1.
Eurovision Song Contest 1965
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The Eurovision Song Contest 1965 was the tenth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Naples, Italy, following the Italian victory at the previous 1964 edition. Luxembourg won, for the time in the history of the contest, with the song Poupée de cire, poupée de son, performed by France Gall. Belgium, Finland, Germany, and Spain each scored points for the second time. The 1965 contest marked the debut of Ireland, a country which went on to dominate the competition. This was also the first contest with over 16 countries participating with a total of 18 entries, the Swedish entry was also sung in English. For the first time since Dutch victory Een Beetje in 1959, the contest took place in Naples, the capital of region Campania in southern Italy and the third-largest city in Italy, after Rome and Milan. This is Italys first hosting of the Eurovision Song Contest, the host venue was the then new Sala di Concerto della RAI, founded few years prior to the contest, in the late fifties and early sixties. It is located in Viale Marconi in the district of Fuorigrotta, the structure has three TV studios for a total of 1227 m² and capacity of 370 persons, used for the filming of programs and fiction and an auditorium. The Neapolitan song archives are housed in it. Each country had 10 jury members who distributed three points among their one, two, or three favourite songs, the points were totalled and the first, second, and third placed songs were awarded 5,3, and 1 votes in order. If only one song got every point within the jury it would get all 9 points, if only two songs were chosen, the songs would get 6 and 3 points in order. 18 countries took part, with the Eurovision Song Contest reaching its highest ever number, sweden returned after a one-year absence, and Ireland debuted in the competition. Luxembourg won for the time with the highly controversial Poupée De Cire. Belgium, Finland, Germany, and Spain all scored points for the second time. The competition was also broadcast via the Intervision network, to the Eastern European nations for the very first time, ingvar Wixell, the Swedish participant performed his song in English instead of the original Swedish title Annorstädes vals. The native languages were used for all of the other participants and this led to a rule being introduced for the next 1966 edition, that meant all participants had to perform their songs using one of their national languages. Each performance had a conductor who led the orchestra, each country had 10 jury members who distributed three points among their one, two, or three favourite songs
2.
Ilford
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Ilford is a large cosmopolitan town in East London, England and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is located 9.1 miles north-east of Charing Cross and is one of the metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. Ilford forms a significant commercial and retail centre surrounded by residential development. It was historically a rural settlement in the county of Essex and its strategic position on the River Roding. Since 1965 it has formed part of Greater London, but it is considered by some to be in Essex because of the postal county. Despite the Royal Mail no longer using official postal counties, Ilford is part of the IG postcode area, though areas to the west of Ilford Hill and the A406 are part of E postcode area instead. Ilford was historically known as Great Ilford to differentiate it from nearby Little Ilford, the name is first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Ilefort and means ford over the Hyle, an old name for the River Roding that means trickling stream. The only complete skull of a mammoth discovered in the United Kingdom was unearthed in 1860 at the site where Boots the Chemist now stands in the High Road. The skull can now be seen in the Natural History Museum and other animal remains can be seen at Redbridge Museum, Central Library. Redevelopment has destroyed much of the evidence for early Ilford, but the oldest evidence for human occupation is the 1st and this was situated between the Roding and Ilford Lane and is recorded in 18th century plans. Roman finds have also made in the vicinity. A nearby mound called Lavender Mount existed into the 1960s, when it was removed during building work at Howards chemical works, excavation has shown that the latter may have been a 16th-century beacon-mound. Archaeological discoveries are displayed at Redbridge Museum, Ilford straddled the important road from London to Colchester. The Middlesex and Essex Turnpike Trust controlled and maintained the road from 1721, the River Roding was made navigable for barges as far as Ilford Bridge from 1737. Ilford remained largely rural until its expansion in the 19th century and this brought about brickworks, cement works and coal yards to service the new buildings, largely centred on the River Roding. In 1839, a station was opened on the line from Romford to Mile End. The early businesses gave way to new industries, such as making and services such as steam laundries and collar making. A number of businesses have been founded in the town, including the eponymous photographic film
3.
Popular music
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Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training and it stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or folk music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of music, although since the beginning of the recording industry. Traditional music forms such as blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller. The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States, although popular music sometimes is known as pop music, the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies, in the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have an appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local traditions to create new hybrid styles. Sales of recordings or sheet music are one measure, middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Manuel states that one criticism of music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, moreover, understandings of popular music have changed with time. A societys popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published, david Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values and this allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most common sections being verse, chorus or refrain, other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, chorus form *, and twelve-bar blues. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics, the verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the melody, but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated
4.
Decca Records
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Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U. S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Deccas first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil. In 1937, as a result of anticipating Nazi aggression leading to World War II, Lewis sold American Decca, the British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre. Both wings are now part of the Universal Music Group, which is owned by Vivendi, the US Decca label was the foundation company that evolved into UMG. The name Decca was coined by Wilfred S. Samuel by merging the word Mecca with the initial D of their logo Dulcet or their trademark Dulcephone, Samuel, a linguist, chose Decca as a brand name as it was easy to pronounce in most languages. The name dates back to a gramophone called the Decca Dulcephone patented in 1914 by musical instrument makers Barnett Samuel. That company was renamed the Decca Gramophone Co. Ltd. Within years, Decca Records Ltd. was the second largest record label in the world, Decca bought the UK branch of Brunswick Records and continued to run it under that name. In the 1950s the American Decca studios were located in the Pythian Temple in New York City, in classical music, Decca had a long way to go from its modest beginnings to catch up with the established HMV and Columbia labels. The pre-war classical repertoire on Decca was not extensive, but was select, heinrich Schlusnus made important pre-war lieder recordings for Decca. John Culshaw, who joined Decca in 1946 in a junior post and he revolutionised recording – of opera, in particular. Hitherto, the practice had been to put microphones in front of the performers, Culshaw was determined to make recordings that would be a theatre of the mind, making the listeners experience at home not second best to being in the opera house, but a wholly different experience. To that end he got the singers to move about in the studio as they would onstage, used sound effects and different acoustics. His skill, coupled with Decca engineering, took Decca into the first flight of recording companies and his pioneering recording of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Georg Solti was a huge artistic and commercial success. In the wake of Deccas lead, artists such as Herbert von Karajan, Joan Sutherland, however, Culshaw was, strictly speaking, not the first to do this. Far from being a mere rendering of the score, the 3-LP album set used sound effects to recreate the production as if the listener were watching a stage performance of the work. Until 1947, American Decca issued British Decca classical music recordings, afterwards, British Decca took over distribution through its new American subsidiary London Records. American Decca actively re-entered the classical music field in 1950 with distribution deals from Deutsche Grammophon, American Decca began issuing its own classical music recordings in 1956 when Israel Horowitz joined Decca to head its classical music operations
5.
Doris Day
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Doris Day is a retired American actress and singer, and continuing animal welfare activist. After she began her career as a big band singer in 1939, her popularity increased with her first hit recording Sentimental Journey, in 1948, Day was given a key part in the film Romance on the High Seas, despite not having any acting experience. Its director, Michael Curtiz, gave her the part since she looked like the All-American Girl and it led to a 20-year career in film, including a string of musicals and romantic comedies beginning in the 1950s. She starred with leading men such as Clark Gable in Teachers Pet, Rock Hudson in Pillow Talk and Send Me No Flowers, Cary Grant in That Touch of Mink and she was usually one of the top 10 singers between 1951 and 1966. As an actress, she became the biggest female star in the early 1960s. In 2011 – well into her late 80s – she released her 29th studio album, My Heart, among her awards, Day has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and a Legend Award from the Society of Singers. She has been Oscar nominated six times, and in 1989 was given the Cecil B, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures. In 2004, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom followed in 2011 by the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award. Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff was born on April 3,1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Alma Sophia, a housewife, and William Joseph Kappelhoff, All of her grandparents were German immigrants. The youngest of three siblings, she had two brothers, Richard and Paul, several years older. Due to her fathers alleged infidelity, her parents separated and she developed an early interest in dance, and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati. A car accident on October 13,1937, injured her legs, while recovering, Day started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had. But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, observing her daughter rekindled Almas interest in show business, and she decided to give Doris singing lessons. She engaged a teacher, Grace Raine, after three lessons, Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential, which led Alma to give her daughter three lessons a week for the price of one. Years later, Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style, during her radio performances, Day first caught the attention of Barney Rapp, who was looking for a girl vocalist and asked if Day would like to audition for the job. According to Rapp, he had auditioned about 200 singers when Day got the job, while working for Rapp in 1939, she adopted the stage surname Day, at Rapps suggestion. Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees, and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day, after working with Rapp, Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James, Bob Crosby, and Les Brown
6.
