1.
Latin language
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin language
–
Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin language
–
Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin language
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin language
–
Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
2.
Latin
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin
–
Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin
–
Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin
–
Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
3.
Financial endowment
–
A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
–
Basic investment types
4.
Chair (official)
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
Chair (official)
–
Chairman of a Swedish and American society of relatives of over 5000 members, in
Stockholm in 2015 with the society's banner flying
5.
Monsignor
–
Monsignor is an honorific form of address for those members of the clergy of the Catholic Church including bishops, honorary prelates and canons. In some cases, these ecclesiastical honorific titles derive from the pope and these are granted to individuals who have rendered valuable service to the Church, or who provide some special function in Church governance, or who are members of bodies such as certain chapters. The title is never bestowed on those classified as religious in Catholicism, although in some languages the word is used as a form of address for bishops, which is indeed its primary use in those languages, this is not customary in English. Monsignor is the form of the Italian monsignore, from the French mon seigneur. It is abbreviated Mgr, Msgr, or Mons, Monsignor is a form of address, not an appointment, properly speaking, one cannot be made a monsignor or be the monsignor of a parish. The title or form of address is associated with certain papal awards, apart from those working in the Roman Curia and the diplomatic service of the Holy See, it is usually on the proposal of the local bishop that the Pope grants this title to Catholic diocesan clergy. The grant is subject to criteria of the Holy See that include a minimum age, soon after his election in March 2013, Pope Francis suspended the granting of the honorific title of Monsignor except to members of the Holy Sees diplomatic service. He himself, during his 15 years as archbishop of Buenos Aires, never asked any of his priests receive the title. Grants already made were not revoked, also unaffected is the association of the style with the office of vicar general, an appointment made by the bishop of the diocese, not by the Pope. Without necessarily being a protonotary apostolic, a diocesan priest has that titular rank as long as he remains in office, the written form of address for such a priest is Monsignor or The Reverend Monsignor. The spoken form of address is Monsignor, the 1969 Instruction of the Secretariat of State indicated that the title of Monsignor may be used for bishops. This is normal practice in Italian, French, Catalan, and Spanish, the predicate His Lordship or Your Lordship is, in English, used as a clerical title only for bishops. Until 1968 there were at least 14 different grades, including domestic prelates, four kinds of protonotaries apostolic, four kinds of papal chamberlains, Pope Paul VI in his motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968 reduced the grades to three. Since then, apostolic protonotaries have been classified either de numero or supernumerary, most of the former classes of chamberlains and chaplains were abolished, leaving only a single class of Chaplains of His Holiness, a specifically priestly-sounding category. In 2014, Pope Francis abolished the practice of granting priests the title of monsignor, however, existing members of all three ranks established by Pope Paul VI retain their membership. The 1969 Instruction of the Secretariat of State also simplified the dress of monsignori, Chaplains of His Holiness use a purple-trimmed black cassock with purple sash for all occasions. Honorary Prelates use a black cassock with purple sash for all occasions. The red is the shade as that used by bishops
Monsignor
–
Saint Peter
6.
Jozef De Kesel
–
Jozef De Kesel is a Belgian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels. He was installed at a Mass attended by the Belgian monarch on 12 December 2015, De Kesel was created a Cardinal by Pope Francis in the consistory of 19 November 2016. De Kesel was born in 1947 in Ghent and he entered the seminary in 1965, studied philosophy and theology at the seminary of Saint-Paul in Ghent and received his degree in Philosophy and Letters at the Catholic University of Leuven. From 1968 until 1972 he studied theology in Rome at the Pontifical Gregorian University, he gained first his license and he was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Ghent on 26 August 1972 by his uncle Leo, who served as auxiliary bishop of Ghent. Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Bishop of Bulna and Auxiliary of Mechelen-Brussel on 20 March 2002 and he was ordained a Bishop on 26 May and has been appointed as Vicar General for the Vicariate of Brussels. In the bishops conference he has been responsible for the inter-diocesan Commission for Pastoral Liturgy and he was appointed as bishop of Bruges after the early resignation of the previous bishop, Roger Vangheluwe and installed on 10 July 2010. On September 2010 De Kesel said, I think the Church must ask itself the question of whether it is appropriate to keep the character of celibacy. We could say there are celibate priests, but that people for whom celibacy is humanly impossible should also have the chance of becoming priests. On 6 November 2015 Pope Francis named De Kesel to succeed André-Joseph Léonard as Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels, unlike his predecessor, he is seen as a theological liberal, being a supporter of Cardinal Walter Kaspers proposal of communion to the divorced and remarried Catholic couples. In 2016 he consecrated Lode Aerts bishop of Bruges
Jozef De Kesel
–
De Kesel in 2007
Jozef De Kesel
7.
Rector (academia)
–
A rector is a term used in non-English-speaking countries for a university chancellor. In the sphere of academia, it is the highest academic official of universities and in certain other institutions of higher education. The term and office of a rector are called a rectorate, the title is used widely in universities in Europe. And is very common in Latin American countries and it is also used in Brunei, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Israel and the Middle East. In some universities, the title is phrased in an even loftier manner and this term is generally not used in English-speaking countries. In England and elsewhere in Great Britain, the head of a university is referred to as a chancellor. This pattern has been followed in the Commonwealth, the United States, in Scotland, many universities are headed by a chancellor, with the Lord Rector designated as an elected representative of students at the head of the university court. The head of a university in Germany is called a president, rector magnificus or rectrix magnifica, in Dutch universities, the rector magnificus is the most publicly prominent member of the board, responsible for the scientific agenda of the university. In the Netherlands, the rector is, however, not the chair of the university board, the chair has, in practice, the most influence over the management of the University. In some countries, including Germany, the position of teacher in secondary schools is also designated as rector. In the Netherlands, the rector and conrector are used commonly for high school directors. This is also the case in some Maltese secondary schools, in the Scandinavian countries, the head of a university or a gymnasium is called a rektor. In Sweden and Norway, this term is used for the heads of primary schools. For example, in Portugal, the rector of the University of Coimbra, the heads of Czech universities are called the rektor. The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the universitys affairs unless prohibited by law, the rector is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic. The nomination must be agreed by a majority of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret, the term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors, who act as deputies to the extent the Rector determines, Rectors salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education
Rector (academia)
–
Inauguration of Rector Lubomír Dvořák (
Palacký University)
Rector (academia)
–
Colonnade at the reconstructed
Yushima Seidō in Tokyo. The hereditary rectors of this
Edo period institution were selected from the
Hayashi clan.
Rector (academia)
–
Herminio Dagohoy, the 96th Rector Magnificus of the
Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila
8.
Doctorate
–
There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. The term doctor derives from the Latin docere meaning to teach, the doctorate appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin at a university. Its roots can be traced to the church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the Catholic church, the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. This right remained a bone of contention between the authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach, according to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning. In most of Europe, all fields were traditionally known as philosophy, the doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild, the traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree, University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, for instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread, universities shift to research-oriented education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a doctorate or its equivalent is generally a prerequisite for an academic career. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward, the first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 19th century, the MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1861, in the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, introduced from 1882 onwards. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada, following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor, was established by Chicago University in 1902
Doctorate
–
Academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at
Brigham Young University (April 2008).
Doctorate
–
The cover of the
thesis presented by
Claude Bernard to obtain his
Doctorate of Medicine (1843).
Doctorate
–
The ancient ceremony of bestowing
Complutense 's Doctoral
biretta.
Doctorate
–
In 1861,
Yale University awarded the first
Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in the United States.
9.
Leuven
–
Leuven or Louvain is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in Belgium. It is located about 25 kilometres east of Brussels, the municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighboring municipalities of Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, a part of Korbeek-Lo, Wilsele and Wijgmaal. It is the 10th largest municipality in Belgium and the fourth in Flanders with more than 100,244 inhabitants, Leuven is home to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, the largest and oldest university of the Low Countries and the oldest Catholic university still in existence. The related university hospital of UZ Leuven, is one of the largest hospitals in Europe, the city is also known for being the headquarters of Anheuser-Busch InBev, the worlds largest brewer and one of the five largest consumer-goods companies in the world. The earliest mention of Leuven is from 891, when a Viking army was defeated by the Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia, according to a legend the citys red and white arms depict the blood-stained shores of the river Dyle after this battle. Situated beside this river, and near to the stronghold of the Dukes of Brabant, a token of its former importance as a centre of cloth manufacture is shown in that ordinary linen cloth is known in late-14th-century and 15th-century texts as lewyn. In the 15th century a new era began with the founding of what is now the largest and oldest university in the Low Countries. In the 18th century the brewery Den Horen flourished, Leuven has several times been besieged or occupied by foreign armies, these include the Battle of Leuven, Siege of Leuven and Battle of Leuven. Both world wars in the 20th century inflicted major damage upon the city, upon Germanys entry into World War I, the town was heavily damaged by rampaging soldiers. In all, about 300 civilians lost their lives, the university library was also destroyed on 25 August 1914, using petrol and incendiary pastilles. 230,000 volumes were lost in the destruction, including Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts, a collection of 750 medieval manuscripts, and more than 1,000 incunabula. The destruction of the library shocked the world, with the Daily Chronicle describing it as war not only against civilians and it was rebuilt after the war, and much of the collection was replaced. Great Britain and the United States were major providers of material for the replenishment of the collection. In World War II, after the start of the German offensive, Leuven formed part of the British Expeditionary Forces front line and was defended by units of the 3rd Division and Belgian troops. From 14 to 16 May 1940, the German Army Group B assaulted the city with heavy air, the British withdrew their forces to the River Senne on the night of 16 May and the town was occupied the next day. The new university building was set on fire by shelling on 16 May. Given the presence of the KULeuven, an important European institution for research and education. There are several biotech and ICT companies, Gasthuisberg, the hospital and research centre
Leuven
–
Leuven Town Hall
Leuven
–
Leuven on the
Ferraris map (around 1775)
Leuven
–
View over Leuven, late 19th century
Leuven
–
Destruction of the university library, 1914
10.
Belgium
–
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
Belgium
–
Charlemagne and
Charles V
Belgium
–
Flaga
Belgium
Belgium
–
Episode of the
Belgian Revolution of 1830 (1834), by
Egide Charles Gustave Wappers
11.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
12.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
13.
