Katorga
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Katorga was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
Prisoners at an Amur Cart Road camp, between 1908 and 1913
Bashkirs conducting convicts to Siberia, painted by William Allan, 1814
Farewell to Europe, by Aleksander Sochaczewski
Nerchinsk katorga
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Nerchinsk katorga was a system of katorga—a type of penal labour—practiced by the Russian Empire in the area of the Nerchinsk Mining District. That district embraced a large part of eastern Transbaika
Katorga
…was appointed to inspect the state of the prison system in the area; he later described his findings in his book In Russian and French Prisons (1887). Nerchinsk katorga (Нерчинская каторга) Akatuy katorga (Акатуйская каторга…
Akatuy katorga (Акатуйская каторжная тюрьма, 1832–1917)