Eurovision Song Contest
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The competition was based upon the existing Sanremo Music Festival held in Italy since 1951. The contest has been broadcast every year for sixty years, since its inauguration in 1956 and it is also one of the most watched non-sporting events in the world, with audience figures having been quoted in recent years as anything between 100 million and 600 million internationally. Eurovision has also been broadcast outside Europe to several countries that do not compete, such as the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and China. An exception was made in 2015, when Australia was allowed to compete as a guest entrant as part of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the event. In November 2015, the EBU announced that Australia was invited back as a participant in the 2016 contest after their success in 2015, following their success again in 2016, Australia will compete again in 2017. Since 2000, the contest has also been broadcast over the Internet via the Eurovision website, winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a short-term boost to the winning artists career, but rarely results in long-term success. Notable exceptions are ABBA, Bucks Fizz and Céline Dion, all of whom launched successful careers after their wins. Ireland holds the record for the highest number of wins, having won the contest seven times—including four times in five years in 1992,1993,1994 and 1996. Under the current voting system, the highest scoring winner is Jamala of Ukraine who won the 2016 contest in Stockholm, under the previous system, in place from 1975 to 2015, the highest scoring winner is Alexander Rybak of Norway with 387 points in 2009. Satellite television did not exist, and the Eurovision Network comprised a terrestrial microwave network, the name Eurovision was first used in relation to the EBUs network by British journalist George Campey in the London Evening Standard in 1951. The first contest was held in the town of Lugano, Switzerland, seven countries participated—each submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only contest in more than one song per country was performed, since 1957. The 1956 contest was won by the host nation, Switzerland, the programme was first known as the Eurovision Grand Prix. This Grand Prix name was adopted by Denmark, Norway and the Francophone countries, the Grand Prix has since been dropped and replaced with Concours in French, but not in Danish or Norwegian. The Eurovision network is used to carry news and sports programmes internationally. However, in the minds of the public, the name Eurovision is most closely associated with the Song Contest, a country as a participant is represented by one television broadcaster from that country, typically, but not always, that countrys national public broadcasting organisation. The programme is hosted by one of the participant countries, during this programme, after all the songs have been performed, the countries then proceed to cast votes for the other countries songs, nations are not allowed to vote for their own song. At the end of the programme, the song with the most points is declared as the winner, the programme is invariably opened by one or more presenters, welcoming viewers to the show
7.
Marilyn Monroe
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Marilyn Monroe was an American actress and model. Famous for playing comic dumb blonde characters, she one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s. Although she was an actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962. She continues to be considered a popular culture icon. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Monroe spent most of her childhood in foster homes, while working in a factory in 1944 as part of the war effort, she was introduced to a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career. The work led to short-lived film contracts with Twentieth Century-Fox and Columbia Pictures, after a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract with Fox in 1951. Over the next two years, she became an actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business. Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for photos before becoming a star, but rather than damaging her career. Although she played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career, she was disappointed at being typecast and underpaid by the studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project, when the studio was still reluctant to change her contract, Monroe founded a film production company in late 1954, she named it Marilyn Monroe Productions. She dedicated 1955 to building her company and began studying acting at the Actors Studio. In late 1955, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. After a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop and acting in the first independent production of MMP, The Prince and her last completed film was the drama The Misfits. Monroes troubled private life received much attention and she struggled with substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. She had two highly publicized marriages, to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and playwright Arthur Miller, both of which ended in divorce and she died at the age of 36 on August 5,1962, from an overdose of barbiturates at her home in Los Angeles. Although Monroes death was ruled a suicide, several conspiracy theories have been proposed in the decades following her death. Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital on June 1,1926, Gladys, the daughter of two poor Midwestern migrants to California, was a flapper and worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. When she was fifteen, Gladys married a man nine years her senior, John Newton Baker and she filed for divorce in 1921, and Baker took the children with him to his native Kentucky
8.
Barkingside
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Barkingside is a district of Ilford in the London Borough of Redbridge, north east London. Barkingside was historically part of Essex until the creation of the London Borough of Redbridge in 1965, Barkingside is chiefly known for the childrens charity Barnardos, which was founded there in 1866, and still has its headquarters there. Some of the oldest buildings in Barkingside include the Barnardos chapel, the station, which was originally an Edwardian railway station, and Holy Trinity Church. Barkingside is an ethnically and religiously diverse district notable for a high concentration of Londons Jewish population. Fullwell Cross takes its name from a mediaeval preaching cross that stood there. Long before there was a church, monks from Barking Abbey would go there to conduct services for the farmers of Barkingside. Barkingside has four schools, Ilford County High School, Caterham High School, King Solomon High School. Primary schools in the area include Clore Tikva Primary School, Fullwood Primary School, many of the buildings along the A123 High Street Barkingside are owned by entrepreneur Alan Sugar. Ken Aston Square, located between the centre and library, was officially opened on 27 September 2014. Ken Aston had been a local headteacher and the referee thought to have introduced red. His name was chosen from a shortlist by residents, the square is bordered on one side by a long arched colonnade designed in the style of the library building and providing a covered, lit space. A small turfed space at the High Street end of Virginia Gardens known as the park was also completed in 2014. Its informal landscaping references Frederick Gibberds garden and consists of trees, mixed shrubs, both square and park are outcomes of the Better Barkingside regeneration project. The New Fairlop Oak pub is located on the Fullwell Cross roundabout, at the other end of the High Street is the Chequers pub. Redbridge FC non-league football play at the Oakside Stadium, adjacent to Barkingside tube station, successful British Racing driver Scott Malvern grew up in Barkingside and attended Fairlop Primary School and then Caterham High School. Caterham High School is an academy and attended by youth team players of West Ham United football club who have their training ground nearby. The nearest London Underground station is Barkingside tube station on the Central line, there are also several bus routes, Trevor Brooking, footballer, attended Ilford County High School. Scott Malvern Motor Racing Driver, grew up in Barkingside and attended Fairlop Primary School and Caterham High School Kathy Kirby, singer, clayhall Fairlop Gants Hill Redbridge Newbury Park Woodford Chigwell Barkingside tube station
9.
