1.
Plattsburgh (city), New York
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Plattsburgh is a city in and the county seat of Clinton County, New York, in the United States. The population was 19,989 at the 2010 census, the population of the unincorporated areas within the Town of Plattsburgh was 11,870 as of the 2010 census, making the population for the immediate Plattsburgh region 31,859. The city of Plattsburgh is within the boundaries of the original Town of Plattsburgh and is in the North Country region of the state of New York. The City of Plattsburgh is the center and county seat at the heart of the Plattsburgh Micropolitan Statistical Area - population 82,128 as of the 2010 Census. A statistical area representing the greater Plattsburgh region, the Plattsburgh MSA includes all communities in the immediate Clinton County, the early French contact and its closeness to Quebec made this a historically French area. Located in the fur trade network in the Montreal hinterland. Although Plattsburgh is a new city, the surrounding area was settled during the mid-to-late 17th century. Permanent French settlement was hampered by the threat of conflict with the Iroquois, moreover, the area near Plattsburgh is notable for being the site of an indigenous village. Plattsburgh and much of the lands comprising present day Clinton County were originally part of the French settlement of New France and they stayed a part of New France until the outcome of the French and Indian War, where the French lost their hold on this region to the British. This conflict predated the American Revolution, as a condition of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, a vast region including present-day Plattsburgh was ceded from France to Britain. It was incorporated into British rule as part of the Indian Reserve, Plattsburgh was founded by Zephaniah Platt in 1785 after he was granted the land by George Clinton. Regardless, local residents exercised their unique French culture and history over the years in ways still visible today, the oldest monument within the city limits is dedicated to Samuel de Champlain. The Battle of Plattsburgh is significant as it was the battle between the British/Canadian forces and the American -- for references see Battle of Plattsburgh. Plattsburgh Normal School was founded in 1889 and it burned in 1929, and was forced to relocate to City Hall for three years. In 1932 the college moved into the current Hawkins Hall which became the base of the modern campus, in 1948 it became State University of New York at Plattsburgh. In 1915, the Preparedness Movement established the first and best-known of its training camps for prospective military volunteers at Plattsburgh, the Plattsburgh camps trained about 40,000 potential Army officers in the summers of 1915 and 1916. During the Cold War, military functions took a prominent role in Plattsburgh, east Coast due to its geographic desirability. The bases location in the Champlain Valley ensured consistent, year-round weather that was safe for take-offs, the 380th Bombardment, Aerospace, and Refueling Wings, all stationed at PAFB, included B-52 Bombers, air-refueling tankers and FB-111s
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
WPTZ
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WPTZ is the NBC-affiliated television station for Upstate New Yorks North Country and Northern Vermonts Champlain Valley. Licensed to Plattsburgh, New York, it broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 14 from a transmitter on Vermonts highest peak. Owned by Hearst Television, the station has studios on Television Drive in the town of Plattsburgh, WPTZ previously served as the default NBC affiliate for northern areas of the nearby Watertown, New York market, while WSTM-TV in Syracuse served Watertown proper. Both WPTZ and WSTM-TV lost those statuses on December 1,2016 when WVNC-LD signed on as the Watertown markets first full-time NBC affiliate, the station signed on the air on December 8,1954 as WIRI, licensed to the hamlet of North Pole, New York. It was owned by the Great Northern Broadcasting Company along with WIRY radio, the stations first studio facilities were located on Cornelia Street/Route 3 in Plattsburgh, the transmitter was located on Terry Mountain in Peru, New York. Rollins Telecasting purchased WIRI in 1956, in 1979, the station relocated its studios to a new building located on Old Moffitt Road in Plattsburgh. Rollins merged with Heritage Broadcasting in 1987 to form Heritage Media, in 1991, Heritage Media purchased WNNE, which had been a separate station with its own news department. With Heritages purchase, WNNE was made into a semi-satellite of WPTZ, during the analog era, WPTZ was the only station in the area that did not operate any translators. WNNEs master control was transferred to WPTZ in 2000, Heritage sold all of its broadcasting properties to the Sinclair Broadcast Group in 1997 prior to its merger with News Corporation. The sale protected new Fox affiliate WFFF-TV, which was operated by WPTZ under a local marketing agreement. Otherwise WPTZ/WNNE, along with stations in Pensacola, Florida and Charleston. Sinclair, in turn, sold WPTZ/WNNE along with the WFFF LMA to Sunrise Television in 1998, the swap became official on July 2,1998. WFFF began operating as an independently-owned and controlled station around the same time Hearst took over WPTZ/WNNE when the LMA with WPTZ was terminated, on June 23,1999, WPTZ petitioned the FCC to change its community of license from North Pole to Plattsburgh. The station cited the declining population as the reason for the change. The 2000 United States Census did not even count North Pole as a separate community, the community-of-license change was approved by the FCC on January 5,2011. For some time then, the station had dropped North Pole from its legal IDs. The substitution of WBRE in place of WPTZ lasted until July 19,2012, on August 2,2016, just before the Summer Olympics in Rio, WPTZ changed its logo and on-air branding from NewsChannel 5 to NBC5. WNNE in Hartford, Vermont operates as a full satellite of WPTZ extending the NBC signal into the Upper Valley of East-Central Vermont
4.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
5.
WKYC
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WKYC, virtual channel 3, is an NBC-affiliated television station located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The station is owned by Tegna, Inc, WKYC maintains studio facilities located on Tom Beres Way, and its transmitter is located in suburban Parma. The station first signed on the air on October 31,1948 as WNBK, WNBK was a sister station to WTAM radio, which was owned by NBC since 1930. WNBK became one of the originators of programming for the regional network, two days after signing on, on November 2, WNBK transmitted its coverage of the Truman/Dewey election results to the NBC Midwest Network. On January 11,1949, WNBK began carrying NBCs New York-originated programming live via a connection to Philadelphia. After construction was completed on the new transmitter in Parma. In May 1955, NBC agreed to trade WNBK and WTAM-AM-FM to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in return for KYW radio, although Cleveland was a top-10 television and radio market at the time, NBC had long wanted to trade up its holdings to a larger market. Also, Philadelphia was the largest market in which it did not own a station, the swap became official on January 22,1956, as NBC moved its operations to Philadelphia, with WPTZ becoming WRCV-TV. Westinghouse took over the WNBK/WTAM operation and changed its letters to KYW-AM-FM-TV on February 13,1956. Under Westinghouse ownership, KYW-TV launched Barnaby, a program which starred Linn Sheldon as the title character. The show premiered in 1956 and was an hit, running on weekday afternoons for ten years. In 1961, channel 3 originated a local 90-minute weekday daytime variety show with former band singer Mike Douglas. Two NBC programs were excluded from KYW-TVs schedule, The Tonight Show. America After Dark, was dropped by channel 3 in June 1957, the Paar-hosted Tonight Show would not be seen in Cleveland until October 1957, when NBC agreed to terms with WEWS to carry the program. KYW-TV also did not carry NBCs early-evening newscast, The Huntley-Brinkley Report, like with the Tonight Show, WEWS also ran this program. Also during this period, WFMJ-TV out of Youngstown Ohio was the nearest full-time NBC station to Cleveland, many were able to receive WFMJ with a good antenna and UHF converter at that time. Despite its success in Cleveland, Westinghouse was not happy with how the 1956 trade with NBC played out. Almost as soon as the ink dried on the trade, the FCC, in 1964, after an investigation that lasted eight years, the FCC ordered the swap to be reversed
6.
