport grew in popularity, especially in Britain where teams from the Birmingham Small Arms Company, Norton, Matchless, Rudge, and AJS competed in the events. Off-road bikes from that era differed little from those used on the street, the intense competition over rugged terrain led to technical improvements in motorcycles. The period after World War II was dominated by BSA which had become the largest motorcycle company in the world, BSA riders dominated international competitions throughout the 1940s. In 1952, the FIM, motorcyclings international governing body, created an individual European Championship using a 500 cc engine displacement formula, in 1957 it was upgraded to World Championship status. In 1962, a 250 cc world championship was created and it was in the smaller 250 cc category that companies with two-stroke motorcycles came into their own. Companies such as Husqvarna from Sweden, CZ from the former Czechoslovakia and Greeves from England, became popular due to their lightness, stars of the day included BSA works riders Jeff Smith and Arthur Lampkin, with Dave Bickers, Joe Johnson and Norman Brown on Greeves. By the 1960s, advancements in engine technology meant that the heavier. Riders from Belgium and Sweden began to dominate the sport during this period, the following year Hallman was joined by other motocross stars including Roger DeCoster, Joël Robert, and Dave Bickers. They dominated the event placing their lightweight two-strokes into the top six finishing positions, Motocross began to grow in popularity in the United States during this period, which fueled an explosive growth in the sport. By the late 1960s, Japanese motorcycle companies began challenging the European factories for supremacy in the motocross world, Suzuki claimed the first world championship for a Japanese factory when Joël Robert won the 1970250 cc crown. The first stadium motocross event was held in 1972 at the Los Angeles Coliseum, in 1975, a 125 cc world championship was introduced. European riders continued to dominate throughout the 1970s but, by the 1980s, American riders had caught up. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers presided over a period in motocross technology. The typical two-stroke air-cooled, twin-shock rear suspension gave way to machines that were water-cooled and fitted with single-shock absorber rear suspension. By 2003, increasingly stringent environmental laws in California forced some manufacturers to develop environmentally friendly four-stroke technology, by 2004, all the major manufacturers have begun competing with four-stroke machines. European firms also experienced a resurgence with Husqvarna, Husaberg, the sport evolved with sub-disciplines such as stadium events known as supercross and arenacross held in indoor arenas
34.
Motocross World Championship
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FIM Motocross World Championship is the premier championship of motocross racing, organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme, currently divided into two distinct classes, MX1 and MX2. Race duration is 30 minutes plus 2 laps per moto, the series runs 18 events with two motos at each round. The Motocross World Championship is a motocross series sanctioned by the F. I. M. It was inaugurated in 1957 using a 500 cc engine displacement formula, in 1962 a 250cc class was added and in 1975, a 125cc class was introduced. Prior to 1957, the championship was known as the European Championship, changed the displacement formulas to reflect the changes in engine technology and as a move towards environmentally friendlier four-stroke engines. The new MX1 class became the class, allowing two-stroke engines of up to 250cc. The MX2 class allowed two-stroke engines of up to 125cc and four-stroke motors of up to 250cc, the MX3 class allowed two-stroke engines of up to 500cc and four stroke engines of up to 650cc. Note, Pink background denotes European Championship only, Last updated,12 September 2016 Last updated,12 September 2016 Including also the European Championships. Countries that have held Grand Prix as of the 2017 season, countries in bold currently hold a Grand Prix
35.
