1.
Tijuana
–
Tijuana is the largest city in Baja California and on the Baja California Peninsula and center of the Tijuana metropolitan area, part of the international San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. As an industrial and financial center of Mexico, Tijuana exerts an influence on economics, education, culture, art. As the city has become a center in the country, so has the surrounding metropolitan area. Currently one of the fastest growing areas in Mexico, Tijuana maintains global city status. As of 2015, the city of Tijuana had a population of 1,696,923, Tijuana is located on the Gold Coast of Baja California, and is the municipal seat and cultural and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality. Tijuana covers 70% of the municipality but contains over 80% of its population, a dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent, the city maintains facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies. In the early 21st century, Tijuana became the medical-device manufacturing capital of North America, Tijuana is also a growing cultural center and has been recognized as an important new cultural mecca. The city is the most visited city in the globe. More than fifty million people cross the border between two cities every year. This metropolitan crossing makes the San Ysidro Port of Entry the busiest land-border crossing in the world and it is estimated that the two border crossing stations between the cities proper of San Diego and Tijuana account for 300,000 daily border crossings alone. Tijuana is the 40th largest city in the Americas and is the westernmost city in Mexico, Tijuana traces its modern history to the arrival of Spanish explorers in the 16th century who were mapping the coast of the Californias. As the American conquest of northern Mexico ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Tijuanas new international position on the border gave rise to a new economic, the city was founded in July 11,1889 as urban development began. Often known by its initials, T. J. and nicknamed Gateway to Mexico, Tijuana derives from the Kumeyaay word Tiwan, meaning by-the-sea. Common in regional folklore, a myth exists purporting that the name is a conjunction of Tia Juana, Tia Juana would provide food and a resting place to travelers on their journeys. The story has become a myth with residents of the city and has particular resonance among those who like to imagine the city as a place of hospitality. In Spanish, the name is pronounced /tiˈxwana/ – with three syllables, and a fricative as represented by the sound written as j. In California, and particularly in Southern California, it is referred to as T. J. Baja Californians have adopted this pronunciation as Tiyei, in Spanish the demonym for someone from Tijuana is Tijuanense, while in English the demonym is Tijuanan
Tijuana
–
A view of Tijuana
Tijuana
–
Coat of arms
Tijuana
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Early explorers
Tijuana
2.
Blood and Guts in High School
–
Blood and Guts in High School is a novel by Kathy Acker. It was written in the late 1970s and copyrighted in 1978 and it traveled a complex and circuitous route to publication in 1984. It remains Ackers most popular and best-selling book, the novel is also considered a metafictional text, which is aware of its status as a fictional piece. The novel is interested in exploring politics, history, theories, Blood and Guts in High School is the story of Janey Smith, a ten-year-old American girl living in Mérida, Mexico, who departs to the U. S. A. to live on her own. She has a sexual relationship with her father, whom she treats as “boyfriend, brother, sister, money, amusement. They live together in Mexico until another woman begins to interest Janey’s father, Janey realizes he hates her because she limits him and he wants to have his own life. Her father agrees to let her go and puts her into a school in New York City, for a period of time her father sends her money, but later she begins to work at a bakery and is appalled by the customers. She ends up pregnant twice and has two abortions and she seems to be addicted to sex and does not care whom she sleeps with. In New York City she joins a gang, the Scorpions, one day the gang crashes a car while running from the police and Janey is the only one who survives. Afterwards she begins to live in the New York slums, two thieves break into her apartment, kidnap her, and sell her into prostitution. She becomes the property of a Persian slave trader who keeps her locked up and we see Janey’s dreams and visions, and read her journal entries and poems. Shortly before the kidnapper is to release her to become a prostitute for him, the slave trader lets her go and she illegally goes to Tangiers. There she meets Jean Genet, the talented, iconic French writer, Janey and Genet travel through North Africa and stop in Alexandria. Genet treats Janey badly, but the worse he treats her the more she loves him, Janey gets arrested for stealing Genet’s property. Shortly afterwards he joins her in prison, a rebellion breaks out and they are both thrown out of Alexandria. They travel together for some time, then Genet gives Janey some money and leaves. Soon after they part company, Janey dies, in Blood and Guts in High School, Acker uses the technique of collage. She inserts letters, poems, drama scenes, dream visions and this creates a challenging text with a disturbed linearity
Blood and Guts in High School
–
Blood and Guts in High School
3.
Peter Gordon (composer)
–
Peter Gordon is an American experimental composer and musician, whose music has influences as diverse as jazz, opera, rock and world music. He has released albums, and has also composed film. In 2008 an excerpt of his opera The Society Architect Ponders the Golden Gate Bridge was issued on the compilation album Crosstalk, Gordon wrote the scores for the serial mystery drama The Necklace, presented by The Talking Band. He also worked on the soundtrack to Desperate Housewives, in 2010, DFA Records released remixes by Gordon of Beginning of the Heartbreak/Dont Dont and That Hat, cowritten with Arthur Russell. Peter Gordon currently resides in New York City
Peter Gordon (composer)
–
Gordon performing at the 2012 Pop Conference at NYU
4.
Experimental literature
–
Experimental literature refers to written work—usually fiction or poetry—that emphasizes innovation, most especially in technique. The first text generally cited in this category is Laurence Sternes The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy and this text occurs so early in the standard history of the novel that one cant refer to its breaking conventions that had yet to solidify. However, Sternes work was not without detractors even in its time, for instance, denis Diderots Jacques the Fatalist and His Master, drew many elements from Tristam Shandy, a fact not concealed in the text, making it an early example of metafiction. In the 1910s, artistic experimentation became a prominent force, tendencies that formed during this period later became parts of the modernist movement. The novel ultimately influenced not only more experimental writers, such as Virginia Woolf, the historical avant-garde movements also contributed to the development of experimental literature in the early and middle 20th century. In the Dadaist movement, poet Tristan Tzara employed newspaper clippings, marinetti espoused a theory of words in freedom across the page, exploding the boundaries of both conventional narrative and the layout of the book itself as shown in his novel Zang Tumb Tumb. The writers, poets, and artists associated with the surrealist movement employed a range of techniques to evoke mystical and dream-like states in their poems, novels. Examples include the collaboratively written texts Les Champs Magnétiques and Sorrow for Sorrow, the spirit of the European avant-gardes would be carried through the post-war generation as well. The poet Isidore Isou formed the Lettrist group, and produced manifestoes, poems, the OULIPO brought together writers, artists, and mathematicians to explore innovative, combinatoric means of producing texts. Founded by the author Raymond Queneau and mathematician François Le Lionnais, the 1960s brought a brief return of the glory days of modernism, and a first grounding of Post-modernism. Publicity owing to an obscenity trial against William S. Burroughs Naked Lunch brought an awareness of and admiration for an extreme. Burroughs also pioneered a style known as cut-up, where newspapers or typed manuscripts were cut up, in the late 1960s, experimental movements became so prominent that even authors considered more conventional such as Bernard Malamud and Norman Mailer exhibited experimental tendencies. Metafiction was an important tendency in this period, exemplified most elaborately in the works of John Barth, in 1967 Barth wrote the essay The Literature of Exhaustion, which is sometimes considered a manifesto of postmodernism. A major touchstone of this era was Thomas Pynchons Gravitys Rainbow, important authors in the short story form included Donald Barthelme, and, in both short and long forms, Robert Coover and Ronald Sukenick. Some later well-known experimental writers of the 1970s and 1980s were Italo Calvino, Michael Ondaatje, ondaatjes The Collected Works of Billy the Kid uses a scrapbook style to tell its story while Cortázars Hopscotch can be read with the chapters in any order. By Giannina Braschi, and the Cuban revolutionary novel Paradise by Lezama Lima, wallaces Infinite Jest is a maximalist work describing life at a tennis academy and a rehab facility, digressions often become plotlines, and the book ultimately features over 100 pages of footnotes. Other writers like Nicholson Baker were noted for their minimalism in novels such as The Mezzanine, American author Mark Danielewski combined elements of a horror novel with formal academic writing and typographic experimentation in his novel House of Leaves. In the early 21st century, many examples of experimental literature reflect the emergence of computers and digital technologies, such writing as been variously referred to electronic literature, hypertext, and codework
Experimental literature
–
First page of an experimental novel (author: David Detrick)
5.
Punk poet
–
Punk literature is literature related to the punk subculture. The attitude and ideologies of punk rock gave rise to distinctive characteristics in the writing it manifested and it has influenced the transgressional fiction literary genre, the cyberpunk genre and their derivatives. The punk rock subculture has had its own press in the form of punk zines. Many regional punk scenes have had at least one punk zine, notable punk zines include Maximum RocknRoll, Punk Planet, Cometbus, Girl Germs, Kill Your Pet Puppy, J. D. s, Sniffin Glue, Absolutely Zippo, Suburban Rebels and Punk Magazine. Notable punk journalists and magazine contributors include Mykel Board, John Holmstrom, Robert Eggplant, many punk poets are also musicians, including Richard Hell, Jim Carroll, Patti Smith, John Cooper Clarke, Nick Toczek, Raegan Butcher and Attila the Stockbroker. Carrolls autobiographical works are among the examples of punk literature. The Medway Poets, an English punk poetry performance group founded in 1979 and they are credited with influencing Tracey Emin, who was associated with them as a teenager. Members of the Medway Poets later formed the Stuckists art group, charles Thomsons description of a Medway Poets performance highlights its difference from a traditional poetry reading, Bill Lewis jumped on a chair, threw his arms wide and pretended he was Jesus. Billy sprayed his poems over anyone too close to him and drank whisky excessively, miriam told the world about her vagina. Rob and I did a joint performance posing, with little difficulty, sexton finally introduced us to his girlfriend, Mildred, who turned out to be a wig on a wadge of newspaper on the end of an iron pipe. Ranting poets often provided support at punk/new wave gigs and some went on to release their own records or appear on punk compilations, the punk subculture has greatly influenced the cyberpunk literary genre and its various derivatives. Punk zines have spawned a considerable amount of punk-oriented fiction, some of which has made an impact outside of punk circles, many of the major works of Kathy Acker reflect themes of punk literature, most notably Blood and Guts in High School. Daphne Gottliebs poetic works are similar in motif, the novelist and screenwriter Diablo Cody has self-identified as punk in the past. Love and Rockets is a comic with a plot involving the Los Angeles punk scene, jack ODonnell, the protagonist in Ben MacNamaras 2004 Fire Work embodies many of the qualities of the punk ethos
Punk poet
–
Members of
The Medway Poets in 2003:
Bill Lewis,
Sexton Ming, Robert Earl and
Billy Childish.
Punk poet
–
Punk poet Patti Smith performing at Primavera Sound Festival, Barcelona.
Punk poet
–
Punk poet John Cooper Clarke in 1979.
6.
Postmodernism
–
Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid to late 20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism which marked a departure from modernism. Accordingly, postmodern thought is characterized by tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, irreverence. The term postmodernism has been applied both to the era following modernity, and to a host of movements within that era that reacted against tendencies in modernism. Postmodernism includes skeptical critical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, architecture, fiction, feminist theory, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard. The term postmodern was first used around the 1880s, John Watkins Chapman suggested a Postmodern style of painting as a way to depart from French Impressionism. In 1921 and 1925, postmodernism had been used to new forms of art. In 1942 H. R. Hays described it as a new literary form, however, as a general theory for a historical movement it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee, Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918. Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post modern world happened between 1937 and 1957, post-structuralism resulted similarly to postmodernism by following a time of structuralism. It is characterized by new ways of thinking through structuralism, contrary to the original form, postmodernist describes part of a movement, Postmodern places it in the period of time since the 1950s, making it a part of contemporary history. Martin Heidegger rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of subjectivity and objectivity, instead of resisting the admission of this paradox in the search for understanding, Heidegger requires that we embrace it through an active process of elucidation he called the hermeneutic circle. He stressed the historicity and cultural construction of concepts while simultaneously advocating the necessity of an atemporal, in this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another principal forerunner of post-structuralist and postmodernist thought. Instead, Foucault focused on the ways in which such constructs can foster cultural hegemony, violence and his writings have had a major influence on the larger body of postmodern academic literature. These metanarratives still remain in Western society but are now being undermined by rapid Informatization, Richard Rorty argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. For Baudrillard, “simulation is no longer that of a territory and it is the generation by models of a real without origin or a reality, a hyperreal. In Analysis of the Journey, a journal birthed from postmodernism, Douglas Kellner insists that the assumptions and his terms defined in the depth of postmodernism are based on advancement, innovation, and adaptation. Extensively, Kellner analyzes the terms of theory in real-life experiences and examples. Kellner used science and technology studies as a part of his analysis
Postmodernism
–
Portland Building, an example of
Postmodern architecture
Postmodernism
–
Detail of the postmodern
Abteiberg Museum in
Germany.
Postmodernism
–
Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006
Nobel Prize in Literature.
Postmodernism
–
Composer
Henryk Górecki.
7.
Black Mountain School
–
Many of the schools students and faculty were influential in the arts or other fields, or went on to become influential. Although notable even during its life, the school closed in 1957 after only 24 years. The history and legacy of Black Mountain College are preserved and extended through Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center, in downtown Asheville, NC. The schools Lake Eden campus, used from 1941 to 1957, is now part of Camp Rockmont, a camp for boys. Buckminster Fuller met student Kenneth Snelson at Black Mountain, and the result was their first geodesic dome, Merce Cunningham formed his dance company, not a haphazardly conceived venture, Black Mountain College was a consciously directed liberal arts school that grew out of the progressive education movement. In its day it was an educational experiment for the artists. Bennington College was founded the year before Black Mountain College based on the same philosophy, for the first eight years, the college rented the YMCA Blue Ridge Assembly buildings south of Black Mountain, North Carolina. In 1941, it moved across the valley to its own campus at Lake Eden where it remained until its closing in 1956, a number of the original structures are still in use as lodgings or administrative facilities. The college suspended classes by court order in 1957 and this was due to debts not sustained by the decreased number of students. In 1962, the books were finally closed, with all debts covered. The college was featured in the Nicholas Sparks novel, The Longest Ride and 2015 movie, richards, Alexander Schawinsky, Ben Shahn, Arthur Siegel, Aaron Siskind, Theodoros Stamos, Robert C. Turner, Jack Tworkov, Peter Voulkos, Emerson Woelffer, Stefan Wolpe, guest lecturers included Albert Einstein, Clement Greenberg, Bernard Rudofsky, Richard Lippold, and William Carlos Williams. The college ran summer institutes from 1944 until its closing in 1956 and it was however influential to the founding of the Free University of New York. Various avant-garde poets were drawn to the school through the years, most notably Charles Olson, Robert Duncan, Denise Levertov, Jonathan Williams, Ed Dorn and Robert Creeley. Black Mountain College is the subject of the museum exhibition Leap Before You Look, Black Mountain College 1933-1957, the show was curated by Helen Molesworth with Ruth Erickson. The story of BMC is woven through interviews with students, professors and modern scholars with archival footage, produced and directed by Judith Pearlman, Cliofilm
Black Mountain School
–
Black Mountain College
Black Mountain School
–
From 1933 to 1941, Black Mountain College was located at the YMCA Blue Ridge Assembly.