Aalst, Belgium
–
Aalst is a city and municipality on the Dender River,31 kilometres northwest from Brussels. It is located in the Flemish province of East Flanders in the Denderstreek, the municipality comprises the city of Aalst itself and the villages of Baardegem, Erembodegem, Gijzegem, Herdersem, Hofstade, Meldert, Moorsel and Nieuwerkerken. Aalst is crossed by the Molenbeek-Ter Erpenbeek in Aalst and Hofstade, the current mayor of Aalst is Christoph DHaese, from the New-Flemish Alliance party. The town has a feud with Dendermonde, which dates back from the Middle Ages. The first historical records on Aalst date from the 9th century, when it was described as the villa Alost, during the Middle Ages, a town and port grew at this strategic point, where the road from Bruges to Cologne crossed the Dender. While it was within the Holy Roman Empire it was considered the capital of the province of Flanders. In 1046, Aalst was transferred to the Countship of Imperial Flanders, and absorbed a portion of Brabant and its frontier position on the border of the Holy Roman Empire allowed the town to keep a certain degree of independence. Its relation with Brabant has been preserved in the white and red coat of arms. Construction of the hall began in the middle of the 12th century. Several manuscripts from this period survive in the town archives. During the Hundred Years War the town of Aalst allied themselves with Louis de Male against Philip van Artevelde, the town hall, and the city itself, were almost entirely destroyed by fire in 1360. The town was rebuilt and a new belfry in gothic style was built in the 15th century. This was a time of prosperity for the city, dominated by the powerful weavers guild. Aalst suffered considerably under the Eighty Years War, the textile-based economy flourished under the French. In the 18th century, the Austrians controlled the region,1830 saw Belgium gain independence and Aalst became part of the country, this ended a long period, starting in 1056, of foreign control, by such as the Spanish, German, French, and the Dutch. The 19th century was marked by social crises engendered by the Industrial Revolution, with Father Adolf Daens and this was in response to Rerum novarum, which established worker rights. However Daens felt this did not do enough, eventually, he was made to pay for his splinter movement. In the Pre-World War II years, the fascist movement in the Low Countries gained momentum, Aalst, along with Brussels and Antwerp were the strongest subscribers to this line of thought
Aalst, Belgium
–
Aalst City Hall
Aalst, Belgium
–
Church of the
beguinage, Aalst.
Aalst, Belgium
–
Aalst on the
Ferraris map (around 1775).
Aalst, Belgium
–
Belfry of Aalst
14.
Antwerp
–
Antwerp is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium and its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels. Antwerp is on the River Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary, the Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally. Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries, the inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren, after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, lord, referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century. The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics, according to folklore, notably celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend about a giant called Antigoon who lived near the Scheldt river. He exacted a toll from passing boatmen, and for those who refused, he severed one of their hands, eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giants own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen, akin to Old English hand and wearpan, a longstanding theory is that the name originated in the Gallo-Roman period and comes from the Latin antverpia. Antverpia would come from Ante Verpia, indicating land that forms by deposition in the curve of a river. Note that the river Scheldt, before a period between 600 and 750, followed a different track. This must have coincided roughly with the current ringway south of the city, however, many historians think it unlikely that there was a large settlement which would be named Antverpia, but more something like an outpost with a river crossing. However, John Lothrop Motley argues, and so do a lot of Dutch etymologists and historians, aan t werp is also possible. This warp is a hill or a river deposit, high enough to remain dry at high tide. Another word for werp is pol hence polders, historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961, produced pottery shards, the earliest mention of Antwerp dates from the 4th century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks, the name was reputed to have been derived from anda and werpum. The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century, at the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto I, in the 11th century Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years known as the marquis of Antwerp. In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michaels Abbey at Caloes
Antwerp
–
Antwerp Antwerpen
Antwerp
–
Coat of arms
Antwerp
–
The
Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal (Cathedral of our Lady) and the
Scheldt river.
Antwerp
–
Grote Markt
15.
Bruges
–
Bruges is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country. The area of the whole city amounts to more than 13,840 hectares, including 1,075 hectares off the coast, the historic city centre is a prominent World Heritage Site of UNESCO. It is oval and about 430 hectares in size, the citys total population is 117,073, of whom around 20,000 live in the city centre. The metropolitan area, including the commuter zone, covers an area of 616 km2 and has a total of 255,844 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008. Along with a few other canal-based northern cities, such as Amsterdam and Stockholm, Bruges has a significant economic importance thanks to its port and was once one of the worlds chief commercial cities. Bruges is well known as the seat of the College of Europe, the name probably derives from the Old Dutch for bridge, brugga. Also compare Middle Dutch brucge, brugge, and modern Dutch bruggehoofd, the form brugghe would be a southern Dutch variant. The Dutch word and the English bridge both derive from Proto-Germanic *brugjō-, Bruges was a location of coastal settlement during prehistory. This Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement is unrelated to medieval city development, in the Bruges area, the first fortifications were built after Julius Caesars conquest of the Menapii in the first century BC, to protect the coastal area against pirates. The Franks took over the region from the Gallo-Romans around the 4th century. The Viking incursions of the century prompted Count Baldwin I of Flanders to reinforce the Roman fortifications, trade soon resumed with England. Bruges received its city charter on 27 July 1128, and new walls and canals were built, in 1089 Bruges became the capital of the County of Flanders. Since about 1050, gradual silting had caused the city to lose its access to the sea. A storm in 1134, however, re-established this access, through the creation of a channel at the Zwin. The new sea arm stretched all the way to Damme, a city became the commercial outpost for Bruges. Bruges had a location at the crossroads of the northern Hanseatic League trade. They developed, or borrowed from Italy, new forms of merchant capitalism, whereby several merchants would share the risks and profits and they employed new forms of economic exchange, including bills of exchange and letters of credit. The city eagerly welcomed foreign traders, most notably the Portuguese traders selling pepper and other spices, the citys entrepreneurs reached out to make economic colonies of England and Scotlands wool-producing districts
Bruges
–
A canal in Bruges with the famous
Belfry in the background
Bruges
–
The
Markt ("Market square")
Bruges
–
The 'Burg', painted c. 1691 – 1700 by
Meunincxhove
Bruges
–
An old street in Bruges, with the
Church of Our Lady tower in the background
16.
Brussels
–
Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and an area with a population of over 1.8 million. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, the secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are also located in Brussels. Today, it is considered an Alpha global city, historically a Dutch-speaking city, Brussels has seen a language shift to French from the late 19th century onwards. Today, the majority language is French, and the Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. All road signs, street names, and many advertisements and services are shown in both languages, Brussels is increasingly becoming multilingual with increasing numbers of migrants, expatriates and minority groups speaking their own languages. The most common theory of the origin of Brussels name is that it derives from the Old Dutch Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning marsh, Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695 when it was still a hamlet. The origin of the settlement that was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually situated around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lotharingia transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel, Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles daughter, as it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. The Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant at about this time, in the 13th century, the city got its first walls. After the construction of the city walls in the early 13th century, to let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Today, traces of it can still be seen, mostly because the small ring, Brabant had lost its independence, but Brussels became the Princely Capital of the prosperous Low Countries, and flourished. In 1516 Charles V, who had been heir of the Low Countries since 1506, was declared King of Spain in St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. Upon the death of his grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and it was in the Palace complex at Coudenberg that Charles V abdicated in 1555. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1695, during the Nine Years War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery, together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels
Brussels
–
A
collage with several views of Brussels, Top: View of the
Northern Quarter business district, 2nd left: Floral carpet event in the
Grand Place, 2nd right:
Brussels City Hall and
Mont des Arts area, 3rd:
Cinquantenaire Park, 4th left:
Manneken Pis, 4th middle:
St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral, 4th right:
Congress Column, Bottom:
Royal Palace of Brussels
Brussels
–
Charles of Lorraine founded what would become Brussels c. 979
Brussels
–
Grand Place after
the 1695 bombardment by the French army
Brussels
–
Episode of the
Belgian Revolution of 1830,
Wappers (1834)
17.
Diepenbeek
–
Diepenbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg near Hasselt. On January 1,2012, Diepenbeek had a population of 18,337. Its total area is 41.19 km² which gives a density of 430 inhabitants per km². The municipality includes the communities and hamlets of Bijenberg, het Crijt, Dorpheide, Keizel, Lutselus, Pampert, Piannesberg, Reitje, Rooierheide, Rozendaal and it is home to Hasselt University, slowly expanding towards Hasselt itself. The Limburg Science Park is located on the university campus, media related to Diepenbeek at Wikimedia Commons Official website - Only available in Dutch
Diepenbeek
–
Diepenbeek town hall
18.
Geel
–
Geel is a city located in the Belgian province of Antwerp, which acquired city status in the 1980s. It comprises Central-Geel which is constituted of 4 old parishes a/o towns, Sint-Amand, Sint-Dimpna, Holven, further on around the center are the parish-towns of Ten Aard, Bel, Winkelomheide, Stelen, Oosterlo and Zammel, Punt and Larum. On January 1,2006, Geel had a population of 35,189. The total area is 109.85 km2 which gives a density of 320 inhabitants per km². Geel’s patron saint, the Irish Saint Dymphna, inspired the town’s pioneering de-institutionalized method of care for the mentally ill, the city is also a regional hub of commerce and industry due to its location alongside the Albert Canal. Geel is also featured in Ciarán Carsons novel Shamrock Tea, archeological finds in the area point to iron-age settlements, but the name of Geel hails from a Germanic root meaning “yellow” and dates from the early Middle Ages. A hamlet already existed in the century, at which time a certain Petrus Cameracencis, canon of Cambrai. The cult of the saint attracted numerous pilgrims to the area, in the 12th century, the extended territory around Geel was given to the Grimbergen Abbey. It then became property of one family after another throughout medieval times. The noble lords or dames were masters of their community, some form of municipal government was granted to Geel as early as the first half of the 13th century. Throughout the Middle Ages to the end of the 18th century, during all this time, the economy of the city depended on the breeding of sheep for the cloth industry, complemented by the cultivation of flax for the manufacture and trade of linen. A cloth hall was built at the beginning of the 15th century, the Eighty Years War greatly damaged the Geel economy as well as its buildings and churches. The textile industry recovered to last until the early 19th century, but the economy was now supported by agriculture, specifically rye, oat, barley. Geel was also known at time for its Latin School. In 1795, the Duchy of Brabant was dissolved and Geel made part of the French department of Deux-Nèthes, the nobles and clerics of the Ancien Régime gave way to a mayor, who was now answerable to the town’s people. Geel actively participated in the Belgian Revolution of 1830, resulting in the award of a flag from King Leopold II. The 19th century also saw the building of new churches at the demand of the various parishes. A major occurrence in the history of Geel is the battle of Geel in September 1944, eventually the territory of Geel, and the smaller villages around it, were finally liberated on September 23, but it had claimed numerous military and civilian casualties
Geel
–
Geel
19.