KFOR-TV
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KFOR-TV, virtual channel 4, is an NBC-affiliated television station located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. The station is owned by the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of Tribune Media, the two stations share studio and transmitter facilities located on Britton Road in the McCourry Heights section of northeast Oklahoma City. The station first signed on the air on June 6,1949 as WKY-TV, it was the first television station to sign on in Oklahoma, debuting five months before KOTV in Tulsa. The station has been a primary NBC affiliate since it signed on, although it originally held secondary affiliations with CBS, ABC, CBS then moved to KWTV when it signed on that December. WKY-TV remained a dual NBC/DuMont affiliate until the network shut down in August 1956. It rejoined ABC that year, after KTVQ ceased operations, in 1958, Enid-based ABC affiliate KGEO-TV relocated to Oklahoma City – changing its callsign to KOCO-TV as well – leaving WKY-TV exclusively with NBC. On March 21,1952, meteorologist Harry Volkman relayed the first tornado warning ever broadcast on television, delivering a bulletin for a tornadic thunderstorm approaching the Oklahoma City area. After reading a bootlegged tornado forecast issued by staff at Tinker Air Force Base which noted that central Oklahoma was under a tornado risk that afternoon, WKY-TV station manager P. A. However, after Volkman was assured by his boss that Sugg would take responsibility for violating the FCCs ban, Volkman agreed to do a cut-in to warn viewers on the impending storm. As NBC became the first network to broadcast programs in color in 1954, WKY-TV became one of the first television stations in the U. S. to produce and televise programs in color. In the mid-1950s, the station moved its operations to a facility on East Britton Road in northeast Oklahoma City. Notable early local programs on channel 4 included childrens programs The Adventures of 3-D Danny, in 1966, WKY-TV became the originating studio for the half-hour syndicated program, The Buck Owens Ranch Show, it was seen in over 100 U. S. In 1968, the FCC passed the one to a market rule. However, the agency grandfathered several existing newspaper-broadcasting combinations in several markets, Oklahoma Publishing was able to attain a crossownership waiver under the new rule for its combination of the Oklahoman, the Times and WKY-AM-TV. In July 1975, the Oklahoma Publishing Company sold WKY-TV to Universal Communications, Channel 4s call letters were changed to KTVY after the sale was finalized in 1976. OPUBCO, which retained ownership of WKY radio and the Oklahoman and Times newspapers, the university challenged the NCAAs rules restricting the number of college football telecasts around this time, which were lifted under a 1984 ruling by the United States Supreme Court. The Gannett Company bought the Evening News Association in September 1985, in the late 1980s, KTVY became the first television station in the country to introduce colorized Doppler radar. Knight-Ridder sold off its properties to various owners in 1989, KTVY was acquired by Palmer Communications
7.
WKYT-TV
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WKYT-TV is the CBS-affiliated television station in Lexington, Kentucky, United States, serving the east-central part of Kentucky. It broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 36 from a transmitter east of the intersection of I-75. Owned by Gray Television, WKYT maintains studios on Winchester Road, the station is also received on cable and satellite throughout much of eastern, southern and northern Kentucky. In addition, the newscasts are also carried on Charter Spectrum digital channel 422 in portions of Northern Kentucky located near the Cincinnati metropolitan area. WKYT signed on September 30,1957 as WKXP-TV, owned by Community Broadcast Partners and it was a primary CBS affiliate, sharing ABC with WLEX-TV. After only one year, Community Broadcast Partners merged with what eventually became Taft Broadcasting, the new owners changed the calls to the current WKYT-TV. Taft also switched the primary affiliation to ABC, relegating CBS to secondary status. This was an unusual arrangement for a two-station market, especially one as small as Lexington. In most two-station markets, ABC, as the smallest and weakest network, was relegated to secondary clearances on one or both of the existing stations, Kentucky Central Insurance Company bought the station in 1967. When WBLG-TV signed on in 1968, WKYT opted to return to CBS full-time, in 1985, Kentucky Central bought WKYH-TV in Hazard, changed its calls to WYMT-TV and made it a semi-satellite of WKYT. While WYMT has its own studios in Hazard and airs its own newscasts, WKYT was the first, and at present only, Lexington station with any presence at all in the eastern portion of the market. In 1993, after a protracted fraud investigation forced Kentucky Central into bankruptcy, WKYT, at this stage, WKYT was known on air as KYT instead of WKYT. On August 21,2007, WKYT began broadcasting its CWKYT second digital subchannel in high definition and this made it one of a handful of stations in the country who transmit their main channel and at least one subchannel in HD. Since the move to digital channel 36 in September 2010, CWKYTs over-the-air transmission reverted to 4,3 SD, although the digital cable feed remained in HD and WKYTs main channel remained in 720p. As of June 18,2013, WKYTs main signal has been upgraded to full 1080i HD, the stations digital channel is multiplexed, WKYT-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 27, on April 16,2009. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 13, through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the stations virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 27. On August 22,2009, WKYT-DT filed a petition of rulemaking with the Federal Communications Commission to move to digital UHF channel 36 due to reception issues, the FCC issued a Report & Order approved the petition on October 22. On December 12,2009, WKYT filed a minor application for a construction permit
8.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
9.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
Eyewitness News
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Eyewitness News is a style of news broadcasting that is used by local television stations in different markets around the world. It refers to a style of television newscast with an emphasis on visual elements. It replaced the traditional man-on-camera newscast, after the KYW-TV call letters, management, and some staffers moved from Cleveland to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1965 its then-news director, Al Primo, created the Eyewitness News format. The anchors became personalities instead of presenters with the introduction of banter, anchors would give their own personal comments in between stories to let viewers know their personalities. Primo used the cue 007 from the 1963 film From Russia with Love as the musical theme, the format quickly became a hit in Philadelphia and allowed KYW-TV to surge past longtime leader WCAU-TV for first place, a position it kept on and off until the late 1970s. KYW-TVs success spawned rival station WFIL-TV to develop the Action News format to compete with it, KYW-TV used the name and format until 1991 and re-adopted it in 1998. All five major stations owned by Westinghouse prior to its 1996 acquisition of CBS have used Eyewitness News as their newscast title at some point in time, KYW-TV and WJZ-TV continue to do so. It was a theme for their local newscast since the CBS logo is shaped like an eye, although until 1995 only KDKA-TV. However, he added a new twist at WABC-TV – light, WABC-TV has kept the name and format since then, and has been the highest-rated station in New York City for much of that time. Ironically, WPVI, which developed the Action News format, is now an ABC owned-and-operated station. In addition, U. S. Spanish-language stations also use their own version of Eyewitness News, a separate, but mostly unrelated, Eyewitness News format was developed by Irv Weinstein in Buffalo, New York for WKBW-TV. This format was based not on the original Eyewitness News. This version of Eyewitness News was used on WKBW as well as other Capital Cities stations where the Action News name was in use by another station, such as WTVD in Durham, North Carolina. It was also used on a few stations not owned by Capital Cities, including WOKR in Rochester, the title was used in Canada, on CTV affiliate CFRN-TV in Edmonton. In Japan, TV Tokyo branded its newscasts as Eyewitness News, in Indonesia, Metro TV branded its newscasts as iWitness, and abbreviated as Eyewitness. It has since become one of the segments on the daytime news program Wide Shot. In Australia, BTQ-7 in Brisbane adopted the Eyewitness News branding in the early 1970s, the branding was also employed by NWS-9 in Adelaide for its evening newscast. Regional affiliates for Network Ten including CTC-7 in Canberra, Southern Cross Network in Victoria, Network Ten reinstated the Eyewitness News branding once again on September 16,2013
11.