Black Mountain School
–
Its Lake Eden campus, used from 1941 to 1957, is now part of
Camp Rockmont, a summer camp for boys.
8.
William S. Burroughs
–
William Seward Burroughs II was an American writer. Burroughs was a figure of the Beat Generation and a major postmodernist author whose influence is considered to have affected a range of popular culture as well as literature. Burroughs wrote eighteen novels and novellas, six collections of short stories, five books have been published of his interviews and correspondences. He also collaborated on projects and recordings with numerous performers and musicians and he was also briefly known by the pen name William Lee. He was born into a family in St. Louis, Missouri, grandson of the inventor and founder of the Burroughs Corporation, William Seward Burroughs I. Burroughs began writing essays and journals in early adolescence, but did not begin publicizing his writing until his thirties and he left home in 1932 to attend Harvard University, studied English, and anthropology as a postgraduate, and later attended medical school in Vienna. With Brion Gysin, he popularized the literary cut-up technique in works such as The Nova Trilogy. In 1983, Burroughs was elected to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, J. G. Burroughs had one child, William S. Burroughs, Jr. with his second wife Joan Vollmer. William Burroughs died at his home in Lawrence, Kansas, after suffering an attack in 1997. Burroughs was born in 1914, the younger of two born to Mortimer Perry Burroughs and Laura Hammon Lee. His was a prominent family of English ancestry in St. Louis and his grandfather, William Seward Burroughs I, founded the Burroughs Adding Machine company, which evolved into the Burroughs Corporation. Burroughss mother was the daughter of a minister whose family claimed to be related to Robert E. Lee and his maternal uncle, Ivy Lee, was an advertising pioneer later employed as a publicist for the Rockefellers. His father ran an antique and gift shop, Cobblestone Gardens, first in St. Louis, then in Palm Beach, as a boy, Burroughs lived on Pershing Ave. in St. Louiss Central West End. He attended John Burroughs School in St. Louis where his first published essay and he then attended the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico, which was stressful for him. The school was a school for the wealthy, where the spindly sons of the rich could be transformed into manly specimens. Burroughs kept journals documenting an erotic attachment to another boy, according to his own account, he destroyed these later, ashamed of their content. He became a well-known homosexual writer after the publication of Naked Lunch in 1959, some say that he was expelled from Los Alamos after taking chloral hydrate in Santa Fe with a fellow student. Yet, according to his own account, he left voluntarily, Burroughs finished high school at Taylor School in Clayton, Missouri, and in 1932, left home to pursue an arts degree at Harvard University, where he was affiliated with Adams House
William S. Burroughs
–
Burroughs in 1977
William S. Burroughs
–
William S. Burroughs at his 70th birthday party in 1984.
William S. Burroughs
–
David Woodard and Burroughs standing in front of a
dreamachine invented by Brion Gysin; Burroughs collaborated with Gysin in popularizing the literary cut-up technique, with which he wrote The Soft Machine, The Ticket That Exploded, and Nova Express.
William S. Burroughs
–
William S. Burroughs Video, Color Laserprint by
Christiaan Tonnis, 2006
9.
Upper East Side
–
The Upper East Side, sometimes abbreviated as UES, is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park/Fifth Avenue, 59th Street, the East River, and 96th Street. The area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods, including Lenox Hill, Carnegie Hill, once known as the Silk Stocking District, it is now one of the most affluent neighborhoods in New York City. At that time, along the Boston Post Road taverns stood at the mile-markers, Five-Mile House at 72nd Street and Six-Mile House at 97th, a New Yorker recalled in 1893. A row of townhouses was built on speculation by Mary Mason Jones. It was her habit to sit in a window of her room on the ground floor, as if watching calmly for life. She was sure that presently the quarries, the greenhouses in ragged gardens. The latest arrivals were the rich Pittsburghers Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick, from the 1880s the neighborhood of Yorkville became a suburb of middle-class Germans. Gracie Mansion, the last remaining suburban villa overlooking the East River at Carl Schurz Park, demolishing the elevated railways on Third and Second Avenues opened these tenement-lined streets to the spotty construction of high-rise apartment blocks from the 1950s. However, it had an effect on transportation, because the IRT Lexington Avenue Line was now the only subway line in the area. The construction of the Second Avenue Subway has brought up the price of houses in the Upper East Side somewhat, the AIA Guide to New York City extends the northern boundary to 106th Street near Fifth Avenue. The areas north-south avenues are Fifth, Madison, Park, Lexington, Third, Second, First, York, the major east-west streets are 59th Street, 72nd Street, 79th Street, 86th Street and 96th Street. The Upper East Side Historic District is one of New York City’s largest districts and this district runs from 59th to 78th Streets along Fifth Avenue, and up to 3rd Avenue at some points. In the decades after the Civil War, the once decrepit district transitioned into a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood, at the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood transformed again, but this time into a neighborhood of mansions and townhouses. As the century continued, and living environments altered, a lot of these homes were replaced by lavish apartment buildings. As of the 2000 census, there were 207,543 people residing in the Upper East Side, the population density was 118,184 people per square mile, making Manhattan Community Board 8, coterminous with the Upper East Side, the densest Community Board in the city. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 89. 25% White,6. 14% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 34% African American,0. 09% Native American,1. 39% from other races, and 1. 74% from two or more races. 5. 62% of the population were Hispanic of any race, twenty-one percent of the population was foreign born, of this,45. 6% came from Europe,29. 5% from Asia,16. 2% from Latin America and 8. 7% from other. The female-male ratio was very high with 125 females for 100 males, the Upper East Side contains a large and affluent Jewish population estimated at 56,000
Upper East Side
–
View of
Yorkville, a part of the Upper East Side
Upper East Side
–
East 69th Street between
Park and
Madison Avenues, in the
Upper East Side Historic District
Upper East Side
–
Gracie Mansion, last of the East River villas
Upper East Side
–
45 East 66th Street, a designated
New York City landmark, as seen across Madison Avenue
10.
Literature
–
Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura was used to refer to all written accounts, developments in print technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and proliferation of written works, culminating in electronic literature. There have been attempts to define literature. Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt to answer the question What is Literature, with the observation, The quest to discover a definition for literature is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they change over time. In fact, the thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well, definitions of literature have varied over time, it is a culturally relative definition. In Western Europe prior to the century, literature as a term indicated all books. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction and this sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition when it classifies literature as the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing. The formalist definition is that literature foregrounds poetic effects, it is the literariness or poetic of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing. Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura learning, a writing, grammar, originally writing formed with letters, in spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts. Poetry is a form of art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of. Possibly as a result of Aristotles influence, poetry before the century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition, novel, a long fictional prose narrative. It was the close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance, in most European languages the equivalent term is roman. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the fifteenth century, with the meaning of news, it came to indicate something new
Literature
–
The
Classic of Rites (
Chinese: 禮 記;
pinyin: Lǐjì), an ancient Chinese text. Certain definitions of literature have taken it to include all written work.
Literature
–
A
calligram by
Guillaume Apollinaire. These are a type of poem in which the written words are arranged in such a way to produce a visual image.
Literature
–
Egyptian hieroglyphs with
cartouches for the name "
Ramesses II ", from the
Luxor Temple,
New Kingdom
Literature
–
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
German writer and author of the
Faust books
11.
Stripper
–
A stripper or exotic dancer is a person whose occupation involves performing striptease in a public adult entertainment venue such as a strip club. At times, a stripper may be hired to perform at a party or other private event. Modern Americanized forms of stripping minimize interaction by strippers with customers, not every stripper will end a performance completely nude, though full nudity is common where not prohibited by law. Most strippers work in strip clubs, a house dancer works for a particular club or franchise, while a feature dancer tends to have her own celebrity, touring a club circuit making appearances. Entertainers are often not actual employees of the club itself but perform as independent contractors, until the 1970s, strippers in Western cultures were almost invariably female, performing to male audiences. Since then, male strippers have become common. Certain male and female strippers also perform for LGBT audiences as well as for both sexes in pansexual contexts, before the 1970s, dancers of both sexes appeared largely in underground clubs or as part of a theatre experience, but the practice eventually became common enough on its own. Performances are usually choreographed, involve dance routines and a costume of some sort. The term male stripper has gone down in use in books in the 21st century, Strippers perform striptease for a number of reasons, predominantly to make money. The physical attractiveness and sex appeal of the dancer determines the business she tends to generate, there are no job prerequisites, formal training is minimal, primarily on the job and provided by more senior dancers. Dancers learn a set of rules, such as, never leave money unattended, never leave the club with a customer, as long as she can sell herself, she is capable of becoming an exotic dancer. The image of strippers as known today evolved through the late 1960s and 1970s in the U. S. by the 1980s, the pole dancing and highly-explicit imagery associated with todays performers was widely accepted and frequently portrayed in film, television, and theater. In a bikini performance, both breasts and genital areas typically remain covered by revealing attire while dancers provide services and entertainment, go-go dancers will retain their tops and bottoms for the duration of their performance. A stripper whose upper body is exposed but the genital areas remain obscured during a performance is said to be topless, touching of strippers is not permitted in many localities. However, some dancers and clubs allow touching of dancers during private dances, if permitted, during a lap dance the dancer grinds against the customers crotch while he or she remains clothed in an attempt to arouse or bring the recipient to climax. In parts of the USA, there are laws forbidding the exposure of female nipples, Research suggests that exotic dancing can pay well, but often at a significant cost to the stripper. This precarious employment is accepted because of the associated with exotic dancing. Dancers use props such as make-up, clothing, costumes, and appealing fragrances to complete their character, Strippers, when working, are most likely to be found at strip clubs
Stripper
–
Strippers at a strip club in
Zona Rosa, Mexico City
Stripper
–
Historical marker at the original
Condor Club site. Full text: "The Condor; Where it all began; The birthplace of the world's first topless & bottomless entertainment; Topless – June 19, 1964 Bottomless – September 3, 1969 Starring Ms. Carol Doda;
San Francisco,
California "
Stripper
–
Stripper
archetype represented in
graffiti on a street in
London, England
Stripper
–
Performers
backstage tending to their props away from the audience
12.
San Francisco Art Institute
–
San Francisco Art Institute is a private, non-profit college of contemporary art with the main campus in the Russian Hill district of San Francisco, California. Its graduate center is in the Dogpatch neighborhood, approximately 400 undergraduates and 200 graduate students are enrolled. Founded in 1871, SFAI is one of the oldest art schools in the United States, avery, Edward Bosque, Thomas Hill, and S. W. By 1874 the SFAA had 700 regular members and 100 life members, and had raised sufficient funds and the momentum to launch an art school. During Williams tenure, the CSD developed a reputation and amassed a significant collection of early California. Named the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art, it became San Franciscos first fine art and cultural center, through this new affiliation, students of the University of California, Berkeley were able to enroll in classes at the CSD. In 1906 the devastating fire following the San Francisco earthquake destroyed the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art building, at the time, the replacement value of the building and its contents was estimated at $2,573,000. However, the amount of numerous insurance policies yielded less than $100,000 for rebuilding. Nevertheless, within a year, the SFAA built a new but comparatively modest campus in the same location, in addition, the school was renamed the California School of Fine Arts to better reflect its mission to promote, develop and preserve regional art and culture. In 1926 the school moved to 800 Chestnut Street, which remains the main campus as of 2015. In 1930 Mexican muralist Diego Rivera was hired to paint The Making of a Fresco Showing the Building of a City, which is located in the student-directed art gallery. S. After World War II ended the school became a nucleus for Abstract Expressionism, with faculty including Clyfford Still, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, David Park, Elmer Bischoff, and Clay Spohn. Although painting and sculpture remained the dominant mediums for many years, in 1946 Ansel Adams and Minor White established the first fine-art photography department, with Imogen Cunningham, Edward Weston, and Dorothea Lange among its instructors. In 1947 distinguished filmmaker Sydney Peterson began the first film courses at CSFA, the roundtable aimed to expose “hidden assumptions” and to frame new questions about art. By the early 1950s San Franciscos North Beach had become the West Coast center of the Beat Movement, and music, poetry, collage artist Jess Collins renounced a career as a plutonium developer and enrolled at SFAI as a painting student. In 1953 he and his partner, poet Robert Duncan, along with painter Harry Jacobus, started the King Ubu Gallery, an important alternative space for art, poetry, a distinctly Californian modern art soon emerged that fused abstraction, figuration, narrative, and jazz. Students at the school, including David Simpson, William T, renamed San Francisco Art Institute in 1961, SFAI rejected the distinction between fine and applied arts. Alumni Ruth-Marion Baruch and Pirkle Jones documented the early days of the Black Panther Party in northern California
San Francisco Art Institute
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San Francisco Art Institute
San Francisco Art Institute
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The roof terrace of the San Francisco Art Institute offers a scenic view over the city.
13.