Ghent
–
Ghent is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province and it is a port and university city. With 240,191 inhabitants in the beginning of 2009, Ghent is Belgiums second largest municipality by number of inhabitants, the current mayor of Ghent, Daniël Termont, leads a coalition of the Socialistische Partij Anders, Groen and Open VLD. The ten-day-long Ghent Festival is held every year and attended by about 1–1.5 million visitors, archaeological evidence shows human presence in the region of the confluence of Scheldt and Leie going back as far as the Stone Age and the Iron Age. Most historians believe that the name for Ghent, Ganda, is derived from the Celtic word ganda which means confluence. Other sources connect its name with a deity named Gontia. There are no records of the Roman period, but archaeological research confirms that the region of Ghent was further inhabited. When the Franks invaded the Roman territories from the end of the 4th century and well into the 5th century, they brought their language with them and Celtic, around 650, Saint Amand founded two abbeys in Ghent, St. Peters and Saint Bavos Abbey. The city grew from several nuclei, the abbeys and a commercial centre, around 800, Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, appointed Einhard, the biographer of Charlemagne, as abbot of both abbeys. In 851 and 879, the city was attacked and plundered twice by the Vikings. Within the protection of the County of Flanders, the city recovered and flourished from the 11th century, by the 13th century, Ghent was the biggest city in Europe north of the Alps after Paris, it was bigger than Cologne or Moscow. Within the city walls lived up to 65,000 people, the belfry and the towers of the Saint Bavo Cathedral and Saint Nicholas Church are just a few examples of the skyline of the period. The rivers flowed in an area where land was periodically flooded. These rich grass meersen were ideally suited for herding sheep, the wool of which was used for making cloth, during the Middle Ages Ghent was the leading city for cloth. The wool industry, originally established at Bruges, created the first European industrialized zone in Ghent in the High Middle Ages, the mercantile zone was so highly developed that wool had to be imported from Scotland and England. This was one of the reasons for Flanders good relationship with Scotland and England, Ghent was the birthplace of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. Trade with England suffered significantly during the Hundred Years War, the city recovered in the 15th century, when Flanders was united with neighbouring provinces under the Dukes of Burgundy. High taxes led to a rebellion and eventually the Battle of Gavere in 1453, around this time the centre of political and social importance in the Low Countries started to shift from Flanders to Brabant, although Ghent continued to play an important role
Ghent
–
View of Ghent from the
Cathedral with
Belfry of Ghent and
Saint Nicholas church visible
Ghent
–
Ghent in 1775
Ghent
–
Buildings along the
Leie river in the city of Ghent
Ghent
–
The Justitiepaleis in Ghent, c. 1895
20.
Kortrijk
–
Kortrijk is a Belgian city and municipality located in the Flemish province West Flanders. It is the capital and largest city of the arrondissement of Kortrijk, the wider municipality comprises the city of Kortrijk proper and the villages of Aalbeke, Bellegem, Bissegem, Heule, Kooigem, Marke, and Rollegem. Kortrijk is part of the cross-border Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, which had 2,155,161 residents in 2008, the city is situated on the Leie,42 km southwest of Ghent and 25 km northeast of Lille in France. In addition, Mouscron in Wallonia is located just south of Kortrijk, both Kortrijk and Lille are part of the same transnational Eurodistrict urban agglomeration with around 1,900,000 inhabitants. As the biggest city of southern West Flanders, Kortrijk has many schools, hospitals, Kortrijk originated from a Gallo-Roman town, called Cortoriacum at a crossroads near the Leie river and two Roman roads. During the Middle Ages, Kortrijk grew significantly thanks to the flax and wool industry with France and England, in 1820, the Treaty of Kortrijk was signed, which laid out the current borders between France and Belgium. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, Kortrijk became a center of the flax industry, today, Kortrijk is the largest city in southern West-Flanders with several hospitals, colleges and a university. Kortrijk was the first city in Belgium with a shopping street. Nowadays, a big part of the city center is a complete pedestrian area with lots of shops. Another shopping mall is located near the edge of the city. Cortoriacum was a typical Gallo-Roman vicus at an important crossroads near the Leie river and it was situated on the crossroads of the Roman roads linking Tongeren and Cassel and Tournai and Oudenburg. In the 9th century, Baldwin II, Count of Flanders established fortifications against the Vikings, the town gained its city charter in 1190 from Philip, Count of Flanders. The population growth required new defensive walls, part of which can still be seen today, in the 13th century, the battles between Fernando of Portugal, Count of Flanders and his first cousin, King Louis VIII of France, led to the destruction of the city. The Counts of Flanders had it rebuilt soon after, to promote industry and weaving in the town, Joan, Countess of Flanders exempted settlers in Kortrijk from property tax. From that time, Kortrijk gained great importance as a centre of linen production, in 1302, the population of Bruges started a successful uprising against the French, who had annexed Flanders a couple of years earlier. On 18 May the French population in that city was massacred and this date is now remembered as a national holiday by the whole Flemish community. Following a new uprising by the Flemish in 1323, but this time against their own Count Louis I and these Flemish acquisitions were consolidated by the French at the Battle of Cassel. Most of the 15th century was prosperous under the Dukes of Burgundy, until the death of the Burgundian heiress, Mary of Burgundy, in 1482, the 16th century was marked by the confrontations engendered by the Reformation and the uprising of the Netherlands against Spain
Kortrijk
–
Broel Towers along the
river Lys in Kortrijk
Kortrijk
–
Beguinage of Kortrijk
Kortrijk
–
The second castle of Kortrijk
Kortrijk
–
The medieval city hall.
21.
Ostend
–
Ostend is a Belgian coastal city and municipality, located in the province of West Flanders. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke, Raversijde, Stene and Zandvoorde, in earlier times, Ostend was a small village built on the east-end of an island between the North Sea and a beach lake. Although small, the rose to the status of town around 1265 when the inhabitants were allowed to hold a market. The major source of income for the inhabitants was fishing, the North Sea coastline has always been rather unstable and in 1395 the inhabitants decided to build a new Ostend behind large dikes and further away from the always-threatening sea. The strategic position on the North Sea coast had major advantages for Ostend as a harbour, the town was frequently taken, ravaged, ransacked and destroyed by conquering armies. The Dutch rebels, the Gueuzen, took control of the town and this shocking event set in motion negotiations that led to a truce several years later. When the truce broke down, it became a Dunkirker base, after this era, Ostend was turned into a harbour of some importance. In 1722, the Dutch again closed off the entrance to the worlds biggest harbour of Antwerp, therefore, Ostend rose in importance because the town provided an alternative exit to the sea. The Belgium Austriacum had become part of the Austrian Empire, the Austrian Emperor Charles VI granted the town the trade monopoly with Africa and the Far-East. The Oostendse Compagnie was allowed to found colonies overseas, however, in 1727 the Oostendse Compagnie was forced to stop its activities because of Dutch and British pressure. The Netherlands and Britain would not allow competitors on the trade level. Both nations regarded international trade as their privilege, on 19 September 1826 the local artillery magazine exploded. At least 20 people were killed and a further 200 injured, the affluent quarter of dHargras was levelled and scarcely a building in the city escaped damage. Disease followed the leading to further deaths. The harbour of Ostend continued to expand because the harbour dock, in 1838, a railway connection with Brussels was constructed. Ostend became a harbour to England in 1846 when the first ferry sailed to Dover. Very important for the image of the town was the attention it started to receive from the Belgian kings Leopold I, both liked to spend their holidays in Ostend. Important monuments and villas were built to please the Royal Family, including the Hippodrome Wellington horse racing track, the rest of aristocratic Belgium followed and soon Ostend became known as The Queen of the Belgian sea-side resorts
Ostend
–
Promenade at Ostend seaside
Ostend
–
Ostend on the
Ferraris map (around 1775)
Ostend
–
St Petrus and St Paulus Church
Ostend
–
Beach, seafront and Europacenter building
22.
Sint-Katelijne-Waver
–
Sint-Katelijne-Waver is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality comprises the towns of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Waver and Sint-Katelijne-Waver proper, on January 1,2006 Sint-Katelijne-Waver had a total population of 19,577. The total area is 36.12 km² which gives a density of 542 inhabitants per km². Roosendael, a relic of a cistercian abbey is situated here and host today a youth. Sint-Katelijne-Waver is a centre for market gardening and hosts a lot of greenhouses, the Mechelse Veilingen in Sint-Katelijne-Waver is the largest co-operative vegetable auction in Europe. Media related to Sint-Katelijne-Waver at Wikimedia Commons Official website - Available only in Dutch
Sint-Katelijne-Waver
–
Sint-Katelijne-Waver
23.
Coimbra Group
–
The Coimbra Group is an association of European universities founded in 1985. Its member universities are older multi-disciplinary research institutions, the group takes its name from the city of Coimbra, Portugal, and its University of Coimbra, one of the oldest in Europe. The Coimbra Group was founded in 1985 and formally constituted in 1987 by a charter signed between its members, then numbering 19, in 1994 it published Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group. A second edition was published in 2005, by which time Caen had left the group while Åbo, Bergen, Geneva, Graz, Lyon, Padua, Tartu, since then, the Group has added Vilnius University in June 2015 and Durham University in June 2016. This brought the membership of the group to 39, but it fell to 38 in October 2016. As of October 2016, the Coimbra Group includes 38 universities in 23 countries, Charter members are marked *, University of Caen* University of Cambridge University of Lyon University of Oxford* Aristotle University of Thessaloniki* Official website
Coimbra Group
–
The group took its name from the city of
Coimbra,
Portugal and the
university located there.
24.
LERU
–
The League of European Research Universities is a consortium of European research universities. The League of European Research Universities is an association of research-intensive universities, founded in 2002, as a partnership among twelve multi-faculty research universities, in 2016 it expanded its membership to twenty-three. The purpose of the League is to influence policy in Europe, LERU is headquartered in Leuven, Belgium. Kurt Deketelaere is the current Secretary-General, trinity College Dublin and the University of Copenhagen will join the alliance on 1 January 2017. A b c These universities also belong to Europaeum, another European university network, a b c d e f These universities joined the League as new members on January 17,2006. A b c These universities also belong to the Utrecht Network, a b These universities join the League as new members on January 1,2010. Official website e-LERU Virtual Campus Bright Students’ Conference
LERU
–
League of European Research Universities
25.