Digital terrestrial television
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Digital terrestrial television is a technological evolution of broadcast television and an advancement over analog television. A terrestrial implementation of digital television uses a aerial to broadcast to a conventional television antenna instead of a satellite dish or cable television connection. The amount of data that can be transmitted is directly affected by channel capacity, the modulation method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a bit rate. 16 and 64QAM constellations can be combined in a single multiplex, the DVB-T standard is not used for terrestrial digital television in North America. Instead, the ATSC standard calls for 8VSB modulation, which has similar characteristics to the vestigial sideband modulation used for analog television. This provides considerably more immunity to interference, but is not immune — as DVB-T is — to multipath distortion, both systems use the MPEG transport stream and H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video codec specified in MPEG-2, they differ significantly in how related services are encoded. DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box, TV gateway or integrated tuner included with television sets, some set-top-boxes and TV gateways include digital video recorder functionality. This is quite common in the UK, see external links, indoor aerials are even more likely to be affected by these issues and possibly need replacing. Main articles, List of digital television deployments by country, Digital television transition Afghanistan started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,31 August 2014, Afghanistan adopted DVB-T2 system for digital television. India adopted DVB-T system for television in July 1999. The first DVB-T transmission was started on 26 January 2003 in the four metropolitan cities by Doordarshan. Currently the terrestrial transmission is available in digital and analog formats. 4 high power DVB-T transmitters were set up in the top 4 cities, an additional 190 high power, and 400 low power DVB-T2 transmitters have been approved for Tier I, II and III cities of the country by 2017. The Indian telecom regulator, TRAI, had recommended the I&B to allow private broadcast companies to use the DTT technology, so far, the Indian I&B ministry only permits private broadcast companies to use satellite, cable and IPTV based systems. Israel started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,2 August 2009, Israel was the first nation in the Middle East and the first non-European nation to shut down its analogue TV distribution system. The new service which is operated by the Second Authority for Radio, according to government decisions, the system will expand to include two additional multiplexes that will carry new channels and HD versions of the existing channels. In this matter nothing has been decided upon until the end on 2012, on 20 March 2013 it was announced that Thomson Broadcast had won a major contract with The Second Authority for Television and Radio for the extension of its nationwide DVB-T/DVB-T2 network
12.
Ultra high frequency
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Ultra high frequency is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 MHz and 3 GHz, also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one decimetre. Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the SHF or microwave frequency range, lower frequency signals fall into the VHF or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight, they are blocked by hills, the IEEE defines the UHF radar band as frequencies between 300 MHz and 1 GHz. Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band, the L band between 1 and 2 GHz and the S band between 2 and 4 GHz. Radio waves in the UHF band travel almost entirely by propagation and ground reflection, there is very little reflection from the ionosphere. They are blocked by hills and cannot travel far beyond the horizon, atmospheric moisture reduces, or attenuates, the strength of UHF signals over long distances, and the attenuation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, occasionally when conditions are right, UHF radio waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. The length of an antenna is related to the length of the radio waves used, the UHF antenna is stubby and short, at UHF frequencies a quarter-wave monopole, the most common omnidirectional antenna is between 2.5 and 25 cm long for example. UHF is widely used in telephones, cell phones, walkie-talkies and other two-way radio systems from short range up to the visual horizon. Their transmissions do not travel far, allowing frequency reuse, public safety, business communications and personal radio services such as GMRS, PMR446, and UHF CB are often found on UHF frequencies as well as IEEE802.11 wireless LANs. The widely adapted GSM and UMTS cellular networks use UHF cellular frequencies, radio repeaters are used to retransmit UHF signals when a distance greater than the line of sight is required. Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are usually short whips, higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of collinear arrays of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and cellular base station antennas. The short wavelengths also allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small, high gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF television reception are usually Yagi, log periodic, corner reflectors, or reflective array antennas. At the top end of the band slot antennas and parabolic dishes become practical, for television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are mostly modifications of the slot antenna or helical antenna are used, the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, and panel antennas. UHF television broadcasting fulfilled the demand for additional over-the-air television channels in urban areas, today, much of the bandwidth has been reallocated to land mobile, trunked radio and mobile telephone use. UHF channels are used for digital television. UHF spectrum is used worldwide for mobile radio systems for commercial, industrial, public safety. Many personal radio services use frequencies allocated in the UHF band, major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks in UHF/VHF range
13.
Program and System Information Protocol
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PSIP defines virtual channels and content ratings, as well as electronic program guides with titles and descriptions to be decoded and displayed by the ATSC tuner. PSIP can also send, the exact time referenced to UTC and GPS time, the short name, a maximum of seven characters can be used in a short name. PSIP is defined in ATSC standard A/65, the most recent revision of which is A/65,2013, a/69 is a recommended practice for implementing PSIP in a television station. PSIP also supersedes the A/55 and A/56 protocol methods of delivering program guide information, PSIP information may be passed through the airchain using proprietary protocols or through use of the XML-based Programming Metadata Communication Protocol facility metadata scheme. S
14.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
15.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
16.