University of Idaho
–
The University of Idaho is the U. S. state of Idahos oldest public university, located in the city of Moscow in Latah County in the northern portion of the state. It is the states land-grant and primary research university, the University of Idaho was the states sole university for 71 years, until 1963, and its College of Law, established in 1909, was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925. Formed by the legislature on January 30,1889, the university opened its doors in 1892 on October 3. The first graduating class in 1896 contained two men and two women and it presently has an enrollment exceeding 12,000, with over 11,000 on the Moscow campus. The university offers 142 degree programs, from accountancy to wildlife resources, including bachelors, masters, doctoral, certificates of completion are offered in 30 areas of study. The school is home to the Idaho Vandals, who compete on the Division I FBS level through the 2017 season. In addition to the campus in Moscow, the UI has branch campuses in Coeur dAlene, Boise, Twin Falls. It also operates a park in Post Falls and dozens of extension offices statewide. The east-facing Administration Building, with its 80-foot clock tower and Collegiate Gothic-style structure, was built from 1907–09 and has become an icon of the university, the building holds classrooms, an auditorium, and administrative offices, including the offices of the President and Provost. Multiple expansions were made, with the wing added in 1912, the south wing in 1916. The UI library was housed in the Admin, Building until 1957, when the Library building was completed. The original Administration Building, with a tall spire reaching to 163 feet, was constructed through the decade of the 1890s. Unfortunately, it was reduced to embers on March 30,1906, the cause of the fire, which began in the basement, was never precisely determined, but was likely accidental. After the fire, there was whether to rebuild from the remains or start from scratch. The original buildings steps were saved and currently climb the hill immediately southeast of the south wing. In the meantime, classes were held at sites in Moscow, the Carnegie library, the Methodist church. Insurance policies paid $135,000, but the new building cost twice that, to appease the state legislature, the UI Regents decided to build Morrill Hall first, use it for classrooms, and finance the new administration building over three years. Building was designed by prominent Boise architect John E. Tourtellotte and he designed the states Roman Revival capitol building in Boise and other buildings, both public and private
University of Idaho
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The original Administration building (1899) was destroyed by fire in 1906. It was replaced in 1909 by the existing brick
Collegiate Gothic structure.
University of Idaho
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University of Idaho
University of Idaho
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Administration Building's north wing (1912)
University of Idaho
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Hello Walk.
14.
University of California, San Diego
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The University of California, San Diego is a public research university located in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, in the United States. The university occupies 2,141 acres near the coast of the Pacific Ocean with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres, UC San Diego is organized into six undergraduate residential colleges, three graduate schools, and two professional medical schools. UC San Diego is also home to Scripps Institution of Oceanography, one of the first centers dedicated to ocean, earth and atmospheric science research and education. UC San Diego Health, the only academic health system, provides patient care, conducts medical research. According to the National Science Foundation, UC San Diego spent $1.101 billion on research and development in fiscal year 2015, ranking it 5th in the nation. UC San Diego faculty, researchers, and alumni have won 20 Nobel Prizes, eight National Medals of Science, eight MacArthur Fellowships, two Pulitzer Prizes, and three Fields medals. Local citizens supported the idea, voting the same year to transfer to the university 59 acres of land on the coast near the preexisting Scripps Institution of Oceanography. This outraged local conservatives, as well as Regent Edwin W. Pauley, UC President Clark Kerr satisfied San Diego city donors by changing the proposed name from University of California, La Jolla, to University of California, San Diego. The city voted in agreement to its part in 1958, because of the clash with Pauley, Revelle was not made chancellor. Herbert York, first director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, was designated instead, York planned the main campus according to the Oxbridge model, relying on many of Revelles ideas. UC San Diego was the first general campus of the University of California to be designed from the top down in terms of research emphasis, local leaders disagreed on whether the new school should be a technical research institute or a more broadly based school that included undergraduates as well. John Jay Hopkins of General Dynamics Corporation pledged one million dollars for the former while the City Council offered free land for the latter, maria Goeppert-Mayer, later the second female Nobel laureate in physics, was appointed professor of physics in 1960. The graduate division of the school opened in 1960 with 20 faculty in residence, with instruction offered in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, before the main campus completed construction, classes were held in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. By 1963, new facilities on the mesa had been finished for the School of Science and Engineering, ten additional faculty in those disciplines were hired, and the whole site was designated the First College, later renamed after Roger Revelle, of the new campus. York resigned as chancellor that year and was replaced by John Semple Galbraith, the undergraduate program accepted its first class of 181 freshman at Revelle College in 1964. Second College was founded in 1964, on the land deeded by the federal government, the School of Medicine also accepted its first students in 1966. Political theorist Herbert Marcuse joined the faculty in 1965, a champion of the New Left, he reportedly was the first protestor to occupy the administration building in a demonstration organized by his student, political activist Angela Davis. Further student unrest was felt at the university, as the United States increased its involvement in the Vietnam War during the early 1960s, protests escalated as the war continued and were only exacerbated after the National Guard fired on student protesters at Kent State University in 1970
University of California, San Diego
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Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1967
University of California, San Diego
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University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego
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Panorama of the
Jacobs School of Engineering on
Earl Warren College mall. From left to right:
Geisel Library, Engineering Building Unit (EBU) I, the Powell-Focht Bioengineering Building, the Computer Science Building, and EBU II (visible through trees)
University of California, San Diego
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Center Hall, a lecture hall near the center of campus
15.
University of California, Santa Barbara
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The University of California, Santa Barbara is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. The main campus is located on a 1, 022-acre site near Goleta, California, tracing its roots back to 1891 as an independent teachers college, UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944 and is the third-oldest general-education campus in the system. UCSB is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which recognizes top public universities in the United States. The university is a doctoral university and is organized into five colleges. UCSB was ranked 37th among National Universities, 8th among U. S. public universities, the university was also ranked 48th worldwide for 2016-17 by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 42nd worldwide by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2016. UC Santa Barbara is a high activity research university with twelve national research centers. UCSB was the No.3 host on the ARPAnet and was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1995, the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos compete in the Big West Conference of the NCAA Division I. The Gauchos have won NCAA national championships in soccer and mens water polo. UCSB traces its origins back to the Anna Blake School which was founded in 1891 and offered training in home economics and industrial arts. The Anna Blake School was taken over by the state in 1909 and became the Santa Barbara State Normal School, the State College system sued to stop the takeover, but the Governor did not support the suit. A state initiative was passed, however, in 1946 to stop subsequent conversions of State Colleges to University of California campuses, from 1944 to 1958 the school was known as Santa Barbara College of the University of California, before taking on its current name. When the vacated Marine Corps training station in Goleta was purchased for the growing college. Originally, the Regents envisioned a small, several thousand-student liberal arts college, chronologically, UCSB is the third general-education campus of the University of California, after Berkeley and UCLA. The original campus the Regents acquired in Santa Barbara was located on only 100 acres of largely unusable land on a seaside mesa, all of this change was done in accordance with the California Master Plan for Higher Education. In 1959, UCSB professor Douwe Stuurman hosted the English writer Aldous Huxley as the universitys first visiting professor, Huxley delivered a lectures series called The Human Situation. In the late 1960s and early 1970s UCSB became nationally known as a hotbed of anti-Vietnam War activity, a bombing at the schools faculty club in 1969 killed the caretaker, Dover Sharp. UCSBs anti-Vietnam activity impelled then Governor Ronald Reagan to impose a curfew, weapon-carrying guardsmen were a common sight on campus and in Isla Vista during this time. On May 23,2014, a killing spree occurred in Isla Vista, California, all six people killed during the rampage were students at UCSB
University of California, Santa Barbara
–
The
Storke Tower and the University Center in front of the UCSB Lagoon.
University of California, Santa Barbara
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University of California, Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Barbara
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A view over the school's lagoon to one of the Channel Islands
University of California, Santa Barbara
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Henley Gate (eastern entrance) at sunset
16.
California Institute of Arts
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The California Institute of the Arts is a private university located in the Valencia neighborhood of the municipality of Santa Clarita in the California county of Los Angeles. It was incorporated in 1961 as the first degree-granting institution of learning in the United States created specifically for students of both the visual and the performing arts. It is authorized by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges to grant Bachelor of Fine Arts and Master of Fine Arts in the visual, performing, the Herb Alpert School of Music at CalArts was accredited in 2009 to grant a Doctor of Musical Arts. The school was first envisioned by many benefactors in the early 1960s, the institute was started as an interdisciplinary Caltech of the arts, with all schools under one roof. CalArts provides an environment for a diversity of artists. Students are free to develop their own work in a workshop atmosphere, CalArts was originally formed in 1961 as a merger of the Chouinard Art Institute and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music. Both of the existing institutions were going through financial difficulties around the same time. The professional relationship between Madame Chouinard and Walt Disney began in 1929 when Disney had no money and Madame Chouinard agreed to train his first animators on a pay-later basis. He never forgot and over the years watched the Chouinard Art Institute grow into the finest art school on the West Coast, joining him were his brother Roy O. Disney, Lulu Von Hagen and Thornton Ladd, of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music. In 1965, the Alumni Association was founded as an organization and was governed by a 12-member board of directors to serve the best interests of the institute. Members included leading professional artists and musicians, who contributed their knowledge, experience, the ground-breaking for CalArts current campus took place May 3,1969. However, construction of the new campus was hampered by rains, labor troubles. So the new school began its first year in the buildings of Villa Cabrini Academy, CalArts moved to its present campus in the Valencia section of the city of Santa Clarita, California in November 1971. The founding board of trustees originally planned on creating CalArts as a school in an entertainment complex, a destination like Disneyland, such a model is exemplified in the 1941 Disney film The Reluctant Dragon. In an ironic turn of fate, they appointed Dr. Robert W. Corrigan as the first president of the Institute. Corrigan, former dean of the School of Arts at New York University, was attempting to create a mix of artistic disciplines as those that were going to be attempted at CalArts. Corrigan fired almost all the artists and teachers from Chouinard in his attempt to remake CalArts into his personal vision and he was joined the following year by his friend Herbert Blau, hired as the Institutes provost and dean of the School of Theater and Dance. Corrigan held his position until 1972, when he was replaced by William S. Lund, a Disney son-in-law, within a month of Lunds tenure as president,55 of CalArts 325 faculty and staff were fired
California Institute of Arts
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CalArts
California Institute of Arts
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California Institute of the Arts
17.
Roanoke College
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Roanoke College is a private, coeducational, four-year liberal arts college located in Salem, Virginia, United States, a suburban independent city adjacent to Roanoke, Virginia. Roanoke has approximately 2,000 students who represent approximately 40 states and 30 countries, the college offers 35 majors,57 minors and concentrations, and pre-professional programs in dentistry, engineering, law, medicine, ministry, nursing, pharmacy, and veterinary medicine. Roanoke awards bachelors degrees in arts, science, and business administration and is one of 280 colleges with a chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society, Roanoke is an NCAA Division III school competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference. The college fields varsity teams in nine mens and ten womens sports, Roanokes athletic nickname is Maroons and the mascot is Rooney, a maroon-tailed hawk. Roanoke is ranked 2nd on the 2014 U. S. News, Roanoke College was founded in 1842, as a boys preparatory school by Lutheran pastors David F. Bittle and Christopher C. Originally located in Augusta County near Staunton, the school was named Virginia Institute until chartered on January 30,1845 as Virginia Collegiate Institute. In 1847, the moved to Salem which was developing into a center of commerce and transportation in the region. The Virginia General Assembly granted a charter on March 14,1853 and approved the name Roanoke College. Bittle then served as the colleges first president, Roanoke was one of the few Southern colleges that remained open throughout the American Civil War. The student body was organized into a corps of cadets and fought with Confederate forces near Salem in December 1863, the students were outmatched and quickly forced to surrender, but the Union commander paroled them and allowed them to return to their studies. The college company was mustered into the Confederate Army, Virginia Reserves, on September 1,1864. Roanoke enrolled its first international students in the late 19th century, the first Mexican student in 1876, the first Korean to graduate from an American college or university, Surh Beung Kiu, graduated in 1898. A small number of non-degree-seeking women, mostly from Elizabeth College in Salem, were previously enrolled, originally named Roanoke Womens College, Elizabeth was a sister Lutheran womens college destroyed by fire in 1921 and closed, the female students finished the 1921–22 academic year at Roanoke. Roanoke opened its first womens hall, Smith Hall, in 1941. Smith Hall has a prominent position on the John R. Turbyfill Front Quad, Roanoke retains the Roanoke Womens College campus as its Elizabeth Campus, named for Elizabeth College. The campus, located two miles from the Roanoke main campus, houses residence halls, athletic fields, and the college tennis complex. Roanoke adopted the alumnae of Marion College, a sister Lutheran womens college in Marion, Virginia, Marion Hall, a residence hall constructed in 1968, honors the college and its alumnae. Roanoke athletic teams have won two championships, the 1972 NCAA Mens College Division Basketball Championship and the 1978 Division II mens lacrosse championship
Roanoke College
Roanoke College
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Roanoke College
Roanoke College
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Roanoke College during the late-19th century: the John R. Turbyfill Front Quadrangle with (left to right) Miller Hall, The Administration Building, and Trout Hall, all listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
Roanoke College
–
David F. Bittle, first Principal of Virginia Institute and first President of Roanoke College
18.
Alternative medicine
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Alternative therapies or diagnoses are not part of medicine or science-based healthcare systems. Contrary to popular belief, significant expense is paid to test alternative medicine, almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment. Alternative treatments are neither the same as experimental medicine, nor traditional medicine — although the latter, Alternative medicine has grown in popularity and is used by a significant percentage of the population in many countries. While it has rebranded itself, from quackery to complementary or integrative medicine—it promotes essentially the same practices. Newer proponents often suggest alternative medicine be used together with medical treatment. Despite being illegal to market alternative therapies for treatment in most of the developed world. Alternative therapies are based on religion, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud. Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries, Alternative medicine is criticized for being based on misleading statements, quackery, pseudoscience, antiscience, fraud, or poor scientific methodology. Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical, testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources. It has been suggested that the very idea of any alternative treatment that works is paradoxical. Practitioners of complementary medicine usually discuss and advise patients as to available alternative therapies, patients often express interest in mind-body complementary therapies because they offer a non-drug approach to treating some health conditions. In addition to the underpinnings of the popularity of alternative medicine. One of the most critical is the placebo effect—a well-established observation in medicine, CAMs popularity may be related to other factors that Edzard Ernst mentioned in an interview in The Independent, Why is it so popular, then. Ernst blames the providers, customers and the doctors whose neglect, there are 40 million websites and 39.9 million tell lies, sometimes outrageous lies. They mislead cancer patients, who are encouraged not only to pay their last penny, at the same time, people are gullible. It needs gullibility for the industry to succeed and it doesnt make me popular with the public, but its the truth. An analysis of the reasons why this is so points towards the relationship as a key factor. Providers of CAM tend to build better therapeutic relationships than mainstream healthcare professionals, in turn, this implies that much of the popularity of CAM is a poignant criticism of the failure of mainstream healthcare
Alternative medicine
–
A
Chiropractor manipulating the spine.
Alternative medicine
–
Acupuncture involves insertion of needles in the body.