European Quality Improvement System
–
The EFMD Quality Improvement System is a school accreditation system. It specializes in higher institutions of management and business administration. As of February 2017, EQUIS has accredited 167 institutions in 41 countries around the world, EQUIS was created in 1997 under Gordon Shenton and the current director is Michael Osbaldeston. In the past 20 years of existence the organization has accredited 167 institutions in 41 countries, the accreditation is awarded to business schools based on general quality. So far all fully accredited EQUIS business schools applying for AACSB accreditation have succeeded, EQUIS accreditation can be granted for three years or for five years. Association of MBAs Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business List of EQUIS accredited institutions Triple accreditation EQUIS on EFMD official website
European Quality Improvement System
–
Scope of business school accreditation for AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA
26.
Venice International University
–
Venice International University is an international center for higher education and research located on the island of San Servolo, in Venice, Italy. It was established on December 15,1995 as a consortium of five Universities, since its foundation, Venice International University has grown to include a total of eighteen members, Boston College of the United States. Duke University of the United States, ludwig Maximilian University of Munich of Munich, Germany. Ca Foscari University of Venice, Italy, european University at Saint Petersburg, Russia. National Research Council (Italian, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche University of Lausanne, institut National de la Recherche Scientifique of Quebec City, Canada. University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy, all courses are offered in English by professors from the Member Universities and they are open to all students in the Member Universities. TEDIS is a center established within Venice International University in 1999. The center carries out research on innovation and competitiveness, under the supervision of a management committee. VIU facilities include lecture rooms, conference and seminar rooms, a library, pc rooms, a public boat service connects the island to Venice historical center
Venice International University
–
The Island of
San Servolo
Venice International University
–
Venice International University
Venice International University
–
Aerial view of
San Servolo
27.
Flanders
–
Flanders is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium, although there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history. It is one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium, the demonym associated with Flanders is Fleming, while the corresponding adjective is Flemish. The official capital of Flanders is Brussels, although Brussels itself has an independent regional government, in historical contexts, Flanders originally refers to the County of Flanders, which around AD1000 stretched from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary. In accordance with late 20th century Belgian state reforms the area was made two political entities, the Flemish Community and the Flemish Region. These entities were merged, although geographically the Flemish Community, which has a cultural mandate, covers Brussels. Flanders has figured prominently in European history, as a consequence, a very sophisticated culture developed, with impressive achievements in the arts and architecture, rivaling those of northern Italy. Belgium was one of the centres of the 19th century industrial revolution, geographically, Flanders is generally flat, and has a small section of coast on the North Sea. Much of Flanders is agriculturally fertile and densely populated, with a density of almost 500 people per square kilometer. It touches France to the west near the coast, and borders the Netherlands to the north and east, the Brussels Capital Region is an enclave within the Flemish Region. Flanders has exclaves of its own, Voeren in the east is between Wallonia and the Netherlands and Baarle-Hertog in the consists of 22 exclaves surrounded by the Netherlands. It comprises 6.5 million Belgians who consider Dutch to be their mother tongue, the political subdivisions of Belgium, the Flemish Region and the Flemish Community. The first does not comprise Brussels, whereas the latter does comprise the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Brussels, the political institutions that govern both subdivisions, the operative body Flemish Government and the legislative organ Flemish Parliament. The two westernmost provinces of the Flemish Region, West Flanders and East Flanders, forming the central portion of the historic County of Flanders, a feudal territory that existed from the 8th century until its absorption by the French First Republic. Until the 1600s, this county also extended over parts of France, one of the regions conquered by the French in Flanders, namely French Flanders in the Nord department. French Flanders can be divided into two regions, Walloon Flanders and Maritime Flanders. The first region was predominantly French-speaking already in the 1600s, the latter became so in the 20th century, the city of Lille identifies itself as Flemish, and this is reflected, for instance, in the name of its local railway station TGV Lille Flandres. The region conquered by the Dutch Republic in Flanders, now part of the Dutch province of Zeeland, the significance of the County of Flanders and its counts eroded through time, but the designation remained in a very broad sense. In the Early modern period, the term Flanders was associated with the part of the Low Countries
Flanders
–
The
Sack of Antwerp in 1576, in which about 7,000 people died.
Flanders
–
Flag
Flanders
–
Winter scene by
Sebastian Vrancx, 1622
Flanders
–
1609 map of the county of Flanders
28.
Satellite campus
–
A satellite campus or branch campus is a campus of a college or university that is physically at a distance from the original university or college area. This branch campus may be located in a different city, state, or country, the separate campuses may be under the same accreditation and share resources or they share administrations but maintain separate budgets, resources, and other governing bodies. In many cases, satellite campuses are intended to serve students who cannot travel far from home for college because of family responsibilities, their jobs, financial limitations, the availability of branch campuses may increase higher education enrollment by nontraditional students. Electronic communications technology has helped to facilitate the operation of satellite campuses, one growing trend is the establishment of international branch campuses. These are satellite campuses of a parent institution that is located outside the country where the campus is located. The number of branch campuses worldwide grew from 35 before 1999 to 162 in 2009. As of 2009, the United Arab Emirates was the host of 40 international branch campuses, there were 15 international branch campuses in China,12 in Singapore, nine in Qatar, and six in Canada. Although the overall number of branch campuses has grown rapidly. A new breed of branch campuses of Indian universities in the Persian Gulf region is emerging which aims to meet South Asians aspirations to study abroad in a cost-efficient manner, there are several regional satellite or branch campus consortia but only one national association in the United States. St. Johns University has two satellite campuses, one is located in Rome, Italy and offers two graduate degrees as well as numerous study abroad opportunities for undergraduate students. The other is located in Paris, France and offers undergraduate study abroad programs. Ohio State University has five campuses, located in Lima, OH, Mansfield, OH, Marion, OH, Newark, OH. The University of Michigan has two campuses, one located in Flint, MI and the other in Dearborn, MI. The University of Toronto Scarborough and the University of Toronto Mississauga are satellite campuses of the University of Toronto, the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University at New York City are satellite campuses of Cornell University. The University of Waterloo School of Architecture moved from the main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada to a satellite campus in Cambridge. The satellite facility was established due to lack of space at the main campus, University College London has established branch campuses in Adelaide, Australia and Doha, Qatar. These campuses are research intensive with all studies at graduate level only, pennsylvania State University has 19 commonwealth campuses around the state, known as the Commonwealth Campuses, enrolling approximately 40 percent of the universitys students. The Branch campuses of the University of Wisconsin system only offer two-year programs intended to allow students to transfer to the main campus or other four-year universities
Satellite campus
–
Universities in Castile-La Mancha, showing branch campuses (all UNED centres are branches of the Madrid central campus).
29.
Low Countries
–
Most of the Low Countries are coastal regions bounded by the North Sea or the English Channel. The countries without access to the sea have linked themselves politically and economically to those with access to one union of port. The Low Countries were the scene of the northern towns, newly built rather than developed from ancient centres. In that period, they rivaled northern Italy for the most densely populated region of Europe, all of the regions mainly depended on trade, manufacturing and the encouragement of the free flow of goods and craftsmen. Germanic languages such as Dutch and Luxembourgish were the predominant languages, secondary languages included French, Romance-speaking Belgium, the Romance Flanders, and Namur. Governor Mary of Hungary used both the expressions les pays de par deça and Pays dEmbas, which evolved to Pays-Bas or Low Countries, today the term is typically fitted to modern political boundaries and used in the same way as the term Benelux, which also includes Luxembourg. The name of the country the Netherlands has the same meaning. The same name of countries can be found in other European languages, for example German Niederlande, French, les Pays-Bas, and so on. In the Dutch language itself no plural is used for the name of the modern country, so Nederland is used for the modern nation and de Nederlanden for the 16th century domains of Charles V. In Dutch, and to an extent in English, the Low Countries colloquially means the Netherlands and Belgium, sometimes the Netherlands. For example, a Derby der Lage Landen, is an event between Belgium and the Netherlands. Belgium was renamed only in 1830, after splitting from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, politically, before the Napoleonic wars, it was referred to as the Southern, Spanish or later Austrian Netherlands. It is still referred to as part of the low countries, the region politically had its origins in Carolingian empire, more precisely, most of it was within the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia. After the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia, the Low Countries were brought under the rule of various lordships until they came to be in the hands of the Valois Dukes of Burgundy. Hence, a part of the low countries came to be referred to as the Burgundian Netherlands also called the Seventeen Provinces up to 1581. Even after the secession of the autonomous Dutch Republic in the north. The Low Countries were part of the Roman provinces of Gallia Belgica, Germania Inferior and they were inhabited by Belgic and Germanic tribes. In the 4th and 5th century, Frankish tribes had entered this Roman region and they came to be ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, under which dynasty the southern part was re-Christianised
Low Countries
–
The Low Countries as seen from space with modern day boundaries drawn in thin blue.
30.
Times Higher Education
–
Times Higher Education, formerly the Times Higher Education Supplement, is a weekly magazine based in London, reporting specifically on news and issues related to higher education. It is the United Kingdoms leading publication in its field, from its first issue, in 1971, until 2008 the Times Higher Education Supplement was published in newspaper format and was born out of, and affiliated with, The Times newspaper. On 10 January 2008, it was relaunched as a magazine and it is published by TES Global, which until October 2005 was a division of Rupert Murdochs News International. The magazine is edited by John Gill, phil Baty is the editor at large, and is responsible for international coverage. He is also the editor of the magazines World University Rankings, the magazine features a fictional satirical column written by Laurie Taylor, the Poppletonian, which reflects on life at the fictional Poppleton University. In 2011 Times Higher Education was awarded the titles of Weekly Business Magazine of the Year, Times Higher Education became known for publishing the annual Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings, which first appeared in November 2004. On 30 October 2009 Times Higher Education broke with QS, then its partner in compiling the Rankings, the magazine developed a new methodology in consultation with its readers and its editorial board. Thomson Reuters collects and analyses the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the results have been published annually since autumn 2010. QS, which collected and analysed the data from 2004-2009. The magazine runs two sets of awards annually, the first is the Times Higher Education Awards. The 2011 awards took place on 24 November at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane, seventeen universities were given awards in different categories, with the University of Sheffield being University of the Year. Tessa Blackstone was given the Lord Dearing Lifetime Achievement Award, the University of Strathclyde was named as the University of the Year at the 2012 awards which took place on 29 November 2012 at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane. University of Strathclyde Principal and Vice-Chancellor Professor Sir Jim McDonald received the award at the ceremony, the Times Higher Education Leadership and Management Awards were launched in 2009. The Thelmas were set up to recognise the impact that administrative staff have on the success of education institutions
Times Higher Education
–
No. 2,048 (May 3–9, 2012)
31.