Owned-and-operated station
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In the broadcasting industry, an owned-and-operated station usually refers to a television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate, which is independently owned, the concept of an O&O is clearly defined in the United States and Canada, where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule. In the broadcasting industry, the term owned-and-operated station refers exclusively to stations that are owned by television, on the other hand, the term affiliate only applies to stations that are not owned by networks, but instead are contracted to air programming from one of the major networks. The term station correctly applies to the ownership of the station, for example, a station that is owned and operated by the American Broadcasting Company is referred to as an ABC station or an ABC O&O, but normally should not be referred to as an affiliate. Likewise, a station not owned by ABC but contracted to air the networks programming is referred to as an ABC affiliate, that is. A correct formal phrasing could be, ABC affiliate WFAA is a Gannett station, some stations that are owned by companies that operate a network, but air another networks programming are referred to as an affiliate of the network that they carry. For example, WBFS-TV in Miami is owned by the CBS networks parent company CBS Corporation, prior to the September 2006 shutdown of the CBS-owned UPN television network, WBFS aired that networks programming, therefore, WBFS was a UPN O&O. The stations carrying The WB Television Network were another exception, the controlling shares in the network were held by Time Warner, with minority interests from the Tribune Company and, for a portion of networks existence, the now-defunct ACME Communications. While Tribune-owned stations such as WGN-TV in Chicago, WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles aired programming from The WB, a similar exception existed when UPN launched in January 1995 by co-owners Chris-Craft and Viacom. Each of the owned a number of stations that aired the network. However, the stations were not considered O&Os under the initial standard definition. This ambiguity ended with Viacoms buyout of Chris-Crafts share of the network in 2000, the stations were referred to informally as UPN O&Os. Following the shutdowns of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation, Entertainment became co-owners of the new CW Television Network, which largely merged the programming from both networks onto the scheduling model used by The WB. The network launched in September 2006 on 11 UPN stations owned by CBS Corporation, certain UPN and WB affiliates in markets where Tribune and CBS both owned stations carrying those networks either picked up a MyNetworkTV affiliation or became independent stations. The standard definition of an O&O again does not apply to The CW, in Australia, Seven Network, Nine Network and Network Ten each own and operate stations in the five largest metropolitan areas. These television markets together account for two thirds of the countrys population, in addition, Seven also owns and operates its local station in regional Queensland, and Nine owns and operates its station in Darwin. Nine also owns and operates NBN Television, based in Newcastle, the two national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service, own and operate all of their local stations. In Japan, commercial terrestrial television is focused on five organizations, the four largest of these – Nippon TV, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji Television, and TV Asahi – each own and operate stations in the Tokyo, Keihanshin, Chukyo and Fukuoka metropolitan areas
17.
Decades (TV network)
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Decades is an American digital broadcast television network that is owned as a joint venture between the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation and Weigel Broadcasting. As the network has access to films and television series remastered for high definition and widescreen presentation. On January 13,2015, Weigel Broadcasting confirmed that its Milwaukee CBS affiliate WDJT-TV would carry the network on its digital subchannel. Decades officially launched at 7,00 a. m, eastern Time on May 25,2015, with the series premiere of Through the Decades as its inaugural telecast. At the time, the network was available in over 45% of all American households with a television set, the networks Saturday and Sunday schedule features binge blocks of classic television series. Beginning on Saturday at 1,00 p. m. Airings of The Dick Cavett Show were added to the schedule February 1,2016 within the daily themed block, as appropriate. Episodes from Cavetts late-night ABC talk show from 1969 to 1974 as well as his later interview series on PBS, USA, the themed block was also modified to include a daily airing of The Dick Cavett Show at the starting point of each days block. Through The Decades at 7,00 p. m. and 10,00 p. m. the daily binge then resumes at 11,00 p. m. until the daily themed block replay at 2,00 a. m. The weekend binge schedule remained unchanged through the late-2016/early-2017 weekday changes, as of May 2015, Decades has current or pending affiliation agreements with 35 television stations covering at least 44% of the United States. Weigel Broadcasting handles the responsibility of affiliate distribution to stations outside of the core CBS O&O group, the network is also available on local cable television providers and other pay television services at the discretion of the affiliates parent station. WMYS-LD in South Bend, Indiana is the other Weigel-owned station to carry the network and it eventually picked up Ion Television as part of a group deal with WBAY owner Media General to carry the network in markets without an Ion station. MeTV – sister network owned by Weigel, specializing in television series from the 1950s to the 1980s. Grit – competing digital broadcast network owned by Katz Broadcasting, featuring television series and movies aimed at a male audience, antenna TV – competing digital broadcast network owned by Tribune Broadcasting, specializing in classic television series from the 1950s to the 1990s. Cozi TV – competing digital broadcast network owned by NBCUniversal specializing in television series from the 1950s to the 1980s. This TV – competing digital broadcast network owned by Tribune Broadcasting and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, official website Decades on Facebook Decades on Twitter
18.
CBS Corporation
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CBS Corporation is an American mass media corporation focused on commercial broadcasting, publishing, and television production, with most of its operations in the United States. The president, chief executive and executive chairman of the company is Leslie Moonves, sumner Redstone, owner of National Amusements, is CBSs majority shareholder and serves as chairman emeritus. The company began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, until then, the corporation was known as Viacom, and is the legal successor to said company. A new company, keeping the Viacom name, was spun off from CBS, CBS has its headquarters in the CBS Building, Midtown, Manhattan, New York City, United States. Viacom was created in 1971 as the television division of CBS. However, in 1999, Viacom acquired its parent, by this time also named CBS Corporation. In March 2005, Viacom announced plans of looking into splitting the company into two publicly traded companies, amid issues of the stock price stagnating, on June 14,2005, the Viacom board of directors approved the split of the company into two firms. The split was structured such that the new Viacom was spun off from the old Viacom, in a sense, this was a repeat of the 1971 spinoff. However, in case, CBS retained virtually all of the prior firms broadcast TV assets. With the split, the two new companies began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, investors anticipated Viacom benefiting from the split, but instead, it dropped approximately 20 percent, while CBS rose 9 percent. Announced in January 2006, CBS and DIC Entertainment signed a deal in which DIC bought the Saturday morning airtime as CBSs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party. In June 2006, DiC added a production partner AOLs KOL, thus block would be called KOLs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party on CBS. On January 24,2006, CBS Corporation, and Warner Bros. announced that they were to create a new broadcast network, the network officially debuted on September 18,2006. The network formally debuted on September 20 with the 2 hour premiere of Americas Next Top Model, the network is the result of a merger of The WB and UPN. CBS Corporation and Time Warner each own 50% of the network, tribune Broadcasting and CBS Corporation will contribute its stations as new network affiliates. Three days after the announcement of The CW, on January 27, on May 23,2006, CBS Corp. sold Paramount Parks to the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. With this acquisition, Cedar Fair became the third-largest theme park operator, on June 30,2006, Cedar Fair announced that it has completed its acquisition of Paramount Parks from CBS Corporation in a cash transaction valued at US$1.24 billion. The transaction included a 10-year license that allowed Cedar Fair to use the Paramount name in the parks through the 2017 season
19.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
20.
