1.
Neoclassicism
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The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, laterally competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th, European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began c.1760 in opposition to the then-dominant Baroque and Rococo styles. Each neo-classicism selects some models among the range of classics that are available to it. They ignored both Archaic Greek art and the works of Late Antiquity, the Rococo art of ancient Palmyra came as a revelation, through engravings in Woods The Ruins of Palmyra. While the movement is described as the opposed counterpart of Romanticism. The case of the main champion of late Neoclassicism, Ingres, demonstrates this especially well. The revival can be traced to the establishment of formal archaeology, the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann were important in shaping this movement in both architecture and the visual arts. With the advent of the Grand Tour, a fad of collecting antiquities began that laid the foundations of many great collections spreading a Neoclassical revival throughout Europe, Neoclassicism in each art implies a particular canon of a classical model. In English, the term Neoclassicism is used primarily of the arts, the similar movement in English literature. This, which had been dominant for decades, was beginning to decline by the time Neoclassicism in the visual arts became fashionable. Though terms differ, the situation in French literature was similar, in music, the period saw the rise of classical music, and Neoclassicism is used of 20th-century developments. Ingress coronation portrait of Napoleon even borrowed from Late Antique consular diptychs and their Carolingian revival, much Neoclassical painting is more classicizing in subject matter than in anything else. A fierce, but often very badly informed, dispute raged for decades over the merits of Greek and Roman art, with Winckelmann. The work of artists, who could not easily be described as insipid, combined aspects of Romanticism with a generally Neoclassical style. Unlike Carstens unrealized schemes, the etchings of Giovanni Battista Piranesi were numerous and profitable and his main subject matter was the buildings and ruins of Rome, and he was more stimulated by the ancient than the modern. Neoclassicism in painting gained a new sense of direction with the success of Jacques-Louis Davids Oath of the Horatii at the Paris Salon of 1785. Despite its evocation of republican virtues, this was a commission by the royal government, David managed to combine an idealist style with drama and forcefulness. David rapidly became the leader of French art, and after the French Revolution became a politician with control of government patronage in art
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Solna Municipality
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Solna Municipality is a municipality in Stockholm County in south-east Sweden, located just north of the Stockholm City Centre. Its seat is located in the town of Solna, which is a part of the Stockholm urban area, the municipality is a part of Metropolitan Stockholm. None of the area is considered rural, which is unusual for Swedish municipalities, Solna is the third smallest municipality in Sweden in terms of area. There are two parishes in Solna Municipality, Råsunda and Solna, Solna is divided into eight traditional parts with no administrative functions, Bergshamra, Haga, Hagalund, Huvudsta, Järva, Råsunda, Skytteholm and Ulriksdal. The largest districts are Råsunda, Hagalund and Huvudsta, with the Solna Centrum in between them, the final matches of both the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 1995 FIFA Womens World Cup were played at Råsunda Stadium, the national football stadium from 1937 to 2012. Solna has very low tax rates and has attracted a range of companies and authorities. Among the most important employers are the medical university Karolinska Institutet, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute are also located in Solna. As with all 290 municipalities of Sweden, Solna has a municipal assembly, an executive committee is appointed by its members. It was served by trams until 1959, trams returned after 54 years of absence when Tvärbanan was extended from Alvik to Solna centrum. A further extension will be opened in 2014, skanska has its head office in Solna. NextJet has its office in Solna. Mall of Scandinavia has opened in November 2015 and is located in Solna, the head office of Scandinavian Airlines and SAS Group is located in Solna. The airline head office was located on the property of Stockholm Arlanda Airport in Sigtuna Municipality. Haga Park, part of the Royal National City Park, was initiated by king Gustav III, the city features three of Swedens royal palaces. Friends Arena, the Swedish national arena of association football, the Solna Church was constructed in the 12th century. For defensive purposes, it was built as a round church, the following football clubs are located in Solna, AIK Blue Hill KF Råsunda IS Vasalunds IF Solna Gymnasium is the senior high school/sixth form college of Solna
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Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
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Carl Gyllenhielm
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Baron Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm was a Swedish soldier and politician. He was made a baron in 1615, appointed Field Marshal in 1616, Privy Councilor in 1617, Governor General of Ingria in 1617 and he was thus the older half-brother of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. It was the tradition in Sweden in this period that noble children born out of wedlock were acknowledged by their fathers, Carl Carlsson was ennobled in 1592 with the name Gyllenhielm and entered the service of the crown as a soldier. He served with the navy in the 1590s before moving to the army for the Swedish-Polish War and he was captured by the enemy in Poland in 1601, and remained a prisoner of war for twelve years. After attempting to escape, he was forced to wear leg irons for the last six and he was freed in 1613, and shortly after raised to the rank of baron and field marshal by his half-brother. From 1617 he was general of the province of Ingria. Admirals in this period were expected to lead the navy at sea as well as administrate and he delegated much of the day-to-day business of the navy to Clas Fleming, and focused his naval efforts on overseeing the navys finances. In September 1628, he served as the chairman of the tribunal convened to investigate the loss of the new warship Vasa, after the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, Gyllenhielm was responsible for returning his half-brothers body to Sweden. In the following year, he was appointed to the government which ruled in the name of Queen Christina of Sweden during her minority. He built a palace, Karlberg, to the northwest of Stockholm and he died at Karlberg on 17 March 1650, and was buried in Strängnäs church. Karlberg was eventually taken over as a headquarters for the Swedish military. Swedish Naval Administration, Resource flows and organizational capacity
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Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie
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Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie was a Swedish statesman and military man. He also served as Governor-General in the Swedish dominion of Livonia, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie was born on 15 October 1622. The place of his birth was Reval, Estonia, which at the time was a Swedish dominion where Magnus Gabriels father Jacob De la Gardie served as governor. Jacob De la Gardie, Count of Läckö, was a prominent military commander who served as Lord High Constable of Sweden from 1620 until his death in 1652, Pontus married Sofia Gyllenhielm, the daughter of King John III, in 1580. Magnus Gabriels mother was Ebba Brahe, daughter of Lord High Steward Magnus Brahe, Ebba had a relationship with young King Gustavus Adolphus, probably during the years 1613–1615. Gustavuss mother, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, ruined her sons wish to marry Ebba Brahe, Ebba and Jacob had 14 children, of whom seven lived to maturity. These seven were Magnus Gabriel, Maria Sofia, Jacob Casimir, Pontus Frederick, Christina Catharina, Axel Julius, being a member of a wealthy family of the highest esteem, De la Gardie was predestined for an eminent career. He received an education from his teacher Mattias Björnklou and was in 1639 elected rector illustris at Uppsala University. The next year, he travelled abroad to complete his training, much of this period was spent in France and the Netherlands. When the Torstenson War between Sweden and Denmark broke out in 1643, De la Gardie returned to his native Sweden, early on during the reign of Queen Christina De la Gardie became the queens favourite. Being, reportedly, both well-mannered and good looking might have helped De la Gardie to gain the queens favour, in 1645 he was promoted to colonel of the Life Guards. In 1646, De la Gardie was head of a mission to France in order to find Queen Christina musicians for her Swedish court. The mission was a success for De la Gardie, who upon his return to Sweden received distinctions of an unparalleled amount, furthermore, the queen arranged a wedding for him and the queens cousin Maria Eufrosyne of Zweibrücken at the Royal Palace. After the wedding, De la Gardie was made a Privy Councillor, despite making only a slight contribution in the war, De la Gardie was eventually rewarded 22,500 riksdaler, more than any other general. The same year, he was created count of Arensburg, De la Gardie began his first of two terms as Governor-General of the Swedish dominion of Livonia in 1649. At the coronation of Queen Christina, in 1650, he was entrusted with carrying the royal banner, a year later, in 1651, he ended his first term in Livonia and was appointed Marshal of the Realm. Also in 1652, De la Gardie was appointed lawspeaker of Västergötland and Dalsland, when his father Jacob died that year, Magnus Gabriel inherited Läckö Castle and became Count of Läckö. In 1653, De la Gardie fell out of favour with the queen and he and his family had to leave the court and for the rest of Christinas reign, De la Gardie lived on his manors in some kind of an exile
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Swedish Fortifications Agency
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The Swedish Fortifications Agency is a Swedish government agency under the Swedish Ministry of Finance, tasked with managing government-owned defense-related buildings and land. The agency functions as the landlord for the Swedish Armed Forces, the SFA is one of the largest holders of real estate in Sweden. The main purpose with the reform was to create incentives for the authorities in the public sector to economise on premises. Currently, the SFA acts as landlord for several Swedish government agencies in the defense sector, the main tenant is the Swedish Armed Forces, which in 2007 was the source of over 90% of the SFA, s revenue. The SFA does not receive an allowance from the government budget, instead, it covers its expenses by charging rent for the real estate it leases. In 2008, the revenue was 3.0 billion SEK. The rent is adjusted so that the net income — which goes into the state treasury — conforms to a level of return on equity. To finance investments, the SFA borrows money from the National Debt Office, the SFA employed 689 people in 2008. The majority of the work on a local level in real estate units linked to garrisons. At the regional and national level, employees work in real estate purchasing and sales, defense facility development, the SFA considers its core competencies to be security and protective technology. The agency has stated that it aims to increase the amount of outsourcing, and as an experiment in 2006, it outsourced the property maintenance of two garrisons. In 2008, the value of the government real estate stock managed by the SFA was 10.1 billion SEK, largely consisting of depots, garrisons, training facilities, offices
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Louis Jean Desprez
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Louis Jean Desprez ca 1743–18 March 1804 was a French painter and architect who worked in Sweden during the last twenty years of his life. Desprez, who was born in Auxerre in Bourgogne, studied architecture and was awarded the Great Prize of the Académie royale darchitecture in 1770 and his first task there was the decorations for the new opera Gustavus Vasa. As an architect, Desprez designed in a monumental, neoclassical style influenced by his study of Greek and Roman ruins in the south of Italy and in Sicily. A good example of this is Hämeenlinna Church in Finland - Finland at that time still being part of the Swedish kingdom - completed in 1799 and his greatest project was one never realized, the magnificent new palace planned by the King for the Haga Park outside Stockholm. Because of lack of money, only the foundations were ever built, the smaller royal pavilion which stands at Haga was built by another architect, Olof Tempelman. His most significant completed project was the building in the new botanical garden in Uppsala, inaugurated after his death on May 13,1807. He also built the Villa Frescati in 1791-92 for Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, after which the whole Frescati area in Stockholm later was named
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Karlbergskanalen
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Karlbergskanalen is a canal in western central Stockholm, Sweden. Karlbergskanalen is surrounded by trees and green spaces, much of the character of the northern shore is dependent of the park of the nearby Karlberg Palace and the recreational space surrounding it. Along the southern shore is a walk continuing all the way to the Stockholm City Hall more than 2 km away, originally dug in 1832–1833, the canal was made 600 ell in length and 6 feet in depth. During the first decade, less than 400 ships and barges, the remain of the watercourse was dredged during the 1840s and the entire canal subsequently deepened during the 1860s to between 2. 97–5.94 metres. The first primitive swing bridge was replaced until 1909 by a new swing bridge. Geography of Stockholm Fasta broar i Stockholm och skärgården, vattenprogram för Stockholm 2000 - Karlbergskanalen — Klara Sjö. Stockholmskällan - Aerial image of the area in 1898
