1.
Regions of Kazakhstan
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Kazakhstan is divided into 14 regions. The regions are subdivided into districts. Three cities, Baykonur, the largest city Almaty and the capital Astana are not part of the regions they are surrounded by, ^1 Almaty and Astana cities have the status of State importance and do not relate to any region. ^2 The West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions are both located in Eastern Europe as the Ural River run through Atyrau and Oral, their respective capital cities. ^3 Baikonur city has a special status because it is currently being leased to Russia with Baikonur Cosmodrome until the year 2050, over the last 60 years, both the distribution and names of regions of Kazakhstan have changed considerably. Changes in region names were often in line with the renaming of cities, after the administrative reform in 1997, the last change happened since then took place in 1999, when parts of North Kazakhstan that originally belonged to Kokshetau region became part of Akmola. The 1990s merges were in order to dilute Russian population in the resulting region and to avoid having regions where Russians form majority
2.
Karkaraly National Park
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Karkaraly National Park is a protected reserve and national park in the Karaganda Oblast of Kazakhstan. The park headquarters are in the city of Karkaraly,244 km east of Karaganda, on March 1,1884, the Karkaraly Forest was established. In 1889, construction began on many of the cordons, Bedaik, Koktube, Ayushat, Tulkebai, Tonkurus. From 1910 to 1913, the House of the Forest Warden and it is known for its interesting architecture. Pre-Bolshevik Revolution, all former forest cottages were allotted to army troops, Karkaraly Cossacks, the Kent and Karkaralinsk forest cottages were part of the Karkaralinsk forest treasury and were state property. After the October Revolution, the entire forest area part of the state forest fund. Having undergone several changes in 1947, the Karkaraly Forestry Department was organized. In the beginning of the 1990s, work began on the creation of the national park, on December 1,1998 resolution number 1212 was passed, transforming the area into the Karkaraly National Park. The primary goal of the park is the protection and restoration of the natural area within the park boundaries. 104 of these are state forest inspectors, the total area of Karkaraly National Park is 112,120 ha. Of this 44,339.5 ha are forested, the park has 89,877 hectares where all economic activities under strict control are allowed. Near the park are two protected areas, Bektauata National Preserve –500 ha Beldeutac National Preserve -44,660 ha In the Paleozoic Age. The water retreated 1.2 to 2 million years ago, the area lifted and created the Kent and Karkaraly Mountains. The rocks and cliffs have been ever since and for many thousands of years the untamable steppe wind. People have lived in the Karkaraly area since ancient times, the earliest archeological finds connected with ancient people dates back to the Paleolithic Age. Archeological sites from the Bronze Age have been investigated more often, there are over 30 archaeological sites of burial mounds and ancient settlements within the park boundaries. Some of these are the best discovered sites from these periods in Kazakhstan, Karkaraly National Park built the Nature museum in 1983. The two-story wooden building consists of halls of flora and fauna found in the Karkaraly National Nature Park
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Kazakhstan
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Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in northern Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Kazakhstan is the worlds largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the regions GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources, Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, the terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18 million people as of 2014, Given its large area, its population density is among the lowest. The capital is Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic tribes. This changed in the 13th century, when Genghis Khan occupied the country as part of the Mongolian Empire, following internal struggles among the conquerors, power eventually reverted to the nomads. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, the Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times, in 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry. Kazakhstans 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, the Kazakh language is the state language, and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes. The name Kazakh comes from the ancient Turkic word qaz, to wander, the name Cossack is of the same origin. The Persian suffix -stan means land or place of, so Kazakhstan can be translated as land of the wanderers. Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Neolithic Age, the regions climate, archaeologists believe that humans first domesticated the horse in the regions vast steppes. Central Asia was originally inhabited by the Scythians, the Cuman entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the Kipchak and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. Under the Mongol Empire, the largest in history, administrative districts were established. These eventually came under the rule of the emergent Kazakh Khanate, throughout this period, traditional nomadic life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the steppe. Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring Persian-speaking peoples to the south, at its height the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control Cumania
5.
Capital city
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A capital city is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government. In some jurisdictions, including countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. The word capital derives from the Latin caput, meaning head, in several English-speaking states, the terms county town, county seat, and borough seat are also used in lower subdivisions. In unitary states, subnational capitals are known as administrative centres. The capital is often, but not necessarily, the largest city of its constituent, historically, the major economic centre of a state or region often becomes the focal point of political power, and becomes a capital through conquest or federation. Examples are Ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, Ancient Athens, Rome, Constantinople, Changan, Ancient Cusco, Madrid, Paris, London, Moscow, Beijing, Tokyo, Vienna, and Berlin. Some of these cities are or were also religious centres, e. g. Constantinople, Rome, Jerusalem, Ancient Babylon, Moscow, Belgrade, Paris, and Peking. A capital city that is also the economic, cultural. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal, traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, e. g. Nanking by Shanghai, Quebec City by Montreal, and numerous US state capitals. The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its city, as occurred at Babylon. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no legal designation as such, for example Bern, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London, Paris, are located in or near them. In Canada, there is a capital, while the ten provinces. The states of such countries as Mexico, Brazil, and Australia all have capital cities, for example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney. In Australia, the capital cities is regularly used, to refer to the aforementioned state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra and Darwin. Abu Dhabi is the city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent countries, such as the United Kingdom or the Kingdom of Denmark, the national capitals of Germany and Russia, the Stadtstaat of Berlin and the Federal City of Moscow, are also constituent states of both countries in their own right
6.