KYW (AM)
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KYW, Newsradio 10-60, is a commercial AM radio station, licensed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by the CBS Radio subsidiary of CBS Corporation and its studios are located in Center City Philadelphia and its transmitter and two-tower directional antenna array are located in Lafayette Hill. KYW is one of the oldest radio stations in the United States, located in Chicago, Illinois at its start in late 1921, it moved to Philadelphia in 1934. In 1956 the KYW call letters were transferred to a station in Cleveland, Ohio, KYW uses HD Radio on its AM signal 24 hours a day. The stations programming is available via a simulcast on the HD2 subchannel of sister station WIP-FM. An assortment of local, national and global headlines are read at the top and bottom of each hour, an unusual characteristic of KYW is the playing of a recording of Teletype printers clattering in the background while KYW reporters announce at the studio. This is intended to allow listeners to identify the station to which they are listening. However, the sound is not played during other times, such as commercials and taped news segments, KFWB Los Angeles and WMAQ Chicago also used this branding until they changed formats. The station was first licensed on November 15,1921 as Chicagos first broadcasting station and it was initially jointly operated by Westinghouse and Commonwealth Edison, with Westinghouse later taking over as sole operator. Ten microphones were installed across the Chicago Civic Auditorium stage, with equipment for switching between them as needed, after the close of the opera season, KYW installed a studio in the Commonwealth Edison building, and began producing additional programming. By fall of 1922 the station was operating for twelve hours a day, Westinghouse had been a founding partner of RCA, NBCs original parent company. In 1923, Westinghouse established a station, KFKX in Hastings, Nebraska, in 1928 the project was abandoned, although it was announced that the KFKX programming was being consolidated with KYW, which resulted in the creation of the dual call letter assignment of KYW-KFKX. KFKX would be dropped from the call sign in 1933. Under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commissions General Order 40, KYW was assigned to the clear channel frequency of 1020 kHz, but the assignment caused two major problems. A second issue was that, under the provisions of the Davis Amendment, Chicago was located in Region 4, while the reallocation provisions had reserved 1020 kHz for use in Region 2, a grouping of mid-Atlantic states. Westinghouse fought a legal battle attempting to keep KYW operating on 1020 in Chicago. After broadcasting its last program in Chicago on December 2,1934, KYW gave its debut Philadelphia program the day, utilizing the studios. In 1938 KYWs studios were located at 1619 Walnut Street in Center City, in 1942, the Federal Communications Commission compelled RCA to divest itself of one of its two radio networks
21.
WPSG
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WPSG, channel 57, is a CW owned-and-operated television station located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, the two stations share a studio and office facilities located on Hamilton Street north of Center City Philadelphia, WPSGs transmitter is located in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia. Unfortunately, the station struggled to get an audience mainly because it was a UHF station at a time when manufacturers were not required to offer UHF tuners. Its fate was sealed in 1957, when the FCC collapsed the Lehigh Valley into the Philadelphia television market, the Philadelphia stations built tall towers in the citys hilly Roxborough neighborhood, adding Easton and the rest of the Lehigh Valley to their city-grade coverage. WGLV went dark on November 1 of that year, and several years later the FCC reassigned the channel 57 allocation to Philadelphia, channel 57 as a Philadelphia station first signed on the air on June 15,1981 as WWSG-TV, named for station founder William S. Gross. The station aired business news programming from the Financial News Network during the day, the stations original studio facilities were located on North 20th Street in Philadelphia. The station ultimately dropped the FNN feed when it decided to switch to a subscription format eighteen months later. In March 1985, Gross sold channel 57 to Milton Grant, many of these shows were Viacom-syndicated programs that were formerly seen on WKBS-TV before that station ceased operations in August 1983. On October 20,1985, Grant relaunched channel 57 as WGBS-TV, westerns also aired for several hours a day on weekends. Under Grant, WGBS adopted a very slick on-air look, even by major market independent standards, the station boldly branded itself as Philly 57, and also used CGI graphics of near network-quality. The stations announcer, Kim Martin, offered bold, brash, WGBS then-sister stations, WBFS-TV in Miami and WGBO-TV in Chicago, adopted a similar look. Early on, the new channel 57 competed with Vineland, New Jersey-based WSJT to fill the left by the departure of WKBS two years earlier. However, channel 65 suffered from a signal in the northern portion of the market. At the same time, channel 57 became the broadcast home of the NHLs Philadelphia Flyers, additionally, Wilmington, Delaware-based WTGI signed on in the summer of 1986 as a general entertainment independent station, but its schedule was composed largely of low-budget programs. At the end of 1986, WSJTs owners, the Asbury Park Press, conceded, WTGI, meanwhile, switched to a format featuring paid programming and religious programs in January 1987. By then, WGBS had clearly established itself as the independent in Philadelphia. WGBS prospered even in the midst of a battle for its survival –, Milton Grant had hoped to have his stations become regional or national superstations. In his bid to boost his stations status, Grant wound up overpaying for programming and he soon became so badly overextended that Grant Broadcasting was forced to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in late 1986
22.
Very high frequency
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Very high frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, with corresponding wavelengths of ten to one meters. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency, and the higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency. Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems work at distances of 100 kilometres or more to aircraft at cruising altitude, some older DVB-T receivers included channels E2 to E4 but newer ones only go down to channel E5. VHF propagation characteristics are suited for terrestrial communication, with a range generally somewhat farther than line-of-sight from the transmitter. VHF waves are restricted to the radio horizon less than 100 miles. VHF is less affected by noise and interference from electrical equipment than lower frequencies. Unlike high frequencies, the ionosphere does not usually reflect VHF waves, the distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves, in engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of a proposed transmitter station. The accuracy of calculations for digital TV signals is being debated. Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas, while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles, for directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or beam antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth, helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization. For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas, vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas, in which more of the antennas power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas. Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world, some national uses are detailed below. 108–118 MHz, Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localiser, 118–137 MHz, Airband for air traffic control, AM,121.5 MHz is emergency frequency 144–146 MHz, Amateur radio. Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these, the initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that the 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services and this was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies—channels 0, 5A and 11
23.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
24.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
25.