AMA Supercross Championship
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The AMA Supercross Championship is an American motorcycle racing series. Supercross is one of the motorcycle races, together with motorcycle speedway. The race series was founded and sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association in 1974, Supercross is an offshoot of the sport of motocross which is held on natural terrain, closed courses. Supercross racing involves off-road motorcycles on an artificial, man-made dirt track consisting of steep jumps, the AMA Supercross Championship is sponsored by Monster Energy and is held from January through early May in major league baseball and football stadiums. The easy accessibility and comfort of these stadium venues meant that by the late 1970s, the first motocross race held on an artificially created race track inside a stadium took place on August 28,1948 at Buffalo Stadium in the Paris suburb of Montrouge. With the surge in popularity of motocross in the United States in the late 1960s, the 1972 race was held at Daytona International Speedway on an artificial track on the grass surface between the main grandstand and the pit lane. The event that paved the way for artificial, stadium-based motocross events was the 1972 race held in the Los Angeles Coliseum, the event was promoted by Mike Goodwin and Terry Tiernan, President of the AMA at the time. It was billed as the Super Bowl of Motocross which eventually led to the coining of the term Supercross. The Super Bowl of Motocross II held the year was an even greater success and, eventually evolved into the AMA Supercross championship held in stadiums across the United States. Supercross would evolve until it became the most important motocross series in the world. Originally, each of the AMA Supercross races were promoted by different companies, most notably Mike Goodwin in the West, Pace Motorsports in the Midwest and Southwest, in the 1980s, Mickey Thompson partnered Goodwin, then took over the West region. In the 1990s, MTEG went bankrupt and Super Sports sold its business to SRO/Pace, the company was bought by SFX Entertainment in 1998, and Clear Channel bought the latter in 2000. The events division of Clear Channel was split off as Live Nation in 2005, and the division was sold to Feld Entertainment in 2008. While growing consistently since the 70s, in the part of the 21st Century Supercross popularity really took off. In the United States, Supercross races today are now some of the most popular races regularly held, the American Motorcyclist Association awards three Supercross Championship Champs each year. They are the 450cc, and both an East and West division on the 250cc, World Supercross Champions are named by other racing organizations around the world. Supercross racing classifications are governed by the displacement of the engine based on two-stroke engines until 2006. Since then, the AMA has labeled the classes by four-stroke displacement, from 2007 until 2012, a formula nomenclature similar to INDYCAR was used, with the 450cc class known as Supercross and 250cc as Supercross Lites
36.
Dakar Rally
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The Dakar Rally is an annual rally raid organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation. The race is open to amateur and professional entries, amateurs typically making up about eighty percent of the participants, the race is an off-road endurance event. The terrain that the traverse is much tougher than that used in conventional rallying. Most of the competitive special sections are off-road, crossing dunes, mud, camel grass, rocks, the distances of each stage covered vary from short distances up to 800–900 kilometres per day. 182 vehicles took the start of the rally in Paris, with 74 surviving the 10. Cyril Neveu holds the distinction of being the events first winner, the event rapidly grew in popularity, with 216 vehicles taking the start in 1980 and 291 in 1981. Neveu won the event for a time in 1980, Hubert Auriol taking honours in 1981 for BMW. By this stage, the rally had already begun to attract the participation of famous names from elsewhere in motorsport, such as Henri Pescarolo and Jacky Ickx. Auriol captured his second class victory in 1983, the first year that Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi competed in the rally. At the behest of 1983 car class winner Jacky Ickx, Porsche entered the Dakar in 1984, the German marque won the event at their first attempt courtesy of René Metge, who had previously won in the car category in 1981, whilst Ickx finished sixth. The 1986 event, won by Metge and Neveu, was marred by the death of event founder Sabine in a helicopter crash, the 1988 event reached its zenith in terms of entry numbers, with 603 starters. Vatanens title defence was derailed when his Peugeot was stolen from the area at Bamako. Though it was found, Vatanen was subsequently disqualified from the event, victory instead going to compatriot. Peugeot and Vatanen returned to winning ways in 1989 and 1990, sister brand Citroën took Peugeots place, Vatanen taking a third consecutive victory in 1991. The 1991 event also saw Stéphane Peterhansel take his first title in the category with Yamaha. For the 1992 event, the line moved to Cape Town, South Africa in a bid to combat a declining number of competitors. Auriol became the first person to win in multiple classes after taking Mitsubishis second victory in the car class, the 1993 rally entry list slumped to 153 competitors, around half of the preceding years figure and around a quarter of that of 1988. The event was the last to be organised by Gilbert Sabine, with the finish line now back in its traditional location of Dakar, Bruno Saby won a third title for Mitsubishi and Peterhansel took a third straight success in the motorcycle category
37.