Karaganda
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Karaganda or Qaraghandy, more commonly known by its Russian name Karaganda, is the capital of Karaganda Region in Kazakhstan. It is the fourth most populous city in Kazakhstan, behind Almaty, Astana, in 1940, up to 70% of the citys inhabitants were ethnic Germans. Until the 1950s, many of these deportees were interned in labor camps, the population of Karaganda fell by 14% from 1989-1999 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was once Kazakhstans second-largest city after Almaty. One hundred thousand people have emigrated to Germany. There is also a concentration of ethnic Poles in the city and this is the home city of Kazakh World War II hero Nurken Abdirov. A statue in Abdirovs honor is located in the center of the city, Karaganda is located 200 km South-East from Kazakhstans capital Astana. The name Karaganda is derived from caragana bushes, which are abundant in the area, the original site of Karaganda is now labeled on city maps as the Old Town, but almost nothing remains on that site. In exploiting the coal deposits of the area, the Soviets undermined the entire city. The city was relocated to the south, where it was rebuilt, in the early 1990s, Karaganda was briefly considered as a candidate for the capital of the newly independent Republic of Kazakhstan, but its bid was turned down in favour of Astana. The test was part of the Soviet Project K nuclear tests, prompt gamma ray-produced EMP induced a current of 2,500 amps measured by spark gaps in a 570 km stretch of overhead telephone line to Zharyq, blowing all the protective fuses. It fired circuit breakers and set the Karaganda power plant on fire, Karaganda has a humid continental climate with warm summers and very cold winters. Precipitation is moderately low throughout the year, although slightly heavier from May to July, snow is frequent, though light, in winter. The lowest temperature on record is −42.9 °C, recorded in 1938, Karaganda is an industrial city, built to exploit nearby coal mines using the slave work of prisoners of labour camps. Flora Leipman, a British citizen, spent several years unlawfully detained in a number of other nearby camps, commercial extraction of coal continues to be an important activity in the region even today. The Miners Palace of Culture is a landmark in Karagandy. FC Shakhter Karagandy is a club based in Shakhtyor Stadium. They are the current champions of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the local football club has its own heroes and big accomplishments. The most popular player in the team is Andrey Finonchenko, the biggest accomplishment is a victory against Celtic from Scotland
7.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
8.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
9.
Township
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The word township is used to refer to various kinds of settlements in different countries. While a township may be associated with an area, there are many exceptions to this rule. In Australia, Canada, and the United States, they may be too small to be considered urban. In Australia, the designation of township traditionally refers to a town or a small community in a rural district. The term refers purely to the settlement, it does not refer to a unit of government, in Canada, two kinds of township occur in common use. In eastern Canada, a township is one form of the subdivision of a county, in Canadian French, this is a canton. Townships are referred to as lots in Prince Edward Island, they merely form census subdivisions and are not administrative units. In Canada, a municipality is a city, town, township, county and it is also a specific designation for certain municipalities in Quebec, Nova Scotia and Ontario. In western Canada, townships exist only for the purpose of land division by the Dominion Land Survey and these townships are nominally six miles by six miles. Townships are designated by their number and range number. Township 1 is the first north of the First Base Line, in China, townships are found at the fourth level of the administrative hierarchy, together with ethnic townships, towns and subdistricts. In local government in New Zealand, there are no towns or townships. All land is part of either a city or a district, the term municipality has become rare in New Zealand since about 1979 and has no legal status. The term township is, however, still in usage in New Zealand. The expression would generally equate to that of village in England, in the Philippines, townships referred to administrative divisions established during the American Civil Government in the country. Many of these divisions were originally established as rancherias during the Spanish Regime. The term was replaced with municipal district. Most municipal districts would later be converted into municipalities by executive orders from the Philippine President
10.
Village
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A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings, however, transient villages can occur, further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement. In the past, villages were a form of community for societies that practise subsistence agriculture. In Great Britain, a hamlet earned the right to be called a village when it built a church, in many cultures, towns and cities were few, with only a small proportion of the population living in them. The Industrial Revolution attracted people in numbers to work in mills and factories. This also enabled specialization of labor and crafts, and development of many trades, the trend of urbanization continues, though not always in connection with industrialization. Although many patterns of life have existed, the typical village was small. Homes were situated together for sociability and defence, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed, Traditional fishing villages were based on artisan fishing and located adjacent to fishing grounds. The soul of India lives in its villages, declared M. K. Gandhi at the beginning of 20th century, according to the 2011 census of India,68. 84% of Indians live in 640,867 different villages. The size of these villages varies considerably,236,004 Indian villages have a population of fewer than 500, while 3,976 villages have a population of 10, 000+. Most of the villages have their own temple, mosque, or church, auyl is a Kazakh word meaning village in Kazakhstan. According to the 2009 census of Kazakhstan,42. 7% of Kazakhs live in 8172 different villages, to refer to this concept along with the word auyl often used the slavic word selo in Northern Kazakhstan. Peoples Republic of China In mainland China, villages 村 are divisions under township Zh, 乡 or town Zh, Republic of China In the Republic of China, villages are divisions under townships or county-controlled cities. The village is called a tsuen or cūn under a rural township, japan South Korea In Indonesia, depending on the principles they are administered, villages are called Kampung or Desa. A Desa is administered according to traditions and customary law, while a kelurahan is administered along more modern principles, Desa are generally located in rural areas while kelurahan are generally urban subdivisions. A village head is respectively called kepala desa or lurah, both are elected by the local community. A desa or kelurahan is the subdivision of a kecamatan, in turn the subdivision of a kabupaten or kota, the same general concept applies all over Indonesia
11.