Kilowatt
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The watt is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. Power has dimensions of M L2 T −3, when an objects velocity is held constant at one meter per second against constant opposing force of one newton the rate at which work is done is 1 watt. 1 W =1 V ⋅ A Two additional unit conversions for watt can be using the above equation. 1 W =1 V2 Ω =1 A2 ⋅ Ω Where ohm is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance, a person having a mass of 100 kilograms who climbs a 3-meter-high ladder in 5 seconds is doing work at a rate of about 600 watts. Mass times acceleration due to gravity times height divided by the time it takes to lift the object to the given height gives the rate of doing work or power. A laborer over the course of an 8-hour day can sustain an output of about 75 watts, higher power levels can be achieved for short intervals. The watt is named after the Scottish scientist James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine, in 1960 the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted it for the measurement of power into the International System of Units. For additional examples of magnitude for multiples and submultiples of the watt, technologically important powers that are measured in femtowatts are typically found in reference to radio and radar receivers. For example, meaningful FM tuner performance figures for sensitivity, quieting and these input levels are often stated in dBf. This is 0.2739 microvolt across a 75-ohm load or 0.5477 microvolt across a 300-ohm load, the picowatt is equal to one trillionth of a watt. Technologically important powers that are measured in picowatts are typically used in reference to radio and radar receivers, acoustics, the nanowatt is equal to one billionth of a watt. Important powers that are measured in nanowatts are also used in reference to radio. The microwatt is equal to one millionth of a watt, compact solar cells for devices such as calculators and watches are typically measured in microwatts. The milliwatt is equal to one thousandth of a watt, a typical laser pointer outputs about five milliwatts of light power, whereas a typical hearing aid for people uses less than one milliwatt. Audio signals and other electronic signal levels are measured in dBm. The kilowatt is equal to one thousand watts and this unit is typically used to express the output power of engines and the power of electric motors, tools, machines, and heaters. It is also a unit used to express the electromagnetic power output of broadcast radio. One kilowatt is equal to 1.34 horsepower
26.
Planning permission
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Planning permission or developmental approval refers to the approval needed for construction or expansion in some jurisdictions. It is usually given in the form of a building permit, generally, the new construction must be inspected during construction and after completion to ensure compliance with national, regional, and local building codes. Planning is also dependent on the sites zone – for example, one cannot obtain permission to build a nightclub in an area where it is inappropriate, such as a high-density suburb. Failure to obtain a permit can result in fines, penalties, house building permits, for example, are subject to local housing statutes. The criteria for planning permission is a part of planning and construction law. Since building permits usually precede outlays for construction, employment, financing and furnishings and this type of permit is issued by a national broadcasting authority, but does not imply zoning any other permission that must be given by local government. The permit itself also does not necessarily imply permission to operate the station once constructed, in the U. S. a construction permit is valid for three years. Afterwards, the station must receive a license to operate. This is provided by a separate broadcast license, also called a license to cover by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States, further permission or registration for towers may be needed from aviation authorities. In the U. S. construction permits for commercial stations are now assigned by auction, rather than the former process of determining who would serve the community of license best
27.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
28.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
29.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
30.
Television station
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A television station is a business, organisation or other enterprise, such as an amateur television operator, that transmits content over terrestrial television. A television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, broadcast television systems standards are set by the government, and these vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over a system were typically limited to one television channel. The term television station is normally applied to television stations. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements, most commercial television stations are owned independently, but many are either affiliated with a television network or are owned-and-operated by a television network. Another form a television station may take is non-commercial educational and considered public broadcasting, some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs. To get a signal from the control room to the transmitter. The link can be either by radio or T1/E1, a transmitter/studio link may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, the license usually specifies which other station is it allowed to carry. In North America, full-power stations on band I are generally limited to 100 kW analog video and 10 kW analog audio, stations on band III can go up by 5dB to 316 kW video,31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1, UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, despite this, in the U. S. the Federal Communications Commission is taking another large portion of this band away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown, since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials and they may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies, many stations have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. There is usually a department, where journalists gather information
31.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
32.
CBS Television Stations
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The CBS Television Stations is division of CBS Corporation that owns and operates a group of American television stations. It was rebranded to its current name on January 3,2006, however, both companies are still controlled by National Amusements. In 2009 and 2010, three of WCBS managers were named CBS TV Stations executives while continuing to manage at the station, station manager Peter Dunn was named CBS Television Stations President in 2009. Station creative services director Bruce Erik Brauer was named in June 2010 senior vice president of services for the group. WCBS news director David Friend added senior vice president of news in August 2010, on October 21,2014, CBS and Weigel Broadcasting announced the launch of a new digital subchannel service called Decades, scheduled to launch on all CBS owned and operated stations in May 2015. The channel will be co-owned by CBS and Weigel, with Weigel being responsible for distribution to stations outside CBS Television Stations and it will air programs from the extensive library of CBS Television Distribution, including archival footage from CBS News. The station group made a couple of content agreements in 2014 and 2015, the stations agreed in December 2014 for its content to be shown on Curbs Taxi TV. In November 2015, the group agreed to allow Health Media Network air local news reports on its network in doctor’s waiting rooms. Currently many of CBSTS stations, especially CBS outlets, use a common look in branding, one example is so-called CBS Mandate involving most CBS stations calling themselves CBS. This is the practice as many other O&O groups across the U. S. Only five CBS-owned stations do not use such a branding convention, Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license. Note, This list also contains stations that were owned and operated by CBS prior to the founding of CBS Television Stations in 2000, other Notes,1 Co-owned with the Los Angeles Times in a joint venture. 2 Co-owned with the Washington Post in a joint venture,3 Operated by the original Viacom through its Paramount Stations Group via local marketing agreement from 1997 until Viacom/CBS acquired the station outright in 2001. TVX Broadcast Group Paramount Stations Group Westinghouse Broadcasting CBS Corporation, CBS Television Stations
33.
The CW
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Entertainment division of Time Warner, former majority owner of The WB Television Network. The CW name is a derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations. The network made its debut on September 18,2006, after its two predecessors, UPN and The WB, respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year. The CWs first two nights of programming – on September 18 and 19,2006 – consisted of reruns, the CW marked its formal launch date on September 20,2006, with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of Americas Next Top Model. As of 2008, the programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34, although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeal to men. The CW is also available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico–U. S, in both countries, some CW affiliates are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the stations signal coverage. UPN and The WB both began just as the Fox network had started to secure a foothold with American television audiences, the two networks launched to limited fanfare and generally mediocre to poor results. However, over the subsequent 11 1⁄2 seasons, both were able to air several series that became quite popular, in the eleven years that UPN and The WB were in operation, the two networks lost a combined $2 billion. CBS chairman Leslie Moonves explained that the name of the new network was formed from the first letters of CBS and Warner Bros, joking, like both UPN and The WB, The CW targets its programming towards younger audiences. CBS and Time Warner hoped that combining their networks schedules and affiliate lineups would strengthen The CW into a major broadcast network. The CW launched with a premiere special/launch party from the CBS-produced Entertainment Tonight at Warner Bros, when Top Model made its network premiere on September 20,2006, The CW scored a 3.4 rating/5 share in the Nielsen household ratings. It scored a 2.6 rating among Adults 18–49, finishing fourth in that age demographic, on May 9,2008, The CW announced that it would lease its Sunday lineup to production company Media Rights Capital. With no first-run programming available to run on Sundays as a backup, the network added reruns of The Drew Carey Show and Jericho, the CW has generally struggled in the Nielsen ratings since its inception, primarily placing fifth in all statistics tabulated by Nielsen. On several occasions, The CW has even been outrated by Spanish language network Univision and this had led to speculation within the industry that CBS, Time Warner or both companies could abandon the venture if ratings did not improve. Executives with CBS Corporation and Time Warner also emphasized their commitment to the network and this, in turn, resulted in the discontinuance of the Sunday late afternoon repeat block that The CW inherited from The WB through its use of the predecessor networks scheduling model. Maatta began reporting to Pedowitz as a result of the appointment as network president. Pedowitz revealed that the target demographic of the network would not change. The network also ordered more episodes of its series and ran them consecutively through the first week of December, starting on September 12
34.