Ambrose (bandleader)
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Benjamin Baruch Ambrose, known professionally as Ambrose or Bert Ambrose, was an English bandleader and violinist. Ambrose became the leader of a highly acclaimed British dance band, Bert Ambrose & His Orchestra, Ambrose was born in Warsaw in 1896, when it was part of the Russian Empire. After a time the family moved to London and they were Jewish, his father being registered as a Dealer in rags in the 1911 UK census, where Ambrose was named as Barnett. He began playing the violin while young, and travelled to New York City with his aunt and he began playing professionally, first for Emil Coleman at New Yorks Reisenwebers restaurant, then in the Palais Royals big band. After making a success of a stint as bandleader, at the age of 20 he was asked to put together, after a dispute with his employer, he moved his band to another venue, where they enjoyed considerable popularity. While at the Palais Royal, on 5 June 1918, he registered for the draft, the registrar recorded medium height, medium build, brown hair, brown eyes, and no physical disability that would render him exempt from the draft. In 1922, Ambrose returned to London, where he was engaged by the Embassy Club to form a seven-piece band and he stayed at the Embassy for two years, before walking out on his employer to take up a much more lucrative job in New York. After a year there, besieged by pleas to return from his ex-employer in London, in 1925 he was finally persuaded to go back by a cable from the Prince of Wales. This time Ambrose stayed at the Embassy Club until 1927 and he therefore accepted an offer by The May Fair hotel, with a contract that included broadcasting. During his time at the Embassy, he married Kathryn Lucille otherwise Kitty Brady, oddly, he is named and signed as Bernard Ambrose, a 27-year-old Musical Director, on the marriage certificate. They had two daughters, Patricia S and Monica J. Ambrose stayed at The May Fair for six years, during which time the band made recordings for Brunswick Records, HMV and Decca. He teamed up with Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, along with an American harmony song trio and he then went into partnership with Jack Harris, an American bandleader, and in 1937 they bought a club together, Ciros Club. For three months they even employed Art Tatum there, to some the greatest jazz pianist who ever lived, Ambrose and Harris alternated performances at Ciros until a disagreement led to the rupture of their partnership. Ambrose then worked at the Café de Paris until the outbreak of World War II, when he again went on tour. His major discovery in the leading up to the war was the singer Vera Lynn. Lynn married Harry Lewis, a clarinettist in the band, in 1939, ambroses signature tune was When Day Is Done. After a short period back at The May Fair hotel, Ambrose retired from performing in 1940, although he, several members of his band became part of the Royal Air Force band, the Squadronaires, during the war. Ambroses retirement was not permanent, however, and he formed and toured with the Ambrose Octet, and dabbled in management
10.
Lyceum Theatre, London
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The Lyceum Theatre is a 2, 100-seat West End theatre located in the City of Westminster, on Wellington Street, just off the Strand. The origins of the date to 1765. From 1816 to 1830, it served as The English Opera House, after a fire, the house was rebuilt and reopened on 14 July 1834 to a design by Samuel Beazley. The building was unique in that it has a balcony overhanging the dress circle and it was built by the partnership of Peto & Grissell. The theatre then played opera, adaptations of Charles Dickens novels and James Planchés fairy extravaganzas, from 1871 to 1902, Henry Irving appeared at the theatre in, especially, Shakespeare, usually starring opposite Ellen Terry. In 1904 the theatre was almost completely rebuilt and richly ornamented in Rococo style by Bertie Crewe and it played mostly melodrama over the ensuing decades. The building closed in 1939 and was set to be demolished, but it was saved and converted into a Mecca Ballroom in 1951, styled the Lyceum Ballroom, the Lyceum was closed in 1986 but restored to theatrical use in 1996 by Holohan Architects. Since 1999, the theatre has hosted The Lion King, the building was then leased out for dances and other entertainments, including musical entertainments by Charles Dibdin. Famed actor David Garrick also performed there, in 1794, the composer Samuel Arnold Sr rebuilt the interior of the building, making it into a proper theatre, but through the opposition of the existing patent theatres, he was not granted a patent. Therefore, he leased it to other entertainments again, including Philip Astley and it was also used as a chapel, a concert room, and for the first London exhibition of waxworks displayed by Madame Tussaud in 1802. It staged one of the earliest tableaux vivants, as part of William Dimonds The Peasant Boy in 1811, in 1816, Samuel Arnold rebuilt the house to a design by Beazley and opened it as The English Opera House, but it was destroyed by fire in 1830. The house was famous for hosting the London première of Mozarts opera Così fan tutte, during this period, the Sublime Society of Beef Steaks, which had been founded in 1735 by theatre manager Henry Rich, had its home at the theatre for over 50 years until 1867. The members, who never exceeded twenty-four in number, met every Saturday night to eat beefsteaks, in 1834, the present house opened slightly to the west, with a frontage on Wellington Street, under the name Theatre Royal Lyceum and English Opera House. The theatre was designed by Beazley and cost £40,000. The new house championed English opera rather than the Italian operas that had played earlier in the century, composer John Barnett produced a number of works in the first few years of the theatre, including The Mountain Sylph, credited as the first modern English opera. It was followed by Fair Rosamund in 1837 and Farinelli in 1839, in 1841–43, composer Michael Balfe managed the theatre and produced National Opera here, but the venture was ultimately unsuccessful. For instance, an adaptation of Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit ran for over 100 performances from 1844–45 here, the Lyceum was later managed by Madame Lucia Elizabeth Vestris and Charles James Mathews from 1847–55, who produced James Planchés extravaganzas featuring spectacular stage effects. Their first big success was John Maddison Mortons Box and Cox, tom Taylors adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities, with Dickens himself as consultant, played in 1860, shortly after end of its serialisation and volume publication
11.
Pye Records
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Pye Records was a British record label. Its best known artists were Lonnie Donegan, Petula Clark, the Searchers, the label changed its name in 1980, but was briefly reactivated in 2006. The Pye Company originally manufactured televisions and radios and its main plant was situated off what used to be Haig Road, in Cambridge, and it entered the record business when it bought Nixa Records in 1953. In 1958, Pye International Records was established, the company licensed recordings from American and other foreign labels for the UK market, including Chess, A&M, Kama Sutra, Colpix, Warner Bros. Buddah, Cameo, 20th Century, and King and it also released recordings from British artist Labi Siffre which were produced outside the company. In 1959, Pye Nixa became Pye Records and ATV acquired 50% of the label, ATV bought the other half of the business in 1966. The company entered the album market in 1957, reissuing older Pye material on Pye Golden Guinea Records. This was closed in the seventies and eventually replaced by Marble Arch Records, Pye also offered a series of 4D quadraphonic albums, using the Sansui QS matrix system. In 1969, Pye launched a less mainstream label for folk, jazz, blues and progressive acts, Dawn Records, the most successful Dawn act being Mungo Jerry. When the rights to the name Pye expired in 1980, the changed its name to PRT. Postman Pat songs and music from the series were recorded at PRT Studios. PRTs parent company ACC was purchased by the Bell Group of Australia in 1982, in 1988 the Bell Group was purchased by the Bond Corporation. However, the Bond Corporation was suffering financial problems itself and proceeded to sell of most of its assets. PRTs record and cassette factory was sold to another record manufacturer, the masters of PRTs catalogue were sold to Castle Communications. Precision Records & Tapes Ltd, formerly Pye Records Ltd, was liquidated in December 2013. In July 2006, Pye Records was reactivated by Sanctuary Records as an indie and alternative label, however, plans for continued usage of the Pye name were abandoned when Universal Music Group bought Sanctuary in 2007. Pye Records was a company to the better known ATV Music Publishing. This company, which owned Beatles publisher Northern Songs, was bought by Michael Jackson in 1985, Records, Donovan to Hickory Records, the Searchers to Mercury Records, Liberty Records, and finally Kapp Records, and Status Quo to Chess Records
12.
Blue Angel (nightclub)
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The Blue Angel is a nightclub in Liverpool, England. It is located where Seel Street meets Berry Street in Liverpool City Centre and it is a venue in Liverpool in which the Beatles, Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan and many other bands played at in the 1960s. It was historically a jazz club, but it now plays pop music, the building in which the club is situated was the birthplace in 1805 of Dr William Henry Duncan and a plaque above the door commemorates this. The Beatles original manager Allan Williams was once the owner of the club, pete Bests audition to join the Beatles took place in the Blue Angel on 12 August 1960. It was also where the Beatles, in 1960, auditioned for impresario Larry Parnes landing them their first tour outside Liverpool, after seeing Cilla Black performing Bye Bye Blackbird at the Blue Angel, Brian Epstein contracted Black as his only female client on 6 September 1963. The Blue Angel is especially popular with the Liverpool Medical Students Society, Liverpool University Hockey Club and other University of Liverpool students, the Blue Angel was banned from using its backyard. A support network, set up mainly by students and boasting a website was set up in order to Save the Raz from closure, in 2010 the Blue Angel won the court battle to remain open and operate as normal
13.