Kazakh language
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Kazakh belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz, and especially Karakalpak, Kazakh is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs through the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, and Germany. Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is a language. The Kazakh language has its speakers spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the shore of Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the state language of Kazakhstan, in which nearly 10 million speakers are reported to live. In China, more than one million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang. Today, Kazakh is written in Cyrillic in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, the oldest known written records of languages closely related to Kazakh were written in the Old Turkic alphabet. However, it is not believed any of these varieties were direct predecessors of Kazakh. Modern Kazakh has historically been written using versions of the Latin, in October 2006, Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan, brought up the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh in Kazakhstan. A Kazakh government study released in September 2007 said that Kazakhstan could feasibly switch to a Latin script over a 10- to 12-year period, the transition was halted temporarily on December 13,2007, with President Nazarbayev declaring, “For 70 years the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state, thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation”, Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, the following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh, many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are in bold—since these are phonemes, their place and manner of articulation are very general. The borrowed phonemes /f/, /v/, /ɕ/, /t͡ɕ/ and /x/, only occur in recent mostly Russian borrowings, in the table, the elements left of a divide are voiceless, while those to the right are voiced. Kazakh has a system of nine phonemic vowels, three of which are diphthongs, the rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically, see the section on harmony below for more information. According to Vajda, the quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root. Per convention, rounded vowels are presented to the right of their unrounded counterparts, phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakhs Cyrillic alphabet
12.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
13.
Romanization of Russian
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Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic script into the Latin alphabet. Scientific transliteration, also known as the International Scholarly System, is a system that has used in linguistics since the 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST, OST8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced in 16 October 1935. This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as a standard of the COMECON. GOST7. 79-2000 System of Standards on Information, Librarianship and it is the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Machine readable passports is an adoption of an ICAO stadards for travel documents and it was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013. The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/IEC 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, ISO/R9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization. It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages, ISO9,1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R9,1968, which it deprecates, for Russian, the UNGEGN, a Working Group of the United Nations, in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71. It may be found in some international cartographic products, American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in North American libraries and in the British Library since 1975. The formal, unambiguous version of the system requires some diacritics and two-letter tie characters, British Standard 2979,1958 is the main system of the Oxford University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce, the portion of the system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. In Soviet international passports, transliteration was based on French rules, in 1997, with the introduction of new Russian passports, a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but this system was also abandoned in 2010. In 2006, GOST52535. 1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports, in 2010, the Federal Migratory Service of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST52535. 1-2006. The standard was abandoned in 2013, finally in 2013, Order No.320 of the Federal Migratory Service of Russia came into force. It states that all names in the passports must be transliterated using the ICAO system. This system differs from the GOST52535. 1-2006 system in two things, ц is transliterated into ts, ъ is transliterated into ie, Scholarly ¹ Some archaic letters are transcribed in different ways
14.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
15.
Gulag
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The Gulag was the government agency that administered and controlled the Soviet forced-labor camp system during Joseph Stalins rule from the 1930s up until the 1950s. The term is commonly used to reference any forced-labor camp in the Soviet Union. The camps housed a range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners. Large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas, the Gulag is recognized as a major instrument of political repression in the Soviet Union. The agencys full name was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and it was administered first by the State Political Administration, later by the NKVD and in the final years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 100,000 in the 1920s, the author likened the scattered camps to a chain of islands and as an eyewitness he described the Gulag as a system where people were worked to death. Natalya Reshetovskaya, the wife of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, said in her memoirs that The Gulag Archipelago was based on folklore as opposed to objective facts. In March 1940, there were 53 Gulag camp directorates and 423 labor colonies in the USSR, todays major industrial cities of the Russian Arctic, such as Norilsk, Vorkuta, and Magadan, were originally camps built by prisoners and run by ex-prisoners. About 14 million people were imprisoned in the Gulag labor camps from 1929 to 1953, according to some estimates, the total population of the camps varied from 510,307 in 1934 to 1,727,970 in 1953. According with other estimates, at the beginning of 1953 the total number of prisoners in prison camps was more than 2.4 million of more than 465,000 were political prisoners. The institutional analysis of the Soviet concentration system is complicated by the distinction between GULAG and GUPVI. In many ways the GUPVI system was similar to GULAG and its major function was the organization of foreign forced labor in the Soviet Union. The top management of GUPVI came from the GULAG system, the major noted distinction from GULAG was the absence of convicted criminals in the GUPVI camps. Otherwise the conditions in both systems were similar, hard labor, poor nutrition and living conditions, and high mortality rate. According with the estimates, in total, during the period of the existence of GUPVI there were over 500 POW camps. According to a 1993 study of archival Soviet data, a total of 1,053,829 people died in the Gulag from 1934–53. Some independent estimates are as low as 1.6 million deaths during the period from 1929 to 1953. Most Gulag inmates were not political prisoners, although significant numbers of prisoners could be found in the camps at any one time