Rally raid
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Rally raid, also known as cross-country rallying is a form of long distance off-road racing that takes place over several days. Each day may require traveling up to 900 kilometres, the length of the event can be 3–15 days. The first African rally raid run was the Côte-Côte Rally, first held in December 1976, while off-road Rally Raiding is dominated by the Dakar Rally, a multiple event World Cup exists, the FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup and FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship. For amateurs the Budapest-Bamako has been considered the worlds largest amateur rally raid spanning two continents and 9000 kilometers, navigation is accomplished using a roadbook and also with GPS. The three major groups in rally raid are the motorcycle class, the car class, ranging from buggies to SUVs. The Moto class is divided between three groups, Group 1 is Marathon bikes, which are mildly modified production motorcycles, subdivided between engines of greater and less than 451 cc. Group 2 is Super-Production bikes, which are more substantially modified than Marathon bikes, BMW motorcycles, Ducati and Aprilia have also been successful in the Dakar. The car class is made up of vehicles weighing less than 3,500 kg, the T1 Group is made up of Improved Cross Country Vehicles, such as the Mitsubishi MRX09 Racing Lancer, and the T2 Group is made up of Cross Country Series Production vehicles. The Open class accepts weight-qualifying vehicles, such as SCORE International trucks, prominent examples in the Car Class included the Mitsubishi Pajero/Montero, the Volkswagen Race Touareg, the Bowler Wildcat 200 and the Nissan Navara. The Truck class, also known as Camions or Lorries is made up of vehicles weighing more than 3,500 kg and they are divided into two groups, T4 and T5. The T4 Group is further divided into two subgroups, the T4.1 class for trucks, and the T4.2 class for modified trucks. T4 trucks may provide assistance during the stages, but must be homologated vehicles. T5 trucks do not have to be homologated, the T4 Group has been composed of vehicles manufactured by Tatra, LIAZ, Volkswagen, Kamaz, Hino, Isuzu, MAN, DAF, MAZ, ZiL, Mercedes-Benz Unimog, Renault Kerax, Scania, Iveco and GINAF. In the 1980s, a rivalry between DAF and Mercedes-Benz led to vehicles which had twin engines and more than 1000 hp. Later Tatra, and Kamaz took the race up, after 2000, renewed competition started in the truck class between DAF, Tatra, Mercedes-Benz and Kamaz
38.
Road racing
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In North America, road racing is motor racing held on a paved closed circuit with both left and right turns. Road racing is therefore distinct from both off-road racing and oval racing, the latter is common in North America and involves turning in only one direction. Road racing may be on purpose-built race tracks or on circuits, such as closed-off airport runways and public roads. A roval is a road course incorporating parts of a track and its infield. Some officially-sanctioned races are held on roads, that are closed for the duration of the event. This form of racing was banned in Great Britain in 1925 due to an accident at the Kop Hill Climb. The North West 200 and Ulster Grand Prix races are popular, the ban in Great Britain does not extend to the Isle of Man and Northern Ireland. Sometimes the term real road racing is used to distinguish this form of racing from that which takes place on purpose-built paved circuits. Global road-racing series such as Formula One, FIA WEC and MotoGP are almost always conducted on dedicated tracks, such as Spa-Francorchamps, Suzuka, Monza. Expansion of these series has resulted in dedicated tracks being built in Qatar in the Middle East, Sepang in Malaysia, events for many types of motorized vehicles are held at road racing tracks. There was a tradition of road racing on real streets in North America. The terms definition has shifted over time, however, with the dominance of Oval racing. A permanent, purpose-built, road racing circuit, is described as a natural or proper road course in the U. S. After a few decades of such events three sons of Barron Collier—Barron, Miles, and Samuel—founded the Automobile Racing Club of America in 1933 and that organization became the Sports Car Club of America in 1944. Throughout its history, American race car drivers such as Briggs Cunningham, Lake Underwood, Carroll Shelby, the Road Racing Drivers Club was formed and invited members by nomination alone. Its presidents have been, Walt Hansgen, Dolph Vilardi, John Gorden Benett, Robert Grossman, Lake Underwood, Mark Donohue, Bob Sharp, Skip Barber, Dave Ammen, Bob Akin, Brian Redman, and Bobby Rahal. Additionally, racing over public streets is making something of a comeback, other famous street circuits in North America include events held in Saint Petersburg, Florida, Montreal, Québec, Detroit, Michigan, and Toronto, Ontario. More recently, the Edmonton Indy is held on the runways of Edmonton City Centre Airport in Edmonton, Oval track Roval Dragstrip Traditional Road Racing 944 Cup
39.