Bombshell (sex symbol)
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The term bombshell is a forerunner to the term sex symbol and originally used to describe popular female sex icons. In modern usage, bombshell refers to an attractive woman. The Online Etymology Dictionary by Douglas Harper attests the usage of the term in this meaning since 1942, the first woman to be known as a bombshell was Jean Harlow, who was nicknamed the blonde bombshell for her 1931 film Platinum Blonde. Two years later she starred in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film Bombshell, one of the blurbs on posters was Lovely, luscious, exotic Jean Harlow as the Blonde Bombshell of filmdom. The epithet rose sharply in popularity after the death of Marilyn Monroe in 1962, pin-up girl Sex symbol Sexual attraction Supermodel
14.
Dance On!
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Dance On. is an instrumental by the British instrumental group, The Shadows. It went to number 1 in the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart and it was also recorded in a vocal version by British female soloist Kathy Kirby, whose version reached number 11 in the UK chart in September 1963. Petula Clark recorded the song in French and Italian which made the Top 5 of the French and she also recorded an English version for album release on the Canadian market. In 1963, Clark recorded a version of another Shadows UK chart topper, Foot Tapper, mainly for the French market. Hank Marvin — lead guitar Bruce Welch — rhythm guitar Brian Licorice Locking — bass Brian Bennett — drums
15.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
16.
Syndicate Blackpool
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The Syndicate was a superclub and music venue in Blackpool, Lancashire, England. It was the largest nightclub in North West England, the club opened in December 2002 and had at time of closing, three levels of floor space, three segmented rooms and a VIP floor. It had a capacity of 4,300 which made it one of the largest nightclubs in the United Kingdom, the building was originally an ABC theatre and then cinema. The former Hippodrome Theatre was bought by Associated British Cinemas in April 1929 and they planned to rebuild it in 1939, which was halted by the outbreak of World War II. Most of the building was demolished and the new ABC Theatre was built in the shell of the old building with stalls. It also had a permanent revolving stage, the ABC Theatre opened on 31 May 1963 with the Holiday Carnival summer season stage show which starred Cliff Richard and The Shadows. It was used for shows during the summer months with films. ABC Weekend Television televised their Blackpool Night Out show from the theatre which starred the likes of Freddie Davies, Mike & Bernie Winters, the Beatles played a concert there in 1963 and in August 1965 they played at the Blackpool Night Out on ABC Weekend Television. It was the first time they had played the song Yesterday on British television, four songs they sang live at the gig appeared on the Anthology 2 compilation album in 1996 – I Feel Fine, Ticket to Ride, Yesterday and Help. The Beatles were also shown singing Help at the ABC in Episode four of the 1995 The Beatles Anthology documentary series, the summer shows starred the likes of Frank Ifield, Cilla Black, Morcambe and Wise, and Tommy Steele. The circle was used for one screen with the stalls divided into two screens and it was renamed the Cannon Cinema in 1986, the MGM Cinema in May 1993 before reverting to the ABC name. It closed as a cinema in July 2000, the ABC building was bought in the summer of 2001 for about £4million by local entrepreneurs Mike and Sandra Nordwind and converted into the Syndicate nightclub. It opened in December 2002, with none of the interior remaining. The club re-opened on 26 November after agreeing to withdraw their application for a new 4am licence, after the club closed in January 2006 following the refusal of a 4am licence, it was bought in May by national operator Nexum Leisure who undertook a £1m refurbishment of the venue. In June 2007 the venue launched a weekly Polish Night aimed at the resorts Polish, on 14 September 2008 the Syndicate staged a boxing event with American former world heavyweight champion, Tim Witherspoon making a guest appearance. Eric Butterbean Esch took on Mark Potter for the European Boxing Federation Heavyweight title, the Syndicate closed on 10 August 2011, posting a closing notice on Facebook
17.
Blackpool
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Blackpool /ˈblækpuːl/ is a seaside resort and unitary authority area in Lancashire, England, on Englands northwest coast. The town is on the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries,15 miles northwest of Preston,27 miles north of Liverpool,28 miles northwest of Bolton and 40 miles northwest of Manchester. It had an population of 142,065 at the 2011 Census. In 1781, visitors attracted to Blackpools 7-mile sandy beach were able to use a new road, built by Thomas Clifton. Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year, in the early 19th century, Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool such that its population grew from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851. St Johns Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821, Blackpool rose to prominence as a major centre of tourism in England when a railway was built in the 1840s connecting it to the industrialised regions of Northern England. In 1881, Blackpool was a resort with a population of 14,000. By 1901 the population of Blackpool was 47,000, by which time its place was cemented as the archetypal British seaside resort, by 1951 it had grown to 147,000. Shifts in tastes, combined with opportunities for Britons to travel overseas, Blackpool gets its name from a historic drainage channel that ran over a peat bog, discharging discoloured water into the Irish Sea, which formed a black pool. Another explanation is that the dialect for stream was pul or poole. People originating from Blackpool are called Blackpudlians although Sandgrownians or Sandgrownuns is sometimes used or Seasiders, a 13, 500-year-old elk skeleton was found with man-made barbed bone points on Blackpool Old Road in Carleton in 1970. Now displayed in the Harris Museum this provided the first evidence of living on the Fylde as far back as the Palaeolithic era. The Fylde was also home to a British tribe, the Setantii a sub-tribe of the Brigantes, during the Roman occupation the area was covered by oak forests and bog land. Some of the earliest villages on the Fylde, which were later to become part of Blackpool town, were named in the Domesday Book in 1086, many of them were Anglo-Saxon settlements. Some though had 9th and 10th century Viking place names, the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons seem to have co-existed peacefully, with some Anglo-Saxon and Viking placenames later being joined together – such as Layton-with-Warbreck and Bispham-with-Norbreck. Layton was controlled by the Butlers, Barons of Warrington from the 12th century, the stream ran through peatlands that discoloured the water, so the name for the area became Black Poole. In the 15th century the area was just called Pul, in 1602, entries in Bispham Parish Church baptismal register include both Poole and for the first time blackpoole. The first house of any substance, Foxhall, was built toward the end of the 17th century by Edward Tyldesley, an Act of Parliament in 1767 enclosed a common, mostly sand hills on the coast, that stretched from Spen Dyke southwards
18.
Royal Variety Performance
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The Royal Variety Performance is a televised variety show held annually in the United Kingdom to raise money for the Royal Variety Charity It is attended by senior members of the British Royal Family. The Royal Variety Performance traditionally begins with the entrance of the members of the British Royal Family followed by singing of the national anthem, the first performance, on 1 July 1912, was called the Royal Command Performance, and this name has persisted informally for the event. This was held in the Palace Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, London, in the presence of King George V and Queen Mary. It was planned to be in the Empire Theatre, Edinburgh, part of the vast Moss Empires group, after the death of Moss, Sir Alfred Butt was chosen as the impresario and it was staged in 1912. This was an occasion, and his London Palace Theatre was lavishly decorated. Top performers included Vesta Tilley, Sir George Robey, David Devant, Anna Pavlova, Harry Lauder, the organisers did not invite Marie Lloyd, because of a professional dispute. Her act was deemed too risqué and her three public, unsuccessful marriages were thought to make her unfit to perform in front of royalty and she held a rival performance in a nearby theatre, which she advertised was by command of the British public. The name of the event was changed to prevent possible royal embarrassment, the Royal Variety became an annual event at the suggestion of King George V from 1921 and the British Broadcasting Corporation began to broadcast it on radio. From 1928 through to 1938, the impresario-producer and manager of the London Palladium, George Black and he would also facilitate as compere at the shows. His first production was held on 1 March 1928 at the London Coliseum and his 1938 show returned to the London Coliseum. Throughout World War II from 1939 to 1944 no shows were presented, the show resumed in 1945 after the war ended. In both 1976 and 1978, the BBC broadcast the show live, the BBC usually staged the show in a West End theatre, and ITV in regional theatres outside London. From 2011, ITV have exclusive rights to televise the show, a wide range of acts has performed at the Royal Command Performance, including Laurel and Hardy in 1947, the Beatles in 1963, the Supremes in 1968 and the Blue Man Group in 2005. The orchestra was conducted by Edward Elgar, in 1921 it moved to the Hippodrome, and was held in November. It was the first time that the Royal Variety Performance became an annual event, in 1923 it moved to the Coliseum Theatre. Then after a gap in 1924, moved to the Alhambra Theatre in February 1925 and it was the first Royal Variety Performance to be broadcast, with the BBC providing live radio coverage. In 1927 there was another move, this time to the Victoria Palace Theatre, the 1928 show, on 13 December, was held at the Coliseum Theatre. The next show, on 22 May 1930, moved to the London Palladium with George Black and it was the start of seven successive years at the venue
19.