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Forced labor camp
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A labor camp or work camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment under the criminal code. Labor camps have many aspects with slavery and with prisons. Conditions at labor camps vary widely depending on the operators, some of those camps were dubbed reeducation facilities for political coercion, but most others served as backbone of industry and agriculture for the benefit of the state especially in times of war. Labor camps of forced labor were abolished by Convention no.105 of the United Nations International Labour Organization, albania Allied Forces The Allies of World War II operated a number of work camps after the war. At the Yalta Conference in 1945, it was agreed that German forced labor was to be utilized as reparations, see Forced labor of Germans after World War II. Bulgaria Burma According to the New Statesman, Burmese military government operated, from 1962 to 2011, China The anti-communist Kuomintang operated various camps between 1938 and 1949, including the Northwestern Youth Labor Camp for young activists and students. The Communist Party of China has operated many labor camps for some crimes at least since taking power in 1949, many leaders of China were put into labor camps after purges, including Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi. May Seventh Cadre Schools are an example of Cultural Revolution-era labor camps, According to CNN, hundreds — if not thousands — of labor camps and forced-labor prisons still exist in modern-day China, housing political prisoners and dissidents alongside dangerous criminals. Chinese state-run media Xinhua reported in early 2013 that the plans to reform its controversial re-education through labor system this year. Cuba Beginning in November 1965, people classified as against the government were summoned to work camps referred to as Military Units to Aid Production, Czechoslovakia After the communists took over Czechoslovakia in 1948, many forced labor camps were created. The inmates included political prisoners, clergy, kulaks, Boy Scouts leaders, about half of the prisoners worked in the uranium mines. Also between 1950 and 1954 many men were considered unreliable for compulsory military service, and were conscripted to labour battalions instead. Nazi Germany During World War II the Nazis operated several categories of Arbeitslager for different categories of inmates, the largest number of them held Jewish civilians forcibly abducted in the occupied countries to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges or work on farms. By 1944,19. 9% of all workers were foreigners, the Nazis employed many slave laborers. They also operated concentration camps, some of which provided free forced labor for industrial, a notable example is the Mittelbau-Dora labor camp complex that serviced the production of the V-2 rocket. See List of German concentration camps for more, the Nazi camps played a key role in the extermination of millions. Hundreds of thousands of people died as a result of the overwork, malnutrition, preventable disease. North Korea North Korea is known to six camps with prison-labor colonies in remote mountain valleys
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World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
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Joseph Stalin
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Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state. Stalin was one of the seven members of the first Politburo, founded in 1917 in order to manage the Bolshevik Revolution, alongside Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Sokolnikov, and Bubnov. Among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and he managed to consolidate power following the 1924 death of Vladimir Lenin by suppressing Lenins criticisms and expanding the functions of his role, all the while eliminating any opposition. He remained General Secretary until the post was abolished in 1952, the economic changes coincided with the imprisonment of millions of people in Gulag labour camps. The initial upheaval in agriculture disrupted food production and contributed to the catastrophic Soviet famine of 1932–33, major figures in the Communist Party and government, and many Red Army high commanders, were arrested and shot after being convicted of treason in show trials. Stalins invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis, Germany ended the pact when Hitler launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Despite heavy human and territorial losses, Soviet forces managed to halt the Nazi incursion after the decisive Battles of Moscow, after defeating the Axis powers on the Eastern Front, the Red Army captured Berlin in May 1945, effectively ending the war in Europe for the Allies. The Soviet Union subsequently emerged as one of two recognized world superpowers, the other being the United States, Communist governments loyal to the Soviet Union were established in most countries freed from German occupation by the Red Army, which later constituted the Eastern Bloc. Stalin also had relations with Mao Zedong in China and Kim Il-sung in North Korea. On February 9,1946, Stalin delivered a public speech in which he explained the fundamental incompatibility of communism and capitalism. He stressed that the system needed war for raw materials. The Second World War was but the latest in a chain of conflicts which could be broken only when the economy made the transformation into communism. Stalin led the Soviet Union through its post-war reconstruction phase, which saw a significant rise in tension with the Western world that would later be known as the Cold War, Stalin remains a controversial figure today, with many regarding him as a tyrant. However, popular opinion within the Russian Federation is mixed, the exact number of deaths caused by Stalins regime is still a subject of debate, but it is widely agreed to be in the order of millions. Joseph Stalin was born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, the Russian-language version of his birth name is Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. Ioseb was born on 18 December 1878 in the town of Gori, Georgia and his father was Besarion Jughashvili, a cobbler, while his mother was Ekaterine Keke Geladze, a housemaid. As a child, Ioseb was plagued with health issues
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Population transfer in the Soviet Union
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In most cases their destinations were underpopulated remote areas. This includes deportations to the Soviet Union of non-Soviet citizens from countries outside the USSR and it has been estimated that, in their entirety, internal forced migrations affected some 6 million people. Kulaks were a group of relatively affluent farmers and had gone by this term in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia. They were the most numerous group deported by the Soviet Union, resettlement of people officially designated as kulaks continued until early 1950, including several major waves. Large numbers of kulaks regardless of their nationality were resettled to Siberia and Central Asia. According to data from Soviet archives, which were published in 1990,1,803,392 people were sent to labor colonies and camps in 1930 and 1931, Deportations on a smaller scale continued after 1931. The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who had died in labour colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521, during the 1930s, categorisation of so-called enemies of the people shifted from the usual Marxist–Leninist, class-based terms, such as kulak, to ethnic-based ones. Germanys invasion of the Soviet Union led to an escalation in Soviet ethnic cleansing. Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, Stalin conducted a series of deportations on a scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics, by some estimates up to 43% of the resettled population died of diseases and malnutrition. The deportations started with Poles from Byelorussia, Ukraine and European Russia 1932-1936, koreans in the Russian Far East were deported in 1937. After the Soviet invasion of Poland following the corresponding German invasion that marked the start of World War II in 1939, the Soviet Union annexed eastern parts of the Second Polish Republic. During 1939-19411.45 million people inhabiting the region were deported by the Soviet regime, of whom 63. 1% were Poles, previously it was believed that about 1. From the newly conquered Eastern Poland 1.5 million people were deported, the same followed in the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. More than 200,000 people are estimated to have been deported from the Baltic in 1940-1953, in addition, at least 75,000 were sent to the Gulag. 10% of the entire adult Baltic population was deported or sent to labor camps, in 1989, native Latvians represented only 52% of the population of their own country. In Estonia, the figure was 62%, likewise, Romanians from Chernivtsi Oblast and Moldovia had been deported in great numbers which range from 200,000 to 400,000. During World War II, particularly in 1943-44, the Soviet government conducted a series of deportations, some 1.9 million people were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics
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Aktobe Region
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Aktobe is a region of Kazakhstan. The Aktobe regional capital is the city of Aktobe, with a population of more than 340,000, the region itself has a population 678,900. The name Aktobe comes from Kazakh Ақ and төбе, supposedly, the area of the region is 300,600 square kilometers, making it the second largest region of Kazakhstan, after Karaganda Region. The Ilek River, a tributary of the Ural River, flows through the region, according to the national census of 2009, the areas population was 779,542 people -407,217 women and 372,325 men. The majority,614,961, are Kazakhs, unlike in other areas of the country, the populace also includes Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Germans, Koreans, Moldavians, Jews, Armenians, and Chechens. The region is divided into twelve districts and the city of Aktobe. * Eight localities in Aktobe Region have town status and these are Aktobe, Alga, Embi, Kandyagash, Khromtau, Shalkar, Temir, and Zhem. * Two more localities - Shubarkuduk and Shubarshi - have status of urban-type settlement. Aral Sea Mugodzhar Hills Southern Ural Mountains Official Site
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Kostanay Region
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Kostanay Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its administrative center is the city of Kostanay, the population of the region is 900,300. The population living in Kostanay is 207,000 which is equivalent to 23% of the region, Kostanay Region is adjacent to the Russian federal subjects Orenburg Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, and is near the Ural Mountains. It also touches four other Kazakh regions, Aktobe Region to the southwest, Karaganda Region to the south, Akmola Region to the southeast, the Tobol River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, starts in and flows through the region on its way to Russia. Kostanay Regions area is 197,000 square kilometers, making it the sixth largest of the Kazakh regions. The fauna of ground animal includes 52 kinds of mammal,267 is constant or temporarily living birds,10 kinds of amphibious and kowtowing, naurzum reserve,3 natural sanctuaries and 12 state nature sanctuaries with a rich vegetative cover are pride of region. The territory of region is characterized by rather flat relief with inflows of the rivers, Ayat, Ubagan, Ui, Torgai with inflows of the rivers, Saryozen, Kara. The Northern part occupy southeast suburb of the West-Siberian lowland, to the south from it is situated Torgai plateau, in the west - wavy plain Zaural plateau, within the limits of the region it is totaled about 310 fine rivers. The largest rivers - Tobol and Torgai, on the river Tobol are Verhnetobolsk, Karatomar and Amangeldy water basins. In Kostanay Region are more than 5 thousand lakes, largest of them are located in Torgai dell - Kusmyryn, Sarymoin, Aksuat, Sarykopa. Woodland area 2,175 km² including 1,512 km² natural plantings, in connection with the Soviet Virgin Lands Campaign, much of the area was ploughed for wheat. The Kostanay Region is rich in minerals, especially iron ore, the total stock of magnetites ores and hematites makes 15,7 billion tons, of them easy enrich and not demanding enrichment -5,7 billion tons. Especially bowels are rich in ore, brown coal, asbestos, fire-resistant and brick clay, flux and cement limestone, glass sand. Opened 19 deposits of bauxite,7 - gold, on one of silver, the region center, Kostanay, is supplied with water from Amangeldinsky water basins and Kostanay deposit of underground waters. The city of Lisakovsk gets water from the Verhnetobols water basins, regional centers Sarykol, Karasu, Uzunkol are supplied with water with Ishim water supply line and Sеrgeevsk water basin which is on the territory of the North-Kazakhstan region. 12 big water supply lines on the territory of Kostanay region give water to more than 220 settlements and 5 regional centers, water delivery of other areas is carried out from local sources. Karatomar water basins supply Rudni, Каchar region and Fedorovka, Kostanay Regions climate is continental, with strongly pronounced alternation of four seasons. Average temperatures, January, -18 to -19 °С, July,19 to 22 °С, in the winter, the temperature can be as cold as -25 to -30 °C
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Akmola Region
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Akmola Region is a centrally located region of Kazakhstan. The national capital, Astana, is enclosed by the region, the regions population is 748,300, Kokshetaus is 124,000. The area is 146,200 square kilometers and it and Karaganda Region are Kazakhstans only two regions which dont touch the countrys outer borders. Akmola Region borders North Kazakhstan Region in the north, Pavlodar Region in the east, Karagandy Region in the south, some gold and coal mining occur in the area. Aqmola or Akmola in Kazakh language means the white burial, ethnic Kazakhs account for 43. 5% of the population in the 2009 census, compared to 36. 5% for Russians. The region is divided into seventeen districts and the cities of Kokshetau. * The following ten localities in Akmola Region have town status, Akkol, Atbasar, Derzhavinsk, Ereymentau, Esil, Kokshetau, Makinsk, Shchuchinsk, Stepnogorsk, david Rigert, weightlifter, Olympic champion, 5x world champion,68 world records
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Pavlodar Region
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Pavlodar Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is the city of Pavlodar, which has a population of 322,851, the population of the region,742,475,806,983. Pavlodar borders Russia to the north, and also borders the following Kazakh regions, Akmola, East Kazakhstan, North Kazakhstan, many people, especially Ukrainians, migrated to Pavlodar in Nikita Khrushchevs Virgin Lands Campaign. Bayanaul National Park is located in the region within 100 km of Ekibastuz, the region is administratively divided into ten districts and the cities of Pavlodar, Aksu, and Ekibastuz. * Three localities in Pavlodar Region have town status and these are Pavlodar, Aksu, and Ekibastuz. According to preliminary data population censuses of 2009 the area population has made 729512 foreheads, official regional website Media related to Pavlodar Province at Wikimedia Commons