Flagship (broadcasting)
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Not all networks or shows have a flagship station, as some originate from a dedicated radio or television studio. The term derives from the custom where the commanding officer of a group of naval ships would fly a distinguishing flag. In common parlance, flagship is now used to mean the most important or leading member of a group, the term is primarily used in TV and radio in the United States and Canada. With Kelly and Michael from WABC-TV in New York City Networks Midnight Radio Network from WBAP in Dallas/Fort Worth Events Masters Tournament from WRDW-TV, a flagship radio station is the principal station from which a radio networks programs are fed to affiliates. In the United States, traditional radio networks currently operate without flagship stations as defined in this article, Network operations and those of the local owned-and-operated or affiliated stations in the same city are now separate and may come under different corporate entities. ABC Radio programming is produced by ABC News and distributed by Cumulus Media, Clear Channel Communications follows a similar model, flagship stations WOR/New York City and KFI/Los Angeles are both operated mostly separately from its syndication wing, Premiere Networks. WWRL in New York City was an affiliate of the now-defunct Air America Radio and carries some of its programs but is owned and operated. Originally, Air America Radio leased WLIB as its flagship station, the network would later lease WZAA in Washington, D. C. as its lone self-operated station. Fox Sports Radios flagship station is KLAC in Los Angeles, with which it merged operations in 2009, Sports Radio is flagshipped at KGOW in Houston, its predecessor, Sporting News Radio, was previously flagshipped at WIDB in Chicago. CBS Sports Radio is nominally flagshipped at WFAN, ESPN Radios technical flagship is affiliate WUCS which serves its base of operations in Bristol, Connecticut, though WEPN-FM in New York and Los Angeles station KSPN serve as true flagship stations. NBC Sports Radio has no definitive flagship stations, nash FM, a country music network, is nominally flagshipped at WKDF in Nashville, Tennessee. Both are former AM clear channel operations which have moved to FM, the CKO networks Toronto frequency was re-issued to CBL but the namesake CKO flagship in Montréal is silent, the frequency remains vacant. Some programs such as Imus in the Morning are simulcast on television, others are simulcasted on XM Satellite Radio and / or Sirius Satellite Radio. C. C. Paul, Minnesota On Air with Ryan Seacrest, KIIS /Los Angeles, the show is now on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 100. WOR in New York City was the station of the syndicated programs of Jay Severin, Bob Grant, The Dolans. WGN in Chicago was considered the station for Paul Harveys News and Comment. KABC in Los Angeles was the base of Larry Elder until the show ended its run in 2009. WABC had been the flagship of The Rush Limbaugh Show before Limbaugh moved to West Palm Beach, Florida
35.
Center City, Philadelphia
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Center City includes the central business district and central neighborhoods of Philadelphia, in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. It is the former City of Philadelphia prior to the Act of Consolidation,1854 which extended the city borders to be coterminous with Philadelphia County. Greater Center City has grown into the second-most populated downtown area in the United States, after Midtown Manhattan in New York City, with an estimated 183,240 residents in 2015. Center City is bounded by South Street to the south, the Delaware River to the east, the Schuylkill River to the west and this means that Center City occupies the boundaries of the city before it was made coterminous with Philadelphia County in 1854. The Center City District, which has special powers of taxation, uses a complicated, irregularly shaped boundary that includes much but not all of this area, the Philadelphia Police Department patrols three districts located within Center City. The three patrol districts serving Center City are the 6th, 9th, and 17th districts, in March 1987, One Liberty Place broke the gentlemens agreement not to exceed the height of the statue of William Penn atop City Hall. Since the completion of One Liberty Place, no Philadelphia major-league sports team had won a championship for the next two decades, a phenomenon known as the Curse of Billy Penn. In an effort to reverse the curse, a 3-foot statue of Penn was affixed to the top of the Comcast Center upon its completion as the new tallest building in 2007. The Comcast Center, which was completed in 2007, is now the tallest building in Pennsylvania,30 feet taller than One Liberty Place, Two buildings now under construction —1441 Chestnut and the Comcast Technology Center — are also slated to be taller than City Hall. The latter would be the eighth-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, the first publicly accessible vantage point higher than City Hall opened at One Liberty Observation Deck on the 57th floor of One Liberty Place in 2015. While Philadelphias population declined, Center Citys rose 10% between 1990 and 2000, in 2007, the city designated the area bound by 11th Street, Broad Street, Chestnut Street and Pine Street as the Gayborhood. Chinatown Fitler Square French Quarter Logan Square Market East Old City Rittenhouse Square Society Hill Washington Square West Sunoco has its headquarters in the BNY Mellon Center, cigna has its corporate headquarters in Two Liberty Place. Aramark is headquartered in Center City, Comcast is headquartered in the Comcast Center. The law firm Cozen OConnor has its headquarters in Center City, kogan Page has its United States offices in Center City. Lincoln National Corporation moved its headquarters from Indiana to Philadelphia in 1999, in Philadelphia Lincoln was headquartered in the West Tower of Centre Square in Center City. In 2007 the company moved 400 employees, including its top executives, the Philadelphia Fire Department operates 5 Fire Stations in the Center City area, Ladder 5, Medic 35, Battalion 1 -711 S. Broad St. Snorkel 2, Medic 44B, Battalion 4, Field Comm. Unit 1 -101 N. 4th St. Engine 11, Medic 21 -601 South St. Pipeline 20, Ladder 23, Medic 1 -133 N. 10th St. Squirt 43, Ladder 9, Medic 7 -2108 Market St
36.