France Gall
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France Gall is a French yé-yé singer. She was married to, and had a singing career in partnership with. Isabelle Geneviève Marie Anne Gall was born in Paris on 9 October 1947 and her father, lyricist Robert Gall, penned songs for Edith Piaf and Charles Aznavour. Her mother, Cécile Berthier, was a singer herself and the daughter of Paul Berthier, co-founder of Les Petits Chanteurs à la Croix de Bois, the sole daughter of her family, she had two brothers, Patrice and Claude. In spring 1963, Robert Gall encouraged his daughter to record songs and that July, she auditioned for Bourgeois at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, after which Bourgeois wanted to sign her immediately. France was subsequently signed to Philips, at the time, Bourgeois was working for the label as Artistic Director for Serge Gainsbourg and assumed this role for Gall as well. He encouraged her to four tracks with French jazz musician. The first airplay of Frances first single Ne sois pas si bête and it was released in November and became a hit, selling 200,000 copies. Serge Gainsbourg, who had released albums and written songs for singers including Michèle Arnaud. Gainsbourgs Nécoute pas les idoles became Galls second single, it reached the top of the French charts in March 1964, at the same time, Gall made her live debut, opening for Sacha Distel in Belgium. Elaborate orchestrations by Alain Goraguer blended styles, permitting her to navigate between jazz, childrens songs, and anything in between, examples of this mixed-genre style included Jazz à gogo and Mes premières vraies vacances. Gall and Gainsbourgs association produced many popular singles, continuing through the summer of 1964 with the hit song Laisse tomber les filles followed by Christiansen by Datin-Vidalin, Gainsbourg also secretly recorded Galls laughter to use on Pauvre Lola, a track on his 1964 album Gainsbourg Percussions. Having previously resisted, Gall gave in to her managers at the end of 1964 and recorded a single intended for children. The song Sacré Charlemagne, written by her father, and set to the music of George Liferman, was a hit in 1965, selling 2,000,000 copies, Gall was then selected to represent Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1965. Out of the 10 songs proposed to her, she chose Gainsbourgs Poupée de cire, — the song impressed the jury and it took the Grand Prix. Success at Eurovision ensured that Gall became even more known outside Europe and she recorded Poupée de cire, poupée de son in French, German, Italian, and Japanese. There appears to be no English version released by France Gall herself, in 1965, Gall toured France for several months with Le Grand Cirque de France, a combination of radio show and live circus. Her singles continued to successfully, including the Gainsbourg-penned Attends ou va-ten
20.
Luxembourg
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Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east and its culture, people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures. It comprises two regions, the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres, it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe, Luxembourg had a population of 524,853 in October 2012, ranking it the 8th least-populous country in Europe. As a representative democracy with a monarch, it is headed by a Grand Duke, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a country, with an advanced economy and the worlds highest GDP per capita. Luxembourg is a member of the European Union, OECD, United Nations, NATO, and Benelux, reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic, political. The city of Luxembourg, which is the capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions. Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014, around this fort, a town gradually developed, which became the centre of a state of great strategic value. In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors, in the following centuries, Luxembourgs fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants, the Bourbons, Habsburgs, Hohenzollerns and the French. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands and this arrangement was revised by the 1839 First Treaty of London, from which date Luxembourgs full independence is reckoned. In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union, the King of the Netherlands remained Head of State as Grand Duke of Luxembourg, maintaining a personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of William III, the throne of the Netherlands passed to his daughter Wilhelmina and this allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there. In August 1914, Imperial Germany violated Luxembourgs neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France and this allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the German occupation, Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence, in 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, Luxembourgs neutrality was again violated when the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany entered the country, entirely without justification. A government in exile based in London supported the Allies, sending a group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion. Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944, and became a member of the United Nations in 1945. Luxembourgs neutral status under the constitution formally ended in 1948, in 2005, a referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held
21.
Serge Gainsbourg
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Serge Gainsbourg was a French singer, songwriter, pianist, film composer, poet, painter, screenwriter, writer, actor, and director. His lyrical work incorporated a vast amount of word play to hoodwink the listener, often for humorous, provocative. Common types of play in his songs include mondegreen, onomatopoeia, rhyme, spoonerism, dysphemism, paraprosdokian. Through the course of his career, Gainsbourg wrote over 550 songs, since his death, Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France. He has also gained a following in the English-speaking world. Born in Paris, France, Gainsbourg was the son of Jewish Ukrainian migrants, Joseph Ginsburg and Olga, who fled to Paris after the 1917 Russian Revolution. Joseph Ginsburg was a trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos, he taught his children - Gainsbourg. Gainsbourgs childhood was affected by the occupation of France by Germany in World War II. The identifying yellow star Jews were required to wear haunted Gainsbourg, during the occupation, the Jewish Ginsburg family was able to make their way from Paris to Limoges, traveling under false papers. Limoges was in the Zone libre under the administration of the collaborationist Vichy government, after the war, Gainsbourg obtained work teaching music and drawing in a school outside of Paris, in Mesnil-Le-Roi. The school was set up under the auspices of local rabbis, here Gainsbourg heard the accounts of Nazi persecution and genocide, stories that resonated for Gainsbourg far into the future. Before he was 30 years old, Gainsbourg was a disillusioned painter, Gainsbourg changed his first name to Serge, feeling that this was representative of his Russian background and because, as Jane Birkin relates, Lucien reminded him of a hairdressers assistant. He chose Gainsbourg as his last name, in homage to the English painter Thomas Gainsborough and he married Elisabeth Lize Levitsky on 3 November 1951 and divorced in 1957. He married a second time on 7 January 1964, to Françoise-Antoinette Béatrice Pancrazzi and he divorced Béatrice in February 1966. In late 1967 he had a short but ardent love affair with Brigitte Bardot, to whom he dedicated the song, in mid-1968 Gainsbourg fell in love with the younger English singer and actress Jane Birkin, whom he met during the shooting of the film Slogan. Their relationship lasted over a decade, in 1971 they had a daughter, the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg. Although many sources state that they were married, according to their daughter Charlotte this was not the case. Birkin remembers the beginning of her affair with Gainsbourg, he first took her to a nightclub, then to a transvestite club, Birkin left Gainsbourg when pregnant with her third daughter Lou by the film director Jacques Doillon
22.
Adam Adamant Lives!