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East Kazakhstan Region
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East Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. It occupies the easternmost part of Kazakhstan, along both sides of the Irtysh River and Lake Zaysan, the area has many Russians and Ukrainians, the capital itself has more of those two groups than Kazakhs themselves. The area is 283,300 in square kilometers, the region was created by the merger of two Soviet-era Kazakhstan oblasts, the old Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya Oblast and Semipalatinsk Oblast. The region occupies very diverse range of geographic and climatic regions with Altai Mountains in the east, 55% of the population is ethnic Kazakh and 41% is ethnic Russian. The region is divided into fifteen districts and the cities of Oskemen, Ayagoz, Kurchatov, Ridder, Semey. * The following ten localities in East Kazakhstan Region have town status, Oskemen, Ayagoz, Charsk, Kurchatov, Ridder, Semey, Serebryansk, Shemonaikha, Zaysan, the region sent a bandy team to the Spartakiade 2009 and finished third. Semipalatinsk Test Site Official regional administration website
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Almaty Region
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Almaty is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taldykorgan, which has a population of 123,000, population of the region,1,807,894,1,557,269. Almaty Region is the region surrounds the city of Almaty. The region borders Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang in the Peoples Republic of China, the region also touches three other regions of Kazakhstan, Jambyl Region to the west, Karaganda Region to the northwest, and East Kazakhstan Region to the north. Almaty Region has an area of 224,000 square kilometres, much of the northwestern border of the region runs along Lake Balkhash, whose main affluent, the Ili River, is the most significant river of the region. In the regions northeast, it shares the four lakes of the Alakol Depression with East Kazakhstan Region, Other lakes within the region include Bartogay Lake and Kapshagay lakes, Lake Issyk, Kaindy and Kolsai lakes. The Trans-Ili Alatau branch of the Tian Shan Mountains extends from China and Kyrgyzstan into Almaty Region, farther to the northeast, the Dzungarian Alatau runs along the regions border with China. The Charyn Canyon is one of the famous scenic spots. Alma-Ata Region, the predecessor of todays Almaty Region, was created from the region of Zhetysu on March 10,1932. In April 2001 the administrative center of Almaty Region was moved from Almaty to Taldykorgan, thus Taldykorgan has become a regional capital again - this time without splitting the region. The region is divided into sixteen districts and the cities of Kapchagay, Taldykorgan. In the 1989 census Kazakhs 54. 2% Russians 28. 6% Uigurs 7. 8% Others 9. 4%, in the 1999 census Kazakhs 66. 4% Russians 23. 8% Uigurs 7. 0% Others 4. 6%. In the 2009 census Kazakhs 68. 2% Russians 22. 8% Uigurs 6. 2% Other 3
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Jambyl Region
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Jambyl Region is a region of Kazakhstan. The population of the region is 1,000,000, the region borders Kyrgyzstan, and is very near Uzbekistan. Jambyl also borders three provinces, Karaganda Region, South Kazakhstan Region and Almaty Region. The total area is 144,200 square kilometres, the province borders Lake Balkhash to its northeast. The province was named after the Kazakh akyn Jambyl Jabayev, an estimated 1.2 million people lived in the province in 2010. The population consists of more than 100 ethnic groups, Kazakhs comprise about 65% of the population. The lowest percentage of Kazakhs is in Taraz though their share in the city has grown from 23% in 1989 to 60% in 2009, see Taraz for a detailed account of the history of the provincial capital. The province is divided into ten districts and the city of Taraz. Janatas, Karatau, Shu, and Taraz have the status of a town. Important industries include rock phosphate mining, the Chu River valley is one of Kazakhstans important areas of irrigated agriculture
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Kyzylorda Region
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Kyzylorda Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is the city of Kyzylorda, with a population of 157,400, the region itself has a population of 590,000. Other notable settlements include Aral, Kazaly and the Russian-administered Baikonur, the region borders neighboring country Uzbekistan, as well as three other regions, Aktobe Region, Karaganda Region, and South Kazakhstan Region. The Syr Darya River, flowing from the Tian Shan mountains to the Aral Sea, the total area of the province is 226,000 square kilometers. The region is divided into seven districts and the city of Kyzylorda. Three localities in Kyzylorda Region have town status and these are Aral, Kazaly, and Kyzylorda. The city of Baikonur is located within the area of the oblast but is rented and administered by Russian Federation. The region sent a team to the Spartakiade 2009. Barsa-Kelmes Nature Reserve Official regional administration website
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Hectare
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The hectare is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to 100 ares and primarily used in the measurement of land as a metric replacement for the imperial acre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres, in 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1⁄100 km2. When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units, the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare, however, remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI units, the metric system of measurement was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. At the first meeting of the CGPM in 1889 when a new standard metre, manufactured by Johnson Matthey & Co of London was adopted, in 1960, when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units, the are did not receive international recognition. The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the CGPM, many farmers, especially older ones, still use the acre for everyday calculations, and convert to hectares only for official paperwork. Farm fields can have long histories which are resistant to change, with names such as the six acre field stretching back hundreds of years. The names centiare, deciare, decare and hectare are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the base unit of area. The centiare is a synonym for one square metre, the deciare is ten square metres. The are is a unit of area, equal to 100 square metres and it was defined by older forms of the metric system, but is now outside of the modern International System of Units. It is commonly used to measure real estate, in particular in Indonesia, India, and in French-, Portuguese-, Slovakian-, Serbian-, Czech-, Polish-, Dutch-, in Russia and other former Soviet Union states, the are is called sotka. It is used to describe the size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large, the decare is derived from deka, the prefix for 10 and are, and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres. It is used in Norway and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East, the hectare, although not strictly a unit of SI, is the only named unit of area that is accepted for use within the SI. The United Kingdom, United States, Burma, and to some extent Canada instead use the acre, others, such as South Africa, published conversion factors which were to be used particularly when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation. In many countries, metrication redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units, non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units