Academic Ranking of World Universities
–
Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as Shanghai Ranking, is an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. The publication currently includes worlds overall and subject league tables, alongside independent regional Greater China Ranking, ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university measures, alongside QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It is praised for its objective methodology but draws some condemnation for narrowly focusing on raw power, undermining humanities. ARWU is praised by media and institutions for its methodology. A survey on higher education published by The Economist in 2005 commented ARWU as the most widely used annual ranking of the research universities. In 2010, The Chronicle of Higher Education called ARWU the best-known, EU Research Headlines reported the ARWUs work on 31 December 2003, The universities were carefully evaluated using several indicators of research performance. Chancellor of University of Oxford, Chris Patten and former Vice-Chancellor of Australian National University, Ian Chubb, said and it looks like a pretty good stab at a fair comparison. And The SJTU rankings were reported quickly and widely around the offer an important comparative view of research performance. Philip G. Altbach named ARWUs consistency, clarity of purpose, whilst ARWU has originated in China, the ranking have been praised for being unbiased towards Asian institutions. Like all other rankings, ARWU has criticism and it is condemned for relying too much on award factors thus undermining the importance of quality of instruction and humanities. A2007 paper published in the journal Scientometrics found that the results from the Shanghai rankings could not be reproduced from raw data using the described by Liu. A2013 paper in the journal finally showed how the Shanghai ranking results could be reproduced. In a report from April 2009, J-C, billaut, D. Bouyssou and Ph. Vincke analyse how the ARWU works, using their insights as specialists of Multiple Criteria Decision Making. The ARWU researchers themselves, N. C Liu and Y Cheng, think that the quality of universities cannot be measured by mere numbers. They suggest that university and college rankings should be used with caution, ARWU has been criticised by the European Commission as well as some EU member states for favour Anglo-Saxon higher education institutions. It is also criticised in France for its use as a motivation for fusing universities into larger ones, indeed, number of publications or award winners will mechanically add as universities are grouped, independently of research quality. The weighting of all the other remains unchanged, thus the grand total of 70%. There are two categories in ARWUs disciplinary rankings, broad subject fields and specific subjects, the methodology is similar to that adopted in the overall table, including award factors, paper citation, and the number of highly cited scholars
Academic Ranking of World Universities
–
Academic Ranking of World Universities
32.
Thomson Reuters
–
Thomson Reuters Corporation is a multinational mass media and information firm with operational headquarters at 3 Times Square in Manhattan, New York City. The firm was founded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where its legal domicile offices are located at 333 Bay Street in Downtown Toronto, Thomson Reuters shares maintain a dual listing on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange. Thomson Reuters was ranked as Canadas leading corporate brand in the 2010 Interbrand Best Canadian Brands ranking, Thomson Reuters operates in more than 100 countries, and has more than 60,000 employees around the world. The chief executive of the company is James C. Smith, who was the executive for the professional division, and the chairman is David Thomson. The company was founded by Roy Thomson in 1934 in Ontario as the publisher of The Timmins Daily Press, in 1953, Thomson acquired the Scotsman newspaper and moved to Scotland the following year. He consolidated his position in Scotland in 1957 when he won the franchise for Scottish Television. In 1959, he bought the Kemsley Group, a purchase that eventually gave him control of the Sunday Times and he separately acquired the Times in 1967. He moved into the business in 1965, when he acquired Britannia Airways and into oil. The company at time was known as the International Thomson Organisation Ltd. In 1989, ITOL merged with Thomson Newspapers, forming The Thomson Corporation, in 1996, The Thomson Corporation acquired West Publishing, a purveyor of legal research and solutions including Westlaw. The Company was founded by Paul Julius Reuter in 1851 in London as a business transmitting stock market quotations, in 1865, Reuters in London was the first organization to report the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The company was involved in developing the use of radio in 1923 and it was acquired by the British National & Provincial Press in 1941 and first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1984. The Thomson Corporation acquired Reuters Group PLC to form Thomson Reuters on April 17,2008, Thomson Reuters operated under a dual-listed company structure and had two parent companies, both of which were publicly listed — Thomson Reuters Corporation and Thomson Reuters PLC. In 2009, it unified its dual listed company structure and stopped its listing on the London Stock Exchange and it is now listed only as Thomson Reuters Corporation on the New York Stock Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange. On February 13,2013, Thomson Reuters announced it would cut 2,500 jobs to cut cost in its Legal, Financial and Risk division. On October 29,2013, Thomson Reuters announced it would cut another 3,000 jobs, mostly in its Legal, Financial, the Thomson-Reuters merger transaction was reviewed by the U. S. Department of Justice and by the European Commission. On February 19,2008, both the Department of Justice and the Commission cleared the transaction subject to minor divestments and these remedies were viewed as very minor given the scope of the transaction
Thomson Reuters
–
3 Times Square, as seen from
43rd Street and
Broadway in New York City.
Thomson Reuters
–
Thomson Reuters Building in
Canary Wharf,
London Borough of Tower Hamlets.
Thomson Reuters
–
Thomson Reuters Building as seen from 8th Avenue.
33.
Old University of Leuven
–
The Old University of Leuven is the name historians give to the university, or studium generale, founded in Leuven, Brabant, in 1425. The university was closed in 1797, a week after the cession to the French Republic of the Austrian Netherlands and it is commonly referred to as the University of Leuven or University of Louvain, sometimes with the qualification old to distinguish it from the Catholic University of Leuven. This might also refer to a short-lived but historically important State University of Leuven, the immediate official and legal successor and inheritor of the old University, under the laws in force in 1797, was the École centrale de Bruxelles, which itself closed down in 1802. To shake off this reputation, the faculty of theology thrice declared its adherence to the condemnation of Jansenist beliefs in the papal bull Unigenitus. Pope Martin V issued a bull dated 9 December 1425 founding the University in Leuven as a Studium Generale. This university was institutionally independent of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. From the founding of the university to its abolition in 1797, in its early years, this university was modelled on those of Paris, Cologne and Vienna. After the French Revolutionary Wars, by the Treaty of Campo Formio, once formally integrated into the French Republic, a law dating to 1793 mandating that all universities in France be closed came into effect. The University of Leuven was abolished by decree of the Département of the Dyle on October 25,1797, what remained of the universitys movables and books were requisitioned for the École centrale in Brussels. This was the official and legal successor and inheritor of the old University. It was in turn closed down in 1802, the first attempt to found a successor university in the nineteenth-century was the State University of Leuven, 1817–1835, where a dozen professors of the old University taught. This was followed by a private Catholic university, the Catholic University of Leuven and this institution was founded with the intention of restoring the confessionally Catholic pre-Revolutionary traditions of learning in Leuven. In 1968 this split to form the two current institutions, the Dutch language Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the French language Université catholique de Louvain, from the founding of the University in 1425 up until 1636, there was no official library of the university. Very likely the students had access to manuscripts and printed books preserved in the homes of their professors or colleges, in 1636, however, a university library was founded in the Cloth hall and was enlarged in 1725 in a baroque style. The library of the Central School of Brussels came to number about 80,000 volumes, which became part of the Library of Brussels. Also the rich archives of the old University of Leuven are always existing, indeed, the library burned in 1914 by the Germans was not the original library of the old University of Louvain, but the new library of the new Catholic University of Leuven. John of St. Ejus origo, incrementum, viri illustres, res gestae,1635, Valerius Andreas, Fasti academici Lovanienses, Louvain, edited by Jean Olivier et Corneille Coenesteyn,1635. 1829, Baron Frédéric de Reiffenberg, Mémoires sur les deux premiers siècles de lUniversité de Louvain, Brussels,1838, P. De Ram, Laforêt et Namêche, Analectes pour servir à lhistoire de lUniversité de Louvain, in, Annuaire de lUniversité de Louvain, 1838-65
Old University of Leuven
–
Cornelius Jansen, the father of
Jansenism and a professor of the old University of Leuven.
Old University of Leuven
–
Coat-of-arms of the old University of Louvain
Old University of Leuven
–
Gerardus Mercator, the celebrated mapmaker.
34.
Catholic University of Leuven (1834-1968)
–
The Catholic University of Leuven, located in the town of Leuven, was considered the largest, oldest and most prominent university in Belgium. The University of Leuven was founded in 1425 by John IV, Duke of Brabant and it flourished for hundreds of years as the most prominent university in what would become Belgium, and one of the more prominent in Europe. During the French rule over Belgium in the French Revolutionary Wars, after Belgium was joined to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the State University of Louvain was founded in 1816, lasting until 1835. In 1834, a few years after Belgium had gained its independence and this new Roman Catholic university moved its seat to Leuven and took the name Catholic University of Leuven, seeing itself as a re-founding of the older University of Leuven. This claim to continuity with the institution was not recognised at law. Nonetheless, the Catholic University of Leuven is very frequently identified as a continuation of the older institution and this entry deals with the historic university/universities, 1425–1797 and 1834–1968. For the current successor institutions and their development since 1968. In the 15th century the city of Leuven, with the support of John IV, Duke of Brabant, Pope Martin V issued a papal bull dated 9 December 1425 founding the University in Leuven as a Studium Generale. In its early years, the university was modelled on those of Paris, Cologne, after the French Revolutionary Wars, by the Treaty of Campo Formio, this region was ceded to the French Republic by Austria in exchange for the Republic of Venice. Once formally integrated into the French Republic, a law from 1793 which mandated that all universities in France be closed came into effect, the University of Leuven was abolished by decree of the Département of Dijle on October 25,1797. The region next became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in 1830, Belgium was formed as a new nation out of the Southern Provinces of the Netherlands. Belgian bishops founded a new Roman Catholic university in 1834, at Mechelen, in 1835 the recently founded Catholic University of Mechlin moved to Leuven, and changed its name to Catholic University of Leuven, where the State University had been closed. In 1914, during World War I, Leuven was looted by German troops and they set fire to a large part of the city, effectively destroying about half of it. From its beginning in 1834, the Catholic University of Louvain provided lectures only in French, latin was sometimes used in the theology faculty, but it was essentially a French-language institution. Lectures in Dutch, the official language of Belgium and the language spoken in Leuven. In 1962, in line with constitutional reforms governing official language use, at the time, Brussels and Leuven were both part of the officially bilingual and now defunct Province of Brabant, but unlike Brussels, Leuven had retained its Dutch-speaking character. Tensions rose when a French-speaking social geographer suggested in a lecture that the city of Leuven should be incorporated into an enlarged bilingual Greater-Brussels region. Mainstream Flemish politicians and students began demonstrating under the slogan Leuven Vlaams - Walen Buiten, student demonstrations escalated into violence throughout the mid-60s
Catholic University of Leuven (1834-1968)
–
Castle Arenberg, part of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
Catholic University of Leuven (1834-1968)
–
Pope
Gregory XVI, cofounder with the bishops of Belgium of the
Catholic University of Malines in 1834, which would later be the Catholic University of Leuven.