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Adam Adamant Lives. is a British television series which ran from 1966 to 1967 on the BBC, starring Gerald Harper in the title role. Proposing that an adventurer born in 1867 had been revived from hibernation in 1966, the Face grants his helpless prisoner one last request and Adam asks to see Louise. But in his last moments of life before being frozen, Adam learns to his horror that Louise had faked her kidnapping and had working for the Face all along. Adam is found in 1966, when a building is being knocked down, on emerging from a hospital and collapsing on the London streets, Adam is rescued by Georgina Jones and taken to her flat. Though in many ways a typical swinging sixties woman, Georgina had grown up idolising Adam through tales of his turn-of-the-century exploits. She tries to get in on all his cases, despite his efforts to stop her, the part originally went to Ann Holloway in the untransmitted pilot episode, but was recast with Juliet Harmer as it was felt that Holloways performance did not fit the series. Adam is a swordsman, he carries a swordstick and will cold-bloodedly kill any enemy who deserves it. He was a Colonel and has been on the strength of the 51st Yeomanry since 1895 – though he is naturally listed on their official records as being missing. He is also a boxer and occasionally demonstrates proficiency in jujitsu. Adam immediately became embroiled in the world of the 1960s when Georgina was threatened after almost being witness to the murder of her grandfather by protection racketeers at a disco. It is accessed by a hidden on the other side of a sliding wall. He also purchased a Mini Cooper S with the personalised numberplate AA1000, the car is dark green and tan, it has a sun-roof, electric windows, and a very posh interior. It was a conversion, a Mini de Ville by Harold Radford Coach Builder LTD. He occasionally does a job for the British Government, as in More Deadly Than the Sword, when he is knocked unconscious, Adam usually dreams of how he was caught by the Face and of Louise telling him, So clever, but oh so vulnerable. This is apt, as many women take advantage of his Victorian naïveté, in terms of fashion, the series captured well the gradual shift in 1966/67 from the mod styles of Swinging London to the more Bohemian styles that characterised the late sixties. Adam has his 100th birthday in the episode, A Sinister Sort of Service. Though he didnt really need them, Gerald Harper wore false eyebrows based on the make-up ladys own eyebrows and he also wore a wig. Harper was a bit shortsighted and wore glasses, which he removed as soon as filming was ready to start. His shortsightedness did cause opponents to keep their distance in sword-fights since, as one put it
23.
The Way of Love
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The Way of Love is a song written by Jacques Dieval, with lyrics by Al Stillman. Originally written by Jack Diéval with French lyrics by Michel Rivgauche the song was introduced as Jai le mal de toi and it was written for the singer Frédérica in 1960, who took part that year in the national elimination rounds of France for the Eurovision Song Contest. This song was not selected and was not recorded by Frédérica. The first evident recording of Jai le mal de toi was made in 1964 by Colette Deréal, in 1966 a new French version, also by lyricist Michel Rivgauche, was recorded by Dalida as Parlez-Moi De Lui. This rendition slightly alters the original melody and this adaption was covered by Françoise Hardy in 1969. Produced by Snuff Garrett and released in February 1972 as the single from Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves. Her version spent three weeks within the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100, reaching a peak of number 7, Billboard ranked it as the No.62 song for 1972. Allmusic editor wrote a review, some great moments, among them a career highlight in the two-and-a-half-minute opening track. Rhapsody highlighted the song and called it sexually ambiguous, Cher performed the song on the following concert tours, Do You Believe. A Dutch-language version of the song entitled Je doet me pijn - lyrics by Ernst van Altena - was recorded in 1965 by Conny Vandenbos, another Dutch-language version Ik verlang naar jou - lyrics by Will Ferdy - was recorded by Belgian singer Will Ferdy in 1967. Roslyn Kind recorded an English version with different lyrics - also by Al Stillman - entitled Can I Stop the Rain. on her 1968 album Give Me You. Shirley Bassey featured The Way of Love on 1972s And I Love You So and that same year Vikki Carr included the song on her The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face album which was produced by Snuff Garrett
24.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
25.
The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club
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The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club was a British television variety show produced by Granada Television from 1974 to 1977. It was set in a working mens club in the North of England and was hosted by comedian Colin Crompton as the clubs Chairman. The shows compere was usually Bernard Manning, who as well as telling jokes, Crompton was frequently the butt of his jokes, acting as Mannings stooge. Crompton as Chairman of the club would sit at a table in the corner watching proceedings with apparent lack of interest. It is in fact a divan suite, on New Years Eve a special episode of Wheeltappers and Shunters New Years Eve would be broadcast. But it also gave newer acts their first television exposure, such as Cannon & Ball, The Grumbleweeds, The Dooleys, even successful stage variety acts such as Morecambe and Wise also failed in their first attempt to break into television at the BBC. Actress Elizabeth Dawn appeared as a waitress before she became famous for her role as Vera Duckworth in Coronation Street. A clip from the show can be seen in the film 24 Hour Party People, Wheeltappers and shunters are railway workers. They were commonly employed by railways in Britain and elsewhere. Although often called Working mens clubs, most such clubs admitted the wives and other family of the working man. This is echoed in the audience being as much female as male. The complete fifth series was released on 23 April 2012, the complete sixth series is now available as well. The format for the series has changed, each episode being 30 minutes with just one major performer in each. The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club at the Internet Movie Database
26.
Copyright infringement
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The copyright holder is typically the works creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement, Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system, estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on many factors. The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement, the original meaning of piracy is robbery or illegal violence at sea, but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft. Not all copyright infringement results in loss, and the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft. The term piracy has been used to refer to the copying, distribution. The practice of labelling the infringement of rights in creative works as piracy predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft, courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property, instead, interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to one who misappropriates a copyright. The terms viewjacking and freebooting both have used to describe the unauthorized rehosting of online media, particularly videos. The terms were coined by YouTubers CGP Grey and Brady Haran in the podcast Hello Internet, Grey and Brady came up with the terms in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than copyright infringement, yet more appropriate than theft. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while installing the software for more than 9000 users. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance and its just that they want to consume films online and theyre ready to consume films that way and were not necessarily offering them in that way
27.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
28.
Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II
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The Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the 25th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth IIs accession to the thrones of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. The anniversary date itself was commemorated in church services across the land on 6 February 1977, in March, preparations started for large parties in every major city of the United Kingdom, as well as for smaller ones for countless individual streets throughout the country. No monarch before Queen Elizabeth II had visited more of the United Kingdom in such a span of time. All in all, the Queen and her husband Prince Philip visited a total of 36 counties, the trip started with record crowds gathering to see the Queen and Prince Philip in Glasgow, Scotland, on 17 May. After moving to England and Wales, the Queen and Prince Philip wrapped up the first of their trips with a visit to Northern Ireland, among the places visited during the national trips were numerous schools, which were the subject of a television special hosted by presenter Valerie Singleton. The final stop on the tour was a trip to Canada. On 6 June, the Queen lit a bonfire beacon at Windsor Castle, the service was followed by lunch in the Guildhall, hosted by the Lord Mayor of the City of London Peter Vanneck. A further 500 million people around the Commonwealth watched the events on live television. On 7 June, streets and villages threw elaborate parties for all their residents, in addition to parties, many streets decorated motor vehicles as historical events from Britains past, and drove them about town, organising their very own parades. In London alone there were over 4000 organised parties for individual streets, throughout the entire day, onlookers were greeted by the Queen many times as she made several appearances for pictures from the balcony of Buckingham Palace. On 9 June, the Queen made a Royal Progress trip via boat down the River Thames from Greenwich to Lambeth, on the trip, the Queen officially opened the Silver Jubilee Walkway and the South Bank Jubilee Gardens, two of numerous places named after the festivities. In the evening, she presided over a display and was taken subsequently by a procession of lighted carriages to Buckingham Palace. Before, during, and after the events of Jubilee, the event was addressed in many media of popular culture throughout the Commonwealth, the most infamous event marking the Jubilee was the Sex Pistols release of the vehement anti-monarchy song God Save the Queen. The event, a mockery of the Queens river procession planned for two later, ended in chaos. Police launches forced the boat to dock, and constabulary surrounded the gangplanks at the pier, while the band members and their equipment were hustled down a side stairwell, McLaren, Vivenne Westwood, and many of the bands entourage were arrested. With the official UK record chart for Jubilee week about to be released, as it turned out, the record placed second, behind a Rod Stewart single in its fourth week at the top. Many believed that the record had actually qualified for the top spot, McLaren later claimed that CBS Records, which was distributing both singles, told him that the Sex Pistols were actually outselling Stewart two to one. The soap opera Coronation Street wrote an elaborate Jubilee parade into the storyline, ken Barlow and Uncle Albert played Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing respectively
29.