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Irtysh River
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The Irtysh River is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It is the tributary of the Ob River. The rivers source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria close to the border with Mongolia, the Irtyshs main tributaries include the Tobol River and the Ishim River. The Ob-Irtysh system forms a drainage basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia. The name Black Irtysh is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the course of the river. The term White Irtysh, in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan. In Kazakhstan and Russia, tankers, passenger and freight boats navigate the river during the ice-free season, Omsk, home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river port in Western Siberia. On the Kazakhstan section of the river there are three major hydroelectric plants, namely at Bakhtarma, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Shulbinsk. The worlds deepest lock, with a drop of 42 metres, plans exist for the construction of several more dams. Three dams have been constructed on the Chinese section of the Irtysh as well, the Keketuohai Dam, the Kalasuke Dam, in 2002, pipelines were constructed to supply water from the canal to the Ishim River and Kazakhstans capital, Astana. In the last years of the 20th century and the early 2000s, a more major project. Increased water use in China has caused significant concerns among Kazakh, opened in 1896, this is the oldest bridge on the river. Tobolsk, on the Tyumen-Surgut line As the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in Chinas Xinjiang is being extended toward Altay City, numerous highway bridges over the Irtysh exist in China, Kazakhstan, and Russia. There are no bridges of any kind on the Irtysh downstream of Tobolsk, a number of Mongol and Turkic peoples occupied the river banks for many centuries. In 657, Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang defeated Ashina Helu, qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, at the Battle of Irtysh River, helus defeat ended the Khaganate, strengthened Tang control of Xinjiang, and led to Tang suzerainty over the western Turks. The Khanate of Sibir was conquered by the Russians in the 1580s, farther east, Tara was founded in 1594, roughly at the border of the taiga belt and the steppe to the south. In the 17th century the Dzungar Khanate, formed by the Mongol Oirat people, became Russias southern neighbor, the Chinese Qing Empire conquered Dzungaria in the 1750s. Concerns were raised in Russia about the possibility of a Chinese fleet sailing from Lake Zaysan down the Irtysh, a Russian expedition visited Lake Zaysan in 1764, and concluded that such a riverine invasion would not be likely
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Nura River
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The Nura River or River Nura is a major watercourse of northeast-central Kazakhstan. It is about 978 kilometres long and drains an area of 58,100 square kilometres, the river rises in the Kyzyltas Mountains and flows initially north-northwestwards for about 100 kilometres. It then turns to the west and flows in that direction for 220 kilometres, the Nura turns north near Isen for about 200 kilometres, eventually turning southwest as it draws close to Astana near the Irtysh River. From there, it flows southwest for almost 300 miles, through a series of lakes, the rivers largest tributaries are the Sherubainura, Ulkenkundyzdy, and Akbastau rivers. It is heavily used for irrigation and municipal water supply, the average discharge at the mouth is 28.39 cubic metres per second. The Irtysh–Karaganda Canal crosses the Nura at 50°05′26″N 73°22′40″E, in what appears to be a tunnel, some of the canals water is directed into the Nura, replenishing this river. The Samarkand Reservoir is constructed on the Nura downstream from the crossing, providing a waterfront for the city of Temirtau. In 1972, a factory in the city of Temirtau began to discharge large quantities of mercury waste into the river. Although the factory closed in 1997, large amounts of mercury remain in the river, most of the mercury is spread in alluvial soils for a 25-kilometre stretch from Temirtau to the Intumak Reservoir, where most of the pollution was trapped. Despite that, significant levels of mercury are found as far as 70 kilometres downstream and during high water, contaminants are spread all over the floodplain. There is an estimated 1,500,000 cubic metres of contaminated soil surrounding the site, ash from coal-fired power plants also pollutes the river
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Lake Balkhash
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Lake Balkhash is one of the largest lakes in Asia and 15th largest in the world. It is located in Central Asia in southeastern Kazakhstan and belongs to an endorheic basin shared by Kazakhstan and China, the Ili is fed by precipitation, largely vernal snowmelt, from the mountains of Chinas Xinjiang region. The lake currently covers an area of about 16,400 km2, however, like the Aral Sea, it is shrinking as a result of the diversion of water from rivers that feed it. The lake is divided by a strait into two distinct parts, the western part is fresh water, while the eastern half is saline. The eastern part is on average 1.7 times deeper than the western section, the largest city near the lake is also named Balkhash and has about 66,000 inhabitants. Major industrial activities in the area include mining, ore processing and fishing, while the size of the lake is temporarily growing, there is concern about the lakes shallowing due to desertification and industrial activity. The present name of the lake originates from the word balkas of Tatar, Kazakh, from as early as 103 BC up until the 8th century, the Balkhash polity was known to the Chinese as 布谷/布库/布苏 Pu-Ku/Bu-Ku. From the 8th century on, the land to the south of the lake and it was a land where the nomadic Turks and Mongols of the steppe mingled cultures with the settled peoples of Central Asia. During Chinas Qing dynasty, the formed the northwestern-most boundary of the Empire. In 1864, the lake and its area were ceded to Imperial Russia under the Protocol of Chuguchak. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the became part of Kazakhstan. Rapid erosion of the Tian Shan has meant the depression filled with sand river sediments in what is geologically a very short time span. The basin is a part of Dzungarian Alatau, which also contains lakes Sasykkol, Alakol and these lakes are remnants of an ancient sea which once covered the entire Balkhash-Alakol depression, but was not connected with the Aral–Caspian Depression. The lake has an area of about 16,400 km2 and it is elevated about 340 m above sea level and has a sickle shape. Its length is about 600 km and the width varies from 9–19 km in the part to 74 km in the western part. Saryesik Peninsula, located near the middle of the lake, hydrographically divides it into two different parts. The western part, which comprises 58% of the lake area and 46% of its volume, is relatively shallow, quiet and is filled with freshwater. These parts are connected by the Strait Uzynaral which is 3.5 km wide, the lake includes several small basins
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Balkhash (city)