Alternative medicine
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Christian
laying of hands,
prayer intervention, and
faith healing
Alternative medicine
–
The science community is critical of alternative medicine for making unproven claims.
19.
Room 101
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The Ministries of Love, Peace, Plenty, and Truth are ministries in George Orwells futuristic fiction dystopia novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, set in Oceania. Despite the name, no actual ministers are mentioned in the book, the Ministry of Love serves as Oceanias interior ministry. It enforces loyalty to Big Brother through fear, buttressed through an apparatus of security and repression. The Ministry of Love building has no windows and is surrounded by barbed wire entanglements, steel doors, hidden machine-gun nests, referred to as the place where there is no darkness, its interior lights are never turned off. It is arguably the most powerful ministry, controlling the will of the population, the Thought Police are a part of Miniluv. The Ministry of Love, like the other ministries, is misnamed, since it is responsible for the practice and infliction of misery, fear, suffering. You asked me once, what was in Room 101, I told you that you knew the answer already. The thing that is in Room 101 is the worst thing in the world, such is the purported omniscience of the state in the society of Nineteen Eighty-Four that even a citizens nightmares are known to the Party. The nightmare, and therefore the threatened punishment, of the protagonist Winston Smith is to be attacked by rats and this is manifested in Room 101 by confronting Smith with a wire cage that contains two large rats. The front of the cage is shaped so that it can fit over a persons face, a trap-door is then opened, allowing the rats to devour the victims face. This cage is fitted over Smiths face, but he saves himself by begging the authorities to let his lover, Julia, the threatened torture, and what Winston does to escape it, breaks his last promise to himself and to Julia, never to betray her. The book suggests that Julia is likewise subjected to her own worst fear, the intent of threatening Winston with the rats was to force him into betraying the only person he loved and therefore to break his spirit. Orwell named Room 101 after a room at Broadcasting House where he used to sit through tedious meetings. The Ministry of Peace serves as the war ministry of Oceanias government, as explained in Emmanuel Goldsteins book, The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, the Ministry of Peace revolves around the principle of perpetual war. Perpetual war uses up all resources, keeping most citizens in lives of constant hardship –. Since that means the balance of the rests in the war, the Ministry of Peace is in charge of fighting the war. Oceanic telescreens usually broadcast news reports about how Oceania is continually winning every battle it fights, though these reports have little to no credibility. As with all the other Nineteen Eighty-Four ministries, the Ministry of Peace is named the exact opposite of what it does, the meaning of peace has been equated with the meaning of war in the slogan of the party, War is Peace
Room 101
–
Senate House, London, where Orwell's wife worked at the
Ministry of Information, was his model for the Ministry of Truth
20.
Alan Moore
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Alan Moore is an English writer primarily known for his work in comic books including Watchmen, V for Vendetta and From Hell. Frequently described as the best graphic novel writer in history, he has been recognised by his peers. Moore started writing for British underground and alternative fanzines in the late 1970s before achieving success publishing comic strips in such magazines as 2000 AD, during that decade, Moore helped to bring about greater social respectability for comics in the United States and United Kingdom. He prefers the term comic to graphic novel, despite his own personal objections, his books have provided the basis for a number of Hollywood films, including From Hell, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, V for Vendetta, and Watchmen. Moore has also referenced in popular culture, and has been recognised as an influence on a variety of literary and television figures including Neil Gaiman, Joss Whedon. Moore was born on 18 November 1953, at St Edmonds Hospital in Northampton to a family who he believed had lived in the town for several generations. He grew up in a part of Northampton known as The Boroughs, an area with a lack of facilities and high levels of illiteracy. I didnt know there was anything else. He lived in his house with his parents, brewery worker Ernest Moore and he read omnivorously from the age of five, getting books out of the local library, and subsequently attended Spring Lane Primary School. In the late 1960s Moore began publishing his own poetry and essays in fanzines, eventually setting up his own fanzine, through Embryo, Moore became involved in a group known as the Northampton Arts Lab. The Arts Lab subsequently made significant contributions to the magazine and he began dealing the hallucinogenic LSD at school, being expelled for doing so in 1970 – he later described himself as one of the worlds most inept LSD dealers. Whilst continuing to live in his parents home for a few years, he moved through various jobs, including cleaning toilets. In late 1973, he met and began a relationship with Northampton-born Phyllis Dixon, soon marrying, they moved into a new council estate in the towns eastern district while he worked in an office for a sub-contractor of the local gas board. Moore felt that he was not being fulfilled by this job, abandoning his office job, he decided to instead take up both writing and illustrating his own comics. He had already produced a couple of strips for several alternative fanzines and magazines, mouse for the local paper Anon, and St. Pancras Panda, a parody of Paddington Bear, for the Oxford-based Back Street Bugle. Alongside this, he and Phyllis, with their newborn daughter Leah, not long after this, in 1979 he also began publishing a new comic strip known as Maxwell the Magic Cat in the Northants Post, under the pseudonym of Jill de Ray. Earning a further £10 a week from this, he decided to sign off of social security, to learn more about how to write a successful comic-book script, he asked advice from his friend, comic-book writer Steve Moore, whom he had known since he was fourteen. Interested in writing for 2000AD, one of Britains most prominent comic magazines, Alan Moore then submitted a script for their long running, while the first few were rejected, Grant advised Moore on improvements, and eventually accepted the first of many
Alan Moore
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Alan Moore
Alan Moore
–
Alan Moore at the
Institute of Contemporary Arts in 2009
21.
Brandeis University
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Brandeis University /ˈbrændaɪs/ is an American private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts,9 miles west of Boston. Founded in 1948 as a non-sectarian, coeducational institution sponsored by the Jewish community, the university is named after Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish Justice of the U. S Supreme Court. In 2015, it had an enrollment of 5,532 students on its suburban campus spanning over 235 acres. The institution offers more than 43 majors and 46 minors, the university has a strong liberal arts focus and a quarter of its students come from outside the United States. Brandeis was tied for 34th among national universities in the United States in the U. S. News & World Report rankings, Forbes listed Brandeis as 36th nationally for research and 37th for entrepreneurship. Times ranks it 185th globally while USA Today ranks it among the top 10 in the country for economics, the university is also home to the Heller School, ranked as one of the top 10 policy schools in the United States. Middlesex University was a school located in Waltham, Massachusetts. The founder, Dr. John Hall Smith, died in 1944, Smiths will stipulated that the school should go to any group willing to use it to establish a non-sectarian university. Within two years, Middlesex University was on the brink of financial collapse, ruggles Smith, was desperate for a way to save something of Middlesex University. He learned of a New York committee headed by Dr. Israel Goldstein that was seeking a campus to establish a Jewish-sponsored secular university. Goldstein agreed to accept Smiths offer, proceeding to recruit George Alpert, Alpert had worked his way through Boston University School of Law and co-founded the firm of Alpert and Alpert. Alperts firm had an association with the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. He was influential in Bostons Jewish community and his Judaism tended to be social rather than spiritual. He was involved in assisting children displaced from Germany, Alpert was to be chairman of Brandeis from 1946 to 1954, and a trustee from 1946 until his death. By February 5,1946, Goldstein had recruited Albert Einstein, Einstein believed the university would attract the best young people in all fields, satisfying a real need. In March 1946, Goldstein said the foundation had raised ten-million dollars that it would use to open the school by the following year, the foundation purchased Middlesex Universitys land and buildings for two-million dollars. The charter of this operation was transferred to the Foundation along with the campus, the founding organization was announced in August and named The Albert Einstein Foundation for Higher Learning, Inc. The new school would be a Jewish-sponsored secular university open to students and faculty of all races and religions
Brandeis University
–
Usen Castle, an iconic building on campus
Brandeis University
–
Brandeis University
Brandeis University
–
Chapels Pond
Brandeis University
–
Ollie the Owl, Additional Spirit Mark
22.
Angela Davis
–
Angela Yvonne Davis is an American political activist, academic, and author. Davis was prosecuted for conspiracy involving the 1970 armed take-over of a Marin County, California, courtroom and she was acquitted in a federal trial. She was a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in its History of Consciousness Department and her research interests are feminism, African-American studies, critical theory, Marxism, popular music, social consciousness, and the philosophy and history of punishment and prisons. She co-founded Critical Resistance, a working to abolish the prison-industrial complex. Daviss membership in the CPUSA led California Governor Ronald Reagan in 1969 to attempt to have her barred from teaching at any university in the State of California, during the 1980s, she was twice a candidate for Vice President on the CPUSA ticket. She supported the governments of the Soviet Bloc for several decades, Angela Davis was born in Birmingham, Alabama. Davis occasionally spent time on her uncles farm and with friends in New York City and her family included brothers Ben and Reginald and sister Fania. Ben played defensive back for the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions in the late 1960s, Davis attended Carrie A. Tuggle School, a segregated black elementary school, later she attended Parker Annex, a middle-school branch of Parker High School in Birmingham. During this time Davis mother, Sallye Bell Davis, was an officer and leading organizer of the Southern Negro Youth Congress. It was trying to build alliances among African Americans in the South, consequently, Davis grew up surrounded by communist organizers and thinkers who significantly influenced her intellectual development. Davis was involved in her church as a child, she was a member in her church youth group. Davis attributes much of her involvement to her involvement as a young girl in Birmingham with the Girl Scouts of the United States of America. She earned many badges and certificates, she participated in Girl Scouts 1959 national roundup in Colorado. As a Girl Scout she marched and picketed to protest racial segregation in Birmingham, by her junior year in high school, Davis had applied to and was accepted at an American Friends Service Committee program that placed black students from the South in integrated schools in the North. She chose Elisabeth Irwin High School in Greenwich Village, there she was introduced to socialism and communism, and recruited by a Communist youth group, Advance. Davis was awarded a scholarship to Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts and she initially felt alienated by the isolation of the campus, but she soon made friends with foreign students. She encountered the Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse at a rally during the Cuban Missile Crisis, in a 2007 television interview, she said, Herbert Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar, and a revolutionary. She worked part-time to earn money to travel to France and Switzerland before she attended the eighth World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki
Angela Davis
–
Davis in 2010
Angela Davis
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Angela Davis (center, no glasses) enters
Royce Hall at UCLA in October 1969 to give her first lecture.
Angela Davis
–
Angela Davis with
Valentina Tereshkova
Angela Davis
–
Angela Davis and
Erich Honecker in
GDR, 1972
23.
City University of New York
–
The City University of New York is the public university system of New York City, and the largest urban university in the United States. CUNY and the State University of New York are separate and independent university systems, CUNY, however, is additionally funded by the City of New York. CUNY is the third-largest university system in the United States, in terms of enrollment, behind the State University of New York, and the California State University system. More than 270, 000-degree-credit students and 273,000 continuing, the university has one of the most diverse student bodies in the United States, with students hailing from 208 countries. The black, white and Hispanic undergraduate populations each comprise more than a quarter of the student body, fifty-eight percent are female, and 28 percent are 25 or older. The following table is sortable, click on a heading to re-sort the table by values of that column. Rosenthal, philosopher Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr, by 1979, the Board of Higher Education had become the Board of Trustees of the CUNY. The Free Academy later became the City College of New York, the Female Normal and High School – Founded in 1870, and later renamed the Normal College. It would be renamed again in 1914 to Hunter College, during the early 20th century, Hunter College expanded into the Bronx, with what became Herbert Lehman College. Brooklyn College – Founded in 1930, Queens College – Founded in 1937. CUNY has served a student body, especially those excluded from or unable to afford private universities. Its four-year colleges offered a high quality, tuition-free education to the poor, the working class, during the post-World War I era, when some Ivy League universities, such as Yale University, discriminated against Jews, many Jewish academics and intellectuals studied and taught at CUNY. The City College of New York developed a reputation of being the Harvard of the proletariat, most of these limited matriculation students enrolled in the Evening Session, and paid tuition. Demand in the United States for higher education rapidly grew after World War II, community colleges would have drawn from the same city coffers that were funding the senior colleges, and city higher education officials were of the view that the state should finance them. It wasnt until 1955, under an arrangement with New York State. Unlike the day college students attending the citys public baccalaureate colleges for free, community college students paid tuition fees for approximately 10 years. Over time, tuition fees for limited-matriculated students became an important source of system revenues. In fall 1957, for example, nearly 36,000 attended Hunter, Brooklyn, Queens and City Colleges for free, but another 24,000 paid tuition fees of up to $300 a year – the equivalent of $2,413 in 2011
City University of New York
–
Seal of the CUNY Board of Trustees
City University of New York
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The City University of New York
24.
Classics
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Classics or Classical Studies is the study of classical antiquity. It encompasses the study of the Graeco-Roman world, particularly of its languages, and literature but also it encompasses the study of Graeco-Roman philosophy, history, and archaeology. Traditionally in the West, the study of the Greek and Roman classics was considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities and it has been traditionally a cornerstone of a typical elite education. The word Classics is derived from the Latin adjective classicus, meaning belonging to the highest class of citizens, the word was originally used to describe the members of the highest class in ancient Rome. By the 2nd century AD the word was used in literary criticism to describe writers of the highest quality, for example, Aulus Gellius, in his Attic Nights, contrasts classicus and proletarius writers. By the 6th century AD, the word had acquired a meaning, referring to pupils at a school. Thus the two meanings of the word, referring both to literature considered to be of the highest quality, and to the standard texts used as part of a curriculum. In the Middle Ages, classics and education were tightly intertwined, according to Jan Ziolkowski, while Latin was hugely influential, however, Greek was barely studied, and Greek literature survived almost solely in Latin translation. The works of even major Greek authors such as Hesiod, whose names continued to be known by educated Europeans, were unavailable in the Middle Ages. Along with the unavailability of Greek authors, there were differences between the classical canon known today and the works valued in the Middle Ages. Catullus, for instance, was almost entirely unknown in the medieval period, the Renaissance led to the increasing study of both ancient literature and ancient history, as well as a revival of classical styles of Latin. From the 14th century, first in Italy and then increasingly across Europe, Renaissance Humanism, Humanism saw a reform in education in Europe, introducing a wider range of Latin authors as well as bringing back the study of Greek language and literature to Western Europe. This reintroduction was initiated by Petrarch and Boccaccio who commissioned a Calabrian scholar to translate the Homeric poems, the late 17th and 18th centuries are the period in Western European literary history which is most associated with the classical tradition, as writers consciously adapted classical models. Classical models were so prized that the plays of William Shakespeare were rewritten along neoclassical lines. From the beginning of the 18th century, the study of Greek became increasingly important relative to that of Latin, in this period Johann Winckelmanns claims for the superiority of the Greek visual arts influenced a shift in aesthetic judgements, while in the literary sphere, G. E. Lessing returned Homer to the centre of artistic achievement, in the United Kingdom, the study of Greek in schools began in the late 18th century. The poet Walter Savage Landor claimed to have one of the first English schoolboys to write in Greek during his time at Rugby School. The 19th century saw the influence of the world, and the value of a classical education, decline, especially in the US
Classics
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Bust of
Homer, the ancient Greek epic poet
25.