She (Charles Aznavour song)
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She is a song written by Charles Aznavour and Herbert Kretzmer and released by Aznavour as a single in 1974. The song was written as a tune for the British TV series Seven Faces of Woman. The song was recorded in French, German, Italian and Spanish under the titles Tous les visages de lamour, Sie Lei and Es. The song peaked at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart, stayed there for four weeks and it also reached number 1 in the Irish Charts, spending one week at the top. The song was recorded by Aznavour in several different languages aside from English, namely French and Italian, as well as Spanish, elvis Costello recorded a cover version of the song in 1999. This version, produced by Trevor Jones, was featured over the credits and final sequence of the film Notting Hill. This version of the peaked at number 19 in the United Kingdom. 2-track CD single – Europe She –3,10 Painted from Memory –4,12 3-track CD single – Europe She –3,08 This House Is Empty Now –5,11 Whats Her Name Today. –4,11 CD single – United Kingdom She –3,08 Painted from Memory –4,14 The Sweetest Punch –4,09 Italian singer Laura Pausini also released an Italian language cover of the song, the song was recorded for a Barilla TV spot. The lyrics of the song were adapted by Pausini herself, and are different from the lyrics of Aznavours Italian-language version of his hit. It was also released as a single on 8 March 2006. However, Pausini recorded a new version of the song, included in her greatest hits album 20 - The Greatest Hits, Pausini performed the song live for the first time during the final of Sanremo Music Festival 2006, when she was invited as a guest artist. A live version of the song was included in a medley performed on 2 June 2007, during her concert at the San Siro stadium in Milan, digital download She –2,59 The song has been recorded by many different artists over the years. The most notable include, American singer Jack Jones recorded a cover of the song for his 1975 album. It was released as a single and became a big hit in the Philippines, péter Máté created a Hungarian cover of the song. The first record containing this was released after his death. Dave Stewart and Terry Halls short-lived project Vegas had a minor UK hit with the song in 1992, israeli singer Matti Caspi released a Hebrew cover of the song in 2005. Paul Byrom recorded a cover of the song while a member of Celtic Thunder, frontman Jeff Lynne released a cover version of the song on his 2012 album Long Wave
30.
Haworth
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Haworth is a village in West Yorkshire, England, in the Pennines 3 miles southwest of Keighley,10 miles west of Bradford and 10 miles east of Colne in Lancashire. The surrounding areas include Oakworth and Oxenhope, nearby villages include Cross Roads, Stanbury and Lumbfoot. Haworth is a tourist destination known for its association with the Brontë sisters, Haworth is first mentioned as a settlement in 1209. The name may refer to an enclosure or hawthorn enclosure. The name was recorded as Howorth on a 1771 map, Haworth is part of the parish of Haworth, Cross Roads and Stanbury, which in turn is part of the Bradford Metropolitan District Council, one of the five metropolitan boroughs of West Yorkshire. Haworth is in the Worth Valley amid the Pennines and it is 212 miles north of London,43 miles west of York and 9 miles west of Bradford. Tourism accounts for much of the economy, with the major attractions being the heritage railway. Haworth is a base for exploring Brontë Country, while still being close to the cities of Bradford. On 22 November 2002 Haworth was granted Fairtrade Village status, on 21 October 2005, Haworth Fairtrade officially signed an agreement to twin with Machu Picchu in Peru. Haworths traditional events were a service at Haworth Spa and the rush bearing. Spa Sunday died out in the early 20th century and the rush bearing ceremony has not been held for many years, a modern event organised by the Haworth Traders Association is Scroggling the Holly which takes place in November. Bands and Morris men lead a procession of children in Victorian costume following the Holly Queen up the cobblestones to a ceremony on the church steps. She unlocks the gates to invite the spirit of Christmas into Haworth. Father Christmas arrives bringing glad tidings, the first Haworth Arts Festival took place in 2000 and was repeated in 2001, but ceased. It was revived in 2005 as a festival combining performing and visual arts, the festival has community involvement and uses local professional and semi-professional musicians, artists and performers and a larger name to headline each year. It has provided a stage for John Cooper Clarke and John Shuttleworth, the festival has expanded across the Worth Valley outside Haworth and is held on the first weekend in September. Haworth Band is one of the oldest secular musical organisations in the Keighley area, history records indicate that there was a brass band at Ponden, close by in 1854 with a body of excellent performers. It was founded by John Heaton who lived at Ponden, the band played at a celebration in Haworth at the conclusion of the Crimean War
31.
Daily Express
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The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson and its sister paper The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. As of December 2016, it had a daily circulation of 391,626. The paper was acquired by Richard Desmond in 2000, hugh Whittow has served as the papers editor since February of 2011. The papers editorial stances are often seen as aligned to the UK Independence Party, in addition to its sister paper, Express Newspapers also publishes the red top newspapers the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday. The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson, Pearson, who had lost his sight to glaucoma in 1913, sold the title to the future Lord Beaverbrook in 1916. It was one of the first papers to place instead of advertisements on its front page along with carrying gossip, sports. It was also the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword puzzle, the Express began printing copies in Manchester in 1927 and in 1931, the publication moved to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook, the newspaper achieved a high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was due to its aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged an editor named Arthur Christiansen who, at an early age, showed talent for writing. Christiansen became editor in October 1933, under his editorial direction sales climbed from two million in 1936 to four million in 1949. The paper also featured Alfred Bestalls Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles which it began publishing in the 1940s, on 24 March 1933, a front page headline titled Judea Declares War on Germany was published by the Daily Express. During the late thirties, the paper was an advocate of the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The ruralist author Henry Williamson wrote for the paper on many occasions for half a century and he also wrote for the Sunday Express at the beginning of his career. In 1938, the moved to the Daily Express Building. It opened a building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street
32.
Desert Island Discs
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Desert Island Discs is a radio programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4. It was first broadcast on the BBC Forces Programme on 29 January 1942 and it was devised and originally presented by Roy Plomley. Since 2006, the programme has been presented by Kirsty Young, more than 3,000 episodes have been recorded, with some guests having appeared more than once and some episodes featuring more than one guest. Excerpts from their choices are played or, in the case of short pieces, at the end of the programme they choose the one piece they regard most highly. Guests are also given the Complete Works of Shakespeare and either the Bible or another appropriate religious or philosophical work. They are then prompted to select a book to accompany them. Popular choices include Charles Dickens and Jane Austen, actress Judi Dench, who suffers from macular degeneration, was permitted to take an audiobook in place of a printed manuscript. Guests also choose one luxury, which must be inanimate and of no use in escaping the island or allowing communication from outside, Roy Plomley enforced these rules strictly. He did, however, grant a dispensation to Princess Michael of Kent. The rules are, however, less strictly enforced today, for instance, Lawley allowed John Cleese to take Michael Palin with him, on the condition that he was dead and stuffed. Examples of luxuries have included champagne and a piano, the latter of which is one of the most requested luxuries, after Plomleys death in 1985, the programme was presented by Michael Parkinson and from 1988 by Sue Lawley. Lawley stepped down in August 2006 after 18 years, her final castaway being actress Joan Plowright and she was replaced by Kirsty Young, who interviewed illustrator Quentin Blake for her first show, broadcast on 1 October 2006. The most requested piece of music over the first 60 years was Ode to Joy, one of the most remarked broadcasts was Elisabeth Schwarzkopfs 1958 selection of seven of her own recordings. This record was beaten by British pianist Dame Moura Lympany on her second appearance on the programme on 28 July 1979 when all eight of her selections were of her own recordings. In the early 1970s, Roy Plomley attempted to interview Alistair MacLean, but ended up speaking to somebody else with the same name –, Plomley originally wanted the sounds of surf breaking on a shore and the cries of sea birds to open and close each programme. But Leslie Prowne, the head of popular programmes at the BBC, was concerned that it lacked definition. Plomley and the series producer Frederic Piffard selected By the Sleepy Lagoon, the tune has been used since the first transmission in 1942. The sound of herring gulls has accompanied the music except for a period of time in 1964 when tropical bird sounds were used
33.