Catholic University of Leuven (1834-1968)
–
The ruins of the library of the Catholic University of Leuven after the library was burned by the German army in 1914.
Catholic University of Leuven (1834-1968)
–
The library building designed by
Whitney Warren and built from 1921–1928, now the KUL's central library.
35.
Louvain-la-Neuve
–
Louvain-la-Neuve is a planned city in the municipality of Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, situated 30 km southeast of Brussels, in the French-speaking part of the country. To a great extent, it still lives following the rhythms of the university that is its raison dêtre, Louvain-la-Neuve is an example of the automobile under type of New Pedestrianism. After much deliberation, the university administration agreed on a site near the town of Ottignies. They bought a 9 km2 plot of farmland, which became the site from which the new city would arise. Construction started on 20 January 1969, the first inhabitants arrived in 1972. At this time, there were only around 600 permanent residents of the city, who were joined during the day by students of Applied Sciences. With the completion of university buildings and the residential development. The final goal is to reach 30,000 inhabitants, in addition to the 15,000 students living in town during the academic year, the town was created with the sole purpose of hosting the Université de Louvain. As such all the grounds are property of the University, consequently, the University was able to play an important role in the conception and planning of the town. They decided that city should not be inhabited by students. Moreover, one of the points of the urban design of Louvain-la-Neuve was to make it people rather than automobile centred. As a consequence, the city center is built on a concrete slab. This allows most of the level of the city center to be car free. Most buildings are built on the slab, and the area is expanding even far from the city centre. The city is clustered around this center in four districts, Biéreau, Lauzelle, Hocaille, a fifth district, Baraque, that was not planned by the University has expanded on the north side of the city. It is distinct from the rest of the city in the willingness of its inhabitants to live outside of the architectural framework used in the other parts of the city. Louvain-la-Neuves location 30 km south of Brussels at the crosspoint of several important roads makes it reachable by car. Moreover, an extension has been built from the nearby station of Ottignies
Louvain-la-Neuve
–
Main Square
Louvain-la-Neuve
–
Flag
Louvain-la-Neuve
–
Place Montesquieu
Louvain-la-Neuve
–
Louvain-la-Neuve Science Park, aerial view
36.
Wallonia
–
Wallonia is a region of Belgium. Wallonia is primarily French-speaking, and accounts for 55% of the territory of Belgium, unlike Flanders, the Walloon Region was not merged with the French Community of Belgium which is the political entity that is responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education. The German-speaking minority in the east forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium, during the industrial revolution, Wallonia was second only to the United Kingdom in industrialization, capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron. This brought the wealth, and, from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century. Since World War II the importance of industry has greatly diminished. Wallonia now suffers high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders. The economic inequalities and linguistic divide between the two are major sources of conflict in Belgium and is a major factor in Flemish separatism. The capital of Wallonia is Namur but the city with the greatest population is Charleroi, most of Wallonias major cities and two-thirds of its population lie along the Sambre and Meuse valley, the former industrial backbone of Belgium. To the north lies the Central Belgian Plateau, which, like Flanders, is relatively flat, in the south-east lie the Ardennes, hilly and sparsely populated. Wallonia borders Flanders and the Netherlands in the north, France to the south and west, Wallonia has been a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie since 1980. The term Wallonia can mean different things in different contexts. One of the three regions of Belgium is still constitutionally defined as the Walloon Region, but the regions government has renamed it Wallonia. In practice, the difference between the two terms is small and what is meant is usually clear, based on context, the root of the word Wallonia, like the words Wales, Cornwall and Wallachia, is the Germanic word Walha, meaning the strangers. Wallonia is named after the Walloons, the population of the Burgundian Netherlands speaking Romance languages, in Middle Dutch, the term Walloons also included the French-speaking population of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège or the whole population of the Romanic sprachraum within the medieval Low Countries. Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in 57 BC, the Low Countries became part of the larger Gallia Belgica province which originally stretched from southwestern Germany to Normandy and the southern part of the Netherlands. The population of territory was Celtic with a Germanic influence which was stronger in the north than in the south of the province. The ancestors of the Walloons became Gallo-Romans and were called the Walha by their Germanic neighbours, the Walha abandoned their Celtic dialects and started to speak Vulgar Latin. The Merovingian Franks gradually gained control of the region during the 5th century, the language border began to crystallize between 700 under the reign of the Merovingians and Carolingians and around 1000 after the Ottonian Renaissance
Wallonia
–
The
Sequence of Saint Eulalia, the oldest surviving text written in what would become
Old French, likely originated in or near Wallonia.
Wallonia
–
Flag
Wallonia
–
Baptismal font of
Renier de Huy, an example of
Mosan art and of medieval Walloon brass working expertise.
Wallonia
–
The
Lion's Mound commemorates the
Battle of Waterloo, fought in present-day Wallonia. Belgium was united with the Netherlands following the
Napoleonic Wars.
37.
Kasteel van Arenberg
–
Kasteel van Arenberg is a château in Heverlee close to Leuven in Belgium. It is surrounded by a park, the site had been the castle of the lords of Heverlee since the 12th century, but this family became impoverished and had to sell the site in 1445 to the Croÿ family from Picardy. Antoon van Croy demolished the castle and started works to build the current château in 1455 on the site, of which he destroyed all. Willem van Croÿ completed the works on the château in 1515 and its large corner towers are typical, once surmounted by a German eagle. The first manned gas-filled balloon flight in history took off from the front lawn of the château on November 21,1783, the balloonist was professor Jan Pieter Minckeleers. Even before the First World War, the 8th duke of Arenberg wanted to sell the château and its grounds to the Catholic University of Leuven, during the First World War, the château and grounds were occupied by the Germans and Austrians. It took until 1921 for the University to acquire them, becoming a natural sciences. The building is open to the public, the former Celestine monastery on the château grounds now houses the campus library, and the addresses of many of the science buildings are on the street named Celestijnenlaan. List of castles in Belgium Local tourism information
Kasteel van Arenberg
–
Kasteel van Arenberg
38.
Pieter De Somer
–
Pieter De Somer was a Belgian physician and biologist. He studied medicine from 1935 up to 1942 at the Catholic University of Leuven and he did research and later became a professor at the Department of medicine, where he specialised in microbiology and immunology. In 1968, he became the first rector of the Flemish Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, pieter De Somer founded both the company Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques and the Rega Institute for Medical Research
Pieter De Somer
–
De Somer (1967)
39.
Blackboard Inc.
–
Blackboard Inc. is an educational technology company with corporate headquarters in Washington, D. C. It is known for its Blackboard Learn learning management system, the software consists of seven platforms called Learn, Transact, Engage, Connect, Mobile, Collaborate and Analytics that are offered as bundled software. The firm was founded by Michael Chasen, Matthew Pittinsky, Stephen Gilfus and Daniel Cane in 1997 and it operated publicly until it was purchased by Providence Equity Partners in 2011. As of January 2014, its software and services are used by approximately 17,000 schools, seventy-five percent of US colleges and universities and more than half of K–12 districts in the United States use its products and services. Blackboard LLC. was founded in 1997 by Michael Chasen and Matthew Pittinsky, Chasen and Pittinsky started Blackboard after leaving KPMG Consulting where they both had worked as part of the companys higher education practice. In 1998, the company, Blackboard LLC, in 1998, Gilfus and Cane decided too merge CourseInfo with Chasen and Pittinkys Blackboard LLC. company in order to raise money and scale the business. The product was sold to schools for 5-10k per year on an annual FTE licensing model. During the. Com era the company provide a hosted version for teachers to try out for free. The new company made a profit in its first year, other early products included Blackboard Classroom and Blackboard Campus. In 2000, Blackboard acquired iCollege/College Enterprises Inc. s campus card, by 2006, the firms software was used in more than 40% of U. S. college campuses and the company had gained a significant worldwide market share. This expansion was funded through venture capital from a number of investors, including Pearson PLC, Dell, AOL, The Carlyle Group. Overseas expansion began in the early 2000s, growing to include Asia, Australia, Blackboard had its initial public offering in June 2004 under the stock market ticker BBBB. Sale of shares in the public offering raised an estimated $70 million for the company. In 2006, Blackboard completed the acquisition of its largest competitor, WebCT Inc, thus expanding beyond the learning management system market. By 2011, the products were used by over half of colleges and universities in the US. On July 1,2011, Blackboard agreed to a $1.64 billion buyout by an group led by Providence Equity Partners. Following the sale, Providence Equity Partners merged Edline, its K-12 learning system, Edline was later renamed Blackboard Engage. According to a TechCrunch article from 2012, despite its success, in December 2011, Fast Company reported that 93% of respondents to the Amplicate customer opinion survey hate the company
Blackboard Inc.
–
Blackboard Inc. headquarters at 650
Massachusetts Ave NW, in Washington, D.C.
40.