Punk subculture
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The punk subculture, which centres on punk rock music, includes a diverse array of ideologies, fashions and forms of expression, including visual art, dance, literature and film. The subculture is largely characterized by anti-establishment views and the promotion of individual freedom, the punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock. It is usually played by small bands consisting of a vocalist, Punk politics cover the entire political spectrum. Punk-related ideologies are mostly concerned with freedom and anti-establishment views. Common punk viewpoints include anti-authoritarianism, a DIY ethic, non-conformity, direct action, there is a wide range of punk fashion, in terms of clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, tattoos, jewelery and body modification. Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect, such as T-shirts, leather jackets, hardcore punk fans adopted a dressed-down style of T-shirts, jeans, combat boots or sneakers and crewcut-style haircuts. Women in the hardcore scene typically wore masculine clothing, one part of punk was creating explicitly outward identities of sexuality. Everything that was supposed to be hidden was brought to the front. Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually underground, minimalistic, iconoclastic. Punk artwork graces album covers, flyers for concerts, and punk zines, Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose. Punk has its own press in the form of punk zines, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism. Some zines take the form of perzines, important punk zines include Maximum RocknRoll, Punk Planet, No Cure, Cometbus, Flipside, and Search & Destroy. Many punk-themed films have made, as have punk rock music videos. Some punk films intercut stock footage with news clips and amateur videos of concerts, Punks can come from any and all walks of life and economic classes, and punk culture has aspects of gender equalist ideology. The punk subculture emerged in the United Kingdom, Australia, exactly which region originated punk has long been a major controversy within the movement. Various musical, philosophical, political, literary and artistic movements influenced the subculture. In the late 1970s, the subculture began to diversify, which led to the proliferation of such as new wave, post-punk,2 Tone, pop punk, hardcore punk, no wave, street punk. Hardcore punk, street punk and Oi. sought to do away with the frivolities introduced in the years of the original punk movement
Punk subculture
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Two UK punks in the 1980s
Punk subculture
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Buzzcocks at the
Cropredy Festival in 2009.
Punk subculture
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A German punk faces a line of
riot police at a 1984 protest.
Punk subculture
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Punks burning a U.S. flag in the early 1980s
26.
Marguerite Duras
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Marguerite Donnadieu, known as Marguerite Duras, was a French novelist, playwright, scriptwriter, essayist and experimental filmmaker. She is best known for writing the 1959 film Hiroshima mon amour, Duras was born in Gia-Dinh, Cochinchina, French Indochina, after her parents responded to a campaign by the French government encouraging French people to settle in the colony. Marguerites father fell ill soon after their arrival, and returned to France, after his death, her mother, a teacher, remained in Indochina with her three children. The family lived in poverty after her mother made a bad investment in an isolated property. The difficult life that the family experienced during this period was influential on Marguerites later work. An affair between the teenaged Marguerite and Huynh Thuy Le, the son of a rich Sa Dec merchant, was to be treated several times in her subsequent memoirs and she also reported being beaten by both her mother and her older brother during this period. At 17, Marguerite went to France, her parents native country and this she soon abandoned to concentrate on political science, and then law. After completing her studies, she became a member of the PCF. In the late 1930s she worked for the French government office representing the colony of Indochina. During the war, from 1942 to 1944, she worked for the Vichy government in an office that allocated paper quotas to publishers and her first husband, Robert Antelme, was deported to Buchenwald in 1944 for his involvement in the Resistance, and barely survived the experience. She nursed him back to health, but they divorced once he recovered his health. In 1943, for her first published novel Les Impudents, she decided to use as pen name the surname of Duras, a village in the Lot-et-Garonne département and this text won the Goncourt prize in 1984. The story of her also appears in three other forms, The Sea Wall, Eden Cinema and The North China Lover. A film version of The Lover, produced by Claude Berri, the Sea Wall was first adapted into the 1958 film This Angry Age by René Clément, and again in 2008 by Cambodian director Rithy Panh as The Sea Wall. She was also the screenwriter of the 1959 French film Hiroshima mon amour, Durass early novels were fairly conventional in form, however, with Moderato Cantabile she became more experimental, paring down her texts to give ever-increasing importance to what was not said. She was associated with the Nouveau roman French literary movement, although she did not belong definitively to any group, many of her works, such as Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein and LHomme assis dans le couloir deal with human sexuality. Despite her success as a writer, Durass adult life was marked by personal challenges. Duras died of cancer in Paris, aged 81
Marguerite Duras
–
Marguerite Duras
27.
Pastiche
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A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, or music that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the work it imitates, the word pastiche is a French cognate of the Italian noun pasticcio, which is a pâté or pie-filling mixed from diverse ingredients. Metaphorically, pastiche and pasticcio describe works that are composed by several authors. Pastiche is an example of eclecticism in art, a literary allusion may refer to another work, but it does not reiterate it. Moreover, allusion requires the audience to share in the cultural knowledge. Both allusion and pastiche are mechanisms of intertextuality, in literature usage, the term denotes a literary technique employing a generally light-hearted tongue-in-cheek imitation of anothers style, although jocular, it is usually respectful. For example, many stories featuring Sherlock Holmes, originally penned by Arthur Conan Doyle, have written as pastiches since the authors time. Ellery Queen and Nero Wolfe are other subjects of mystery parodies and pastiches. A similar example of pastiche is the posthumous continuations of the Robert E. Howard stories and this includes the Conan stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter. David Lodges novel The British Museum Is Falling Down is a pastiche of works by Joyce, Kafka, in 1991 Alexandra Ripley wrote the novel Scarlett, a pastiche of Gone with the Wind, in an unsuccessful attempt to have it recognized as a canonical sequel. Charles Rosen has characterized Mozarts various works in imitation of Baroque style as pastiche, some of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys works, such as his Variations on a Rococo Theme and Serenade for Strings, employ a poised classical form reminiscent of 18th-century composers such as Mozart. Perhaps one of the best examples of pastiche in modern music is that of George Rochberg, Rochberg turned to pastiche from serialism after the death of his son in 1963. Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen is unusual as it is a pastiche in both senses of the word, as there are distinct styles imitated in the song. A similar earlier example is Happiness is a Warm Gun by The Beatles, one can find musical pastiches throughout the work of the American composer Frank Zappa. A pastiche Mass is a musical Mass where the constituent movements come from different Mass settings, most often this convention has been chosen for concert performances, particularly by early-music ensembles. Masses are composed of movements, Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, for example, the Missa Solemnis by Beethoven and the Messe de Nostre Dame by Guillaume de Machaut. In a pastiche Mass, the performers may choose a Kyrie from one composer, and a Gloria from another, or choose a Kyrie from one setting of a composer. In musical theater pastiche is often a tool for evoking the sounds of a particular era for which a show is set
Pastiche
–
A pastiche combining elements of two PD-art files (
original 1 and
original 2), in
Photoshop
28.
Nouveau roman
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The Nouveau Roman is a type of 1950s French novel that diverged from classical literary genres. Most of the authors were published by Les Éditions de Minuit with the strong support of Jérôme Lindon. Rejecting many of the features of the novel to date, Robbe-Grillet regarded many earlier novelists as old-fashioned in their focus on plot, action, narrative, ideas. Despite the assertions of nouveauté, this vision of the novel can be construed as developing from earlier writers suggestions, Alain Robbe-Grillet became an elected member of the Académie française on 25 March 2004, succeeding Maurice Rheims at seat No.32. Claude Simon is often identified with the nouveau roman movement, he is the 1985 Nobel Laureate in Literature, jean Ricardou is the theorist of the nouveau roman literary movement. The Nouveau Roman style also left its mark on screen as writers Marguerite Duras and their collaboration with director Alain Resnais resulted in critical successes such as Hiroshima mon amour and Last Year in Marienbad. They would later go on to direct their own films, French literature Francophone literature List of French language authors Antinovel Bernard Luscans, La représentation dans le nouveau nouveau roman, Chapel Hill, Université de Caroline du Nord,2008
Nouveau roman
–
Alain Robbe-Grillet
Nouveau roman
–
Seminar with
Jean Ricardou and
Claude Simon, Cerisy (France)
29.
Alain Robbe-Grillet
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Alain Robbe-Grillet was a French writer and filmmaker. He was one of the figures most associated with the Nouveau Roman trend of the 1960s, along with Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor, Alain Robbe-Grillet was elected a member of the Académie française on 25 March 2004, succeeding Maurice Rheims at seat No.32. He was married to Catherine Robbe-Grillet, Alain Robbe-Grillet was born in Brest to a family of engineers and scientists. He was trained as an agricultural engineer, during the years 1943 and 1944, Robbe-Grillet participated in compulsory labor in Nuremberg, where he worked as a machinist. In 1945, Robbe-Grillet completed his diploma at the National Institute of Agronomy, later, his work as an agronomist took him to Martinique, French Guinea, Guadeloupe, and Morocco. He died in Caen after succumbing to heart problems, Robbe-Grillets first published novel was The Erasers, which was issued by Les Éditions de Minuit in 1953. After that, he dedicated himself full-time to his new occupation and his early work was praised by eminent critics, such as Roland Barthes and Maurice Blanchot. Around the time of his novel, he became a literary advisor for Les Éditions de Minuit. After publishing four novels, in 1961, he worked with Alain Resnais, writing the script for Last Year in Marienbad, in 1963, Robbe-Grillet published For a New Novel, a collection of previously-published theoretical writings concerning the novel. From 1966 to 1968, he was a member of the High Committee for the Defense, in addition, Robbe-Grillet also led the Centre for Sociology of Literature at the Université Libre de Bruxelles from 1980 to 1988. From 1971 to 1995, Robbe-Grillet was a professor at New York University, although Robbe-Grillet was elected to the Académie française in 2004, in his eighties, he never was formally received by the Académie because of disputes regarding the Académies reception procedures. His writing style has been described as realist or phenomenological or a theory of pure surface, methodical, geometric, and often repetitive descriptions of objects replace the psychology and interiority of the character. Timelines and plots are fractured, and the novel resembles the literary equivalent of a cubist painting. Yet his work is characterized by its ability to mean many things to many different people. His second novel, The Erasers, superficially resembles a detective novel, the detective is seeking the assassin in a murder that has not yet occurred, only to discover that it is his destiny to become that assassin. His next and most acclaimed novel is The Voyeur, first published in French in 1955, the Voyeur relates the story of Mathias, a traveling watch salesman who returns to the island of his youth with a desperate objective. Importantly, the murder, if such a thing exists, is absent from the text. The narration contains little dialogue, and a timeline of events
Alain Robbe-Grillet
–
Alain Robbe-Grillet
30.
Gertrude Stein
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Gertrude Stein was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector. Born in the Allegheny West neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and raised in Oakland, California, Stein moved to Paris in 1903, in 1933, Stein published a quasi-memoir of her Paris years, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, written in the voice of her partner, Alice B. Toklas, an American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde, the book became a literary bestseller and vaulted Stein from the relative obscurity of the cult-literature scene into the limelight of mainstream attention. Her books include Q. E. D. about a romantic affair involving several of Steins female friends, Fernhurst, a fictional story about a romantic affair, Three Lives. In Tender Buttons, Stein commented on lesbian sexuality and her activities during World War II have been the subject of analysis and commentary. After the war ended, Stein expressed admiration for another Nazi collaborator, some have argued that certain accounts of Steins wartime activities have amounted to a witch hunt. Stein, the youngest of a family of five children, was born on February 3,1874, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania to upper-middle-class Jewish parents, Daniel and her father was a wealthy businessman with real estate holdings. German and English were spoken in their home, when Stein was three years old, she and her family moved to Vienna, and then Paris. Accompanied by governesses and tutors, the Steins endeavored to imbue their children with the sensibilities of European history. Stein attended First Hebrew Congregation of Oaklands Sabbath school, during their residence in Oakland, they lived for four years on a ten-acre lot, and Stein built many memories of California there. She would often go on excursions with her brother, Leo, Stein found formal schooling in Oakland unstimulating, but she read often, Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Scott, Burns, Smollett, Fielding, and more. When Stein was 14 years old, her mother died, Three years later, her father died as well. Steins eldest brother, Michael Stein, then took over the family holdings and in 1892 arranged for Gertrude and another sister, Bertha. Here she lived with her uncle David Bachrach, who in 1877 had married Gertrudes maternal aunt, in Baltimore, Stein met Claribel and Etta Cone, who held Saturday evening salons that she would later emulate in Paris. The Cones shared an appreciation for art and conversation about it, Stein attended Radcliffe College, then an annex of Harvard University, from 1893 to 1897 and was a student of psychologist William James. In 1934, behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner interpreted Steins difficult poem Tender Buttons as an example of normal motor automatism. In a letter Stein wrote during the 1930s, she explained that she never accepted the theory of writing, here can be automatic movements
Gertrude Stein
–
Stein in 1935 photographed by
Carl Van Vechten
Gertrude Stein
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Gertrude Stein's birthplace and childhood home in
Allegheny West
Gertrude Stein
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Gertrude Stein, age 3
Gertrude Stein
–
Henri Matisse,
Woman with a Hat, 1905.
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
31.