Bruce Forsyth
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Sir Bruce Joseph Forsyth-Johnson CBE is an English television presenter and entertainer whose career has spanned more than 75 years. In 2012, Guinness World Records recognised Forsyth as having the longest television career for a male entertainer, Forsyth came to national attention from the mid-1950s through the ITV series Sunday Night at the London Palladium. Since then he has hosted game shows, including The Generation Game, Play Your Cards Right, The Price Is Right. He co-presented Strictly Come Dancing from 2004 to 2013, Forsyth is known for his catchphrases, Nice to see you, to see you nice and Didnt he do well. Forsyth was born in Victoria Road, Edmonton, Middlesex, the son of Florence Ada and his family owned a car repair garage in Victoria Road, Edmonton, and as members of the Salvation Army his parents played brass instruments and his mother was a singer. His great-grandfather Joseph Forsyth Johnson was an architect who worked in Russia, Ireland. His great-great-great-great-grandfather William Forsyth was a founder of the Royal Horticultural Society, after watching Fred Astaire in films at age eight, he trained in dance in Tottenham and then Brixton. He started in business aged 14, with a song, dance, and accordion act called Boy Bruce. His first appearance was at the Theatre Royal in Bilston, with The Great Marzo at the top of the bill. Forsyth made his debut in 1939 as a child, singing and dancing on a talent show introduced by Jasmine Bligh, probably an episode of Come and Be Televised. Forsyth continued to perform through the Second World War, during which his brother John and his act was interrupted by call-up papers for National Service when he was drafted into the Royal Air Force. In 1958 an appearance with the comedian Dickie Henderson led to his offered the job of compère of Val Parnells weekly TV variety show. He hosted the show for two years, followed by a break, then returned for another year. His schedule of performances, which continued throughout the 1960s. A biopic of stage actress Gertrude Lawrence, he played alongside lead performer Julie Andrews as Lawrences father. In January 1968 Pye Records issued as a single Im Backing Britain, supporting the campaign of the name, written by Tony Hatch and Jackie Trent. The chorus included The feeling is growing, so keep it going. All involved in making the single took cuts in their fees or royalties so that the single sold for 5s, instead of the going rate of 7s
34.
Greta Garbo
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Greta Garbo, was a Swedish-born American film actress during the 1920s and 1930s. Garbo was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress and received an Academy Honorary Award in 1954 for her luminous, Garbo launched her career with a secondary role in the 1924 Swedish film The Saga of Gosta Berling. Her performance caught the attention of Louis B, Mayer, chief executive of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, who brought her to Hollywood in 1925. She immediately stirred interest with her first silent film, Torrent, released in 1926, a later, her performance in Flesh. Garbos first talking film was Anna Christie, MGM marketers enticed the public with the catch-phrase Garbo talks. That same year she starred in Romance, for her performances in these films she received the first of three Academy Award nominations for Best Actress. In 1932, her popularity allowed her to dictate the terms of her contract and her success continued in films such as Mata Hari and Grand Hotel. Many critics and film historians consider her performance as the doomed courtesan Marguerite Gautier in Camille to be her finest, the role gained her a second Academy Award nomination. Garbos career soon declined, however, and she was one of the many stars labeled Box Office Poison in 1938, from then on, Garbo declined all opportunities to return to the screen. Shunning publicity, she began a life, and neither married nor had children. Greta Lovisa Gustafsson was born in Södermalm, Stockholm, Sweden and she was the third and youngest child of Anna Lovisa —a housewife who later worked at a jam factory—and Karl Alfred Gustafsson, a laborer. Garbo had a brother, Sven Alfred, and an older sister. Her parents met in Stockholm where her father visited from Frinnaryd and he moved to Stockholm to become independent and worked in various odd jobs—street cleaner, grocer, factory worker and butchers assistant. He married Anna, who had moved from Högsby. The Gustafssons were impoverished and lived in a three-bedroom cold-water flat at Blekingegatan No.32 and they brought up their three children in a working class district regarded as the citys slum. Garbo would later recall, It was eternally grey—those long winters nights and my father would be sitting in a corner, scribbling figures on a newspaper. On the other side of the room my mother is repairing ragged old clothes and we children would be talking in very low voices, or just sitting silently. We were filled with anxiety, as if there were danger in the air, such evenings are unforgettable for a sensitive girl
35.
Mark Thatcher
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He has two children by his first wife, Diane Burgdorf. He married his wife, Sarah Jane Russell, daughter of Terry Clemence, a wealthy property developer. On the death of his father in 2003 he became Sir Mark Thatcher when he succeeded to the Thatcher baronetcy and his early career in business frequently led to questions being raised that he was benefiting from his mothers position, notably in relation to the Al-Yamamah arms deal. In 2004 the Sunday Times estimated his wealth at £60 million, in 2005 he was convicted and given a four-year suspended jail sentence and a fine in South Africa in relation to the 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup détat attempt. He left the UK in 1986, and since then has lived in the US, Switzerland, Monaco, South Africa and more recently in Gibraltar, Barbados, Guernsey and Spain. Thatcher and his sister, Carol Thatcher, were born six weeks prematurely by caesarean section on 15 August 1953. Their early years were spent in Chelsea, London and their mother was narrowly defeated in her bid to become the Conservative candidate in the Orpington by-election,1955. She was elected to Parliament in the 1959 general election, the children, aged six at the time, featured in her first television interview. His sister observed, All my childhood memories of my mother were just someone who was superwoman before the phrase had been invented. She was always flat out, she never relaxed, household chores were done at breakneck speed in order to get back to the correspondence or get on with making up a speech. Mark was sent to board at Belmont, Mill Hill preparatory school at the age of eight and then to Harrow School and he went on to study accountancy but failed his accountancy exams with Touche Ross on three occasions. The children were 16 when their mother entered the Cabinet for the first time as Secretary of State for Education and 25 when she became Prime Minister in the 1979 General Election, a few years later Thatcher caused international embarrassment to his mother. He became lost for six days in the Sahara Desert while competing in the Dakar Rally and his father flew to Dakar, and at the height of the search there were nine aircraft from Algeria, France and Britain involved, in addition to the Algerian land forces. The Prime Minister insisted on paying £2,000 personally towards the cost of the search, Sir Bernard Ingham, the Prime Ministers press secretary, suggested that he could best help the government win the 1987 general election by leaving the country. Thatcher moved to Dallas, Texas in the mid 1980s, where he met his first wife, Diane Burgdorf and their first child, Michael Thatcher, was born in 1989, and their second, Amanda Margaret Thatcher, in 1993. In 1992 he became The Honourable Mark Thatcher when his mother was made a life peer, in 1996 he moved to South Africa following financial scandals in the US. In 2003 he became the Honourable Sir Mark Thatcher when he succeeded to the hereditary Thatcher Baronetcy awarded to his father in 1990 and he and his wife announced their intention to divorce in September 2005 after eighteen years of marriage. His Monaco residency was not renewed as he was said to be on a list of undesirables who would not be allowed further residency and he was refused residency in Switzerland and settled in Gibraltar, where he married his second wife, Sarah Jane Russell, in 2008
36.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
37.
Peter Gordeno
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Peter Gordeno was a dancer, recording artist, cabaret singer, choreographer, and occasional actor. He appeared in the 1968 London stage production of Man of La Mancha, as Anselmo, in the show, he was the soloist in the song Little Bird, Little Bird. He also appeared in the films Secrets of a Windmill Girl, The Touchables, The Urge to Kill and he died on 18 October 2008, aged 69, after suffering from cancer for several years. His son, also called Peter Gordeno, is a songwriter and producer, Peter Gordeno at the Internet Movie Database Obituary in The Guardian Obituary in The Independent Obituary in The Times Peter Gordeno at Find a Grave