Rik Torfs
–
Henri Maria Dymphna André Laurent Rik Torfs is a Belgian canon law scholar, media personality, and the current Rector of the Catholic University of Leuven. He is a former Senator for the Christian Democratic and Flemish party in the Belgian Federal Parliament and he attended the Sint-Gummaruscollege and studied law at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the University of Strasbourg. He specialized in ecclesiastical or canon law and he received his JCD in 1987 with a dissertation on the canonical concept of marriage. In 1988, Torfs became assistant professor in the Faculty of Canon Law at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and he became full-time professor in 1996. From 1994 to 2003 and 2009 to 2013, he served as Dean of the Faculty and he is a guest professor at the University of Stellenbosch, University of Paris, University of Nijmegen, and University of Strasbourg. He is a president and board member of the European Consortium for Church and State Research and founder. He became a member of the Commission for Intercultural dialogue in 2005, the Commissie ter invulling van de cursus maatschappelijke oriëntatie in 2006 and he serves as an advisor to the government of Romania regarding the protection of religious minorities. In 2005 Torfs ran for rector at KU Leuven, losing to Marc Vervenne, Vervenne could not serve a second term, and in 2008 Torfs announced he would not run for office in 2009. In 2013 he stepped down from politics and did participate in the election for Rector of KU Leuven, in On 17 May 2013, he was elected Rector after obtaining a majority of the votes in the second round. He assumed office on 1 August 2013, Torfs has widely commented on matters related to the Catholic Church. In 1994, he appealed to bishops to use their ius remonstrandi to protest the papal letter ordinatio sacerdotalis which wanted to close the debate on allowing women into priesthood and he subsequently became one of the panel members of the show Canvas from 2002 to 2003. He began a column in De Standaard called The Slippery Slope, in 2004 he gave a series of lectures with reflections on Rubens and modern art in the St. Paul Church in Antwerp. In 2008 he was the guest speaker on the meeting of the Willem-Elsschot Society. In 2008 he was the guest speaker of the Bomans Society in the Netherlands and he was the host of the Belgian Sports Personality of the Year in 2009. He later became a weekly columnist for Le Soir from 2008 to 2009, Torfs was brought in several times as a guest on De Laatste Show a talk show on Eén a public Dutch TV station in Belgium, owned by the VRT. Torfs soon became a frequent guest on some of Flanders medias prime-time shows, including De Zevende Dag, Terzake, Zinzen, De Pappenheimers, in 2009 Torfs was a co-presenter with Siegfried Bracke in a television program devoted to covering Belgian elections called De Stemming. Torfs was a jury panel on De Slimste Mens ter Wereld. Presented by movie director Erik Van Looy, it features journalists, politicians, Torfs remarked on the questions, answers, contestants, or the presenter
Rik Torfs
–
Henri Maria Dymphna André Laurent "Rik" Torfs
41.
Archbishop
–
In Christianity, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In some cases, like the Lutheran Church of Sweden, it is the denomination leader title, an archbishop may be granted the title, or ordained as chief pastor of a metropolitan see or another episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached. Episcopal sees are generally arranged in groups in which the bishop who is the ordinary of one of them has certain powers and he is known as the metropolitan archbishop of that see. As well as the more numerous metropolitan sees, there are 77 Roman Catholic sees that have archiepiscopal rank. In some cases, such a see is the one in a country, such as Luxembourg or Monaco. In others, the title of archdiocese is for reasons attributed to a see that was once of greater importance. Some of these archdioceses are suffragans of a metropolitan archdiocese, an example is the Archdiocese of Avignon, which is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille, Another such example is the Archdiocese of Trnava, Slovakia. Others are immediately subject to the Holy See and not to any metropolitan archdiocese and these are usually aggregated to an ecclesiastical province. An example is the Archdiocese of Hobart in Australia, associated with the Metropolitan ecclesiastical province of Melbourne, the ordinary of such an archdiocese is an archbishop, however, especially in the Anglican Communion, not all archbishops dioceses are called archdioceses. Since then, the title of Coadjutor Archbishop of the see is considered sufficient, the rank of archbishop is conferred on some bishops who are not ordinaries of an archdiocese. They hold the rank not because of the see that they head, the bishop transferred is then known as the Archbishop-Bishop of his new see. An example is Gianfranco Gardin, appointed Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso on 21 December 2009, the title borne by the successor of such an archbishop-bishop is merely that of Bishop of the see, unless he also is granted the personal title of Archbishop. The distinction between metropolitan sees and non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees exists for titular sees as well as for residential ones, the Annuario Pontificio marks titular sees of the former class with the abbreviation Metr. and the others with Arciv. Many of the sees to which nuncios and heads of departments of the Roman Curia who are not cardinals are assigned are not of archiepiscopal rank. In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the title of archbishop. They are usually referred to as Archbishop of the see, not as its Archbishop-Bishop, until 1970, such archbishops were transferred to a titular see. There can be several Archbishops Emeriti of the see, the 2008 Annuario Pontificio listed three living Archbishops Emeriti of Taipei. There is no Archbishop Emeritus of a see, an archbishop who holds a titular see keeps it until death or until transferred to another see
Archbishop
–
St.
John Chrysostom Archbishop of Constantinople (398—404)
Archbishop
–
Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens and All Greece (1998–2008)
42.
Mary, the mother of Jesus
–
Mary, also known by various titles, styles and honorifics, was a 1st-century Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin, the miraculous birth took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph and was awaiting the concluding rite of marriage, the formal home-taking ceremony. She married Joseph and accompanied him to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born, the Gospel of Luke begins its account of Marys life with the Annunciation, when the angel Gabriel appeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According to canonical gospel accounts, Mary was present at the crucifixion and is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to the Catholic and Orthodox teaching, at the end of her life her body was assumed directly into Heaven. Mary has been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion and she is claimed to have miraculously appeared to believers many times over the centuries. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, there is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her status as the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her perpetual virginity, many Protestants minimize Marys role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary also has a position in Islam, where one of the longer chapters of the Quran is devoted to her. Marys name in the manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name ܡܪܝܡ. The English name Mary comes from the Greek Μαρία, which is a form of Μαριάμ. Both Μαρία and Μαριάμ appear in the New Testament, in Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that she conceived Jesus miraculously through the Holy Spirit without her husbands involvement. The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos, Aeiparthenos as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions. For example, the title Our Lady of Sorrows has inspired such masterpieces as Michelangelos Pietà, the title Theotokos was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431. However, this phrase in Greek, in the abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ, is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God, some Marian titles have a direct scriptural basis. For instance, the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, the scriptural basis for the term Queen can be seen in Luke 1,32 and the Isaiah 9,6. Queen Mother can be found in 1 Kings 2, 19-20 and Jeremiah 13, other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals or occasions for calling on Mary
Mary, the mother of Jesus
–
Our Lady of Vladimir, one of the medieval representations of the
Theotokos
Mary, the mother of Jesus
–
Virgin and Child with angels and Sts. George and Theodore. Icon from around 600, from
Saint Catherine's Monastery.
Mary, the mother of Jesus
–
The
Annunciation by
Eustache Le Sueur, an example of 17th-century
Marian art. The
Angel Gabriel announces to Mary her pregnancy with Jesus and offers her
White Lilies.
Mary, the mother of Jesus
–
The Virgin's first seven steps, mosaic from
Chora Church, c. 12th century
43.
Seat of Wisdom
–
In the Roman Catholic tradition, the epithet the Seat of Wisdom or Throne of Wisdom is identified with one of many devotional titles for the Mother of God. The iconographic realization of the Seat of Wisdom in Italy, especially, is referred to as the Maestà, however, this is not universally the case, with Merton College, Oxford commissioning an image of Our Lady sedes sapientiae for its Chapel in 2014. In Christian iconography, Sedes sapientiae is an icon of the Mother of God in majesty, when the Virgin is depicted in sedes sapientiae icons and sculptural representations, she is seated on a throne, with the Christ Child on her lap. For the more domestic and intimate iconic representations of Mary with the infant Jesus on her lap, see Madonna, the Roman Catholic Church honors Mary, Seat of Wisdom, with a feast day on June 8. In these representations, some elements of the throne invariably appear, even if only handholds. For hieratic purposes, the Virgins feet often rest on a low stool, later, Gothic sculptures of the type are more explicitly identifiable with the Throne of Solomon, where two lions stood, one at each hand. And twelve little lions stood upon the six steps on the one side, the Sedes sapientiae icon also appeared in illuminated manuscripts, and Romanesque frescoes and mosaics, and was represented on seals. This was much used in Early Netherlandish painting in works like the Lucca Madonna by Jan van Eyck, more recently, sedes sapientiae is for example the motto of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain, founded when Latin still was the academic lingua franca. Here the phrase is also a play on words, since the University itself is a seat of learning, i. e. school. Madonna of humility Our Lady Seat of Wisdom College Hans Belting,1994, likeness and Presence, A History of the Image before the Era of Art, translator E. Jephcott Ilene Forsyth,1972. The throne of Wisdom, Wood Sculptures of the Madonna in Romanesque France, lane, Barbara G, The Altar and the Altarpiece, Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting, Harper & Row,1984, ISBN 0-06-430133-8
Seat of Wisdom
–
Madonna as Seat of Wisdom, 1199, inscribed as by Presbyter Martinus, from the
Camaldolese abbey in Borgo San Sepolcro near
Arezzo, Italy
Seat of Wisdom
–
The
cloisonné enamel donor plaque with the donor's portrait and the enthroned Madonna, on the processional
Cross of Mathilde, Ottonian, earl;y 11th century (
Aachen Cathedral)
44.