Great Expectations
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Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel, a bildungsroman that depicts the personal growth and personal development of an orphan nicknamed Pip. It is Dickens second novel, after David Copperfield, to be narrated in the first person. The novel was first published as a serial in Dickens weekly periodical All the Year Round, in October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes. Great Expectations is full of extreme imagery—poverty, prison ships and chains and these include the eccentric Miss Havisham, the beautiful but cold Estella, and Joe, the unsophisticated and kind blacksmith. Dickenss themes include wealth and poverty, love and rejection, Great Expectations, which is popular both with readers and literary critics, has been translated into many languages and adapted numerous times into various media. Upon its release, the novel received universal acclaim. Although Dickens contemporary Thomas Carlyle referred to it disparagingly as that Pip nonsense, later, George Bernard Shaw praised the novel, as All of one piece and consistently truthful. During the serial publication, Dickens was pleased with public response to Great Expectations and its sales, when the plot first formed in his mind, he called it a very fine, new and grotesque idea. On Christmas Eve, around 1812, Pip, an orphan who is seven years old, encounters an escaped convict in the village churchyard, while visiting the graves of his parents. Pip now lives with his elder sister and her kind husband Joe Gargery. The convict scares Pip into stealing food and a file, early on Christmas morning Pip returns with the file, a pie and brandy. During Christmas dinner, at the moment Pips theft is about to be discovered, soldiers arrive, Joe and Pip accompany them as they recapture the convict who is fighting with another escaped convict. The first convict confesses to stealing food from the smithy, a year or two later, Miss Havisham, a wealthy spinster who still wears her old wedding dress and lives as a recluse in the dilapidated Satis House, asks Pumblechook to find a boy to visit. Pip visits Miss Havisham and falls in love with her adopted daughter Estella, Pip visits Miss Havisham regularly, until he is old enough to learn a trade. Joe accompanies Pip for the last visit, when she gives the money for Pip to be bound as apprentice blacksmith, Joes surly assistant Dolge Orlick is envious of Pip and dislikes Mrs Joe. When Pip and Joe are away from the house, Mrs Joe is brutally attacked, Orlick is suspected of the attack. Mrs Joe becomes kind-hearted after the attack, Biddy arrives to help with her care. Four years into Pips apprenticeship, Mr Jaggers, a lawyer, Pip is to leave for London, presuming that Miss Havisham is his benefactor, and visits her
Great Expectations
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Title page of Vol. 1 of first edition, July 1861
Great Expectations
–
Charles Dickens, c. 1860
Great Expectations
–
Advertisement for Great Expectations in
All the Year Round.
Great Expectations
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Charles Dickens, Jr. (in 1874), possibly the model for Herbert Pocket
32.
Chapbook
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A chapbook is an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe. Produced cheaply, chapbooks were commonly small, paper-covered booklets, usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8,12,16 and 24 pages and they were often illustrated with crude woodcuts, which sometimes bore no relation to the text. When illustrations were included in chapbooks, they were considered popular prints, the tradition of chapbooks arose in the 16th century, as soon as printed books became affordable, and rose to its height during the 17th and 18th centuries. The term chapbook for this type of literature was coined in the 19th century, the corresponding French and German terms are bibliothèque bleue and Volksbuch, respectively. In Spain they were known as pliegos de cordel, the term chapbook is also in use for present-day publications, commonly short, inexpensive booklets. Chapbook is first attested in English in 1824, and seems to derive from the word for the itinerant salesmen who would sell such books, the first element of chapman comes in turn from Old English cēap. Broadside ballads were popular songs, sold for a penny or halfpenny in the streets of towns and they preceded chapbooks, but had similar content, marketing and distribution systems. These sales are probably characteristic of the market for chapbooks, Chapbooks gradually disappeared from the mid-19th century in the face of competition from cheap newspapers and, especially in Scotland, religious tract societies that regarded them as ungodly. Although the form originated in Britain, many were made in the U. S. during the same period, because of their flimsy nature such ephemera rarely survive as individual items. They were aimed at buyers without formal libraries, and, in an era when paper was expensive, were used for wrapping or baking, paper has also always had hygienic uses and there are contemporary references to the use of chapbooks as bum fodder. Many of the surviving chapbooks come from the collections of Samuel Pepys between 1661 and 1688 which are now held at Magdalene College, Cambridge, anthony Wood also collected 65 chapbooks, which are now at The Bodleian Library. There are also significant Scottish collections, such as held by the University of Glasgow. Modern collectors, such as Peter Opie, have chiefly a scholarly interest in the form, however, the category has no real limits, some chapbooks were long, some well produced, and some even historically accurate. The centre of chapbook and ballad production was London, and until the Great Fire of London the printers were based around London Bridge, however, a feature of chapbooks is the proliferation of provincial printers, especially in Scotland and Newcastle upon Tyne. Chapbooks were an important medium for the dissemination of culture to the common people. They were a medium of entertainment, information and history, however, they are nonetheless valued as a record of popular culture, preserving cultural artifacts that may not survive in any other form. Chapbooks were priced for sales to workers, although their market was not limited to the working classes, Broadside ballads were sold for a halfpenny, or a few pence. Prices of chapbooks were from 2d. to 6d, when agricultural labourers wages were 12d. per day
Chapbook
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Chapbook frontispiece of
Voltaire 's The Extraordinary Tragical Fate of Calas, showing a man being tortured, late 18th century
Chapbook
–
The chapbook,
Jack the Giant Killer
Chapbook
–
A modern day chapbook
33.
Erica Jong
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Erica Jong is an American novelist and poet, known particularly for her 1973 novel Fear of Flying. The book became controversial for its attitudes towards female sexuality. According to Washington Post, it has more than 20 million copies worldwide. Jong was born on March 26,1942 in New York, Jong attended New Yorks The High School of Music & Art in the 1950s, where she developed her passion for art and writing. As a student at Barnard College, Jong edited the Barnard Literary Magazine, although it contains many sexual elements, the book is mainly the account of a hypersensitive young woman, in her late twenties, trying to find who she is and where she is going. It contains many psychological, humorous, descriptive elements, and rich cultural, the book tries to answer the many conflicts arising in women in late 1960s and early 1970s America, of womanhood, femininity, love, ones quest for freedom and purpose. Jong was born and grew up in New York City and she is the middle daughter of Seymour Mann, and Eda Mirsky. Her father was a businessman of Polish Jewish ancestry who owned a gifts and her mother was born in England of a Russian Jewish immigrant family, was a painter and textile designer who also designed dolls for her husbands company. Jong has a sister, Suzanna, who married Lebanese businessman Arthur Daou, and a younger sister, Claudia. Among her nephews is Peter Daou, who writes The Daou Report for salon. com, Jong has been married four times. Her first two marriages, to college sweetheart Michael Werthman, and to Allan Jong, a Chinese American psychiatrist and her third husband was Jonathan Fast, a novelist and social work educator, and son of novelist Howard Fast. This marriage was described in How to Save Your Own Life and she has a daughter from her third marriage, Molly Jong-Fast. Jong is now married to Kenneth David Burrows, a New York litigation attorney, in the late 1990s, Jong wrote an article about her current marriage in the magazine Talk. Jong lived for three years, 1966–69, in Heidelberg, Germany, with her husband, on an army base. She was a frequent visitor to Venice, and wrote about that city in her novel Shylocks Daughter, in 2007, her literary archive was acquired by Columbia University in New York City. Jong is mentioned in the Bob Dylan song Highlands, Jong supports LGBT rights and legalization of same-sex marriage and she claims that Gay marriage is a blessing not a curse. It certainly promotes stability and family, and its certainly good for kids. New York, New American Library Megans Two Houses, a story of adjustment, New York, New American Library Shylocks Daughter, formerly titled Serenissima Any Womans Blues Inventing Memory Sapphos Leap Fear of Dying Witches, illustrated by Joseph A. Smith
Erica Jong
–
Jong in 1977
Erica Jong
–
Jennifer Weiner and Erica Jong at the
Miami Book Fair International 2013
Erica Jong
–
Erica Jong, Miami 2013
34.
Nan Goldin
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Nancy Nan Goldin is an American photographer. She lives and works in New York City, Berlin, and her work usually features LGBT-related themes, images or public figures. Goldin was born in Washington, D. C. and grew up in the Boston suburb of Lexington, Goldin’s father worked in broadcasting, and served as the chief economist for the Federal Communications Commission. After attending the nearby Lexington High School, Goldin left home at 13-14 and she enrolled at the Satya Community School in Lincoln, where a teacher, philosopher Rollo May’s daughter introduced her to the camera in 1968. Goldin was then fifteen years old, Goldin’s need to photograph and express herself to the world was stemmed from her older sister, Barbara’s, suicide when she was only 11 years old. Struggling from such a loss, Goldin went through a stage of using drugs to help her cope, until she fell in love with the camera. It was through her photography that Goldin found meaning, and she cherished the relationships of those she photographed. Her first solo show, held in Boston in 1973, was based on her photographic journeys among the gay and transsexual communities. While living in downtown Boston at age 18, Goldin “fell in with the queens, ” living with them. Unlike some photographers who were interested in psychoanalyzing or exposing the queens, Goldin said, “My desire was to show them as a third gender, as another sexual option, a gender option. And to show them with a lot of respect and love, to kind of them because I really admire people who can recreate themselves. There was one chapter about it in an abnormal psych book that made it sound so… I don’t know what they ascribed it to. And that’s where I was at time in my life. I lived with them, it was my whole focus, everything I did -- that’s who I was all the time. And that’s who I wanted to be”, Goldin describes her life as being completely immersed in the queens’. Goldin graduated from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston/Tufts University in 1977/1978 and her work from this period is associated with the Boston School of photography. Following graduation, Goldin moved to New York City and she began documenting the post-punk new-wave music scene, along with the citys vibrant, post-Stonewall gay subculture of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Published with help from Marvin Heiferman, Mark Holborn, and Suzanne Fletcher, in her foreword to the book she describes it as a “diary lets people read” of people she referred to as her “tribe”
Nan Goldin
–
Nan Goldin, 2009
Nan Goldin
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The Ballad of Sexual Dependency (1986). The image on the cover is "Nan and Brian in Bed" (1981).
Nan Goldin
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Nan Goldin, The Hug, NYC, 1980, cibachrome, 40 x 30 inches
Nan Goldin
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Nan Goldin, Misty and Jimmy Paulette in a Taxi, NYC, 1991, 30 x 40 inches
35.
Will Patton
–
William Rankin Will Patton is an American actor. He starred as Colonel Dan Weaver in the TNT science fiction series Falling Skies and he also appeared in films such as Remember the Titans, Armageddon, Gone in 60 Seconds and The Punisher. He appeared opposite Kevin Costner in two films, No Way Out and The Postman, patton’s father, Bill Patton, was a playwright and acting/directing instructor. Patton has been in films, starting in 1981. He has done many television appearances as well, starting in 1982 and he won two Obie Awards for best actor in Sam Shepard’s play Fool for Love and the Public Theater production of What Did He See. Patton was born in Charleston, South Carolina, the eldest of three children and his father is Bill Patton, a playwright and acting/directing instructor who was a Lutheran minister and served as a chaplain at Duke University. Patton was raised on a farm, where his parents ran a home for wayward teenagers. He attended the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem and The Actors Studio in New York City, Patton won two Obie Awards for best actor for his performances in Sam Shepards play Fool for Love and the Public Theater production of What Did He See. He portrayed the evil antagonist in Desperately Seeking Susan, and had a significant role in No Way Out and he was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of General Bethlehem in The Postman. He also portrayed coach Bill Yoast in Remember the Titans and FBI agent Melvin Purvis in the 1991 made-for-television film Dillinger. Patton provided the voice for the version of The Assault on Reason by Al Gore. He has also recorded the version for 22 books written by best-selling mystery writer James Lee Burke. Patton plays the character of Sam Conroy in the film American Violet, from 2011-2015 Patton starred as Colonel Weaver in the TNT sci-fi television series Falling Skies, executive-produced by Steven Spielberg. Will Patton at the Internet Movie Database Will Patton at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Will Patton
–
Patton on the set of The List
36.
Grove Press
–
Grove Press is an American publishing imprint that was founded in 1947. Imprints include, Black Cat, Evergreen, Venus Library, Barney Rosset purchased the company in 1951 and turned it into an alternative book press in the United States. He partnered with Richard Seaver to bring French literature to the United States, the Atlantic Monthly Press, under the aegis of its publisher, Morgan Entrekin, merged with Grove Press in 1991. Grove later became an imprint of the publisher Grove/Atlantic, Inc, Grove Press was founded in 1947 in Greenwich Village on Grove Street. The original owners only published three books in three years and so sold it to Barney Rossett in 1951 for three thousand dollars, under Rossetts leaderhip, Grove introduced American readers to European avant-garde literature and theatre, including French authors Alain Robbe-Grillet, Jean Genet, and Eugène Ionesco. In 1954 Grove published Samuel Becketts play Waiting for Godot after it had been refused by more mainstream publishers, since then Grove has been Becketts U. S. publisher. Grove was also the first American house to publish the complete works of the Marquis de Sade, translated by Seaver. Grove also had an interest in Japanese literature, publishing several anthologies as well as works by Kenzaburō Ōe, in 1963, Grove published My Life and Loves, Five Volumes in One/Complete and Unexpurgated, with annotations, collecting Frank Harris work in one volume for the first time. Grove has also time to time published mainstream works. For example, in 1978 it published the script from the George Lucas film American Graffiti under its Black Cat paperback imprint and they published works by Frantz Fanon and Régis Debray, and numerous books opposing the Vietnam war and the draft, including information on G. I rights. In 1959, Grove Press published a version of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterleys Lover. Post Office Department confiscated copies sent through the mail, Rosset sued the New York city postmaster and his Lawyer Charles Rembar won in New York, and then on federal appeal. Grove’s success in publishing Lady Chatterley’s Lover paved the way for Rosset to publish another contested work that was cleared by the courts, Henry Millers 1934 novel. The book contained explicit sexual passages and therefore could not be published in the United States, in 1961, Grove Press issued a copy of the work and lawsuits were brought against dozens of individual booksellers in many states for selling it. The issue was settled by the U. S. Supreme Courts 1973 decision in Miller v. California. The William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch was banned in parts of the world for approximately ten years. The first American publisher was Grove Press, the book was banned by Boston courts in 1962 due to obscenity, but that decision was reversed in a landmark 1966 opinion by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. This was the last major literary censorship battle in the US, upon publication, Grove Press added to the book supplementary material regarding the censorship battle as well as an article written by Burroughs on the topic of drug addiction
Grove Press
–
Grove Press
37.