Supermoto
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Supermoto was originally conceived by Gavin Trippe in 1979 as a segment of the TV show Wide World of Sports. Today supermoto is a genre of its own and riders in the other classes do not routinely cross over into supermoto. Races are commonly held on road racing or medium-sized go-kart tracks with a section in the infield. Most supermoto race tracks have a size of 50-75% and the remaining percentage of the course is off-road. The dirt sections are constructed of packed clay and feature motocross style obstacles like bermed corners. This type of racing is very portable in that an entire track can be constructed anywhere there is a large area of open asphalt. Supermoto races have also successfully held in busy urban centers using closed city streets for the road course. The motorcycles used are frequently custom-created combinations of off-road motorcycles and road-racing wheels/tires, riders also wear a combination of road race and offroad equipment, normally road racing leathers and motocross helmets and boots. Unlike normal motorcycle racing, the lies on slower speeds—typically less than 100 mph — on short. Here, where flat-out acceleration and high top-speeds are less common, Supermoto has its origins in the 1970s when ABC’s Wide World of Sports was the highest-rated sports show in the United States. Superbikers was then manifested as an event run at southern Californias Carlsbad Raceway. The shows tarmac-and-dirt courses were intended to draw on talent from the worlds of off-road, flat track, World and National Championship-winning motorcycling greats such as Kenny Roberts and Jeff Ward, whose respective sports at the time were road-racing and motocross, participated in the races. The European racers who participated in the sport at Carlsbad, however, brought it back to Europe with them, where it quickly gained popularity in countries such as France. The 2000s signalled the resurrection of the sport in the United States, with the birth of the AMA Supermoto Championship in 2003, both competitions were cancelled after the 2009 season. The motorcycles currently used for Supermoto racing are predominantly single-cylinder four-stroke powered dirtbikes with 17-inch, the 17-inch wheels allow the use of up to 7. 0-inch-wide superbike road racing slick tires. These are often hand-grooved on the tire to facilitate slightly better acceleration on the dirt stretches of a supermoto course. Suspension is lowered and slightly stiffened in comparison with a dirt bike. Despite the lack of trees on supermoto courses, hand guards are frequently added to supermoto bikes due the extreme cornering angles achieved by riders, in 1991, Italian manufacturer Gilera released the Nordwest model, the first factory produced supermoto
40.
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
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The FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix is the premier class of motorcycle road racing, held since 1949. Grand Prix motorcycles are purpose-built racing machines that are available for purchase by the general public nor able to be ridden legally on public roads. The championship is divided into three classes, MotoGP, Moto2 and Moto3. All three classes use four-stroke engines, in 2010 the 250cc class was replaced by the new Moto2600 cc four-stroke class. After that, MotoGP gave the four-strokes a 490cc advantage over the two-strokes, a 2 stroke engine produces power with every rotation of the crank, where as the 4 stroke engine produces power every fourth rotation. In theory, a 500cc 2stroke produces the power as a 1000cc 4 stroke. Carburation vs fuel injection, engine mapping, power/torque curves, practice showed the 4 strokes generating 10 to 15 more Hp and turning in much faster lap times then their 2 stroke counterparts. 4 stroke engines would be the choice for years to come. Moto2 and 3 are four-stroke only, a FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix was first organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme in 1949. The commercial rights are now owned by Dorna Sports, with the FIM remaining as the sanctioning body. Teams are represented by the International Road Racing Teams Association and manufacturers by the Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association, rules and changes to regulations are decided between the four entities, with Dorna casting a tie-breaking vote. In cases of technical modifications, the MSMA can unilaterally enact or veto changes by unanimous vote among its members and these four entities compose the Grand Prix Commission. There have traditionally been several races at each event for various classes of motorcycles, based on engine size, and one class for sidecars. Classes for 50 cc,80 cc,125 cc,250 cc,350 cc, and 500 cc solo machines have existed at some time, up through the 1950s and most of the 1960s, four-stroke engines dominated all classes. In part this was due to rules, which allowed a multiplicity of cylinders, in the 1960s, two-stroke engines began to take root in the smaller classes. In 1969, the FIM — citing high development costs for non-works teams — brought in new rules restricting all classes to six gears, by this time, two-strokes completely eclipsed the four-strokes in all classes. The 50 cc class was replaced by an 80 cc class, then the class was dropped entirely in the 1990s, after being dominated primarily by Spanish, the 350 cc class vanished in the 1980s. Sidecars were dropped from world events in the 1990s, reducing the field to 125s, 250s
€1.14 billion (2016)[2]
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