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Balkhash is a city in Kazakhstan, located on the northern shore of the Lake Balkhash, on the Bay Bertys, and in south of Kazakh Uplands. Population of the city,68,833,65,431, Balkhash was founded in 1937 as an industrial city centred on the mining and smelting of copper, and presently copper is still exploited there. The city lies approximately 500 km west of the Chinese border on the side of the lake at an altitude of 440 m. The history of the city is connected with mining of deposits of copper. In this way, the copper factory effected the citys appearance, on 9 November 1932, the first school was established in the city - school №1. The school educated a few children of the builders of the city that time, among these children was Maria Nicolaevna Guseva. This school became a matter of her life, firstly she was one of the first pupils, in 1935, a section for parachuting was opened. During the Great Patriotic War, most of the population was conscripted into the military service. After World War II, Japanese war prisoners took part in the building of the city, in particular, they built buildings, the Palace of Metallurgists and the local airport. Some people cooked on fires in their yards, in winter they heated their apartments with potbelly stoves, summer cottages served as an additional source of foodstuffs, contributing to the populaces survival. In the late 1990s, the citys and countrys economies stabilised, a new neighborhood was built in the city, the so-called Canadian cottages. All schools, medical facilities and the college started to function normally, balkhashs city government also administers the urban-type settlements of Sayak, Gulshat and Chubar-Tubek. In May 1997, the city of Balkhash was transferred from Dzhezkazgan Region to Karaganda Region due to a boundary change, the combined population of the city and its urban area is 75,453 people. Balkhash has a climate with warm summers and very cold winters. Precipitation is low throughout the year, snow is common, though light, in winter. The lowest temperature on record is −41.2 °C, recorded in December 1938, Balkhash airport Lake Balkhash Balkhashtsvetmet All info of Balkhash Info page of BBC about Balkhash town, with picture material
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Jezkazgan
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Jezkazgan or Zhezkazgan, formerly known as Dzhezkazgan, is a city in Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan, on a reservoir of the Kara-Kengir River. Its urban area includes the mining town of Satpayev, for a total city population of 148,700. 55% of Jezkagan population are Kazakhs, 30% Russians, with minorities of Ukrainians, Germans, Chechens and Koreans. Jezkazgan is situated in the heart of the Kazakh upland. It has an extremely continental climate, rain is frequent but never heavy. The average temperature ranges from 24 °C in July to −16 °C in January, the city was created in 1938 in connection with the exploitation of the rich local copper deposits. In 1973 a large mining and metallurgical complex was constructed to the southeast to smelt the copper that until then had been sent elsewhere for processing, other metal ores mined and processed locally are manganese and iron. Today the city is the headquarters of the copper conglomerate Kazakhmys, the company has subsidiaries in China, Russia and the United Kingdom and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. There is a station, Kazakhmys Power Plant with generation capacity of 207 MW. Although Jezkazgan is centrally located in the country, it has limited connections to the regions by rail. There is a line to the regional capital city Karaganda. The city is accessible by air via Zhezkazgan Airport, soyuz spacecraft returning cosmonauts from outer space land in the remote flat countryside surrounding Jezkazgan. The Baikonur Cosmodrome lies 400 kilometres to the southwest and, by tradition, pyotr Klimuk, cosmonaut Kaisar Nurmagambetov, flatwater canoer Vitaliy Savin, former Soviet athlete Oleg Yankovsky, Russian actor City website Photos of the city
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Saran, Kazakhstan
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Saran is a city in Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan, on the Nura River. The city was founded on December 20,1954, Saran is located in Karaganda oblast of Kazakhstan situated about 15 km from Karaganda city. Saran is a significant center of coal due to the Karaganda coal deposit. There are coal-processing sites, concrete plants, and brickworks in Saran city. Also there is teacher’s training institute, there are various monuments in Saran, Military Glory Obelisk. It was erected on the 40th anniversary of the Soviet people’s victory in World War II and it is located in the square on Rabochaya street. It was erected in 1975 in honor of the 30th anniversary of victory, Zhambyl Zhabayev is a well-known Kazakh poet. The monument was erected in 1973 on Zhambyl street, pushkin is a famous Russian writer, founder of new Russian literature and literary language. The bust was erected at the school #4 in honor of his 157th anniversary, arkadiy Gaidar was a Soviet writer. The bust was erected at the school in 1972. Mayakovsky is depicted as if he is reciting poems on the tribune and it was erected in 1961 at the House of Culture at mine “Aktasskaya”, settlement Aktas. It was erected in 1970 in honor of his 100th anniversary at the location of military unit. This is a monument of history and architecture and it is located in the industrial area of Saran. The mazar is an example of dome funeral buildings of 19th century in the territory of Central Kazakhstan, City website City portal Statistical overview
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Temirtau
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Temirtau is a city in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan. The city is located on the Nura River, northwest of Karaganda,1905, June,15 - the first groups of settlers settled down on the left bank of the Nura River. There were 40 families, that had arrived from Samara, the settlement they founded was named Zhaur, after a hill on the other side of the river. 1909 - the Zhaur settlement was renamed Samarkandsky,1911 - the first school and the first hospital were built. 1933 - the Samarkandsky-Karaganda water conduit was built to facilitate the development of the Karaganda coal field,1939 - a 20-by-300-metre dam was erected across the Nura River. Filling of the resulting Samarkand water reservoir was initiated, and continued up to 1961,1942 - the first turbine of the Karaganda State Regional Electric Power Station was started up. The construction of the plant building was started in 19341944 - still under construction. 1945, October,1 - the Samarkand settlement was granted city status,1950 - the future Karaganda Steel Mill was founded. Workers,16 fatalities,27 wounded, about 70 arrested and convicted,1960 - blast furnace No.1 yielded its first cast iron. 1963 - the Karaganda Polytechnical Institute was founded as a Higher Technical Educational Institution attached to the Karaganda Steel Mill, 1970s - a new sports complex was built, including a 50 m swimming pool, a stadium that seats 15,000 and an indoor ice-skating/hockey rink. 1972 - the Metallurgists Palace of Culture was opened,1978 - Vostok recreational park was laid out in the eastern part of the city and opened to the public. 1978, July,29 - the Warrior Monument with the Eternal Flame was dedicated to the honor of Temirtau soldiers killed in World War II,1984 - a new residential area, Zenica, was established. Temirtau sent a team to the Winter Sports Tournaments in Karaganda. There is a football club FC Bolat which is playing in Kazakhstan First Division of football in Kazakhstan
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Abay (town)
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Abay is a town located in central Kazakhstan, and has served as the capital of Abay District in Karaganda Region since 2002. Abay was founded in 1949 as a mining settlement with the name Sherubay-Noora. In 1961, it was renamed Abay, after Abay Qunanbayuli, in 2014 a team from Abay participated in the national championships in bandy for junior players born in 1996 and younger
Kazakhstan
Ulsan, South Korea (2010)
Karaganda Region