Angel Exhaust
–
Angel Exhaust is a British poetry magazine founded by Steve Pereira and Adrian Clarke in the late 1970s. Andrew Duncan took over as editor in 1992, and by 1993 it was one of the first poetry magazines to appear regularly on the internet, the magazine is headquartered in Nottingham. The magazine emerged from the Islington Poetry Workshop run by Steve Pereira, the initial editors were Pereira and Adrian Clarke. By issue three the magazine had an Arts Council grant and was printed at the Poetry Society and these early issues had featured work by Bob Cobbing and Maggie OSullivan. The fourth issue gained attention and established the magazines reputation and it was duplicated on Bob Cobbings duplicator and contained so many pages that it needed to be nailed together. There were interviews with Bob Cobbing and Eric Mottram, and a range of reviews in which the contributors themselves were criticised, the impression was of a snapshot of poetic activity in Britain at that time. There was a break after the fourth issue, the magazine returned in 1986 with issue six - the Authority issue, with contributions and interviews with Eric Mottram, Kathy Acker, Allen Fisher and Roy Fuller. After another break the magazine returned with Andrew Duncan and Adrian Clarke as editors in 1992, though starting out as a print magazine, Angel Exhaust later also became influential through the online version, and was one of the first poetry magazines to appear online in 1993
Angel Exhaust
–
Angel Exhaust 16
38.
Monochrom
–
Its main office is located at Museumsquartier/Vienna. The groups members are, Johannes Grenzfurthner, Evelyn Fürlinger, Harald Homolka-List, Anika Kronberger, Franz Ablinger, Frank Apunkt Schneider, Daniel Fabry, Günther Friesinger and Roland Gratzer. The group is known for working with different media and entertainment formats, Johannes Grenzfurthner calls this looking for the best weapon of mass distribution of an idea. Monochrom is openly left-wing and tries to encourage debate, sometimes using subversive affirmation or over-affirmation as a tactic. The group popularized the concept of context hacking, in the early 1990s, Johannes Grenzfurthner was an active member of several BBS message boards. He used his connections to create a zine or alternative magazine that dealt with art, technology and subversive cultures. Franz Ablinger joined Grenzfurthner and they became the core team. The first issue was released in 1993, in 1995 we decided that we didnt want to constrain ourselves to just one media format. We knew that we wanted to create statements, create viral information, so a quest for the best Weapon of Mass Distribution started, a search for the best transportation mode for a certain politics of philosophical ideas. This was the Cambrian Explosion of monochrom and we wanted to experiment, try stuff, find new forms of telling our stories. But, to be clear, it was not about keeping the pace, of staying up-to-date, the emergence of new media formats is certainly interesting. But etching information into copper plates is just as exciting and we think that the perpetual return of the new, to cite Walter Benjamin, is nothing to write home about - except perhaps for the slave-drivers in the fashion industry. Weve never been interested in the new just in itself, in the moment where things dont tally, where productive confusion arises. All the other team members joined between 1995 and 2006. Grenzfurthner is the artistic director. He defines monochroms artistic and activist approach as Context hacking or Urban Hacking, Context hacking transfers the hackers’ objectives and methods to the network of social relationships in which artistic production occurs, and upon which it is dependent. One of context hackers central ambitions is to bring the factions of counterculture, from its very foundation, the group defined itself as a movement, culture and open field of experimentation. It is fundamental for the core members to combine artistic
Monochrom
–
monochrom
Monochrom
–
monochrom members: Harald Homolka-List, Frank Apunkt Schneider, Anika Kronberger, Günther Friesinger, Evelyn Fürlinger, Roland Gratzer, Franz Ablinger, Johannes Grenzfurthner, Daniel Fabry. Image taken in Lower Austria, April 2012.
39.
The Guardian
–
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
The Guardian
–
The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
–
The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister
Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to
Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
–
The Guardian's HQ in
London
The Guardian
–
The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian
40.
Spice Girls
–
The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group originally consisted of Melanie Brown, Melanie Chisholm, Emma Bunton, Geri Halliwell and they were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single Wannabe in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established them as a global phenomenon. Their debut album Spice sold more than 31 million copies worldwide and their follow-up album Spiceworld sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Among the highest profile acts in 1990s British popular culture, Time called them arguably the most recognisable face of Cool Britannia, the mid-1990s celebration of youth culture in the UK. The group became one of the most successful marketing engines ever, earning up to $75 million per year, under the guidance of their mentor and manager Simon Fuller, the Spice Girls embraced merchandising and became a regular feature of the British and global press. In 1996, Top of the Pops magazine gave each member of the group aliases, which were adopted by the group and media. According to Rolling Stone journalist and biographer David Sinclair, Scary, Baby, Ginger, Posh and Sporty were the most widely recognised group of individuals since John, Paul, George, with the girl power phenomenon, the Spice Girls were popular cultural icons of the 1990s. They are cited as part of the second wave 1990s British Invasion of the US, in 2016, Mel B, Emma Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited and launched a new website called Spice Girls - GEM. In February 1994, together with financier Chic Murphy, they placed an advertisement in the trade magazine The Stage asking for singers to audition for a pop band at Danceworks studios. A week after the audition, the women were asked to attend a recall at Nomis Studios in Shepherds Bush, performing Signed, Sealed, Delivered on their own. During the session, Adams, Brown, Chisholm, Halliwell and Stephenson were selected to the band, the group moved to a house in Maidenhead, Berkshire, and spent most of 1994 training. During the first two months, they worked on demos at South Hill Park Recording Studios in Bracknell with producer/studio owner Michael Sparkes and songwriter/arranger Tim Hawes. According to Stephenson, the material the group was given was very, very pop, one of the songs they recorded, Sugar and Spice. They also worked on various dance routines at the Trinity Studios in Knaphill, near Woking, a few months into the training period, Stephenson was fired from the group and replaced with Emma Bunton. It was also during this time that Halliwell came up with the band name Spice, the group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and was frustrated by the direction in which Heart Management was steering them. In October 1994, armed with a catalogue of demos and dance routines, due to the large interest in the group, the Herberts quickly set about creating a binding contract for them. Encouraged by the reaction they had received at the Nomis showcase, all five members delayed signing contracts on the advice from, among others. In March 1995, the group parted from Heart Management due to their frustration with the unwillingness to listen to their visions
Spice Girls
–
The Spice Girls performing during their penultimate reunion concert in
Toronto, Ontario, in February 2008. (L–R) Melanie Chisholm, Victoria Beckham, Geri Halliwell, Melanie Brown and Emma Bunton.
Spice Girls
–
The group performing "Wannabe" at the
Air Canada Centre in Toronto, during
The Return of the Spice Girls tour.
Spice Girls
–
The Spice Girls performing "Spice Up Your Life" as the opening number of their Return of the Spice Girls tour, at the Air Canada Centre, in Toronto.
Spice Girls
–
The Spice Girls as a four-piece performing "Holler" in
Cologne, Germany.
41.
Rimbaud
–
Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud was a French poet who is known for his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism. Rimbaud was known to have been a libertine and for being a restless soul, having engaged in an at times violent romantic relationship with fellow poet Paul Verlaine, which lasted nearly two years. After the end of his career, he traveled extensively on three continents as a merchant before his death from cancer just after his thirty-seventh birthday. As a poet, Rimbaud is well known for his contributions to Symbolism and, among other works, A Season in Hell, Arthur Rimbaud was born in the provincial town of Charleville in the Ardennes département in northeastern France. He was the child of Frédéric Rimbaud and Marie Catherine Vitalie Cuif. Rimbauds father, a Burgundian of Provençal extraction, was an infantry captain risen from the ranks, from 1844 to 1850, he participated in the conquest of Algeria, and in 1854 was awarded the Légion dhonneur by Imperial decree. Captain Rimbaud was described as good-tempered, easy-going and generous, with the long moustaches and goatee of a Chasseur officer. In October 1852, Captain Rimbaud, then aged 38, was transferred to Mézières where he met Vitalie Cuif,11 years his junior and she came from a solidly established Ardennais family, but one with its share of bohemians, two of her brothers were alcoholics. Her personality was the exact opposite of Captain Rimbauds, she was narrowminded, stingy, completely lacking in a sense of humour. When Charles Houin, a biographer, interviewed her, he found her withdrawn. Arthur Rimbauds private name for her was Mouth of Darkness, nevertheless, on 8 February 1853, Captain Rimbaud and Vitalie Cuif married, their first-born, Jean Nicolas Frédéric, arrived nine months later on 2 November. The next year, on 20 October 1854, Jean Nicolas Arthur was born, three more children followed, Victorine-Pauline-Vitalie on 4 June 1857, Jeanne-Rosalie-Vitalie on 15 June 1858 and, finally, Frédérique Marie Isabelle on 1 June 1860. Though the marriage lasted seven years, Captain Rimbaud lived continuously in the home for less than three months, from February to May 1853. The rest of the time his military postings—including active service in the Crimean War and he was not at home for his childrens births, nor their baptisms. Isabelles birth in 1860 must have been the last straw, as after this Captain Rimbaud stopped returning home on leave entirely. Though they never divorced, the separation was complete, thereafter Mme Rimbaud let herself be known as Widow Rimbaud, neither the captain nor his children showed the slightest interest in re-establishing contact. Fearing her children were being over-influenced by the children of the poor. Rimbaud moved her family to the Cours dOrléans in 1862 and this was a better neighbourhood, and the boys, now aged nine and eight, who had been taught at home by their mother, were now sent to the Pension Rossat
Rimbaud
–
Rimbaud on the day of his
First Communion.
Rimbaud
–
Rimbaud, aged 17, by
Étienne Carjat, probably taken in December 1871.
Rimbaud
–
Plaque erected on the centenary of Rimbaud's death at the place where he was shot by Verlaine in
Brussels
Rimbaud
–
Caricature of Rimbaud drawn by Verlaine in 1872.
42.
The Sound and the Fury
–
The Sound and the Fury is a novel written by the American author William Faulkner. It employs a number of styles, including stream of consciousness. Published in 1929, The Sound and the Fury was Faulkners fourth novel, in 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The Sound and the Fury is set in Jefferson, Mississippi, the novel centers on the Compson family, former Southern aristocrats who are struggling to deal with the dissolution of their family and its reputation. Over the course of the 30 years or so related in the novel, the falls into financial ruin, loses its religious faith and the respect of the town of Jefferson. The novel is separated into four distinct sections, the first, April 7,1928, is written from the perspective of Benjamin Benjy Compson, a cognitively disabled 33-year-old man. The characteristics of his impairment are not clear, but it is hinted that he has a learning disability, Benjys section is characterized by a highly disjointed narrative style with frequent chronological leaps. The second section, June 2,1910, focuses on Quentin Compson, Benjys older brother, in the third section, April 6,1928, Faulkner writes from the point of view of Jason, Quentins cynical younger brother. In the fourth and final section, set a day after the first, on April 8,1928, the last section primarily focuses on Dilsey, one of the Compsons black servants. Jason is also a focus in the section, but Faulkner presents glimpses of the thoughts, in 1945, Faulkner wrote a Compson Appendix to be included with future printings of The Sound and the Fury. It contains a 30-page history of the Compson family from 1699 to 1945 and his narrative voice is characterized predominantly by its nonlinearity, spanning the period 1898–1928, Benjys narrative is a series of non-chronological events presented in a stream of consciousness. The presence of italics in Benjys section is meant to indicate significant shifts in the narrative, originally Faulkner meant to use different colored inks to signify chronological breaks. Moreover, Benjys caretaker changes to indicate the period, Luster in the present, T. P. in Benjys teenage years. In this section we see Benjys three passions, fire, the course on land that used to belong to the Compson family. In the opening scene, Benjy, accompanied by Luster, a servant boy, when one of them calls for his golf caddie, Benjys mind embarks on a whirlwind course of memories of his sister, Caddy, focusing on one critical scene. In 1898 when their grandmother died, the four Compson children were forced to play outside during the funeral. In order to see what was going on inside, Caddy climbed a tree in the yard and this is Benjys first memory, and he associates Caddy with trees throughout the rest of his arc, often saying that she smells like trees. Quentin, the most intelligent of the Compson children, gives the novels best example of Faulkners narrative technique and we see him as a freshman at Harvard, wandering the streets of Cambridge, contemplating death, and remembering his familys estrangement from his sister Caddy
The Sound and the Fury
–
First edition
43.
Literary
–
Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura was used to refer to all written accounts, developments in print technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and proliferation of written works, culminating in electronic literature. There have been attempts to define literature. Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt to answer the question What is Literature, with the observation, The quest to discover a definition for literature is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they change over time. In fact, the thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well, definitions of literature have varied over time, it is a culturally relative definition. In Western Europe prior to the century, literature as a term indicated all books. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction and this sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition when it classifies literature as the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing. The formalist definition is that literature foregrounds poetic effects, it is the literariness or poetic of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing. Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura learning, a writing, grammar, originally writing formed with letters, in spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts. Poetry is a form of art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of. Possibly as a result of Aristotles influence, poetry before the century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition, novel, a long fictional prose narrative. It was the close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance, in most European languages the equivalent term is roman. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the fifteenth century, with the meaning of news, it came to indicate something new
Literary
–
The
Classic of Rites (
Chinese: 禮 記;
pinyin: Lǐjì), an ancient Chinese text. Certain definitions of literature have taken it to include all written work.
Literary
–
A
calligram by
Guillaume Apollinaire. These are a type of poem in which the written words are arranged in such a way to produce a visual image.
Literary
–
Egyptian hieroglyphs with
cartouches for the name "
Ramesses II ", from the
Luxor Temple,
New Kingdom
Literary
–
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
German writer and author of the
Faust books
44.
Subculture
–
As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style. And interpreted it in accordance with subversive values, in his 1979 book Subculture, The Meaning of Style, Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is a subversion to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as due to their nature of criticism to the dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards, in 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society. As Cohen clarifies, every subculture’s style, consisting of image, demeanour, 2) Subcultures and resistance - In the work of John Clarke, Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson and Brian Roberts of the Birmingham CCCS, subcultures are interpreted as forms of resistance. Society is seen as being divided into two classes, the working class and the middle class, each with its own class culture. Yet the cultural industry is capable of re-absorbing the components of such a style. 3) Subcultures and distinction - The most recent interpretations see subcultures as forms of distinction, the very idea of a unique, internally homogeneous, dominant culture is explicitly criticized. Thus forms of individual involvement in subcultures are fluid and gradual, differentiated according to each actor’s investment, Dick Hebdige writes that members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions, mannerisms and argot. In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed, british youth subcultures had been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of the dominant culture within the post-war consensus. It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes, businesses often seek to capitalize on the subversive allure of subcultures in search of Cool, which remains valuable in the selling of any product. This process of cultural appropriation may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, some subcultures reject or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. The punk subcultures distinctive style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest, objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks ensembles, lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic utility context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, fragments of school uniform were symbolically defiled and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops. In 1985, French sociologist Michel Maffesoli coined the term urban tribe and it gained widespread use after the publication of his Le temps des tribus, le déclin de lindividualisme dans les sociétés postmodernes. Eight years later, this book was published in the United Kingdom as The Time of the Tribes, according to Maffesoli, urban tribes are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles. Their social interactions are largely informal and emotionally laden, different from late capitalisms corporate-bourgeoisie cultures, Maffesoli claims that punks are a typical example of an urban tribe
Subculture
–
Members of the seminal
punk rock band
Ramones wearing early
punk fashion items such as
Converse sneakers, black
leather jackets and blue
jeans.