Roxborough, Philadelphia
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Roxborough is a neighborhood in the Northwest section of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Beyond Roxborough to the northwest is Montgomery County, most of Roxborough is in Philadelphias 21st Ward. Most of modern-day Roxborough was once part of Roxborough Township, which was incorporated into the City of Philadelphia following the passage of the Act of Consolidation,1854, at this time Roxborough was the home of the areas wealthiest, the owners of the Manayunk mills. These textile mills produced revenue that was spent building schools, parks, since the 1950s, most of Philadelphias major television and FM radio stations have located their transmission towers in Roxborough because of its hilly terrain and high elevation. Public television station MiND, once called WYBE, was formerly located in Upper Roxborough. The Upper Roxborough Historic District and William Levering School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Roxborough is well-connected to Center City Philadelphia with multiple bus routes and bike lanes reaching the river and downtown area of Philadelphia. SEPTAs Manayunk/Norristown Regional Rail line stops in the Wissahickon section of Roxborough, continues through Manayunk, Philadelphia University and St. Josephs University are nearby. Henry Avenue runs parallel to Ridge Avenue from the border of East Falls and North Philadelphia, constructed in the 1930s, it was extended in 1959 from Roxborough Avenue to Andorra, and includes several concrete arch bridges. Because of the Wissahickon Creek and the park protects much of its watershed, Roxborough. Much of lower Roxborough, consisting of row homes and homes dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries, has a historic, Roxborough abuts the Wissahickon Valley Park portion of the Fairmount Park system. The parks numerous trails are used by cyclists, runners, walkers, dog owners, the north-west section of Roxborough is often considered a separate neighborhood called Upper Roxborough. Much of the development in area occurred after 1950, and has a suburban character, larger front lawns, garages. The area of Roxborough was likely named for Roxburghshire, Scotland, in 1690, Andrew Sr. moved to Philadelphia and purchased an estate located in the area that is known today as Roxborough, roughly where the on and off ramps for City Line Avenue and Lincoln Drive are. Andrew Sr. became Chief of Justice in Pennsylvania until he died in 1694 and he was responsible for making Roxborough a township in 1690. The Robeson family is known to have come from Kelso, Roxburghshire. Roxburgh was a region in the southeast of Scotland until it was changed to the region of The Borders in 1975. In 1706, a German philosopher named Johannes Kelpius who lived in the not far from the Robesons wrote about foxes burrowing in rocks in the area. Kelpius popularized his spelling of the township, but not long afterward, other spellings have also been noted in early writings as Roxbury and Roxboro
37.
Philco
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Philco, was a pioneer in battery, radio, and television production. In North America, it is the Philco brand owned by Philips, in other markets, it is the Philco International brand owned by Electrolux. In the early 1920s, Philco made storage batteries, socket power battery eliminator units, with the invention of the rectifier tube, which made it practical to power radios by electrical outlets, in 1928, Philco decided to get into the booming radio business. They followed other radio makers such as Atwater-Kent, Zenith Electronics, RCA, Freshman Masterpiece, FADA Radio, by 1930, they were selling more radios than any other maker, a position they held for more than 20 years. Philco built many iconic radios and television sets, including the classic cathedral-shaped wooden radio of the 1930s, philo Farnsworth, who invented cathode ray tube television, worked at Philco for some time. Philco was founded in 1892 as Helios Electric Company, from its inception until 1904, the company manufactured carbon-arc lamps. As this line of business slowly foundered over the last decade of the 19th century, as the Philadelphia Storage Battery Company, in 1906 it began making batteries for electric vehicles. They later supplied home charging batteries to the infant radio industry, the Philco brand name appeared in 1919. From 1920 to 1927, all radios were powered by batteries which were fairly expensive. A very successful August 1925 product, called the Socket Power Battery Eliminator, was a unit that allowed users to operate their battery-powered radios from standard light or wall sockets. By 1927 over a million of units had been sold. However, the invention of the tube rectifier made this technology obsolete. In 1926, Philco decided to begin making radios, the first Philco radios were introduced in mid 1928, and 96,000 were produced that year, making Philco radios 26th in the nation in production volume. Up to that time most radios were handmade and priced for relatively wealthy consumers, Atwater-Kent, the leading radio seller, coincidentally was also located in Philadelphia. The Philadelphia Storage Battery Company decided that prices of radios could be scaled for a market by incorporating assembly line techniques then only used by the automobile industry. By the 1929 model year, Philco was in place behind Atwater-Kent. In 1930 the company sold 600,000 radios, grossed $34 million, by 1934 they had captured 30% of the domestic radio market. Philco radios were notable for their economy of design without sacrificing quality or durability, like other makers of the era, they offered a wide line of radios beginning with five-tube sets all the way up to high-fidelity consoles with 20 tubes in 1937-38
38.
North Philadelphia
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North Philadelphia, nicknamed North Philly, is a section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is immediately north of Center City and it is bordered to the north by Cheltenham Township along Cheltenham Avenue, Spring Garden Street to the south, 35th Street to the west, and Adams Avenue to the east. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols five districts located within North Philadelphia, the 22nd, 25th, 26th, 35th, there are six ZIP codes for North Philadelphia,19132,19133,19121,19122,19130 and 19123. The city government views this sprawling chunk of Philadelphia more precisely as three districts, drawn up by the Redevelopment Authority in 1964. These regions are Olney-Oak Lane, Upper North Philadelphia, and Lower North Philadelphia, Olney-Oak Lane is sometimes considered to be separate from North Philadelphia entirely because of their unique architecture, culture and differing patterns of development. Prior to its incorporation into the city proper, North Philadelphia was little more than a collection of primarily agricultural townships above the original City of Philadelphia. In the 18th century, as Philadelphia grew in importance and, consequently, population, the mansions of wealthy Philadelphians began to dot the landscape, and by the late 18th and early 19th century, several small town centers had developed to anchor the growing population. However, this landscape was to be interrupted around the middle of the 19th century. This state law annexed all of the townships within Philadelphia County to the City of Philadelphia, with new territory now under the aegis of Philadelphias city planners, and a rising influx of European immigrants, led to the end of North as a suburb of Philadelphia. North Philadelphias decentralized towns were gradually meshed into a network of the ubiquitous Philadelphia rowhome. Many of the newly created neighborhoods retained the name of their towns and townships, for example. Its landscape still strongly reflects this heritage, as the industrial age peaked in America, North Philadelphia became a working mans town. Upper North Philadelphia, Olney, Brewerytown, became major hubs of production, large factories and industrial complexes were erected, covering vast swaths of city land. Thousands of rowhomes were constructed to house the burgeoning worker population, major freight and passenger rail lines were built to intersect at the newly constructed North Broad Street Station, and transmit cargo from the bustling factories. The completion of the BSL these major railways made the region a hub of transportation. For a time, North Philadelphia station became the second most heavily trafficked rail station in the city, along with many of Philadelphias major manufacturing concerns came the nearby estates of the wealthy industrialists who had founded them. Lower North Philadelphia in particular housed a number of the nouveau riche, many were German Jews that had settled in the area, later founding companies and building synagogues. For a time, an age of opulence and grand architecture returned to North Philadelphia, centered on what is now zoned as the Historic North Broad Street Mansion and Speculative Housing Districts
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Stylized 3 logo used from 1963 to 2003