Candlemas
–
It falls on February 2, which is traditionally the 40th day of the Christmas-Epiphany season. While it is customary for Christians in some countries to remove their Christmas decorations on Twelfth Night, on Candlemas, many Christians also bring their candles to their local church, where they are blessed and then used for the rest of the year. The Feast of the Presentation is one of the oldest feasts of the Christian church, there are sermons on the Feast by the bishops Methodius of Patara, Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory the Theologian, Amphilochius of Iconium, Gregory of Nyssa, and John Chrysostom. It is also mentioned in the pilgrimage of Egeria, where she confirmed that the celebrations took place in honor of the presentation of Jesus at the Temple, but certainly the Feast of the Purification is celebrated here with the greatest honour. On this day there is a procession to the Anastasis, all go in procession, and when all things have been celebrated in order as is customary, the sacrament is administered, and so the people are dismissed. Christmas was, in the West, celebrated on December 25 from at least the year AD354 when it was fixed by Pope Liberius, forty days after December 25 is February 2. In the Eastern parts of the Roman Empire, Roman consul Justin established the celebration of the Hypapante on February 2, Pope Gelasius I contributed to the spread of the celebration, but clearly did not invent it. But it appears that it became important around the time of the Plague of Justinian in 541, the ancient Romans celebrated the Lupercalia in mid-February, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility and shepherds. The celebration of Feralia occurred at the same time and this could be interpreted as evidence that he had limited influence on the Roman aristocracy. The custom of making pancakes is similar to the custom of the Vestal Virgins during Lupercalia, among the Celts, the pagan celebration of Imbolc occurred on the first of February. This was in honor of the goddess Brigid and was associated with purification, peasants would carry torches and cross the fields in procession, praying to the goddess to purify the ground before planting. In churches, the torches were replaced by blessed candles whose glow was supposed to take away evil and they would then take the candles to their homes to bring protection to their homes. In 1372 this celebration would also be associated with the purification of Mary at the Temple, crêpes with their round form and their golden color are reminiscent of the sun, an appropriate symbol during Candlemas, as this is the time of the year when the days get longer. It is also the time of year when the winter seeds begin to grow, the people therefore used left-over flour to make these crêpes, symbolizing prosperity for the coming year. The celebration took on a Marian character after the appearition of the Virgin of Candelaria on the island of Tenerife, in 1497 the conqueror of Tenerife, Alonso Fernández de Lugo, celebrated the first Candlemas dedicated to the Virgin Mary. From antiquity to the Middle Ages, bears were an object of cult, germans and Scandinavians and, to a lesser extent, the Celts celebrated the end of hibernation of the bears at the end of January and beginning of February. However January 24 was for most of Europe the date of the celebration and this was around the time when the bears would leave their dens and see if the weather was mild. This festival was characterized by bear costumes or disguises, and mock rapes, for a long time, the Catholic Church sought to eradicate these pagan practices
Candlemas
–
Presentation of Christ at the Temple by
Hans Holbein the Elder, 1500–01 (
Kunsthalle,
Hamburg)
Candlemas
Candlemas
–
Meeting of the Lord,
Russian Orthodox icon, 15th century.
Candlemas
45.
Honorary doctorate
–
An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows, Doctorate in Business Administration. The degree is conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitors contributions to a specific field or to society in general. It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in ones CV as an award, rev. Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees, having been awarded 150 during his lifetime. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford and he later became Bishop of Salisbury. In the latter part of the 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees, these nominees usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation, the dissertation et jure dignitatis is considered to be a full academic degree. Although higher doctorates such as DSc, DLitt, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, the university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff. The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees, some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy - see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities. A typical example of university regulations is, Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters and it is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix Dr. In some universities, it is however a matter of preference for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of Doctor. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters h. c. after the award to indicate that status. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title Doctor prenominally, abbreviated Dr. h. c. or Dr. Sometimes, they use Hon before the letters, for example. In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate post nominal titles for honorary degrees and this is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. It is now common in countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD. For instance, a doctor of the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD. Some universities, including the Open University grant Doctorates of the University to selected nominees, most American universities award the degrees of LLD, LittD, LHD, ScD, PedD and DD only as honorary degrees
Honorary doctorate
–
The honoris causa
doctorate received by
Jimmy Wales from the
University of Maastricht (2015).
Honorary doctorate
–
Letter from
Ezra Stiles to
George Washington announcing the awarding of an honorary degree to Washington by the president and fellows of
Yale College (1781).
Honorary doctorate
–
Elena Ceauşescu becoming
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
University of Manila,
Philippines, in 1975
46.
Vesica piscis
–
The vesica piscis is a shape that is the intersection of two disks with the same radius, intersecting in such a way that the center of each disk lies on the perimeter of the other. The name literally means the bladder of a fish in Latin after the conjoined dual air bladders found in the bodies of most fishes, the shape is also called mandorla. This figure appears in the first proposition of Euclids Elements, where it forms the first step in constructing a triangle using a compass. The triangle has as its vertices the two centers and one of the two sharp corners of the vesica piscis. Mathematically, the vesica piscis is a case of a lens. The mathematical ratio of the height of the vesica piscis to the width across its center is the root of 3. Archimedes of Syracuse, in his On the Measurement of the Circle, the area of the vesica piscis is formed by two equilateral triangles and four equal circular segments. In the drawing one triangle and one segment appear in blue, one triangle and one segment form a sector of one sixth of the circle. The area of the sector is then,16 π r 2, since the side of the equilateral triangle has length r, its area is 34 r 2. The area of the segment is the difference between two areas,16 π r 2 −34 r 2. Arcs of the three circles can also be used to form the triquetra symbol, and the Reuleaux triangle. In Christian art, some aureolas are in the shape of a vertically oriented vesica piscis, also, the icthys symbol incorporates the vesica piscis shape. Ecclesiastical heraldry of the Catholic Church appeared first in seals, nearly all vesica-shaped, the cover of the Chalice Well in Glastonbury depicts a stylized version of the vesica piscis design. The vesica piscis has been used as a symbol within Freemasonry and it was also considered the proper shape for the enclosure of the seals of Masonic lodges. The vesica piscis is also used as proportioning system in architecture, the system was illustrated in Cesare Cesarianos Vitruvius, which he called the rule of the German architects
Vesica piscis
–
The modern cover of the Chalice Well with an artistic rendering of the vesica piscis
Vesica piscis
Vesica piscis
–
Christ in Majesty within a mandorla-shaped
aureola in a medieval
illuminated manuscript
Vesica piscis
–
Christ in majesty within a mandorla-shaped
aureola, surrounded by emblems of the evangelists (13th century)
47.
UZ Leuven
–
Universitaire ziekenhuizen Leuven, often shortened to UZ Leuven, is an academic hospital in Leuven, Belgium, associated with the university KU Leuven. It consists of five campuses as of 2016, Gasthuisberg, Lubbeek, Pellenberg, Sint-Pieter, the hospital has 1,995 beds and over 8,800 employees. Literally translated guest house hill, its name has become synonymous with UZ Leuven and it is the biggest and most well known of all the campuses. Aside from the KU Leuven, the KHLeuven also has teaching facilities on the campus where nursing. Still expanding, this campus is known for being almost permanently under construction since the start of its construction in the early 1970s, located in Lubbeek, about 11 km from the city center, it is the furthest from the city of all campuses. Campus Pellenberg is located in the district of Pellenberg, about 8 km from the city center of Leuven and it is located in a more rural area and is most known for being a recovery clinic. Sint-Pieter is the oldest campus dating back to the year 1080 and it is located in the city center. Sint-Rafaël is located next to campus Sint-Pieter within the city of Leuven. There are some older auditoria and laboratories which are still in use, the human dissections of the faculty of medicine take place here. 1426, Courses are taught at the Saint-Peters Hospital,1836, The city of Leuven and the university decide to build a new Saint-Peters Hospital. 1928, The university builds the Saint-Rafael campus and this is the official start of UZ Leuven. 1945, Partially destroyed after the Second world war, a new hospital is built,1958, Sanatorium Saint Barbara in Pellenberg, for the treatment of tuberculosis, is now part of UZ Leuven. 1971, A site just outside the city, known as Gasthuisberg, is found to be the location for a new campus for the university hospital. 1975, Phase I of the new project, a department, is now in use. 1980, Phase II adds capacity and a room, gynecology, maternity, internal medicine. 1989, the start of phase III, some departments from Pellenberg and Sint-Rafaël are moved to Gasthuisberg. The Centrum voor Menselijke Erfelijkheid is now housed in Gasthuisberg together with other laboratories,2001, A phase IV project should move remaining departments from Sint-Pieter to Gasthuisberg
UZ Leuven
–
A view of UZ Leuven, campus Gasthuisberg
48.
Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre
–
IMEC is an international renowned research institute that performs research in different fields of nanoelectronics. Imec is headquartered in Leuven, Belgium, and has offices in the Netherlands, Taiwan, USA, China, India, Nepal and its staff counts more than 2,200 people including industrial residents and guest researchers. Recent numbers on budget, staff, publications etc. are published every year in April in a press release, research results are published every month in imec magazine. In 1982 the Flemish Government set up a program in the field of microelectronics with the goal to strengthen the industry in Flanders. The decision was inspired by the importance of microelectronics for the industry. This program included setting up a laboratory for advanced research in microelectronics, a foundry. The latter is now integrated in the IMEC activities. IMEC was founded in 1984 as an organization led by Prof. Roger Baron Van Overstraeten. It is supervised by a Board of Directors, which delegates from industry, Flemish universities. Since 1984, IMEC has been led by Roger Van Overstraeten, Gilbert Declerck, the IMEC campus in Leuven, Belgium includes 24, 400m² of office space, laboratories, training facilities, and technical support rooms. At the heart of the campus are 2 state-of-the-art cleanrooms which run a semi-industrial operation, IMEC has, among others, a pilot line for silicon and organic solar cells, unique laboratories for bioelectronics research, and equipment for materials characterization and reliability testing. For research on technologies for the internet of things, IMEC has dedicated labs for sensor and imaging technologies. IMEC has driven the semiconductor roadmap for more than 30 years, together with its partners, IMEC develops new technologies and processes for sub-10 nm CMOS scaling, both for logic and memory technology. Looking even 10 years ahead, they explore options to create chips with transistor dimensions smaller than 5 nm, with their global leading semiconductor partners, they pioneer the use of new materials and transistor architectures, processing technologies, integration and design methods. IMEC performs research on different application fields of nanoelectronics, applications related to the internet of things, healthcare. Official website More info on the monthly IMEC magazine A movie on the IMEC campus A movie that gives an overview of IMEC expertise IMEC’s movie channel on Vimeo and YouTube
Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre
–
imec
49.
Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel
–
Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel was a European university founded in 2007. HUBrussel was the result of a merger between Brussels-based colleges European University College Brussels, Vlekho, HONIM and Catholic University of Brussels, hUBrussel offered degrees both on university and university college level in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking region of Belgium. Degrees were offered both in Dutch and in English, from 2013 on, university level degrees were organised by KU Leuven. Professional bachelors degrees remained at HUB till HUB itself merged with the Katholieke Hogeschool Sint-Lieven in 2014, European University College Brussels was founded in 1925. Since the merger with VLEKHO, HONIM and KUBrussel in 2008, more than 9,000 students are now attending classes in undergraduate, graduate, hUBrussel had five faculties in Brussels, one in Dilbeek. There used to be one in Dubai, called European University College Brussels Dubai, hUBrussel is associated with the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, one of the oldest universities in Europe. 170 inbound exchange students and 110 outbound exchange students Number of staff,1100 Fiscale Hogeschool Website Odisee
Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel
–
University College Brussels
Belgium
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