Subculture
–
Trekkies are a subculture of
Star Trek fans.
Subculture
–
Potato chip packages featuring
hip hop subcultural designs in a case of mainstream commercial cultural merging
Subculture
–
'Bears' celebrating the 2007 International Bear Rendezvous, an annual gathering of fans of the sexual subculture in
San Francisco, CA
45.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
–
Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist, dark romantic, and short story writer. He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, to Nathaniel Hathorne and his ancestors include John Hathorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a w to make his name Hawthorne in order to hide this relation and he entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825. Hawthorne published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828, he tried to suppress it. He published several stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at the Boston Custom House and joined Brook Farm, the couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels, a political appointment as consul took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19,1864, and was survived by his wife, much of Hawthornes writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically and his themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his college friend Franklin Pierce, Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4,1804, in Salem, Massachusetts, his birthplace is preserved and open to the public. William Hathorne, the authors great-great-great-grandfather, a Puritan, was the first of the family to emigrate from England, first settling in Dorchester, Massachusetts, before moving to Salem. There he became an important member of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and held political positions including magistrate and judge. Williams son and the authors great-great-grandfather, John Hathorne, was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem witch trials. Hawthornes father, Nathaniel Hathorne, Sr. was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow fever in Suriname, he had been a member of the East India Marine Society. After his death, young Nathaniel, his mother, and two sisters moved in with relatives, the Mannings, in Salem, where they lived for 10 years. In 1819, he was sent back to Salem for school and soon complained of homesickness and being too far from his mother and sisters. In spite of his homesickness, for the sake of having fun, he distributed seven issues of The Spectator to his family in August, the homemade newspaper was written by hand
Nathaniel Hawthorne
–
Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 1860s
Nathaniel Hawthorne
–
Portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne by
Charles Osgood, 1841 (Peabody Essex Museum)
Nathaniel Hawthorne
–
Nathaniel Hawthorne's childhood home in Raymond, ME
Nathaniel Hawthorne
–
Boston Custom House, Custom House Street, where Hawthorne worked ca.1839–1840
46.
The Scarlet Letter
–
The Scarlet Letter, A Romance is an 1850 work of fiction in a historical setting, written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. The book is considered to be his masterwork, throughout the book, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt. In June 1642, in the Puritan town of Boston, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne and she is required to wear a scarlet A on her dress to shame her. She must stand on the scaffold for three hours, to be exposed to public humiliation, as Hester approaches the scaffold, many of the women in the crowd are angered by her beauty and quiet dignity. When demanded and cajoled to name the father of her child, as Hester looks out over the crowd, she notices a small, misshapen man and recognizes him as her long-lost husband, who has been presumed lost at sea. When the husband sees Hesters shame, he asks a man in the crowd about her and is told the story of his wifes adultery and he angrily exclaims that the childs father, the partner in the adulterous act, should also be punished and vows to find the man. He chooses a new name – Roger Chillingworth – to aid him in his plan, the Reverend John Wilson and the minister of Hesters church, Arthur Dimmesdale, question the woman, but she refuses to name her lover. After she returns to her cell, the jailer brings in Roger Chillingworth. He and Hester have a conversation regarding their marriage and the fact that they were both in the wrong. Her lover, however, is matter and he demands to know who it is. He accepts this, stating that he find out anyway. If she ever reveals him, he warns her, he will destroy the childs father, Hester agrees to Chillingworths terms although she suspects she will regret it. Following her release from prison, Hester settles in a cottage at the edge of town and she lives a quiet, sombre life with her daughter, Pearl. She is troubled by her daughters unusual fascination by Hesters scarlet A, as she grows older, Pearl becomes capricious and unruly. Her conduct starts rumours, and, not surprisingly, the members suggest Pearl be taken away from Hester. Hester, hearing rumors that she may lose Pearl, goes to speak to Governor Bellingham, with him are ministers Wilson and Dimmesdale. Hester appeals to Dimmesdale in desperation, and the minister persuades the governor to let Pearl remain in Hesters care, because Dimmesdales health has begun to fail, the townspeople are happy to have Chillingworth, a newly arrived physician, take up lodgings with their beloved minister. Being in such close contact with Dimmesdale, Chillingworth begins to suspect that the illness is the result of some unconfessed guilt
The Scarlet Letter
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Title page, first edition, 1850
The Scarlet Letter
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In this painting, The Scarlet Letter by
Hugues Merle, Hester Prynne and Pearl are in the foreground and Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth are in the background (painting by
Hugues Merle, 1861).
The Scarlet Letter
–
Hester Prynne at the
stocks, an engraved illustration from an 1878 edition
47.
Mark Twain
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter and he later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, the short story brought international attention and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of financial setbacks. He chose to pay all his creditors in full, even though he had no legal responsibility to do so. Twain was born shortly after an appearance of Halleys Comet, and he predicted that he would go out with it as well and he was lauded as the greatest American humorist of his age, and William Faulkner called him the father of American literature. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823, Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only three of his siblings survived childhood, Orion, Henry, and Pamela and his sister Margaret died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin died three years later. His brother Pleasant died at six months of age, slavery was legal in Missouri at the time, and it became a theme in these writings. His father was an attorney and judge, but he died of pneumonia in 1847, the next year, Twain left school after the fifth grade to become a printers apprentice. In 1851, he working as a typesetter, contributing articles and humorous sketches to the Hannibal Journal. He educated himself in libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Twain describes his boyhood in Life on the Mississippi, stating there was but one permanent ambition among his comrades. Pilot was the grandest position of all, the pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary – from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay. As Twain describes it, the pilots prestige exceeded that of the captain, bixby took Twain on as a cub pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis for $500, payable out of Twains first wages after graduating. It was more than two years before he received his pilots license, piloting gave also him his pen name from mark twain, the leadsmans cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat
Mark Twain
–
Mark Twain, detail of photo by
Mathew Brady, February 7, 1871
Mark Twain
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Samuel L. Clemens stamp, 1940
Mark Twain
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Samuel Clemens, age 15
Mark Twain
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Library of
Twain House, with hand-stenciled paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers, and hand-carved mantel purchased in Scotland
48.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel by Mark Twain, first published in the United Kingdom in December 1884 and in the United States in February 1885. Commonly named among the Great American Novels, the work is among the first in major American literature to be written throughout in vernacular English and it is told in the first person by Huckleberry Huck Finn, a friend of Tom Sawyer and narrator of two other Twain novels. It is a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The book is noted for its description of people and places along the Mississippi River. Perennially popular with readers, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has also been the object of study by literary critics since its publication. In order of appearance, Huckleberry Finn is a boy about thirteen or fourteen or along there years old and he has been brought up by his father, the town drunk, and has a difficult time fitting into society. Widow Douglas is the woman who has taken Huck in after he helped save her from a violent home invasion. She tries her best to civilize Huck, believing it is her Christian duty, Miss Watson is the widows sister, a tough old spinster who also lives with them. She is fairly hard on Huck, causing him to resent her a good deal, Mark Twain may have drawn inspiration for this character from several people he knew in his life. Jim is Miss Watsons physically large but mild-mannered slave, Huck becomes very close to Jim when they reunite after Jim flees Miss Watsons household to seek refuge from slavery, and Huck and Jim become fellow travelers on the Mississippi River. Tom Sawyer is Hucks best friend and peer, the character of other Twain novels. He is the best fighter and the smartest kid in town, Pap Finn, Hucks father, a brutal alcoholic drifter. He resents Huck getting any kind of education and his only genuine interest in his son involves begging or extorting money to feed his alcohol addiction. The Grangerfords, an aristocratic Kentuckian family headed by the sexagenarian Colonel Saul Grangerford, Huck becomes close friends with the youngest male of the family, Buck Grangerford, who is Hucks age. By the time Huck meets them, the Grangerfords have been engaged in a blood feud with another local family. The Duke and the King are two otherwise unnamed con artists whom Huck and Jim take aboard their raft just before the start of their Arkansas adventures, doctor Robinson is the only man who recognizes that the King and Duke are phonies when they pretend to be British. He warns the town but they ignore him, mary Jane, Joanna, and Susan Wilks are the three young nieces of their wealthy guardian, Peter Wilks, who has recently died. The duke and the try to steal the inheritance left by Peter Wilks
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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2nd (1st US) edition book cover
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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Huckleberry Finn, as depicted by
E. W. Kemble in the original 1884 edition of the book
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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Mark Twain
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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In this scene illustrated by
E. W. Kemble, Jim has given Huck up for dead and when he reappears thinks he must be a
ghost.
49.
William Gibson
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William Ford Gibson is an American-Canadian speculative fiction writer and essayist widely credited with pioneering the science fiction subgenre known as cyberpunk. Gibson notably coined the term cyberspace in his short story Burning Chrome and these early works have been credited with renovating science fiction literature after it had fallen largely into insignificance in the 1970s. In the 1990s, Gibson composed the Bridge trilogy of novels, which explored the sociological developments of urban environments, postindustrial society. These works saw his name reach mainstream bestseller lists for the first time and his more recent novel, The Peripheral, returned to a more overt engagement with technology and recognizable science fiction concerns. In 1999, The Guardian described Gibson as probably the most important novelist of the past two decades, while the Sydney Morning Herald called him the prophet of cyberpunk. His work has been cited as an influence across a variety of disciplines spanning academia, design, film, literature, music, cyberculture and his family moved frequently during Gibsons youth owing to his fathers position as manager of a large construction company. In Norfolk, Virginia, Gibson attended Pines Elementary School, where the lack of encouragement for him to read was a cause of dismay for his parents. While Gibson was still a child, a little over a year into his stay at Pines Elementary. His mother, unable to tell William the bad news, had someone else inform him of the death, tom Maddox has commented that Gibson grew up in an America as disturbing and surreal as anything J. G. Ballard ever dreamed. A few days after the death, Gibsons mother returned them from their home in Norfolk to Wytheville, at the age of 12, Gibson wanted nothing more than to be a science fiction writer. He spent a few years at basketball-obsessed George Wythe High School. Becoming frustrated with his academic performance, Gibsons mother threatened to send him to a boarding school, to her surprise. He resented the structure of the boarding school but was in retrospect grateful for its forcing him to engage socially. On the SAT exams, he scored 148 out of 150 in the section but 5 out of 150 in mathematics. In 1967, he elected to move to Canada in order to avoid the Vietnam war draft, at his draft hearing, he honestly informed interviewers that his intention in life was to sample every mind-altering substance in existence. Gibson has observed that he did not literally evade the draft, as they never bothered drafting me, after the hearing he went home and purchased a bus ticket to Toronto, and left a week or two later. He elaborated on the topic in a 2008 interview, After weeks of nominal homelessness, Gibson was hired as the manager of Torontos first head shop, a retailer of drug paraphernalia. He found the citys community of American draft dodgers unbearable owing to the prevalence of clinical depression, suicide
William Gibson
–
Gibson on his 60th birthday in Paris during a promotional interview for the French release of
Spook Country (March 17, 2008)
William Gibson
–
William S. Burroughs at his 70th birthday party in 1984. Burroughs, more than any other
beat generation writer, was an important influence on the adolescent Gibson.
William Gibson
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Gibson at a 2007 reading of
Spook Country in
Victoria, British Columbia. Since "
The Winter Market " (1985), commissioned by
Vancouver Magazine with the stipulation that it be set in the city, Gibson actively avoided using his adopted home as a setting until Spook Country.
William Gibson
–
The
San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge, a fictional squatted version of which constitutes the setting for Gibson's
Bridge trilogy.
50.
Neuromancer
–
Neuromancer is a 1984 science fiction novel by American-Canadian writer William Gibson. It is one of the works in the cyberpunk genre and the first novel to win the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award. It was Gibsons debut novel and the beginning of the Sprawl trilogy, the novel tells the story of a washed-up computer hacker hired by a mysterious employer to pull off the ultimate hack. The themes he developed in early short fiction, the Sprawl setting of Burning Chrome. It turns out to be just a line, but for a moment it worked like the best SF. The novels street and computer slang dialogue derives from the vocabulary of subcultures, particularly 1969 Toronto dope dealers slang, Gibson heard the term flatlining in a bar around twenty years before writing Neuromancer and it stuck with him. Author Robert Stone, a master of a kind of paranoid fiction, was a primary influence on the novel. The term Screaming Fist was taken from the song of the name by Toronto punk rock band The Viletones. Neuromancer was commissioned by Terry Carr for the series of Ace Science Fiction Specials. Given a year to complete the work, Gibson undertook the writing out of blind animal panic at the obligation to write an entire novel—a feat which he felt he was four or five years away from. After viewing the first 20 minutes of landmark cyberpunk film Blade Runner, everyone would assume I’d copied my visual texture from this astonishingly fine-looking film. Henry Dorsett Case is a hustler in the dystopian underworld of Chiba City. Once a talented hacker, Case was caught stealing from his employer. Case is unemployable, suicidal, and apparently at the top of the hit list of a lord named Wage. Case is saved by Molly Millions, an augmented street samurai and mercenary for a shadowy ex-military officer named Armitage, Case jumps at the chance to regain his life as a console cowboy, but neither Case nor Molly knows what Armitage is really planning. Armitage promises Case that if he completes his work in time and he also has Cases pancreas replaced and new tissue grafted into his liver, leaving Case incapable of metabolizing cocaine or amphetamines and apparently ending his drug addiction. Case develops a personal relationship with Molly, who suggests that he begin looking into Armitages background. Armitage needs Pauleys hacking expertise, and the ROM construct is stored in the headquarters of media conglomerate Sense/Net
Neuromancer
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First edition
Neuromancer
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Cover of a Brazilian edition, depicting the character of "razorgirl"
Molly Millions
Neuromancer
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Cover art of volume one of the Tom de Haven and Jensen graphic novel adaptation, published by Epic Comics in 1989.
